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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 186 (2000), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Crustacean ; Sensorimotor ; Ultrastructure ; Multilamellar sheath ; Myelinated axons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Speed of nerve impulse conduction is greatly increased by myelin, a multi-layered membranous sheath surrounding axons. Myelinated axons are ubiquitous among the vertebrates, but relatively rare among invertebrates. Electron microscopy of calanoid copepods using rapid cryofixation techniques revealed the widespread presence of myelinated axons. Myelin sheaths of up to 60 layers were found around both sensory and motor axons of the first antenna and interneurons of the ventral nerve cord. Except at nodes, individual lamellae appeared to be continuous and circular, without seams, as opposed to the spiral structure of vertebrate and annelid myelin. The highly organized myelin was characterized by the complete exclusion of cytoplasm from the intracellular spaces of the cell generating it. In regions of compaction, extracytoplasmic space was also eliminated. Focal or fenestration nodes, rather than circumferential ones, were locally common. Myelin lamellae terminated in stepwise fashion at these nodes, appearing to fuse with the axolemma or adjacent myelin lamellae. As with vertebrate myelin, copepod sheaths are designed to minimize both resistive and capacitive current flow through the internodal membrane, greatly speeding nerve impulse conduction. Copepod myelin differs from that of any other group described, while sharing features of every group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ; Ischemia reperfusion injury ; Heart ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is considered to be activated by stress, but the role of the MAPK family is still unknown in cardiac pathology. In the present study, not only the localization of MAPKs such as the extracellular responsive kinase (ERK), c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK (p38), but also ultrastructural changes were investigated in the ischemia-reperfusion model of Wistar rats. At 5, 10, 30, 60, and 180 min reperfusion after 30 min ischemia by occluding the coronary artery, the expression of these MAPKs was increased in blood vessels and cardiomyocytes by Western blotting and immunohistochemical methods. In addition, after ischemia reperfusion, various ultrastructural changes such as decreased glycogen granules, mitochondrial swelling, and myolysis were observed in the blood vessels and cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that protein kinases may regulate numerous biological processes, including the regulation of contraction and ion transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Gonadotroph adenoma ; FSH ; Childhood ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Female gonadotroph adenomas with endocrinological symptoms are uncommon. Six cases of such adenomas have been reported in the literature: two were girls who presented with precocious puberty and four were premenopausal women with accompanying multiple ovarian cysts. We describe here a 10-year-old Japanese girl with a gonadotroph macroadenoma and present detailed morphological findings of the tumor. The patient's chief complaints were nausea, abdominal distention, and abdominal pain. Abdominopelvic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral multiple ovarian cysts. Endocrinological assays showed elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (33.7 mIU/ml) and estradiol (3840 pg/ml). MRI of the head showed a large pituitary tumor. Two transsphenoidal operations and subsequent radiation therapy were performed. Immunohistochemically, more than half the tumor cells were positive for anti-FSH-β monoclonal antibody. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells exhibited a fairly uniform picture of rounded cells. Their nuclei were slightly irregular and contained heterochromatin, and their cytoplasm contained many round, dense core granules, measuring 140–260 nm in diameter, together with well-developed organelles. An in vitro study showed that the tumor cells in primary culture produced FSH (1089.0 mIU/ml). To our knowledge, this is the first immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of an FSH-secreting gonadotroph adenoma occurring in childhood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Helicobacter pylori ; Fibroblasts ; Smooth muscle cells ; Ultrastructure ; Gastroduodenal ulcer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been considered that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major cause of human gastritis and gastroduodenal ulcers (G-DU). Many investigations of the relationship between H. pylori and apoptosis have been reported recently. However, these studies focused mostly on epithelium, using the TUNEL method. In the present study, we evaluated by electron microscopy the occurrence of apoptosis in the mesenchymal cells of lamina propria mucosae infected with H. pylori. Gastric biopsy specimens from 37 H. pylori-infected G-DU patients and 8 noninfected volunteers were examined with both light and electron microscopy and analyzed by the TUNEL method. The TUNEL method showed no significant difference between H. pylori-infected and noninfected cases. In contrast, electron microscopy revealed significant numbers of apototic fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in H. pylori-infected lamina propria mucosae, with a diminished number of collagen fibers in surrounding areas. These areas showed edematous changes histopathologically. These results indicated that H. pylori infection induces apoptosis of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in lamina propria, with decrease in the numbers of collagen fibers, suggesting that these alterations may be affected by exaggerate acid secretion, decrease mucus protecting factors, and result in ulcer formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical electron microscopy 33 (2000), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Ciliogenesis ; Ciliated cell ; Abnormal cilia ; Basal body ; Ultrastructure ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cilia are motile processes extending from the basal bodies, playing important roles in the mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract and the transport of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus in mammals. Ciliogenesis is divided into four stages: (1) duplication of centrioles; (2) migration of centrioles to the apical cell surface to become basal bodies; (3) elongation of cilia containing the axoneme; and (4) formation of accessory structures of basal bodies. The orderly course of ciliogenesis appears to be disturbed by various internal and external factors and, as a result, various unusual forms of the ciliary apparatus develop in the cell. Inhibition of basal body migration results in development of intracytoplasmic axonemes, cilia within periciliary sheaths, and intracellular ciliated cysts. Swollen cilia and the bulging type of compound cilia are formed during ciliary budding and elongation. This review also discusses the origin, composition, and function of the centriolar precursor structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical electron microscopy 33 (2000), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Elastic system fiber ; Ultrastructure ; Fibrotic human liver ; Oxytalan fiber ; Elaunin fiber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The network of elastic system fibers in human fibrotic liver was investigated by histological methods, immunohistochemical staining, and electron microscopy. Type III collagen was seen not only in regions of portal fibrosis but also in the sinusoidal wall. However, elastic system fibers were not found in the Disse space of the sinusoidal wall. Elastic system fibers including oxytalan, elaunin, and elastic fibers were found successively in the course of elastogenesis. A few normal oxytalan fibers and abnormal oxytalan fibers were observed in the periportal tracts. Few normal elaunin and abnormal elaunin fibers were observed in regions of portal fibrosis but not in the surrounding margin. Elastic fibers, only in scarce amounts, were observed around the portal veins in the case of chronic active hepatitis but not in acute hepatitis. Abnormal oxytalan fibers were seen as a bundle of wavelike microfibrils and had an irregular arrangement. Abnormal elaunin fibers were not associated with bundles of microfibrils. Abnormal elaunin fibers in large amounts were found interspersed with spiraled collagen, which most likely indicates that the oxytalan fibers degenerated in the course of elastogenesis. Thus, in a fibrotic liver it is possible that synthesis of normal elaunin and elastic fibers does not occur or that the quantity of such fibers synthesized may be small because of the effect of the degenerated oxytalan fibers. As a characteristic of liver fibrosis, the composition of abnormal elastic system fibers and spiraled collagen differs from that in other fibrotic organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1437-773X
    Keywords: Key words Adenoid basal carcinoma ; Uterine cervix ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adenoid basal carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a rare tumor with a favorable prognosis. A case of adenoid basal carcinoma (ABC) of the uterine cervix was studied using light and electron microscopy. The patient was a 74-year-old Japanese woman who had undergone hysterectomy due to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3. Incidentally, ABC was found in the resected uterus. The tumor cells made small nests and infiltrated the cervical portion of the uterus. In the nests, glands, cribriform patterns with glandlike structures, and squamous differentiation were seen. Immunohistochemically, the glandlike structures were positive for laminin and type IV collagen. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells had irregular nuclei, scanty cytoplasm, and cribriform patterns in which glandlike structures were covered with basal lamina. No myoepithelial differentiation of the tumor cells was seen. These findings suggest a similarity between adenoid basal carcinomas and adenoid cystic carcinomas. Furthermore, both tumors are considered to originate in the reserve cells of the uterine cervix. Because their outcomes are different, they should be distinguished from each other.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Giant rice body ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Histogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective: To report four cases of rice bodies (RBs) showing remarkable size variations and discuss their pathogenesis. Design and patients: Based on analysis of the clinical data, we speculate on the pathogenesis of RBs using immunohistochemical and ultrastructural methods. The patients comprised three men and one woman, three with RBs in the subacromial bursae and one in the wrist synovial sheath, aged 28 (woman), 44, 50 and 81 (wrist) years, respectively. Results: There were no particular differences in clinical data among the patients. T2-weighted MR imaging was very useful for diagnosis of the RBs, allowing their clear delineation from the bursal fluid. The RBs consisted of a layered protein- aceous substance with vague targetoid cut surfaces. Much fibrin and a lesser amount of collagen fibers were recognized together with various mononuclear cells, which were few in number and predominantly T cells. The bursae and synovial sheath had multiple fibrinoid spheroids at the luminal surface. Conclusion: Fibrinoid nodular deposits probably became detached, forming the nuclei of RBs and growing to a giant RB 65 mm in diameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Arteriogenesis ; Collateral vessels ; Ultrastructure ; Cell adhesion molecules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous studies in the canine heart had shown that the growth of collateral arteries occurs via proliferative enlargement of pre-existing arteriolar connections (arteriogenesis). In the present study, we investigated the ultrastructure and molecular histology of growing and remodeling collateral arteries that develop after femoral artery occlusion in rabbits as a function of time from 2 h to 240 days after occlusion. Pre-existent arteriolar collaterals had a diameter of about 50 µm. They consisted of one to two layers of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and were morphologically indistinguishable from normal arterioles. The stages of arteriogenesis consisted of arteriolar thinning, followed by transformation of SMCs from the contractile- into the proliferative- and synthetic phenotype. Endothelial cells (ECs) and SMCs proliferated, and SMCs migrated and formed a neo-intima. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) showed early upregulation in ECs, which was accompanied by accumulation of blood-derived macrophages. Mitosis of ECs and SMCs started about 24 h after occlusion, whereas adhesion molecule expression and monocyte adhesion occurred as early as 12 h after occlusion, suggesting a role of monocytes in vascular cell proliferation. Treatment of rabbits with the pro-inflammatory cytokine MCP-1 increased monocyte adhesion and accelerated vascular remodeling. In vitro shear-stress experiments in cultured ECs revealed an increased phosphorylation of the focal contacts after 30 min and induction of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression between 2 h and 6 h after shear onset, suggesting that shear stress may be the initiating event. We conclude that the process of arteriogenesis, which leads to the positive remodeling of an arteriole into an artery up to 12 times its original size, can be modified by modulators of inflammation.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 310-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Ganglioglioma ; Ependymoma (tanycytic variant) ; Neurofibrillary tangle ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied a cystic ganglioglioma (GG) located in the right frontal lobe of the brain. Interestingly, the fibrillary spindle glial cells were often arranged in a fascicular pattern, and the generally uniform, round-to-oval delicate nuclei appeared to resemble those of ependymoma; and the neoplastic neurons often contained neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The glial component was positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and occasionally contained granular or microvesicular structures positive for epithelial membrane antigen. Ultrastructural investigation revealed that the glial cells were ependymal in nature; intracytoplasmic lumina and intercellular microrosettes lined with cilia and microvilli, as well as long zonulae adherentes, were evident. In addition, chromogranin A-positive granular staining, neurosecretory-granule-like structures, and parallel arrays of microtubules were sometimes associated with the blood vessels. We considered the present case to be an unusual example of GG with an ependymoma, more precisely a tanycytic ependymoma, as the glial component; to our knowledge, the existence of ependymoma as the main glial component of this particular tumor has not been described before. The occurrence of NFTs, which has been reported in several cases of GG, was an additional, unusual feature.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 99 (2000), S. 214-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Eosinophilic inclusion body ; Inclusion ¶body ; Ependymoma ; Microlumina ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to determine the pathological significance of previously unrecognized intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions (IEIs) in ependymoma. The study group consisted of 58 ependymomas, all of which were pathologically characterized and graded according to the 1993 WHO classification. Electron microscopic studies were performed in 16 cases. The study showed that 33 (57%) ependymomas had IEIs and that in 8 cases these were abundant. Round and eosinophilic, their sizes varied from 10 μm to a tiny dot. Similar eosinophilic bodies were also observed between tumor cells. The inclusions were weakly PAS positive. On immunostains, IEIs were frequently positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, less often for S-100 protein, and for epithelial membrane protein and CAM 5.2. They were negative for AE1/AE3, carcinoembryonic antigen and Ber-EP4. Ultrastructurally, IEIs represented intracytoplasmic lumens containing microvilli and cilia. These microlumina also frequently contained granulo-tubular materials. With reference to tumor subtypes, IEIs occurred most frequently in ordinary and clear cell ependymomas. IEIs were also present in 4 of 6 anaplastic ependymomas studied. In conclusion, IEIs represent microlumina and occur in more than a half of ependymomas including malignant examples. Their finding is a helpful diagnostic feature of ependymoma.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 201 (2000), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Female prostate (Skene gland) ; Ultrastructure ; Secretory (luminal) cells ; Basal (reserve) cells ; Intermediary cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The predominant cells of female prostatic glands lining their lumen were found to be tall cylindrical secretory cells with short stubby microvilli, protuberances of the apical cytoplasm, and with bleb formation. Abundant secretory vacuoles and granules, rough endoplasmic reticulum, developed Golgi complexes and numerous mitochondria are characteristic of their active secretory configuration with apocrine (apical blebs) and merocrine (secretory vacuoles and granules) type of secretion. Basal (reserve) cells were seen to be located between the secretory (luminal) cells and the basement membrane. Their ground cytoplasm is dense with rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Their nuclei, unlike those of secretory cells, possess more peripheral condensed chromatin, denser dispersed chromatin and sporadic nucleoli. Besides the two basic types of mature prostatic cells intermediary cells were also seen, located between the basal and secretory cells or in their close vicinity. Their cytoplasm exhibits numerous profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Secretory vacuoles and granules were mostly practically absent (type 1 intermediary cells) so that they resembled basal (reserve) cells. In some of them, however, as in secretory cells, such secretory elements do gradually appear (type 2 intermediary cells). The finding of intermediary cells in the lining of prostatic glands supports the role of basal (reserve) cells in the renewal of cells in glands of the female prostate. The first ultrastructural analysis of the normal female prostate performed by transmission electron microscopy showed that, as in the postpubertal male, the prostatic glands in the adult female display mature secretory and basal cells. The results of the presented study further corroborate the contemporary concept of the female prostate as a functional genitourinary organ.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer disease ; Fibrillar amyloid-β ; Astrocytes ; Microglial cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural three-dimensional reconstruction of human classical plaques in different stages of development shows that microglial cells are the major factor driving plaque formation by fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. The amount of fibrillar Aβ released by microglial cells and the area of direct contact between amyloid and neuron determine the extent of dystrophic changes in neuronal processes and synapses. The volume of hypertrophic astrocytic processes separating fibrillar amyloid from neuron is a measure of the protective activation of astrocytes. On the bases of the volume of amyloid star, microglial cells, dystrophic neurites, and hypertrophic astrocytic processes, and spatial relationships between plaque components, three stages in classical plaque development have been distinguished: early, mature, and late. In early plaque, the leading pathology is fibrillar Aβ deposition by microglial cells with amyloid star formation. The mature plaque is characterized by a balance between amyloid production, neuronal dystrophy, and astrocyte hypertrophy. In late classical plaque, microglial cells retract and expose neuropil on direct contact with amyloid star, enhancing both dystrophic changes in neurons and hypertrophic changes in astrocytes. In late plaques, activation of astrocytes predominates. They degrade amyloid star and peripheral amyloid wisps. The effect of these changes is classical plaque degradation to fibrillar primitive and finally to nonfibrillar, diffuse-like plaques.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words GM1-gangliosidosis ; Ultrastructure ; Electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry ; Diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The post-mortem diagnosis of lysosomal storage diseases can be confounded by the unavailability of suitable material. Here we report the diagnosis of GM1-gangliosidosis in a cross-bred dog, from which only formalin-fixed brain was available, by a combination of electron microscopy and the detection of elevated levels of GM1-ganglioside within the tissue using the novel technique of electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Electron microscopic examination of ultrathin sections of resin-embedded tissue revealed cytoplasmic inclusions (membranous cytoplasmic and zebra bodies) in brain stem and cerebellar neurons that were characteristic of a gangliosidosis. Glycolipids were extracted from the fixed tissue and analysed by tandem mass spectrometry. Two major ions were detected, which corresponded to GM1 (d18:1–C18:0) and GM1 (d20:1–C18:0). Their identity was confirmed by comparison of their fragmentation patterns with those of authentic standards. The concentration of GM1 was approximately sixfold higher on a wet weight basis than in the brain of a normal control dog, confirming the diagnosis of GM1-gangliosidosis.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 436 (2000), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Endothelial cells ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of the present work was to examine and compare the ultrastructure of bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs) in vitro during several passages in a medium selective for endothelial cells. The identity of the endothelial cells was confirmed immunohistochemically, up to the tenth passage. Changes in their ultrastructure in comparison to endothelial cells in vivo occurred at the onset of culturing and not progressively with repeated passages. The cultured BRECs show high metabolic activity in all passages. While retaining their identity as endothelial cells, they modify their lipid metabolism, so that lipids are stored. This change in lipid metabolism was induced by the medium.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Pineal organ ; Photoreceptor cells ; Ultrastructure ; Proteus anguinus ; Regressive evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied ultrastructure of the photoreceptor cells in the pineal organ of blind, depigmented, neotenic cave salamander, Proteus anguinus. Unlike in epigean vertebrates the outer segments of most photoreceptor cells consists of concentrically arranged lamellae, however; in few cells, the outer segments contain 7-9 plasma membrane disks. In both types of photoreceptor cells the outer segments enclose lumps of vesicles of different sizes. The photoreceptor cells of Proteus anguinus are similar to those in other cavernicolous fish species.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1439-7609
    Keywords: Key words Septic arthritis ; Surface antigens ; Ultrastructure ; Burkholderia pseudomallei ; IEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease that frequently runs a protracted course and is very difficult to eradicate. The mechanisms that this organism uses to escape from host defense mechanisms and antibiotics are not well understood. The aim of the study was to compare the morphological characteristics and surface antigen expression of B. pseudomallei in naturally infected human synovial tissues with the characteristics of bacteria grown in culture media. Immunoelectron microscopic study was performed in four synovial biopsies taken from four B. pseudomallei septic arthritis patients. Colonies of pathogenic B. pseudomallei collected from culture media were used as positive controls. Polyclonal antibody to whole cell B. pseudomallei was used as a primary antibody. Complete bacteria-like particles were demonstrated both extracellularly and intracellularly in all four synovial specimens. The intracytoplasmic location of B. pseudomallei and mononuclear phagosome containing microcolony-like structures were demonstrated. B. pseudomallei found in the synovial membrane samples were mostly atypical, with fewer cytoplasmic electron lucent granules. Immunogold staining of bacterial surface antigens was weaker than staining of positive controls. We demonstrated atypical forms of B. pseudomallei and evidence for suppression of its surface antigens in naturally infected human synovial tissues. This adaptation may help bacteria to survive despite host immune surveillance and treatment with antibiotics.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 10 (2000), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Anthoceros punctatus ; Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Bryophytes ; Glomus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Glomus claroideum (Schenck & Smith emend. Walker & Vestberg) were investigated for ability to form arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbioses with the hornwort Anthoceros punctatus (L.). Spores were transferred to a cellulose acetate filter on water agar and a small portion of an Anthoceros thallus was placed directly upon the spores. Light-microscope observations 20 days after inoculation revealed branched hyphae growing within the thallus. After 45 days, arbuscules and vesicles were studied by light- and electron-microscopy. After 60 days in water agar culture, the colonised Anthoceros thalli were transferred to a low-nutrient medium agar. Hyphae spread in the agar and newly formed spores were observed 5 weeks after the transfer. After 4 months, about 1000 spores were formed in each Petri dish. This is the first report of an experimentally established arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbiosis between an identified fungus belonging to the Glomales and a bryophyte.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Key words Streptozotocin ; Diabetes ; Ventricular myocyte ; Cardiac muscle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Contractile dysfunctions have been demonstrated in different experimental models of diabetes which have similar characteristics to many of the abnormalities found in the clinical setting. Administration of streptozotocin (STZ) to young adult rats induces β-cell necrosis of the pancreas which gives rise to hypoinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia, features which are also seen in untreated type 1 clinical diabetes. We have investigated the chronic effects of STZ-induced diabetes on contraction in rat ventricular myocytes and ultrastructure of cardiac muscle. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats (230–270 g) with a single injection of STZ (60 mg kg−1). At 2 and 10 months after STZ treatment, the amplitude of contraction was larger in diabetic compared to control myocytes. Time to peak contraction was significantly longer at 2 months but appeared to normalise at 10 months after STZ treatment. In contrast, time to half relaxation of contraction was not significantly different after 2 months but was significantly reduced at 10 months after STZ treatment compared to control. Transmission electron microscope examination of cardiac muscle showed that the ultrastructure of cardiac muscle, especially structures associated with contraction, were not greatly altered after STZ treatment. Sarcomere lengths were not significantly different in papillary or ventricular muscle at 4 or 8 months after STZ treatment compared to control. Our data provide evidence that morphological defects in contractile myofilaments and associated structures cannot explain contractile dysfunctions seen in ventricular myocytes from STZ-treated animals.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Cryopreservation ; Dehydration ; Thermal analysis ; Sucrose ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells were preserved in liquid nitrogen for over three years, using embedding of cells in calcium-alginate prior to subculture in sucrose-enriched medium, air-drying, and direct quenching in liquid nitrogen. Survival of cells reached 34%, yielding regrowth at the surface of all cryopreserved beads in less than 7 days. Following pretreatment and dehydration, the water content dropped from 2300% to 34% with respect to dry weight. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that glass transition occurred on cooling, followed by a slight crystallization event on rewarming. The survival of cells was independent of the cooling rate. The tolerance of the acute dehydration step increased progressively with sucrose pretreatment duration, indicating the requirement for adaptative cellular alterations. Ultrastructural studies revealed several changes in cells after sucrose pretreatment prolonged from 1 to 7 days: reversal of the initially plasmolyzed state, microvacuolation, numerous autophagic structures, scarcity of ribosomes, increase in number and size of starch grains. No cell division seemed to occur during this period. After air-drying and after a freeze-thaw cycle, followed by 24 h rehydration, regenerating cells had recovered a high level of ultrastructural organization and contained numerous polysomes suggesting an intense metabolic activity. Trehalose, a cryoprotective disaccharide not considered to be a metabolic substrate, yielded only 70% regrowth after freezing. Biochemical analysis showed that soluble sugars accumulated during the pretreatment, essentially sucrose or trehalose; the monosaccharide content also increased. In the light of these results, the action of sucrose in inducing freezing tolerance is discussed.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Cyst nematodes ; Histology ; Resistance mechanism ; Syncytium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using susceptible and resistant sugar beet lines, comparative analyses of root histology and ultrastructure were made during invasion by nematodes and the induction and formation of specific feeding structures (syncytia).The resistant line carried the resistance geneHs1pro−1.Nematodes were able to invade and induce functional syncytia in roots of resistant and susceptible lines. However, syncytia in resistant roots were smaller and less hypertrophied. The vacuolar system of syncytia in susceptible plants contained many small vacuoles. In resistant plants vacuoles were larger but less numerous. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum prevailed in syncytial protoplasts of susceptible plants, whereas almost only rough endoplasmic reticulum occurred in syncytia in resistant plants. The most conspicuous and hitherto undescribed trait of syncytia in resistant roots was the initial appearance of loose, and later compact, aggregations of the endomembrane system which composed most of the endoplasmicreticulum system of syncytia at later stages. Syncytia in resistant plants usually degraded before the nematodes reached their adult stage. The appearance of membrane aggregations and the other resistance-specific features are discussed in relation to their possible effects on syncytium function and role in nematode resistance.
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  • 22
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    Protoplasma 211 (2000), S. 94-102 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Androgenesis ; Embryogenesis ; Microspore culture ; Pollen ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have made a detailed cytological examination of the development of wheat embryoids, monitoring their initial divisions from two to ten cells by both light and electron microscopy. According to our observations the first embryogenic division is symmetrical. After the androgenesis induction treatment, there is a decrease in ribosome population with cells that have inactive nucleoli made up almost exclusively of a dense fibrillar component. This population is restored after initial embryogenic divisions. During the initial divisions the embryogenic pollen grains do not appear to change in size and the pollen wall remains intact. The exine undergoes no modification but the intine thickens, and we have observed that the thickness of the intine can be used as a cytological marker of androgenesis. The walls separating the cells obtained after embryogenic division contained numerous plasmodesmata. The beginnings of embryo polarization and cell differentiation could be made out in the very early pollen embryoids.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Glutathione ; Root ; Chromosomal aberration ; Ultrastructure ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Young spruce seedlings (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) grown in hydroponic culture were exposed to three different concentrations (50,100, and 500 μM) of reduced glutathione for 24 h. These physiologically relevant concentrations of glutathione had a multiple effect on the investigated tissue. Feeding of glutathione to roots increased the concentrations of thiols (glutathione, cysteine, and γ-glutamyl-cysteine) in roots, decreased the rate of cell divisions, induced mitotic abnormalities, and affected the cell ultrastructure. Electron micrographs showed effects such as advanced vacuolation, dilated rough-endoplasmic-reticulum cisternae, and separations of the plasma membrane from the cell wall.
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  • 24
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    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. S27 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses ; Lipopigments ; Ultrastructure ; Classification ; Genes ; Neuronal loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Morphological aspects of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) encompass two main features: loss of nerve cells and accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigments within cellular compartments. The former requires histology and morphometry for assessment, while the latter necessitates fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Accumulation of lipopigments is widespread throughout the central nervous system and extracerebrally. The latter feature enables diagnosis of NCL and its clinical subtype. Loss of neurons is most pronounced in cerebral and cerebellar cortices, in early childhood forms. In subcortical grey matter and in later-onset forms, juvenile and adult NCL, reduction in neurons and possible preceding dendritic pathology may only correctly be ascertained by age-matched, controlled morphometric investigations which, to date, have not yet completely assessed subcortical neuronal damage. Presently, clinical and morphological evaluations are mandatory for genetic analysis, genetic counselling, and prenatal diagnosis, the latter often being based on combined genetic and morphological studies.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Hemangioblastoma ; Supratentorial tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Supratentorial hemangioblastomas are rarely seen, especially in children and adolescents. We report the case of a 17-year-old male with supratentorial hemangioblastoma. Neuroimaging demonstrated a cystic lesion within the right parietal lobe. Systemic examination revealed no abnormality. The lesion was not attached to the dura and was not associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. It was very difficult to confirm the final diagnosis of this case, in spite of extensive examination by light microscopy, immunohistochemical studies, and electron microscopy.
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  • 26
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Serpulid ; Polychaete ; Hydroxyapatite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un petit groupe de cellules épithéliales de la surface antérieure du col du serpulidePomatoceros caeruleus contient des vacuoles, remplies de matériel cristallin. Les cristaux présenttent des aspects rhomboédriques ou rectangulaires. La diffraction électronique montre qu'ils sont constitués par de l'hydroxyleapatite et du phosphate de calcium et de magnésium. Les apex des cellules sont bordés de microvillosités. Certaines cellules ont des cils apicaux. Un appareil de Golgi est visible dans le cytoplasme apical. De nombreuses mitochondries sont dissé minées dans le cytoplasme. Le role éventuel de ces cellules, a contenu minéral, dans la mise en réserve de calcium et/ou de phosphore est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein kleiner Zellverband im Epithel der vorderen Oberfläche am Hals des SerpulidsPomatoceros caeruleus enthält membrangebundene Vakuolen, welche mit kristallinem Material gefüllt sind. Die Kristalle haben rhomboide oder rechteckige Formen; mittels Elektronendiffraktion konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß sie aus Hydroxyapatit und Calciummagnesiumphosphat bestehen. Die oberen Enden der Zellen sind von Microvilli eingefaßt. Einige der Zellen haben zudem apikale Zilien. Die Zellen enthalten Golgi-Apparate im apikalen Cytoplasma. Eine große Anzahl von Mitochondrien sind über das, ganze Cytoplasma verteilt. Die mögliche Funktion dieser mineralhaltigen Zellen als Aufbewahrungsorte für Calcium und/oder Phosphor wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A small patch of cells in the epithelium of the anterior surface of the collar of the serpulidPomatoceros caeruleus contains membrane-bound vacuoles filled with crystalline material. The crystals have rhomboidal or rectangular profiles and have been shown by electron diffraction analysis to be composed of hydroxyapatite and calcium magnesium phosphate. The apices of the cells are bordered by microvilli. Some cells also have apical cilia. The cells contain Golgi complexes in the apical cytoplasm. Large numbers of mitochondria are distributed thoughout the cytoplasm. The possible function of these mineral-containing cells as sites for storage of calcium and/or phosphorus is discussed.
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  • 27
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    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Uterus ; Luminal epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Implantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the rat uterine luminal epithelium has been examined during normal pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, lactation and lactation-pregnancy, all being conditions when a blastocyst is known to be able to implant. In all four groups of animals the epithelium passes through three characteristic and structurally similar states, namely a pre-attachment state, an attachment state and a postattachment state. The attachment state is characterized by a close contact between apposing luminal surfaces of the epithelium. It is concluded that implantation in an undamaged uterus claims a sequence of certain changes in the uterine luminal epithelium, and that the blastocyst attachment occurs within the early part of that period when the luminal epithelium is in the attachment state.
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  • 28
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    Anatomy and embryology 134 (1971), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Differentiation ; Ultrastructure ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the morphological events which take place in the hamster Leydig cell during its process of prenatal and postnatal differentiation. The most strinking feature of the prenatal differentiation is the high development of the vesicular form of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (S.E.R.). At around the end of the first month of postnatal life the vesicular form of the S.E.R. is replaced by a truly reticular S.E.R. formed by numerous interconnected cisternae. From fetal to adult life the amount of ribosomes decreases whereas the number of mitochondria and Golgi cisternae increases. It is concluded that the differentiation mechanism of the hamster Leydig cell differs from that observed in the Leydig cell of other species, even of those closely related to the hamster, such as the mouse.
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  • 29
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    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 139-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Rabbit ; Fertilization ; Blastocysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fertilized rabbit ova were studied in the period from 25 to 144 hr after insemination. Eggs were recovered by flushing the uterine horns and oviducts with Hank's solution. The cells were morphologically alike in the 24 and 48 hr ova. At 661/2 hr blastomeres were differentiated into an inner mass of cells with dense cytoplasm and an outer trophoblastic layer with less dense cytoplasm. Otherwise no morphological differences were seen. Whether the 661/2 hr ova were morulas or blastocysts is discussed. The 96 hr ova were clearly blastocysts. Inner cells and trophoblastic cells at this stage bad the same cytoplasmic density. Mitochondria were increased in number and crystal-like figures were present for the first time. In the 120 and 144 hr ova the cytoplasm of the trophoblastic cells was denser than that of the inner cells. Trophoblastic cells were characterized by their density, crystal-like figures, elongated mitochondria with transverse cristae and many single ribosomes and they were interconnected with well developed junctional complexes. In a few cases a continuity seemed to exist between trophoblastic cells and inner cells. The latter were characterized by cytoplasm of less density than that of the trophoblastic cells, rounded mitochondria and fewer ribosomes. The fine structure of the crystal-like figures, their possible origin and differentiation of the mitochondria are discussed.
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  • 30
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    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 117-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Embryology ; Human adenohypophysis ; Progenitor cell and canaliculi ; Follicular structures ; Histocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histochemical and ultrastructural investigation of the early development of the adenohypophysis was carried out on a human material. Special attention was paid to an accumulation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-4-and/or-6-sulfate in the mesenchyma; its role in morphogenesis of the Rathke's pouch is discussed. The role of the vessels as a “critical factor” in the budding of the parenchyma and in the differentiation of secretory cells is discussed. Canalicular extensions from the original lumen of the pouch into the core of parenchymal buds, which migrate into the mesenchyma, is a new observation. The participation of canaliculi in formation of follicular structures of pars distalis is described and discussed. The primitive cell type lining the pouch is also found in the wall of canaliculi and follicular structures. The cell type is described and its role as the real progenitor cell of the adenohypophysis is discussed. Three types of colloid are noticed in pars distalis: 1. In the follicular structures, 2. in the slits or clefts caused by partial occlusion of the lumen of the pouch, and 3. mesenchymal extravasal colloid presumably representing material squeezed out from the aforementioned clefts or slits. It is concluded that the colloid contains material secreted from different types of granulated cells as well as material from the surface coat of the luminal cells.
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  • 31
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Type IV Glycogenosis ; Amylopectinosis ; Skeletal Muscle ; Polysaccharides ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skeletal muscles from a patient with type IV glycogenosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. The distinctive polysaccharide deposits were more abundant in the tongue and diaphragm than other skeletal muscles. The involved myofibers contained fusiform areas filled with polyhedral or rounded granules of basophilic material that was further characterized by staining with periodic acid-Schiff, Grocott methenamine silver and alcian blue. Ultrastructurally the deposits were composed of branched filaments, osmophilic granules and electron-dense amorphous material. There are sufficient ultrastructural, histochemical and chemical similarities among the deposits in type IV glycogenosis, Lafora bodies and visceral deposits in myoclonus epilepsy, corpora amylacea and basophilic degeneration of the myocardium to suggest a common composition and mechanism of synthesis possibly through reversal of the debranching enzyme system. However, sharing a biochemical pathway does not necessarily imply a common etiological factor.
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  • 32
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 301-306 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Wilson's Disease ; Opalski Cells ; Tissue Culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The object of the present study was to analyse the ultrastructure of Opalski cells, obtained in tissue culture according to the method described by Mossakowskiet al. (1970). The electron microscopic picture of the Opalski cells was characterized by scanty endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and a greatly reduced number of mitochondria, as compared with glial cells cultured in vitro. Their cytoplasm contained two types of spherical bodies, one of which corresponded to lysosome-like bodies; the second one, in the authors' opinion, represented an accumulation of mucopolysaccharide substances. The ultrastructural picture of Opalski cells corresponded well with their previously described histochemical properties.
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  • 33
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 173-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Progressive Muscular Dystrophy ; Duchenne Type ; Ultrastructure ; Lipidstorage ; Type I Fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Muskelgewebe von 10 Knaben mit Duchennescher Form von PMD wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die einzelnen myopathischen Veränderungen wurden feinstrukturell analysiert und hinsichtlich ihrer Spezifität beurteilt. Es treten Fasernekrose, davon abhängig Faserregenerate, weiters Faserdegenerationen mit primärer Filamentenordnungsstörung und konsekutiver Filamentendegeneration, sowie einfache Faseratrophie als Gesamtfaserschädigung auf. Fokale myopathische Veränderungen, vorwiegend auf Typ I-Fasern beschränkt, sind Z-Streaming und Lipidspeicherung in zentralen Faserabschnitten. Keine der Einzelveränderungen ist für sich spezifisch, lediglich ihre Häufigkeitsverteilung ergibt ein charakteristisches Muster. Pathogenetische Faktoren der Einzelveränderungen, besonders Lipidakkumulation in Typ I-Fasern, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Examinations of 10 muscle biopsies in Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy were performed. The different particular myopathic changes are analysed and their specificity is discussed. Two groups of changes are observed, one concerning total fiber involvement, the other the focal degenerations. In the first group muscle fiber necrosis, associated regenerations, fiber degeneration with initial disturbance of the filamentous arrangement and atrophia simplex are described. Focal myopathic changes appeared predominantly in type I fibers and consisted of Z-streaming and lipid storage in central fiber parts. None of the particular fiber changes are specific, only the distribution of their frequency shows a characteristic pattern. Pathogenic factors of the different particular fiber changes are discussed, especially of the lipid accumulation in the type I fibers.
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  • 34
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 299-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cat Cerebrum ; Endocytosis ; Thorotrast ; Ferritin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small quantities of ferritin or Thorotrast were injected into the visual cortex of the cat in order to determine which cells in the cerebrum exhibited endocytic activity when exposed to foreign material. Blocks of tissue from the cortex and adjacent white matter were examined by electron microscopy 5 h and 20 h after injection. Some neurons and oligodendrocytes and all the astrocytes examined showed pinocytotic activity. Increasing the time of exposure of the tissue to the tracer did not appear to result in greatly increased uptake by individual cells, except in the case of astrocytes. Neutrophils, which invaded the tissue after 5 h, and in increased numbers after 20 h, exhibited minimal endocytic activity when they invaded the grey matter. They were more active in the white matter. Up to 20 h after injection, the three most important endocytic elements in the cerebrum were astrocytes (collectively), pale perivascular cells within the basement membrane of the blood vessels and phagocytes, which appeared to be reactive endogenous cells.
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  • 35
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Estrogen ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dix rats Holtzman mâles et sevrés sont sacrifiés injection intrapéritonéale d'oestradiol (Progynon, Schering) aqueux, à des doses quotiediennes de 1 μ g. par g de poids. Des témoins, ayant reçu une dose équivalente de liquide de dilution, sont sacrifiés à des intervalles de 1 heure à 6 jours, identiques aux temps de sacrifice des animaux injectés. Les cartilages épiphysaires supérieurs des tibias tibias (ECP) étudiés en microscopie électronique, montrent, dès trois heures après l'ionjection, une augmentation nette de 'activié sécrétoire, caractérisée, au niveau de la zone de sécrétion matricielle, par l'abondance dans les citernes golgiennes d'un matériel piqueté, constitué par des complexes protéino-polysaccharidiques. La désintégration de la membrane limitante de vésicules golgiennes individuelles est plus avancée après vingt quatre heures: après trois jours de traitement, seules quelques vésicules restent intactes et des plages d'un matériel initialement intravacuolaire sont visibles dans le cytoplasme. De longs filaments, rappelant les précurseurs ou les fibrilles primaires du collagène, sont visibles dans cette sécrétion. Après six jours, de grandes plages de cettre subestance remplissent les cellules de la couche pré-hypertrophieque, avec déplacement de l'ergastoplasme en périphérie. Des vacuoles cytoplasques, contenant un matériel semblable à celui qu'on retrouve dans la lacune, et présentant des filament finement moniliformes et disposés en rayons le long de la membrane limitante, sont visibles. Ces observations suggèrent une accélération initiale de l'activité sécrétoire chondrocytaire, suivie par un retard de transfert. La rétention consécutive et la polymérisation intracellulaire de produits précollagéniques accélèrent l'hypertrophie et favorisent ainsi la dégénérescence précoce des chondrocytes. Ces altérations ultrastructurales paraissent être spécifiques aux oestrog`enes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zehn männliche Hotlzmann-Ratten, die im Entwöhnungsstadium waren, erhielten täglich wässerige Oestradioldosen (Progynon, Schering) von 1 μ/g Körpergewicht i.p. Dann wurden sie gleichzeitig mit Kontrolltieren, welche die gleiche Menge Verdünnungsmittel erhalten hatten, in Intervallen von 1 Std bis zu 6 Tagen getötet. Platten des oberen tibialen Epiphysenknorples (ECP), welche für die Elektronenmikroskopie präpariert wurden, zeigtem, daß schon 3 Std nach der Injektion ein bemerkenswerte Erhöhung der sekretorischen Tätigkeit entsteht. Dies wurde in der Zone der Matrixausscheidung sichtbar, wo sich in den Golgi-Zisternen eine Anhäufung von punktiertem, aus Proteinpolysaccharid-Komplexen bestehendem Material zeigte. Der Zerfall der Membran, welche die einzelnen Golgi-Bläschen umgibt, nahm nach 24 Std zu; nach 3 Tagen Behandlung blieben nur wenige Gefäße intakt, und Ansammlungen von ursprünglich intravacuolörem Material konnten im Grundplasma beobachtet werden. Lange Fasern, welche auf primäre oder Prae-Kollagefibrillen hindeuteten, konnten in diesem Sekret gesehen werden. Nach 6 Tagen wurden die Zellen in der prähypertrophen Zone mit dieser Substanz richtiggehend überschwemmt, und das rauhe endoplasmatische Reticulum wurde anschließend gegen die Zellperipherie verlagert. Die oft beobachteten cytoplasmatischen Vacuolen enthielten ein Material, das dem in den Lacunen vorkommenden ähnlich ist und zeigten auf der ungebrenden Membran feinperlige, radial angeordnete Fasern. Unsere Beobachtungen deuten auf eine anfängliche Beschleuning der chondrocytischen sekretorischen Tätigkeit, mit nachfolgender Transportverlangsamung, hin. Die dadurch entstehende Retention und intrazelluläre Polymerisation von präkollagenen Produkten beschleunigt die Hypertrophie und begünstigt dadurch die frühe Degeneration von Chondrocyten. Diese ultrastrukturellen Veränderungen scheinen oestrogen-spezifisch zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Ten male weanling Holtzman rats, injected intraperitoneally with aqueous estradiol (Progynon, Schering), in daily doses of 1 μg. per g body weight, were sacrificed, simultaneously with controls receiving an equivalent amount of diluent, at intervals ranging from one hour to six days. Upper tibial epiphyseal cartilage plates (ECP), procesed for electron microscopy, revealed, as early as three hours after injection, appreciable enhancement of secretory activity, evidenced, in the zone of matrix secretion, by the abundance in Golgi cisternae of stippled material representing proteinpolysaccharide complexes. Disintegration of the lining membrane of individual Golgi vesicles was advanced after twenty-four hours; following three days of treatment, few vesicles remained intact, and pools of initially intravacuolar material were observable in the gound plasm. Long filaments, suggestive of primary or precursor collagen fibrils were apparent in this secretion. After six days, virtual lakes of this substance filled cells in the zone of prehypertophy, with consequent displacement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum against the cell periphery. Cytoplasmic vacuoles, containing mateerial similar to that found in the lacunar moat, and displaying finely beaded, radially arrayed filaments on the lining membrane were frequently encountered. Our observations suggest an initial acclleration of chondrocytic secretory activity, with subsequent retardation of transport. The resultant retention and intracellular polymerization of precollagenous products accelerates hypertrophy, thereby promoting early degeneration of chondrocytes. These ultrastructural alterations are apparently estrogen-specific.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 12-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Testosterone ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que la clinique et l'expérimentation semblent démontrer que des doses élevées de testostérone provoquent un arrêt prématuré de la croissance, le mécanisme exact et le lieu précis de son action sur l'appareil de croissance des os longs restent indéterminés. Au cours de cette étude, des rats máles de 200 g sont injectés à l'aide de doses supra-physiologiques de testostérone pour observer les effects sub-microscopiques sur les diverses zones du cartilage épiphysaire. Au niveau de la zone de division cellulaire, on note une augmentation des cellules en division. Les cellules, en voie de maturation, présentent plus de produits de sécrétion, à un stade plus précoce de leur cycle d'évolution, et semblent subir une hypertrophie plus rapide. Dans la zone pré-hypertrophique, la matrice intercellulaire présente des foyers de calcification précoce, ainsi que des fibres collagènes plus longues et plus épaisses que chez les témoins. Il apparait que, chez l'animal entier, des doses même élevées de testostérone provoquent initialement une stimulation de la prolifération chondrocytaire, avant de favoriser les processus de maturation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Obwohl experimentelle und klinische Erfahrung darauf hinweisen, daß hohe Dosen von Testosteron zu einem frühzeitigen Wachstumsabschluß führen, sind der genaue Mechanismus und der eigentliche Wirkungsort dieses Hormons im Wachstumsapparat der Röhrenknochen unbekannt geblieben. In diesem Experiment wurden 200 g schweren männlichen Ratten supraphysiologische Testosterondosen injiziert, um die submikroskopischen Auswirkungen auf die verschiedenen Zonen des Epiphysenknorpels zu beobachten. In der Zone der Zellmitosen fand sich eine erhöhte Anzahl von sich teilenden Zellen. Die reifenden Zellen häuften im Frühstadium ihres Lebenscyclus größere Mengen von Sekretionsprodukten an und schienen eine abruptere Hypertrophie durchzumachen. In der prähypertrophen Zone enthielt die interterritoriale Matrix Herde von früher und verfrühter Verkalkung, sowie dickere und längere Kollagenfasern als vergleichsweise in Kontrolltieren. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß bei unbehandelten Tieren sogar große Testosterondosen anfänglich eine Stimulation der Chondrocytenproliferation verursachen, bevor sie die Reifungsprozesse veranlassen.
    Notes: Abstract Although experimental and clinical experience indicates that large doses of testosterone lead to premature cessation of growth, the exact mechanism and precise site of action of this hormone on the growth apparatus of long bones remain unknown. In this study, plateaued male rats were injected with supraphysiologic doses of testosterone to observe the submicroscopic effects on the various zones of the epiphyseal cartilage. In the zone of cell division there were increased numbers of dividing cells. The maturing cells accumulated larger amounts of secretory products at earlier stages of their life cycle, and appeared to undergo a more abrupt hypertrophy. In the zone of prehypertrophy, the interterritorial matrix contained foci of early and premature calcification and thicker and longer collagen fibers than at comparable levels in controls. It is concluded that in intact animals, even large doses of testosterone initially cause a stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation, prior to promoting maturation processes.
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  • 37
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 31-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Prism ; Crystals ; Growth ; Shell ; Formation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le début des prismes est visible au niveau de la région proximale de la surface externe du repli périphérique externe dans l'espace palléal, limité extérieurement par la périostracum. Le premier stade de formation d'un prisme est identique à celui observé dans la formation du nacre, à savoir l'élaboration d'une lamelle dense aux électrons qui sert de limite interne au futur prisme. Les fragments de lamelles se détachent et migrent vers un espace bordé extérieurement par le periostracum. Ces fragments lamellaires forment des enveloppes, au niveau desquelles on observe le dépôt initial et la croissance des cristaux. En même temps, on voit apparaitre des parois interprismatiques nettes, qui dérivent aussi des lamelles. La croissance de nouveaux cristaux et d'éléments organiques donne finalement un prisme adulte allongé. La croissance de la coquille se fait en périphérie, surtout par formation de nouveaux prismes. En outre, un environnement modifié, qui consiste en un dédoublement du periostracum au niveau de la surface distale, donne naissance à des ilôts étroits, contenant des prismes, qui se forment sur les bords de l'espace produit par la courbe du periostracum.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Prismenbildung beginnt in der proximalen Region der äußeren Oberfläche der äußeren Mantelfalte in Pallialraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum begrenzt wird. Der erste Schritt bei einer Prismenbildung verläuft gleich, wie dies bei der Perlmutterbildung beobachtet werden kann, nämlich in Form der Ausarbeitung einer elektronenoptisch dichten Lamelle, welche als innere Begrenzung des zukünftigen Prismas dient. Fragmente der Lamelle werden abgetrennt und wandern zu einem Zwischenraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum abgeschlossen wird. Diese Lamellenfragmente bilden Hüllen, innerhalb welcher der Kristall entsteht und sein Wachstum stattfindet. Gleichzeitig bilden sich dicke, zwischen den Prismen liegende Wände, die ebenfalls von den Lamellen abstammen. Das aus der Bildung zusätzlicher Kristalle bestehende Wachstum, zusammen mit den organischen Komponenten, läßt schließlich das reife längliche Prisma entstehen. Das Wachstum der Muschel spielt sich am Rande hauptsächlich durch Bildung neuer Prismen ab. Durch eine Veränderung der Umgebung, bestehend aus einer Verdoppelung des Periostracums an der distalen Oberfläche, entstehen zusätzlich dünne, prismenhaltige Sporne, welche innerhalb des begrenzten Raumes vorkommen, der sich durch das Überschlagen des Periostracums bildet.
    Notes: Abstract The initiation of prisms occurs in the proximal region of the outer surface of the outer mantle fold in the pallial space bounded externally by the periostracum. The first step in the formation of a prism is similar to that observed in the formation of nacre, namely, the elaboration of an electron-dense lamella that serves as the internal boundary of the future prism. Fragments of the lamella become detached and migrate to a chamber bounded externally by the periostracum. These lamellar fragments form envelopes within which crystal initiation and growth oocur. At the same time stout interprismatic walls appear. They are also derived from the lamellae. Growth consisting of the formation of additional crystals and the organic components finally give rise to the mature elongated prism. Growth of the shell occurs at the margin chiefly by formation of new prisms in this area. In addition a modified environment consisting of duplicature of the periostracum on the distal surface results in the formation of thin spurs containing prisms that occur within the confines of the space created by the periostracal loop.
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  • 38
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cartilage ; Calcification ; Inorganic ; Organic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La phase organique (ou fantôme des cristaux) associéc à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque amas cristallin, sont mises en évidence au niveau du cartilage calcifié en utilisant le sulfate de chrome basique comme agent de fixation, de coloration et de déminéralisation. Le traitement ultérieur du tissu, à l'aide de papaïne ou d'hyaluronidase, indique que les fantômes cristallins constitutent un complexe protéino-polysaccharidique et que la substance de base est formée par une protéine associée à un polysaccharide acide. Les rapports entre phases inorganique et organique sont discutés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die organische Phase (oder Kristallit-Schatten), die zu jedem Kristallit gehört, sowie das Hintergrundmaterial, das zu jeder Kristallitgruppe gehört, wurden in calcifiziertem Knorpel sichtbar gemacht. Zu diesem Zweck wurde basisches Chromsulfat als ein kombiniertes Fixierungs-, Färbe- und Demineralisierungsmittel verwendet. Nachfolgende Behandlung des Gewebes mit Papain oder Hyaluronidase läßt vermuten, daß die Kristallitschatten einen Proteinpolysaccharidkomplex darstellen und daß das Hintergrundmaterial hauptsächlich aus Protein mit einigen sauren Polysacchariden besteht. Die Beziehung zwischen anorganischen und organischen Phasen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The organic phase (or crystallite ghost) associated with each crystallite, together with the background material associated with each crystallite cluster, was demonstrated in calcified cartilage using basic chromium sulphate as a combined fixative, stain, and demineralizing agent. Subsequent treatment of the tissue with papain, or with hyaluronidase, suggests that the crystallite ghosts represented a protein-polysaccharide complex and that the background material was principally protein together with some acid polysaccharide. The relationship between inorganic and organic phases is discussed.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 13-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptors ; Insects ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antennae of Scolytus multistriatus were examined with light and scanning and transmitting-electron microscopy to determine the distributions, types and structures of sense organs. Four types of sensilla were found: (1) sensilla chaetica, a singly-innervated receptor; (2) sensilla basiconica, Type A, a short, thin-walled, multiple-innervated receptor; (3) sensilla basiconica, Type B, a long, thin-walled multiple-innervated receptor; and (4) sensilla trichodea, short, thick-walled, multiple-innervated receptors. The positioning of dendrite(s) with regard to pore tubules is elaborated. Evidence for lack of sensory axon fusion is presented.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 388-395 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pomatoceros triqueter ; Egg investments ; Fertilization reaction ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of unfertilized and fertilized egg investments ofPomatoceros triqueter is described. A characteristic feature is the presence of a hitherto unrecorded additional investment layer, inserted between the chorion and the “outer border layer”, which is referred to as the intermediate layer. The fertilization reaction consists of the release of cortical granule material into the perivitelline “space”, and the severing of the microvillous cytosome to “outer border layer” connections, thus allowing an increase in the width of the perivitelline “space”. More ridged corrugations are found on the outer surface of the investments in the fertilized as compared with the unfertilized condition.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Elasmobranchs ; Glomerular Vessels ; Tubular Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Glomerula und Hauptstücke der Elasmobranchierniere fallen nach lichtmikroskopischen Studien durch strukturelle Besonderheiten auf, die möglicherweise mit der physiologischen Uraemie dieser Tiergruppe in Zusammenhang stehen. Um weitere morphologische Grundlagen für spätere cytochemische und physiologische Untersuchungen zu gewinnen, haben die Autoren die genannten Nephronabschnitte elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. Die erstaunliche Dicke der Glomerulumgefäße der Elasmobranchier — sie beträgt durchschnittlich 7 μ — beruht auf der Ausbildung einer zellreichen Schicht (Durchmesser durchschnittlich 6 μ) zwischen Podozyten und Endothel. 2. Die Podozyten tragen Einzelcilien, die in den Kapselraum hineinragen, und werden von Strähnen zarter, etwa 80 Å dicker Filamente durchzogen. Möglicherweise handelt es sich um Myofilamente. Zwischen den Füßchen der Podozyten auf der Basalmembran kommen Schlitzmembranen vor. 3. Die Mittelschicht der Gefäßwand entspricht einer stark verdickten Basalmembran, in die außer Kollagenfibrillen Zellen eingebettet sind. Die Mehrzahl dieser intralamellären Zellen besteht aus verästelten Elementen, deren Ausläufer sich innerhalb der Membran ausbreiten. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Aussagen, die sich auf lichtmikroskopische Beobachtungen stützen, werden diese Zellen als fibrozytäre Elemente und nicht als glatte Muskelzellen gedeutet. Eine zweite intralamelläre Zellart, deren Elemente keine Ausläufer besitzen, fällt durch starke Entwicklung von Ergastoplasma auf. 4. Das relativ dicke Endothel der Glomerulumgefäße besitzt eine stark zerklüftete Oberfläche, seine Pseudofenestrierung ist weniger regelmäßig als in den Glomerula höheren Formen ausgebildet. 5. Verschiedene Zustandsbilder einer Abschnürung von vacuolär strukturierten Blasen und von Protuberanzen, die möglicherweise das Äquivalent einer apokrinen Extrusion aus den Hauptstückzellen sind, werden beschrieben. Die Frage bleibt offen, ob dieser Vorgang etwas mit der Abgabe harnpflichtiger Substanzen in das Lumen des Kanälchens zu tun hat. Es handelt sich bei diesen Strukturen nicht um Fixationsartefakte. 6. Die von Lichtmikroskopikern beschriebenen „Basalreifen“ des Nierenkanälchens entsprechen leistenartigen Erhebungen der Innenfläche der Basalmembran. Das Bild der „basalen Kittfäden“ dürfte durch die Cytoplasmapartien zwischen den Basalreifen hervorgerufen werden.
    Notes: Summary According to light microscopical studies glomerula and proximal convoluted tubules of the elasmobranch kidney are characterized by structural peculiarities, which possibly are related to the physiological uremia of this group of animals. In order to obtain morphological fundamentals for cytochemical and physiological studies, the authors have investigated the above mentioned parts of the nephron with the electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. The remarkable thickness of the glomerular tufts in the elasmobranchs—averaging 7 μ—is due to the presence of a cell-rich layer (diameter about 6 μ) between podocytes and endothelium. 2. The podocytes bear individual cilia protruding into the capsular space. They further contain bundles of fine filaments (diameter approximately 80 Å) which possibly are myofilaments. Between the feet of the podocytes slit membranes occur on the surface of the basement lamina. 3. The medium layer of the vascular wall corresponds to a strongly thickened basement lamina, into which besides collagen fibrils and fuzzy material different cells are embedded. The majority of these intralamellar cells consists of branched elements the processes of which spread inside the membrane. In contrast to earlier statements, which were based on light microscopical observations, these cells are interpreted to represent fibrocytic elements and not smooth muscle cells. A second intralamellar cell type which does not possess any processes, is marked by well developed cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. 4. The relatively thick endothelium of the glomerular vessels possesses a rugged surface, its pseudofenestration beeing less regular than in glomerular capillaries of higher vertebrates. 5. Vesiculated spherical bodies, swollen cellular apices and protuberances apparently being pinched off in the proximal convoluted tubule—possibly equivalents of an apocrine extrusion—are described. The authors are of the opinion that these structures do not represent artifacts caused by fixation. It remains on open question, whether this extrusion contributes to the composition of the tubular urine. 6. The “Basalreifen” of the kidney tubule as have been described by light microscopists, correspond to crests of the inner surface of the basement lamina, the “basale Kittfäden” to the strips of cytoplasm between these “Basalreifen”.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear division ; Protozoan ; Ultrastructure ; Microtubules ; Colchicine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in the micro- and macronucleus throughout division were followed in synchronized cultures of the suctorian, Tokophrya infusionum. After an initial swelling, the micronucleus elongates enormously; microtubules within the micronucleus proliferate and lengthen as the micronucleus elongates. Changes in the macronucleus become visible only after micronuclear division is well underway. The chromatin bodies fuse into long chromatin strands, and the large bundles of microtubules present in the resting macronucleus break up into small groups which parallel the chromatin strands. Colchicine, which prevents reproduction in Tokophrya, seems to block division at a very early stage. The macronucleus appears the same as the resting nucleus of untreated organisms, with numerous microtubules and distinct chromatin bodies. The chromatin in the micronucleus aggregates into large clumps, however, and proliferation of microtubules does not occur.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 184-195 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Rotifer ; RNA synthesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oocyte development in Asplanchna brightwelli was studied by observation through the transparent body wall of living females and by electron microscopy. During oogenesis, which requires four to six hours, the oocyte increases in volume approximately 1000-fold. Most of its cytoplasm appears to be derived from the vitellarium by direct flow through the cytoplasmic bridge. This flow is rapid enough to be easily observed in the living female at low magnifications. Ribosomes, mitochondria, cortical granules, and lipid droplets were observed in the bridge area in electron micrographs. RNA synthesis during oogenesis was studied by means of autoradiography. Very little synthesis could be demonstrated in oocyte nuclei at any period of oogenesis, whereas the vitellarium nuclei show active incorporation of 3H-uridine throughout the reproductive life of the adult female. Most of this RNA is subsequently transferred to developing oocytes.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 426-441 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Actinomycin D ; Cellular differentiation ; Young Planarians ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'utilisation de l'actinomycine D, au cours de la régénération de Planaires à l'éclosion ou de celle d'adultes, montre que ces deux groupes d'animaux réagissent différemment à l'antibiotique. La régénération se produit en présence de l'antibiotique chez les jeunes Planaires, alors que, pour la même concentration (50 μg/cm3), elle est totalement bloquée chez les adultes. Elle débute dès la décapitation des animaux; le retour dans l'eau, après un traitement par l'antibiotique qui va de 1 à 4 jours, ne modifie pas son déroulement morphologique. L'examen ultrastructural montre que les cellules différenciées présentent le plus souvent des dissociations nucléolaires importantes. Les lésions s'étendent progressivement à toute la cellule qui dégénère fréquemment. Les cellules morphologiquement indifférenciées ne sont que faiblement altérées (raréfaction du composant granulaire du nucléole), et récupèrent une structure normale après retour dans l'eau. Ces résultats conduisent à envisager l'étude des synthèses d'ARN, au cours de ces expériences, au niveau des organismes entiers et au niveau cellulaire.
    Notes: Summary The utilization of actinomycin D during the regeneration of young and adult Planarians shows that the two groups of animals react differently to the antibiotic. Regeneration takes place in the presence of the antibiotic in young Planarians, whereas it is entirely inhibited in adult ones, applying the same concentration (50 μg/cm3). In the young animals it begins immediately after decapitation. Their return into the water, after a treatment with the antibiotic lasting from 1 to 4 days, does not interfere with the morphological differentiation. The ultrastructural investigation exhibits that in the majority of the undifferentiated cells the nucleolus is largely dissociated. The lesions gradually extend to the whole cell which frequently degenerates. The morphologically undifferentiated cells are weakly impaired (depletion of the granular component of the nucleolus), and they recover a normal structure after their return into water. These results lead us to study the RNA synthesis, during these experimentations, on the whole organism as well as the cellular level.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 473-493 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus Luteum ; Guinea-Pig ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron-microscopic investigation, based on the suggestion that differences seen in progesterone levels under differing hormonal conditions might be reflected in the ultrastructural organisation of the lutein cells of the guinea-pig was undertaken. Comparisons were made between corpora lutea taken from animals during the normal oestrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation, and after hysterectomy or hypophysectomy. The lutein cells from the oestrous cycle corpus luteum appeared to be of two types, “light” and “dark”. The former were more numerous. The main difference between them lay in the arrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum. Lutein cells from corpora lutea (with the exception of the “old” degenerating corpora lutea) all contained well-developed agranular endoplasmic reticulum, little granular endoplasmic reticulum, several electron-dense lipid granules, lysosomal bodies which ranged from small spherical bodies to large autophagic vesicles and mitochondria. The mitochondria were numerous, and in the corpus luteum of pregnancy, they were closely associated with the parallel arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum. With minor exceptions, the lutein cells of the guinea-pig present a strikingly uniform picture despite their hormonal condition. The manner in which this uniformity of ultrastructure may be related to observed differences in progesterone levels in the corpus luteum of the guinea-pig is discussed.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 443-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limulus heart ; Ultrastructure ; Cardiac innervation ; Hypertonicity effects ; Intercalated disks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Limulus cardiac muscle was examined. The hearts were fixed in situ by perfusion with isotonic glutaraldehyde solution while in relaxed, contracted, or stretched states. The sarcomeres are relatively long, varying in length from about 2.5 to 6.6 μ. The average A-band length is 2.46 μ. M lines are absent, and H zones are poorly distinguished. Thick and thin filament diameters average about 200 Å and 50 Å, respectively; each thick filament is surrounded by 8–12 thin ones. Superficial invaginations of the sarcolemma occur, making contact with the Z lines of the outermost myofibrils. There is an extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse (T) tubules. Some T tubules run longitudinally and some open into deep sarcolemmal invaginations which extend into the fiber interior. The T tubules swell markedly in hypertonic solution. Single neurons and small bundles of neurons are observed in close apposition with myocardial cells. Intercalated disks are found in Limulus heart at regions of contact between contiguous myocardial cells lying end to end; semitight or gap junctions are essentially absent. Prominent differences in sarcomere lengths sometimes occur across the disk, thus indicating that the disks demarcate cells functionally. Hence, in addition to direct motoneuron activation, there may be some transfer of excitation across the intercalated disks in accord with our previous finding that propagating, overshooting action potentials can be induced in this heart.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 487-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cryptonephridial system ; Tenebrio molitor ; Rectal complex ; Perinephric membrane ; Leptophragmata ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study has been to elucidate the structure of the rectal complex of the meal worm, in particular of the perinephric membrane and the leptophragmata. Most of Grimstone's (1968) findings have been confirmed, but in some respects a different interpretation is suggested. 1. The perinephric membrane is limited towards the hemocoele by a basement membrane secreted by a layer of elongated cells. Over the leptophragmata, these cells are lacking, whereas the basement membrane is enormously thickened, constituting the so-called blister. 2. The tracheole cells form a network in all of the perinephric membrane. 3. The perinephric membrane may be divided into an outer and an inner sheath. The main part of the outer sheath is an acellular matrix, probably a basement membrane secreted by the tracheole cells. This matrix is extremely thin over the leptophragmata. 4. The inner sheath is mostly made up of tracheole cells. In the inner part of this sheath, multiple extremely thin cell layers are observed; it is suggested that cells in these layers have nuclei located in the innermost layer of the sheath. The inner sheath is absent over the leptophragma. 5. The leptophragma is a thin plate-like protrusion from a modified tubule cell, the leptophragma cell. Together the cell body and the cytoplasmic rim of the leptophragma cell make up a short funnel communicating with the tubule lumen; the short funnel is filled with thin microvilli without mitochondria.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 405-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Midgut ; Formica ; Histophysiology ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules du mésentéron des ouvrières, des reines et des mâles de Formica polyctena F. possèdent un certain nombre de particularités cytologiques dont l'évolution a été suivie au cours du développement post-embryonnaire et du cycle annuel. A l'apex des cellules de régénération les microvillosités se différencient avant l'élimination des cellules caduques larvaires ou nymphales. A partir de la nymphose une activité sécrétoire apocrine se manifeste dans la partie dorsale de l'épithélium du mésentéron, l'ensemble des cellules assurant par ailleurs la fonction absorbante de l'organe. Il existe deux sortes d'inclusions cytoplasmiques, des polysaccharides et des concrétions minérales. Les polysaccharides sont surtout abondants chez les larves et les nymphes: le glycogène, polysaccharide de réserve, est utilisé au cours de l'histogénèse; des mucopolysaccharides acides, d'origine golgienne, représentent une sécrétion muqueuse. Les sphérocristaux sont constitués de strates concentriques de phosphates et chlorures de calcium et d'une matrice de mucopolysaccharides. La cristallisation des éléments minéraux s'effectue, à partir de la nymphose seulement, dans les citernes ergastoplasmiques. Cette accumulation d'ions pourrait être en relation avec le régime alimentaire de l'insecte ou représenter une voie d'excrétion.
    Notes: Summary The midgut cells of workers, queens and males of the ant Formica polyctena show cytological characteristics which were studied in the course of postembryonic development and annual cycle. The microvilli of the regenerating cells appear before the elimination of the regressing larval and pupal cells. At the time of pupation, an active phase of apocrine secretion begins in the dorsal part of the midgut epithelium, while the absorptive function is carried out by all cells of the organ. Two types of cytoplasmic inclusions coexist: polysaccharides and mineral concretions. The polysaccharides are particulary abundant in larvae and pupae. Glycogen is metabolized during histogenesis; acid mucopolysaccharides, elaborated in the Golgi apparatus, represent a mucous secretion. The spherites are composed of concentric strata of calcium phosphate and chloride and a matrix of mucopolysaccharides. These minerals form in the ergastoplasmic cisternae of pupal cells only. Their accumulation could be related to the insect's diet, or it could reflect a process of excretion.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 322-353 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Collembola ; Dioptric apparatus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale de l'appareil dioptrique des photorécepteurs des Collemboles adultes a permis de reconsidérer la structure des formations oculaires à ommatidies aggrégées. Quatre types de cornéules ont été reconnus, dont les plus remarquables sont ceux à ≪mamelons cornéens≫. Les cellules cristalliniennes au nombre de quatre assurent alternativement une double fonction au cours de chaque cycle de la mue. Sur les faces distales, les cellules élaborent le matériel cuticulaire de la cornéule; vers l'intérieur elles sécrètent le cristallin. Les cellules de Semper réalisent ainsi une fonction cornéagène et une fonction cristallogène. La répartition spatiale des organites intracellulaires en couches concentriques est une caractéristique des Collemboles. Chaque cellule cristallinienne envoie vers la membrane basale un processus tubulaire contenant des granules denses de nombreux microtubules et du glycogène en faible quantité. Les cônes cristallins présentent une grande diversité de forme de structure et de composition chimique. Suivant les groupes le cristallin peut être une formation intracellulaire ou extracellulaire, simple ou quadripartite. La présence de petits cristallins satellites associés à un cristallin unique reste inexpliquée mais caractérise une espèce troglobie Tomocerus problematicus. Deux cellules dites ≪cornéagènes≫ à cytoplasme toujours pauvre en organites intracytoplasmiques, avec ou sans pigment, complètent l'appareil dioptrique des ommas des Collemboles.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of the dioptric apparatus of photoreceptors of adult Collembola described by the author has enabled the author to compare the structure of ocular formations with aggregated ommatidia. Four different types of corneulae have been determined, the most remarkable of which are those showing ‘corneal nipples’. The four crystalline cells have alternately different functions during each molting cycle. On their distal surfaces, the cells elaborate cuticular material of the corneula; proximally, they secrete a crystalline cone. The Semper cells thus have both corneogenous and crystallogenous functions. The typically concentric spatial distribution of intracellular organelles in these cells is a characteristic feature for Collembola. Each crystalline cell sends towards the basal membrane a tubular process containing granules, numerous microtubules, and a small amount of glycogen. The shape, the structure, and the chemical composition of the crystalline cones are highly variable. In Collembola, the crystalline formation can either be intracellular or extracellular, and it can be simple or quadripartite. No explanation has yet been advanced for the existence of small crystalline satellites which appear to be associated with the single large crystalline cones; this association is characteristic for the troglobian species Tomocerus problematicus. The dioptric apparatus of Collembolan ommatidia is completed by the presence of two corneogenous cells, the cytoplasm of which contains few organelles and in some cases pigments.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Notochord ; Caecilians ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The notochord of Ichthyophis glutinosus and I. kohtaoensis consists of peripheral flattened cells characterized by a well-developed system of rough endoplasmic reticulum, bundles of tonofilaments, and abundant glycogen particles. These cells contain furthermore fairly high activities of α-naphtyl-acetate esterase and 4-chloro-5-bromoindoxyl acetate esterase as well as acid phosphatase which was found in lysosomal localization. The huge intracellular vacuoles of the centrally situated cells possibly originate from electron translucent spaces within the glycogen fields of the peripheral cells. The notochord sheath consists of variously differentiated layers of collagen fibers and of an elastica externa. The diameters of the collagen fibers increase from the inner towards the outer region of the sheath. A peculiar feature of the Ichthyophis notochord sheath is a ring of mineralized collagen. The notochord of the caecilians investigated is compared with that of anurans, urodeles, and several groups of fish.
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 451-462 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood ; Annelidae ; Eisenia foetida L. (Sav.) ; Haemocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Hämolymphe von Eisenia foetida L. (Sav.) kommen zwei Blutzelltypen vor: Aus dem Chloragogen freigesetzte Eleocyten und aus dem Peritoneum stammende Amöbocyten. Die Eleocyten enthalten in frühen Stadien typische Chloragosomen, später hämoglobinhaltige Proteinvakuolen mit Ferritineinlagerungen. Diese Einschlüsse werden in die Hämolymphe abgegeben. In der Form der Eleocyten kann das Chloragogen als temporär „flüssiges“ Gewebe aufgefaßt werden. Die Amöbocyten treten entweder in der mit Pseudopodien versehenen Transportform oder in der „petaloiden“ Phagocytoseform auf. Sie enthalten Glykogendepots, Lysosomen und Bündel cytoplasmatischer Filamente, die aus elektronendichten, als Trichohyalineinlagerungen gedeuteten Granula hervorgehen.
    Notes: Summary In the haemolymph of Eisenia foetida L. (Sav.) two types of blood cells occur: The eleocytes which are released from the chloragogue tissue and the amoebocytes which are derived from the peritoneal endothelium. Chloragosomes are present in the early stage of the eleocytes, later they are replaced by protein vacuoles containing hemoglobin and ferritin. These products are released into the haemolymph. Therefore the chloragogue tissue may be considered as a temporary liquid tissue represented by the eleocytes. The amoebocytes have the form of either cells with pseudopodia having a transport function, or of petal-shaped phagocytes. Both types contain glycogen deposits, lysosomes and bundles of cytoplasmic filaments which grow out of electron-opaque granules. These granules appear to contain trichohyalin which is gradually transformed into filamentous scleroproteins.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Onychophora ; Peripatus ; Slime glands ; Proteic secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans les glandes de la glu, formations propres aux Onychophores, les tubes sécréteurs comprennent un épithélium glandulaire entouré d'une enveloppe conjonctive et musculaire. L'enveloppe conjonctive, délimitée par des membranes basales de mucopolysaccharides neutres et de mucoprotéines, contient deux sortes de fibrilles: des fibrilles collagènes et un type particulier de fibrilles élastiques. Les fibres musculaires, éparses, d'orientation circulaire, montrent une organisation beaucoup plus rudimentaire que dans les muscles somatiques. L'épithélium glandulaire est formé de cellules prismatiques toutes semblables, à gros noyau polyploïde en position basale, avec nucléole très volumineux. L'ensemble du cytoplasme de ces cellules est chargé de ribonucléines sous forme d'ergastoplasme granulifère à citernes concentriques et de nombreux ribosomes libres. Les structures lamellaires concentriques de l'ergastoplasme, qui se différencient du côté basal, près des noyaux, s'accroissent dans la région médiane des cellules et se désorganisent à l'apex, en libérant des grandes quantités de ribosomes. La sécrétion de ces cellules est formée essentiellement de protéines qui s'accumulent dans la région apicale sans passer par l'appareil de Golgi, lequel est d'ailleurs peu développé. Ces protéines ne sont donc pas concentrées en granules de sécrétion, mais déchargées dans la cavité glandulaire, directement à l'état diffus, par l'intermédiaire d'épanchements cytoplasmiques de la face apicale cellulaire dans lesquels passent également de nombreux ribosomes libres. Polyploïdie, grand volume nucléolaire, hyperdéveloppement de l'ergastoplasme granulifère, abondance des ribosomes libres, non-intervention de l'appareil de Golgi et absence de concentration de la sécrétion en granules sont mis en relation avec la synthèse rapide et continue des protéines qui forment le principal constituant de la glu.
    Notes: Summary In the peculiar slime glands of the Onychophora, the secretory tubes consist of a glandular epithelium surrounded by a layer of connective and muscular tissue. The connective layer, bounded by basal membranes of neutral mucopolysaccharides and mucoproteins, contains two kinds of fibrils: collagenous fibrils and an especial type of elastic fibrils. The muscle fibers, which are scattered and circularly oriented, are more simply organized than those of the somatic muscles. The glandular epithelium is constituted by prismatic cells of the same type, with a large polyploid basally situated nucleus, containing a very large nucleolus. The cytoplasm of these cells is filled with ribonucleins in form of ergastoplasm and in numerous free ribosomes. Concentric lamellar structures of ergastoplasm, which originate basally close to the nucleus, are well developed in the central region of the cell and become disorganized at the apex, where they liberate great quantities of ribosomes. The secretion of these cells consists essentially of proteins, which accumulate in the apical region without passing through the poorly developed Golgi apparatus. These proteins, therefore, are not concentrated in secretory granules, rather they are released in a diffuse form, into the glandular cavity. They are discharged in cytoplasmic expansions detached from the apical region, together with a large quantity of free ribosomes. Polyploidy, large nucleolus, well developed granular ergastoplasm, abundance of free ribosomes, non-participation of the Golgi apparatus and lack of concentration in secretory granules are correlated with rapid and continuous synthesis of proteins which are the principal component of the slime.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Diplopoda ; Cerebral gland ; Ultrastructure ; Molting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die paarige Cerebraldrüse von Polyxenus lagurus ist eine endokrine Drüse. Sie liegt den Tritocerebralganglien seitlich dicht an und wird vom äußerlich nicht sichtbaren Nervus glandulae cerebralis innerviert. Sie besitzt keine Bindegewebshülle, sondern ragt frei in einen Hämolymphsinus. Die Cerebraldrüse setzt sich aus zwei Bereichen zusammen, einem basophilen und einem lateralen acidophilen. Diese unterscheiden sich auch bezüglich ihrer Feinstruktur. 2. Der basophile Bereich setzt sich aus Drüsenparenchymzellen zusammen, zwischen denen der Nervus glandulae cerebralis verläuft. Die Zellen sind durch zahlreiche Golgi-Komplexe gekennzeichnet. Von deren Zisternen werden kleine Sekretgrana abgeschnürt, die sich zu unregelmäßig geformten Sekretvakuolen mit elektronenoptisch wenig dichtem Inhalt vereinigen. 3. Der acidophile Bereich setzt sich aus Drüsenzellen und wenigen gliaartigen Zellen zusammen. Zwischen diesen verlaufen die Endverzweigungen des Nervus glandulae cerebralis und ein System von Lakunen, das mit dem umgebenden Hämolymphsinus kommuniziert. Die Zelloberflächen lassen oft Vesikulationen erkennen. Nicht selten findet man in lokalisierten Hämolymphräumen Mikrovilli der angrenzenden Drüsenzellen. Golgi-Komplexe sind sehr häufig, die an ihren Zisternen entstehenden Sekretvakuolen kugelig oder ellipsoid. Der maximale Durchmesser der Sekretvakuolen beträgt 1,7–1,8 μm. Ihr Inhalt ist granulär und elektronendicht. Bei Tieren, die nicht unmittelbar vor einer Häutung stehen, zeigt er rasterartige Aufhellungen und häufig parallele Lamellenstapel. Die Hüllmembranen der größeren Vakuolen sind stellenweise fragmentiert. 4. Wird experimentell die Häutung in Gang gesetzt, so sind bereits 24 h später Veränderungen in den Axonen des Nervus glandulae cerebralis festzustellen. Sie sind jetzt mit vermutlich neurosekretorischen Granula von 1200–1800 Å Durchmesser angefüllt. Auch in den acidophilen Drüsenzellen sind Veränderungen der Feinstruktur zu erkennen. Die Zisternen des endoplasmatischen Retikulum zeichnen sich durch blasige Erweiterungen aus. Zwischen den Sekretvakuolen sind keine Zisternen mehr zu finden. Dort hat sich die Menge der freien Ribosomen vergrößert. Die Golgi-Zisternen sind perlschnurartig angeschwollen und haben einen elektronendichten Inhalt, der dem der Sekretvakuolen gleicht. 5. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert und denen gegenübergestellt, die von anderen Autoren bei der Untersuchung vergleichbarer Organe verwandter Tiere erzielt worden waren.
    Notes: Summary 1. The paired cerebral gland of Polyxenus lagurus is an endocrine organ. It lies directly lateral to the tritocerebral ganglia and is innervated by the nervus glandulae oerebralis. The organ is not ensheathed by connective tissue and extends freely into the hemocoele. It consists of two structurally different regions, viz. a basophilic part adjacent to the brain and a lateral acidophilic region. 2. The basophilic portion traversed by the nervus glandulae cerebralis is composed of gland cells with large, round nuclei, few and small mitochondria and numerous Golgi complexes. Small secretory granules are pinched off from Golgi cisternae and unite to form huge irregular vacuoles whose content is heterogenous and of low electron density. 3. The acidophilic region contains gland cells without processes and few glialike cells. Between these the terminal branches of the nervus glandulae cerebralis are found, and a system of lacunae which communicate with the surrounding hemolymph. The cell surfaces are often vesiculated near the lacunae. Microvilli of gland cells are not rarely extending into hemolymph spaces. The nuclei are lobated. Mitochondria are more numerous and larger than in the other region of the gland. Golgi complexes are both large and abundant; the maximal diameter of the secretory vacuoles formed by their cisternae is 1.7–1.8 μm. The content of the secretory vacuoles is granular and electron dense. In animals not close to molting it shows a regular pattern of light spots and frequently parallel stacks of lamellae. The bounding membrane of the larger vacuoles may appear fragmented in places. Large vacuoles of low density are relatively rare. 4. Changes in the axons of the nervus glandulae cerebralis are noticeable as early as 24 hours after experimental induction of molting. They are then filled with large presumably neurosecretory granules of 1200–1800 Å diameter which had been absent before. Pine structural changes are also recognizable in the acidophilic gland cells. Just before molt the cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum bear regular, blisterlike expansions. Cisternae are no longer recognizable between the secretory vacuoles. Free ribosomes increase in number in these spaces. Golgi cisternae are shortened but show beaded expansions. The flaky content of the inner cisternae resembles that of the secretory vacuoles. The content of all secretory vacuoles is of uniformly high electron density and without light spots or parallel striations. 5. The results are discussed and compared with those of other studies of comparable organs in related animals.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian follicle ; Ultrastructure ; Lacerta vivipara
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des contacts étroits s'établissent d'abord entre la granulosa et la membrane plasmique de l'ovocyte. L'aire pellucide les sépare ensuite. L'ovocyte émet de nombreuses microvillosités digitiformes et des processus intenses de micropinocytose se produisent au niveau des invaginations ovocytaires. Des granules provenant de la thèque externe, passent dans les espaces intercellulaires de la granulosa, se répandent dans l'aire pellucide et envahissent les invaginations de l'ovocyte. Des vésicules tapissées, différenciées à partir de la membrane plasmique de ces invaginations, captent des granules et s'isolent dans le cytoplasme; elles perdent leur revêtement externe et donnent naissance à des sphères vitellines corticales. Le rôle attribué jusqu'alors aux cellules piriformes n'est pas confirmé. Le grand développement de l'appareil de Golgi dans ces cellules peut indiquer une fonction sécrétoire qui serait à l'origine du matériel amorphe périovocytaire.
    Notes: Summary First the granulosa cells establish close contact with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Then, the zona pellucida separates them. The oocyte acquires numerous microvillosities, and an intensely active micropinocytosis is observed in the ovocytic invaginations. Granules originating in the theca externa pass through the intercellular spaces of the granulosa and invade the zona pellucida and the invaginations of the oocyte. At the level of these invaginations, coated vesicles incorporate granules and form granular vesicles without coating. These granular vesicles are transformed into cortical vitelline spheres. The nutritive function, generally assigned to the pyriform cells, is not confirmed in this study. The great development of the Golgi apparatus in these cells suggests a secretory function. Perhaps the pyriform cells secrete the amorphous component of the periovocytic space.
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 309-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central nervous system ; Mite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Synganglion wird von einer extrazellulären Scheide umkleidet und ist in Cortex und Neuropil gegliedert. Der Cortex enthält zwei Gliazellschichten (die jeweils durch einen bestimmten Zelltyp charakterisiert sind) und drei Typen von Neuronenzellkörpern. Neuronenzellkörper vom Typ I sind sehr elektronendicht und nur selten anzutreffen; Typ II ist am häufigsten vertreten; Typ III wird durch neurosekretorische Zellen repräsentiert, die zudem ein relativ größeres Plasmavolumen als Typ I und Typ II besitzen. Ausgedehnte Bereiche der Neuronenzellkörper sind nicht umhüllt. Außerdem wurde ein dritter Gliazelltyp im Neuropil gefunden. Die äußere corticale Gliaschicht, Perineurium genannt, liegt unter der extrazellulären Scheide und überdeckt die Neuronen teilweise. In Gebieten, in denen Neuronenzellkörper fehlen, überlagert das Perineurium eine zweite Gliazellschicht, das Subperineurium. Diese Schicht kann sich ins Innere des Ganglions erstrecken, falls sie auf eine Neuronenzellkörpergruppe stößt. Das Subperineurium trägt sowohl zur Umhüllung der Neuronenzellkörper, als auch der Nervenfasern bei. Es steht in direktem Zusammenhang mit Gliazellen aus dem Inneren des Neuropils. Das Neuropil umfaßt Nervenfasern und Gliazellen und umgibt den ösophagealen Kanal, welcher vom Perineurium und Subperineurium gebildet wird. Hüllenlose Nervenfasern treten in drei Arten miteinander in Verbindung, durch Endknöpfe, Längs- und Querkontakte.
    Notes: Summary The synganglion is bounded by an extracellular sheath and is divided into the cortex and the neuropile. The cortex contains two glial layers, each of which is composed of a distinctive type of glial cell, and three types of neurons. Type I is the least common and most electron dense, type II is most common, and type III represents neurosecretory cells with a larger volume of cytoplasm than in types I and II. Substantial areas of the neuron cell bodies are unsheathed. A third type of glial cell is found in the neuropile. The first glial layer of the cortex, the perineurium, lies beneath the extracellular sheath and overlies the neuron cell bodies contributing to their ensheathment. In areas lacking neuron cells bodies, the perineurium overlies a second glial layer, the subpermeurium, which is inflected inwards where a group of neuron cell bodies is encountered. The subperineurium contributes to the ensheathment of both the cell bodies of neurons and the nerve fibers. It is confluent with glial cells which arise within the neuropile. The neuropile contains nerve fibers and glial cells and is perforated by the esophageal canal, which is lined by the perineurium and subperineurium. Unsheathed nerve fibers contact each other in three ways: end-knob, longitudinal, and cross contacts.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chordotonal organ ; Insects ; Head appendages ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les organes chordotonaux présents dans les différentes pièces céphaliques de la larve du Speophyes peuvent être classés en deux catégories. La première catégorie regroupe les récepteurs scolopidiaux de l'antenne, du labium et du palpe maxillaire. On peut les comparer au scolopidium de l'organe tympanique du Criquet décrit par Gray (1960). La deuxième catégorie comprend les récepteurs scolopidiaux de la mandibule et de la lacinia: ils sont du amphinématique. Le sensille scolopidial de la galea représente un type intermédiaire. Nous signalons l'importance des structures de soutien et de fixation, qui doivent permettre une bonne transmission de toutes les déformations et tensions subies par le tégument. Nous discutons du rôle joué par la ≪gap junction≫ qui unit les deux dendrites dans les scolopidium. de la deuxième catégorie. Enfin nous essayons d'établir des hypothèses sur le fonctionnement des scolopidium.
    Notes: Summary The chordotonal organs located in the various head appendages of the Speophyes larva, can be divided into two classes. The scolopidial receptors of the antenna, the labium and the palpus maxillae belong to the first class. They can be compared to the scolopidium of the locust tympanic organ described by Gray.—The second class contains the scolopidial receptors of the mandible and the lacinia: their type is amphinematic. The scolopidial sensilla of the galea represents an intermediate type. We demonstrate many supporting and fixation structures which probably allow a good transmission of all the deformations and strains affecting the tegument. The function of the gap junction which connects the two dendrites in the scolopidia of the second class is discussed. Finally we try to formulate hypothesis of the functioning of scolopidia.
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  • 57
    Electronic Resource
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 58-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Rat ; Fowl ; Granulosa cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle of the rat and the domestic fowl have been studied with the light and electron microscope. The nuclei of the granulosa cells were irregular with indentations and large in proportion to the cytoplasm of the cell. The mitochondria had a dense, dark matrix with only few cristac. The Golgi apparatus was moderately developed, located towards the oocyte in a juxtanuclear position. The endoplasmic reticulum was rather sparse. Lipid droplets were only occasionally encountered. Microtubules were regularly observed. The functions of the granulosa cells are discussed. Compared with the steroid-producing cells of the theca interna of the same follicles, the granulosa cells primarily are the nursing cells for the growing oocyte and mainly have the characteristics of protein forming cells.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 188-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Granulosa cells ; Fowl ; Influence of clomiphene ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present paper describes for the first time the fine structure of ovarian granulosa cells as seen after administration of clomiphene to the domestic fowl for a 28 days period. The main cytoplasmic changes of the granulosa cells seemed to be an increase in the number of mitochondria, dense bodies and complex bodies. The Golgi apparatus became enlarged, and there was an increase in the endoplasmic reticulum, annular desmosomes and cytoplasmic processes. All the observations made are similar to those made after administration of steroids and gonadotropins. In conclusion, therefore, the present study has demonstrated that administration of clomiphene exerts a stimulating effect on the granulosa cells. The mechanism of this effect is discussed.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Symbiotes ; Hereditary ; Insects ; Types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'examen au microscope électronique des symbiontes transmis par l'œuf chez les Homoptères, montre des types très divers: levures, bactéries plus ou moins régressées et des formes énigmatiques ressemblant parfois à des globules de sécrétion. Toutefois, les diverses catégories de symbiontes décrites auparavant en microscopie photonique ne sont pas toujours retrouvées. Il n'est pas possible de caractériser un genre par ses symbiontes.
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope study of symbiotes hereditarily transmitted through the eggs of in Homoptera, shows very different types: yeasts, more or less degenerated bacteria and enigmatical forms looking in some way like drops of secretion. Yet the numerous distinct species of symbiotes described in some cases by light microscopists are not always found again. It is not possible to distinguish a genus by its symbiotes.
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  • 60
    Electronic Resource
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 552-576 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound Eye ; Apis mellifica ; Ultrastructure ; Polarized Light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Retina der Bienenarbeiterin wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Dabei hat sich folgendes gezeigt: 1. Die einzelnen Ommatidien sind in der Regel aus der Corneafacette, dem Kristallkegel, 8 Retinulazellen und den Haupt-, Neben- und basalen Pigmentzellen aufgebaut. Ommatidien mit mehr als 8 Retinulazellen sind selten. 2. Die Anordnung der vierteiligen Kristallkegel, deren Quadranten verschieden anfärbbar sind, ist innerhalb der Augenbögen konstant. 3. Die Ausrichtung der viergeteilten Rhabdome schwankt in den Augenbögen zwischen einer Verdrehung um einen Winkel von annähernd 0 bis 90°. Die Morphologie der Bienenretina wird diskutiert im Hinblick auf die Orientierung nach dem Polarisationsmuster des vom blauen Himmel reflektierten Lichtes.
    Notes: Summary The retina of the worker honeybee is studied by means of electron and light-microscopy. The results are as follows: 1. Generally the single ommatidium is composed of the cornea facette, crystalline cone, 8 retinula cells and the principal, secondary and basal pigment cells. Ommatidia with more than 8 retinula cells occur very rarely. 2. The arrangement of the fourfold crystalline cones with quadrants differently stainable, is found to be constant within the eye-rows. 3. The orientation of the four-divided rhabdoms shows a variable rotation of approximately zero to 90° within the eye-rows. The morphology of the retina of the worker honeybee is discussed with regard to the orientation according to the pattern of polarization of light reflected from the blue sky.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Macula densa ; Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Bird ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The macula densa (MD) site of the kidney, at which the distal tubule is attached to the vascular pole of the glomerulus, was examined with the light microscope in domestic fowl and Japanese quail; and in the fowl also with the electron microscope. The characteristics of mammalian MD cells, as reported in the literature, are compared with those of the cells in the avian MD site. The avian cells possess some of the characteristics of mammalian MD cells and they are distinguishable from the cells in adjacent portions of the distal tubule. The Golgi system in the avian cells is apical to the nucleus, unlike in mammals where its location is basal. The cells in the avian MD sites can be considered as structurally transitional between the typical MD cells in mammals and the ordinary cells of the distal tubule. These findings are discussed in relation to the function of the avian kidney and to its control by the renin mechanism.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 358-376 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leukocyte ; Peripheral ; Human ; Ultrastructure ; Osmium-Zinc-Impregnation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Leukozytenkonzentrate des peripheren Blutes von gesunden Versuchs-personen wurden in 2,5%iger Glutaraldehyd-Lösung (0,1 M Na-Cacodylat-Puffer, pH 7,3) vorfixiert und nach der Methode von Maillet (1959) mit OsO4 + ZnJ2 inkubiert. Dickschnitte wurden mit dem Mikroanalysator (Siemens) auf ihren Gehalt an Osmium, Zink und Jod analysiert und die Dünnschnitte mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Bei der Mikroanalyse ließen sich Osmium und Zink, nicht aber Jod nachweisen. Die elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen ergaben folgende Resultate: Beträgt der pH-Wert der Inkubationslösung 5,6, so findet sich eine starke Os/Zn-Imprägnation des Golgi-Apparates, des Kernspaltes und des Endoplasmatischen Retikulums bei sämtlichen Arten der weißen Blutzellen. Die Matrix der Mitochondrien dieser Zellen ist im allgemeinen weniger stark imprägniert. Auch in den Lysosomen der Monozyten und Plasmazellen sind geringfügige Os/Zn-Präzipitate nachweisbar. Es findet keine Reaktion in den Leukozytengranula und in den Zentriolen statt. Dagegen zeigen die Lipidtropfen der eosinophilen Granulozyten eine sehr starke, homogene Os/Zn-Imprägnation. Diese ist bereits nach 40 min Inkubation voll ausgeprägt. Bei einer Schnittkontrastierung mit Uranylacetat werden die Os/Zn-Präzipitate wieder herausgelöst, wenn die Kontrastierung länger als 2 min dauert. Eine Bleikontrastierung hat keinen Einfluß auf die Os/Zn-Präzipitate. Bei Erhöhung des pH-Wertes der Inkubationslösung auf 6,2 kommt es zur starken Imprägnation des Externums der eosinophilen Granula, während Kernspalt, Golgi-Apparat und Mitochondrienmatrix keine Reaktion zeigen. Die Imprägnationsdichte der Lipidtropfen der eosinophilen Granulozyten ist pH-unabhängig.
    Notes: Summary “Buffy coats” of normal human peripheral blood were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (buffered with 0.1 M Na-cacodylate, pH 7.3) and incubated with a mixture of osmium tetroxide and zinc iodide (pH 5.2) after the method of Maillet (1959). Utilizing an electron probe microanalyser (Siemens), the authors demonstrated the presence of osmium and zinc in the specimen, whereas the presence of iodide could not be proved with certainty. The ratio of osmium and zinc in the precipitates ranges from 3/2 to 4/1. Electron microscopic studies of the leukocytes have lead to the following results: the Golgi apparatus, the perinuclear cleft and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of all types of leukocytes are strongly impregnated with osmium/zinc, whereas the matrices of the mitochondria are less impregnated. Osmium/zinc precipitates have also been detected in the lysosomes of monocytes and plasma cells. No reaction was evident in the leukocytic granules or centrioles. The presence of lipid droplets in eosinophils has been demonstrated. These droplets show a dense homogeneous osmium/zinc impregnation which reaches its maximum after 40 minutes of incubation, compared with much longer incubation times (5–6 hours) for other cellular components. Setting the pH of the osmium tetroxide-zinc iodide solution to 6.2 resulted in a dense impregnation of the “externum” of the eosinophilic granules. At this same pH, the perinuclear cleft, Golgi apparatus and mitochondrial matrix did not show a definite reaction. The extent of impregnation of the lipid droplets of the eosinophils showed no dependency on pH. Care must be taken when a stain containing uranyl acetate is used since this substance dissolves the Os/Zn precipitates. Exposure of the precipitates to the uranyl acetate for longer than 2 minutes results in gradual dissolution within complete dissolution in 10 minutes.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 470-498 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teeth ; Dentinogenesis ; Amelogenesis ; Urodeles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sections of undemineralized tooth germs ofAmbystoma andTriturus were examined. The ultrastructure of early germs, both larval and adult, and of dentinogenesis, resembled that of mammals. In adult bicuspid teeth, once the dentine of the cusps was mineralized, mineral crystals of a similar size to early mammalian enamel crystals, appeared between the dentine and the inner dental epithelium (i.d.e). Concomitantly, the i.d.e showed features of mammalian secreting ameloblasts. This new layer, regarded as true enamel, lacked collagen, possessed an ordered arrangement of crystals and reached a maximum thickness of 6 μm. In larval monocuspid teeth, once dentine mineralization had reached the plasma membranes of the i.d.e at the tip of the cusp, the i.d.e developed a ruffled border. At this stage the dentine of the tip, regarded as enameloid, was very hard and difficult to section. The ruffled border, characteristic of other cells which transport materials, was regarded as indicating that the i.d.e was removing organic matter from the enameloid. The differences in development between larval and adult teeth support the concept that there is a change in cellular activity of the i.d.e which occurs during metamorphosis from the larval to the adult urodele.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 68-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood Cells ; Invertebrates ; Crustacea ; Astacus astacus (L.) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hämolymphe vonAstacus astacus (L.) enthält nur einen Zelltyp, den sog. Amöbocyten, der in drei altersabhängigen Funktionsformen auftritt: 1. als Gerinnungszelle, 2. als phagocytierender und 3. als granulärer Amöbocyt. Die jugendlichen Gerinnungszellen besitzen eine große Zahl charakteristischer Granula mit tubulären Binnenstrukturen, Körnchen, in denen ein „Hämagglutinin“ vermutet wird. Die Ultrastruktur dieses Zelltyps ist ferner durch auffallend zahlreiche, vor allem in den äußeren Zellzonen lokalisierte Mikrotubuli und durch Eigenarten der perinukleären Zisterne, in deren Erweiterungen Vesikel vorkommen können, gekennzeichnet. Die Gerinnungszellen sind außerordentlich labil. Ihre Cytolyse beschleunigt die Gerinnung der Hämolymphe, die primär durch ausgeschleustes Zellmaterial ausgelöst wird. Die phagocytierenden Amöbocyten sind durch vereinzelte heteromorphe, membranbegrenzte Einlagerungen charakterisiert, die in den granulären Amöbocyten zur beherrschenden Cytoplasmastruktur werden und mit der Hämocyaninsynthese in Zusammenhang stehen dürften.
    Notes: Summary The hemolymph ofAstacus astacus (L.) contains only one cell type, the so-called amoebocyte. It appears, however, in three functional forms which are dependent upon age: The clotting cell, the phagocyte and the granular amoebocyte. The young clotting cells are characterized by large numbers of granules containing a tubular internal structure. It is suggested that these granules are the storage site of a hemagglutinin. Small vesicles are situated in the perinuclear cisterna and the periphery of the clotting cells contains cytoplasmic microtubules. The clotting cells are very fragile and their cytolysis accelerates the clotting process of the hemolymph. In the phagocytes initial stages of the formation of membrane bounded inclusion bodies are to be found, which later in the granular amoebocytes, take up most of the cytoplasmic space. It is supposed that these inclusions are involved in the synthesis of hemocyanin.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 172-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Temporal organ ; Sense organ ; Myriapoda ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Tömösvárysche Organ von Scutigerella immaculata wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Es liegt in einer Epidermisinvagination direkt hinter der Basis der Antenne. Die Grube des Organs ist mit Kutikula ausgekleidet und steht durch eine rundliche Öffnung mit der Außenwelt in Verbindung. Zwei Drittel des Grubenraumes sind angefüllt mit einem Gitterwerk kutikulärer Stäbe, die distale Fortsätze von Sinneszellen enthalten. Unterhalb der Grube liegen mehrere Sinneszellen. Jede Sinneszelle formt proximal und distal einen schmäleren Fortsatz. Jeder distale Fortsatz läuft in zwei Zilienstrukturen aus, die unter Verzweigung in das Gitterwerk eintreten und sich auch dort weiter verzweigen. Die Sinneszellen werden von drüsigen Hüllzellen umfaßt. An ihnen können trichogene und tormogene Zellen unterschieden werden. Das Sekret der Hüllzellen umgibt die distalen Fortsätze der Sinneszellen von den Zilienstrukturen an bis in das Gitterwerk hinein. Die Kutikula des Gitterwerkes ist sehr dünn und von winzigen Poren durchsetzt. Nach einem Vergleich mit Sinnesorganen von Insekten muß vermutet werden, daß es sich beim Tömösváryschen Organ um ein Geruchssinnesorgan handelt, das vielleicht auch als Hygrorezeptor fungiert.
    Notes: Summary The temporal organ of Scutigerella immaculata is situated in a pit just behind of the antenna. The pit represents an epidermal invagination. It is coated by cuticle and corresponds to the outside by a circular opening. More than half of the pit is filled up with a complicated network of branching and anastomosing cuticular protuberances. The cuticle of the protuberances is very thin and perforated by tiny pores. There are about ten sense cells situated under the pit, each of which forms a distal as well as a proximal process. Each distal process shows two ciliary structures. After branching they enter the cuticular protuberances and branch inside of it, as well. The sense cells are surrounded by glandular sheath cells, in which trichogen and tormogen cells can be distinguished. The secretion product of the sheath cells surrounds the distal parts of the sense cells inside of the cuticular protuberances. By comparison to sense organs of insects it must be presumed that the temporal organ represents an olfactory organ which may also function as hygroreceptor.
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  • 66
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    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Chondrichthyens ; Embryology ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'identification et la répartition des cellules endocrines dans l'ébauche adénohypophysaire de Scyllium canicula, et la chronologie de la différenciation cellulaire et de l'histogenèse de cette glande ont fait l'objet de ce travail. Plus nettement encore que chez l'adulte on démontre qu'il y a quatre populations de cellules hormonogènes, localisées chacune dans un lobe différent. Les grains de sécrétion des cellules du lobe rostral sont glycoprotidiques et ont un diamètre modal, de 170 nm, ceux du lobe médian, de la même taille, sont protidiques ou polypeptidiques. Les gros granules du lobe neuro-intermédiaire (diamètre modal 260 nm) sont glycoprotidiques, les petits granules du lobe ventral (diamètre modal 120 nm), protidiques au polypeptidiques. Au stade 10 mm, les cellules de la poche de Rathke sont différenciées de celles de l'épithélium stomodéal par la présence d'inclusions énigmatiques, les ≪godd bodies≫ de Schechter. Au stade 35 mm les cellules des noyaux préoptiques et du tuber comportent des grains de neurosécrétion, de même diamètre, variant autour de 100 nm. A ce même stade, des granules apparaissent simultanément dans les quatre lobes de l'hypophyse, notamment dans le lobe neuro-intermédiaire où aucune fibre neurosécrétrice n'est encore décelée. L'innervation directe des cellules endocrines de ce lobe ne s'effectue qu'au stade 45 mm et s'accompagne de modifications de la taille des granules. La fin du développement embryonnaire se caractérise par une charge de plus en plus importante des cellules endocrines, en granules.
    Notes: Summary The identification and distribution of endocrine cells in embryonic adenohypophysis of Seyllium canicula, and chronology of cellular differentiation and histogenesis of this gland have been investigated in this work. More clearly than in the adult, the presence of four populations of endocrine cells, each one located in a different lobe, is demonstrated. Secretion granules of rostral lobe cells are glycoprotidic, their modal diameter is 170 nm; median lobe ones, of same dimensions, are protidic or polypeptidic. The nemo-intermediate lobe big granules (modal diameter: 260 nm) are glycoprotidic, the ventral lobe small granules (modal diameter: 120 nm), protidic or polypeptidic. At stage 10 mm, Rathke's pouch cells are recognized from stomodeal epithelium by enigmatic inclusions, the “odd bodies” of Schechter. At stage 35 mm, preoptic and tuberal nucleus cells include neurosecretory granules of same diameter varying about 100 nm. At this same stage, granules appear simultaneously in the four hypophyseal lobes, including the neuro-intermediate lobe where no neurosecretory fiber is present. Direct innervation of endocrine cells of this lobe is accomplished at stage 45 mm and is accompanied by changes of granules dimensions. The end of embryonic development is characterized by increasing granular load of endocrine cells.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 127-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect renal tubules ; Ultrastructure ; Transcellular membrane-bound transport mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verschiedene elektronendichte Stoffe, die in die larvale Haemolymphe von Drosophila melanogaster injiziert wurden, werden von sämtlichen vier Abschnitten der Malpighischen Gefäße in das Gefäßlumen transportiert. Das Anfangsstück, das für die Bildung des Primärharnes verantwortlich ist, befördert 3-Hydroxykynurenin, Goldchlorid, kolloidales Silber und Haemoglobin durch Cytopempsis. Dabei penetrieren diese Stoffe die Basalmembran, gelangen in die erweiterten basalen Zellmembraneinfaltungen, werden hier konzentriert und mittels Vesikel weiter transportiert. Während der transzellulären Passage kann der Vesikelinhalt bis zum Auskristallisieren konzentriert werden. Eisenpolysaccharid tritt dagegen erst in das Grundcytoplasma ein, wird hier konzentriert und dann durch neugebildete Kanäle des endoplasmatischen Retikulums eingeschlossen und weiter transportiert. Die übrigen Anteile der Malpighischen Gefäße transportieren die injizierten Stoffe in ähnlicher Weise, jedoch können sich größere Membrankomplexe der basalen Einfaltungsräume, bzw. mehrere Kanäle des endoplasmatischen Retikulums mit den darin befindlichen konzentrierten Substanzen ablösen. Diese werden in den meisten Fällen von sekundären Membranen umhüllt und zum Gefäßlumen geleitet. Die Sekundärvesikel blähen sich dabei (durch Wasseraufnahme?) stark auf. Beim Transport von Haemoglobin und z.T. auch von Goldchlorid unterbleibt die Umhüllung durch eine sekundäre Membran. Der Inhalt der Vesikel wird während der Passage jeweils der Osmolalität der Flüssigkeit im Gefäßlumen weitgehend angepaßt. Im Lumen des Anfangsstückes liegt der Primärharn vorwiegend kristallin vor, im übrigen Gefäßlumen ist die Konzentration wesentlich geringer. Im Hauptstück können injizierte Stoffe bereits 1 min p. i. an das Lumen abgegeben werden.
    Notes: Summary In Drosophila melanogaster, different electron-dense substances injected into larval hemolymph are transported to the lumen of renal tubules by all four segments of the renal tubules. In the initial segment, responsible for primary urine formation, 3-hydroxykynurenine, gold chloride, colloidal silver, and hemoglobin are transported by “cytopempsis”: here all substances penetrate the basal membrane, are concentrated in large basal folds of the cell membrane, and are further transported by vesicles. During transcellular passage, the vesicle contents are concentrated enough to crystallize. Iron polysaccharide, however, is first taken up by the cytoplasm, where it is concentrated and transported to the tubule lumen by newly-formed endoplasmic reticulum. In the other segments, the above substances are similarly transported to the lumen of renal tubules, but in these cases larger complexes of accumulations are formed from basal infoldings of the cell membrane. These complexes are mostly surrounded by a secondary membrane and, probably due to water uptake, may enlarge enormously during passage to the tubule lumen. A secondary membrane is not formed in the case of hemoglobin or gold chloride. During transcellular passage, the osmolality of vesicle contents approaches that of the fluid within tubule lumen. In the lumen of the initial segment the primary urine is mainly crystalline; the concentration is lower in the lumen of other segments. Substances can be detected within the lumen of the main tubule segment as soon as 1 minute after injection.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacea ; Chemoreceptor ; Ultrastructure ; Cavity receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cavity receptor organ (previously X-organ or organ of Bellonci) of Artemia salina consists of ciliated neurons whose cilia protrude into a cavity beneath the cuticle. The neuronal dendrites penetrate a giant accompanying cell and epidermal cells before entering the cavity. The cavity beneath the cuticle, the ciliated neurons and the connexion with the medulla terminalis justifies a homologization with the frontal filament organ of cirripeds and the third unit of copepods. The term cavity receptor is suggested for this organ. It is hardly homologous with the second unit of copepods and the organs described for many malacostracans under the names of sensory pore X-organ or organ of Bellonci. The latter organs are very similar to the cavity receptor but have an internal cavity formed by glial cells. The cavity receptor organ was previously considered neurosecretory but in the light of the present knowledge it is rather sensory although a double function cannot be denied.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 341-357 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Synaptic vesicles ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel. Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.
    Notes: Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles. Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 166-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Organ of Bellonci ; Crustacea ; Sphaeroma serratum ; Sensoriel organ ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Belloncische Organ von Sphaeroma serratum enthält Hauptzellen; ihr Zellkörper ist mit einem Außenglied ausgestattet, mit dem es durch ein Ciliargebilde verbunden ist. Das Außenglied setzt sich mit Bündeln sehr langer freier Mikrozotten in das Organlumen hinein fort. Der Zellkörper ist von flachen Saumzellen umgeben. Er enthält große, im Elektronenmikroskop dicht erscheinende Gebiete und zahlreiche Granula. Untersucht man diese mit cytochemischen Methoden der Licht- und Elektronenmikroskopie, so findet man die Charakteristika des Glykogens. Diese Substanzen werden in das Organlumen hinein abgegeben. Die Hauptzellen besitzen die Ultrastruktur sensorischer und nicht neurosekretorischer Zellen. Ihre Funktion könnte photorezeptorischer oder chemorezeptorischer Art sein. Diese Ergebnisse werfen die Frage auf, inwieweit es sich bei den sog. ‚'Belloncischen Organen“, die für die verschiedenen Crustazeengruppen beschrieben sind, um homologe Organe handelt.
    Notes: Summary The organ of Bellonci in Sphaeroma serratum comprises principal cells which consists of a cell body and an outer segment connected by a ciliary piece. The outer segment is prolonged by bundles of very long microvilli which are free in the central lumen, whereas the cell body is bounded by flat bordering cells. In the cell body there are large electron-dense spheres and a lot of granules, the latter appearing to be glycogen according to results obtained with light and electron microscopical cytochemical methods. These substances are released in the central lumen. The principal cells have not the fine structure of neurosecretory but of sensory cells. They may be photosensitive or chemosensitive elements. These results set the problem of the homology of the organs named “of Bellonci” seen in various groups of Crustacea.
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    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 188-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus infundibularis ; Chicken ; Liquor contacting neurons ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Neurone des Nucleus infundibularis des Kükens sind multipolar, teilweise bipolar. Ein Teil der ventrikulären Fortsätze der Nervenzellen dringt zwischen den Ependymzellen hindurch in den Liquor cerebrospinalis ein und bildet dort kugelförmige, intraventrikuläre Nervenendigungen (Durchmesser 3,5–5,5 μ). Die Liquorkontakt-Nervenendigungen (LKNE) enthalten zahlreiche Mitochondrien, endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Polyribosomen, etwa 1300 Å große granulierte Vesikel sowie locker verteilte Mikrotubuli. Die intraventrikuläre Endigung trägt ein Cilium von Typ 9+0, von dessen Basalkörper dünne Zilienwurzeln ihren Ursprung nehmen. Manchmal kommen freie Liquorzellen auf den LKNE vor. Der die intraventrikuläre Endigung bildende ventrikuläre Fortsatz hat Dendritennatur. In der hypendymalen synaptischen Zone bilden Axone, die dense-core Vesikel (1000 Å, 1300 Å) enthalten, mit den ventrikulären Dendriten Synapsen. Die Perikaryen der Nervenzellen sind durch ein reichliches endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Polyribosomen, Golgi-Areale, Mitochondrien, granulierte Vesikel (Durchmesser 1300 Å) und zahlreiche axo-somatische Synapsen charakterisiert. Im Gebiet des Nucleus infundibularis können helle und dunkle Ependymzellen unterschieden werden. Der apikale Abschnitt der letzteren bildet kleinere und größere Plasmafortsätze. Die hellen Zellen tragen zahlreiche Zilien (Typ 9+2). Aufgrund der neuen morphologischen Daten wird die mögliche Funktion der Liquorkontaktneurone des Nucleus infundibularis diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The neurons of the infundibular nucleus of the chicken are multipolar, partly bipolar. Part of the ventricular processes of the nerve cells passes by between the ependymal cells into the cerebrospinal fluid where they form globular, intraventricular nerve endings (diameter about 3,5 to 5,5 μ). The liquor contacting nerve endings (LCNE) contain numerous mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, polyribosomes, granulated vesicles (diameter about 1300 Å) and scattered microtubules. The intraventricular terminal bears a cilium (type 9+0), its basal body gives rise to slim rootlet fibres. Sometimes, free liquor cells occur on the LCNE. The ventricular nerve processes that build up the LCNE are dendrites. In the hypendymal synaptic zone, axons containing granulated vesicles (1000 Å, 1300 Å) form synapses with the ventricular dendrites. The perikarya of the nerve cells are characterized by an abundant endoplasmic reticulum, polyribosomes, Golgi areas, mitochondria, granulated vesicles (diameter about 1300 Å) and numerous axo-somatic synapses. In the region of the infundibular nucleus, two types of ependymal cells can be distinguished: light and dark cells. The apical part of the latter forms several smaller and larger cytoplasmic processes. The light cells bear numerous cilia (type 9+2). On the basis of the new morphological data, the possible function of the liquor contacting neurons of the infundibular nucleus is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 249-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Gonadotrophins ; Triparanol ; Ultrastructure ; Testis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The steps of triparanol (MER-29) action on the ultrastructural organization of the mature Leydig cell and possible antagonistic effects of HCG were investigated. The administration of this compound produces marked ultrastructural effects in the adult Leydig cell. The main action is on membranous structures such as the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which hypertrophies markedly. It becomes arranged in numerous concentric layers (whorls). These are of different size and shape; a whole series of gradual changes from whorl to dense body with a crystalline pattern can be followed. Other cellular structures which undergo changes after MER-29 are the Golgi complex, the mitochondria and the plasma membrane. Dense bodies appear in large numbers. When HCG is given together with MER-29, it counteracts partially the effect of the latter. When injected in two doses, after four doses of MER-29, the effect of HCG is even more conspicuous.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 472-489 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Striated musculature ; Intestine-Teleosts ; Types of fibres ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The muscular layer of the fish oesophagus is made up exclusively of striated muscles, which form a circular and a longitudinal layer. The intestinal muscular layer of the tench, which is an exception among the vertebrates in this respect, consists of two layers of striated muscles and a layer of smooth ones. The organization of striated muscle fibres is described from the muscular layer of the alimentary canal in four species: the tench, crucian carp, gudgeon and stone-loach. The fibres of the oesophagus differ from each other in diameter, length of sarcomeres, glycogen content and, in the case of one species, organization of SR. On the basis of the organization of sarcomeres all the fibres examined must be counted among the slow-contracting ones (broad Z line). The sarcoplasmic reticulum is organized according to the Z type except for the fibres of the oesophageal muscles in which the SR represents the A-I type. Two types, “en grappe” and “en plaque”, of nerve endings have been observed. The presence of relatively large dense core vesicles seems to indicate their adrenergic origin.
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 518-530 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Maxillary nephridia ; Diplopoda ; Organs of excretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die paarigen Maxillarnephridien von Polyxenus lagurus wurden histologisch und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. 1. Jedes Maxillarnephridium ist in drei Abschnitte untergliedert: in den lateralen Sacculus, den Tubulus und den Ausführkanal. 2. Der Sacculus ist flach und dreieckig. Jeder Ecke sitzt eine Sehne an, die vor allem aus kollagenen Fasern besteht. An den Sehnen inserieren Muskeln, die den Sacculus an den Seiten der Kopfkapsel zwischen Occiput und Gena ausspannen. 3. Die Sacculuszellen sind flach und umschließen ein weites Lumen. Sie stellen typische Podocyten mit basalen Pedicellen dar. In ihnen finden sich zahlreiche pinocytotische Vesikel und andere Vakuolen. 4. Die Tubuluszellen tragen nach dem Lumen zu einen Mikrovillisaum. Ihre Basen sind vielfach eingefaltet. Innerhalb der Falten liegen zahlreiche Mitochondrien und transparente Vakuolen. Die Nuclei werden durch die Einfaltungen in den apikalen Zellbereich gedrängt. Hier finden sich auch Lysosomen und Lipidtropfen. Zwischen benachbarten Tubuluszellen sind häufig septierte Desmosomen ausgebildet. 5. Der Tubulus geht im distalen Abschnitt des Gnathochilarium in den Ausführkanal über. Beide Ausführkanäle münden getrennt paramedian von den Sinnespolstern des Gnathoohilarium nach außen. Ihre Lumina sind nicht mit einer kutikularen Intima ausgekleidet. Wie das ganze Maxillamephridium ist auch der Ausführkanal mesodermalen Ursprungs. — Das Maxillarnephridium von Polyxenus lagurus wird mit cephalen Nephridialorganen anderer Arthropoden verglichen.
    Notes: Summary The paired maxillary nephridia of Polyxenus lagurus were studied by light and electron microscopy. 1. Each maxillary nephridium is subdivided into three segments, viz. lateral sacculus, tubule and duct. 2. The sacculus has the shape of a flattened pyramid. Tendons, mostly of collagenic fibers, are attached to its edges. The sacculus is stretched at the sides of the head capsule between occiput and gena by muscles inserting at the tendons. 3. The cells of the sacculus are flattened and enclose a wide lumen. They represent typical podocytes with basal pedicelli, and contain numerous pinocytotic vesicles and other vacuoles. 4. The cells of the coiled tubule bear at their luminal surface a fringe of microvilli. Their bases are characterized by many infoldings. Numerous mitochondria and transparent vacuoles are situated between the folds. Due to the infoldings the nuclei are located in the apical portions of the cells. Here also many lysosomes and lipid droplets occur. Septate desmosomes are frequently differentiated between adjacent tubule cells. 5. At the distal part of the gnathochilarium the tubule transforms into the outleading duct. Both ducts terminate separately close to the median body plane in front of the sense bolsters of the gnathochilarium. No cuticular intima of the lumen can be found. This finding corresponds to the theory of the mesodermal origin of the duct as well as of the whole nephridium.—The results are compared with published data on the structure of nephridial organs in the head of other arthropods.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 581-608 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ascaris ; Excretory organ ; Ionic regulation ; Ultrastructure ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Seitenkanalsystem von Ascaris lumbricoides wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Beim erwachsenen Tier erstreckt sich das in den lateralen Epidermisleisten eingebettete einzellige Organ vom Nervenring bis etwa zur Körpermitte. Im 2. Körperviertel besitzt es kein durchgehendes Kanallumen und erscheint degeneriert. In allen übrigen Bereichen (mit Ausnahme des Ausführungskanals) besitzt es den gleichen Aufbau aus zwei Schichten. Die das Kanallumen begrenzende innere Schicht enthält zahlreiche extraplasmatische Räume, von denen zumindest die am weitesten innen liegenden mit dem Kanallumen kommunizieren. Die äußere Zellmembran besitzt viele Einfaltungen, von denen einige weit in das Cytoplasma hineinragen. Der Gewebeanteil der lateralen Epidermisleisten, der dem Seitenkanalsystem unmittelbar anliegt, enthält sehr viele Interzellularräume, die ein zusammenhängendes „Drainage“-System bilden. Zur histochemischen Lokalisation von ATP-ase-Aktivität wurden Experimente durchgeführt. Die möglichen Mechanismen der Bildung der Exkretflüssigkeit werden diskutiert unter Berücksichtigung bereits veröffentlichter physiologischer Befunde.
    Notes: Summary The Excretory organ (H-system) of Ascaris lumbricoides has been investigated electronmicroscopically. In adult animals this single-cell-organ embedded in the lateral lines extends from the nerve ring to approximately the middle of the body. In the second quarter of the body it lacks a continuous canal lumen, and it seems to be degenerated. In all of the other regions (except the stem leading to the excretory pore) it consists of two zones. The inner zone lining the canal lumen contains several extraplasmatic spaces; at least those placed the farthest inside communicate with the canal lumen. The outer cell membrane shows many infoldings, some of which extend deeply into the cytoplasm. The tissue of the lateral line adjacent to the canal system contains very many intercellular spaces which build a coherent intracellular “rainage”-system. Experiments have been performed in order to localize the ATPase activity histochemically. Possible mechanisms for the forming of the excretory fluid are discussed under consideration of physiological results already published.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 175-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Forestomach epithelium ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Goat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden wurde die Verteilung und Aktivität der unspezifischen alkalischen Phosphatase im Epithel der drei Vormägen der Ziege untersucht und gleichzeitig der Einfluß verschiedener Fixiermittel und unterschiedlicher Vorfixierungs- und Inkubationszeiten auf das Ergebnis der Enzymreaktion geprüft. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die alkalische Phosphatase bei allen untersuchten Proben nur im Stratum corneum, Stratum granulosum und Stratum spinosum superf. vorkommt. Verschiedene Vorfixierungen der Proben entweder mit Formol-Kalzium (24 Std) oder Glutaraldehyd (2, 5, 30, 120 min) bzw. OsO4 (2 oder 5 min) beeinflussen die Enzymverteilung und Reaktionsstärke nicht. Beim lichtmikroskopischen Nachweis wurde die maximale Reaktionsstärke bereits bei einer Inkubationszeit von 10 min bei Zimmertemperatur erreicht. Für den elektronenmikroskopischen Enzymnachweis war eine Inkubationszeit von 5 min bei 4° C am günstigsten. Die Reaktionsprodukte sind sowohl an den Zellmembranen als auch in Zellpartikeln lokalisiert. Die „zellmembrangebundenen“ Reaktionsprodukte befinden sich bei allen mit Glutaraldehyd vorfixierten Proben an der äußeren Lamelle, bei kurzzeitiger Osmiumvorfixation (3 min) hingegen an der Innenseite der Plasmamembranen.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic techniques were employed to study the distribution and intensity of the non-specific alkaline phosphatase activity in the epithelium of the three forestomachs of the goat. The effects on the enzyme reaction of different fixatives, prefixatives, and incubation times were determined. Alkaline phosphatase was found to be present only in the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, and stratum spinosum superf. of each of the specimens. Different prefixation of the specimens, either by formol calcium (24 h), glutaraldehyde (2, 5, 30, 120 min), or osmium tetroxide (2 or 5 min) had no influence on the distribution of the enzyme and the intensity of its reaction. Maximal intensity of the reaction was obtained after an incubation period of 10 min at room temperature, as seen with the light microscope. To demonstrate the enzyme in sections in the electron microscope, an incubation period of 5 min at 4° C was found to be optimal. The products of the enzyme reaction were located on cell membranes and in cell particles. The “membrane-bound” reaction products in the specimens prefixed with glutaraldehyde were found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane; after a short prefixation with osmium tetroxide (3 min), they appeared on the inner surface of the plasma membrane.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 157-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the rat prostate has been studied with the electron microscope. Major developmental changes begin during the second week after birth and involve organelles associated with the formation of secretions. The amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum and the size of the Golgi complex increase greatly. Large vacuoles that probably contain secretory material are formed, and the lumen of the prostatic acini appears to contain secreted material. Large lysosomes with polymorphic interiors are present as early as 10 days after birth, and they become numerous by the end of the third week. Differences in fine structure between the different lobes of the prostate are detectable in 10–14 day old rats. The subsequent differentiation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum into the forms characteristic of the different prostatic lobes is described. The initial changes in the prostate occur in advance of sexual maturity of the animal, and the adult appearance of the gland is attained by 4–5 weeks after birth.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 493-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid ; Rat gland ; Tocopherol- and Ubiquinone-depleted diet ; Substitution with d,l-α-Tocopherol and α-Tocopherolquinone ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Follikelepithelzellen der Rattenschilddrüse zeigen drei Funktionsphasen, die normalerweise nicht nebeneinander auftreten: 1. Hormonsynthese und Sekretion, 2. relative Inaktivität und 3. Kolloidresorption. Während die Resorption von Thyreotropin induziert wird, scheint die Proteinsynthese vom hypophysären Stimulus unabhängig zu sein. Die Ultrastrukturveränderungen, die an einigen Zellorganellen (Mitochondrien, rauhes endoplasmatisches Retikulum) der Rattenschilddrüse im Tocopherol-Chinon (T-Q)-Mangel zu beobachten sind, stören offenbar den Ablauf ihrer Funktionsphasen. Der alimentäre T-Q-Mangel beeinflußt die Schilddrüse möglicherweise auf zwei verschiedenen Wegen: 1. in Abhängigkeit von der Antioxidanseigenschaft der Tocopherole über den peripheren Stoffwechsel der Schilddrüsenhormone; 2. über eine Beteiligung der Metaboliten mit Chinonstruktur am mitochondrialen Enzymsystem. — Die im T-Q-Mangelzustand auftretenden strukturellen Veränderungen der Thyreozyten können durch Substitution der Mangeldiät mit d,1-α-Tocopherol oder α-Tocopherolchinon wieder normalisiert werden.
    Notes: Summary Normal thyroid follicular epithelial cells in the rat show three functional phases: (1) synthesis of protein and secretion into the follicular lumen; (2) relative inactivity; (3) resorption of the colloid. The resorption of the colloid is stimulated by the thyrotropic hormone, whereas colloid protein synthesis appears to be independent of pituitary stimulus. Ultrastructural alterations, present in some cellular components during alimentary tocopherolubiquinone deficiency, reflect disturbances in the normal functional phases. The deficiency possibly influences the function of the thyroid gland in two ways: in affecting the metabolism of thyroid hormones which seems to depend on the antioxidant properties of tocopherols, and/or, in affecting the participation of the quinoid forms in the mitochondrial enzyme system. Substitution with either d,1-α-tocopherol or α-tocopherolquinone reverses the alterations and disturbances produced by the dietary deficiency.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 70-93 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ocelli ; Chilopoda ; Ultrastructure ; Receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung der feinstrukturellen Organisation der Ocellen von Lithobius forficatus L. ergab, daß der dioptrische Apparat aus einer lamellenartig gebauten, ungleichseitig bikonvexen Cornealinse besteht. Ein Glaskörper und spezielle Pigmentzellen fehlen. Der Augenbecher wird von 35–110 Sinneszellen gebildet, unter denen 2 morphologisch distinkte Typen unterschieden werden können. Die großen Sehzellen des distalen Bereiches besitzen einseitig inserierende Rhabdomere, die in radiärsymmetrischer Anordnung ein umfangreiches geschlossenes Rhabdom bilden. Der proximale Teil des Augenbechers wird von kleineren, konischen Basalzellen in Form einer undeutlich abgesetzten Retinula eingenommen. Durch enge Verzahnung ihrer zirkumapikal oder zweiseitig angeordneten Mikrovilli entstehen stelzenförmige Doppel- und „Mehrfachrhabdomere“, die mit dem zentralen Rhabdom in Verbindung stehen. Alle Sehzellen sind durch eine Gliederung in verschiedene Zonen gekennzeichnet. Sie sind bei distalen Rezeptoren senkrecht zur optischen Achse, bei Basalzellen transversal zur Längsachse der Zelle angeordnet. Auf die rhabdomerischen Mikrovilli des Augenzentrums folgt nach außen eine „Schaltzone“ aus Elementen des ER und anderen vesilukären Bildungen. Diese Schaltzone stellt wahrscheinlich eine mit dem Adaptationszustand des Auges korrelierte Funktionsstruktur dar. In der cytoplasmatischen Zone fällt die Zahl verschiedenartiger multivesikulärer Korpuskel neben wenigen großen multilamellären Körpern auf. Die funktionelle Bedeutung des Ocellusaufbaus bei Lithobius wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the ocelli of Lithobius forficatus L. was investigated by means of conventional electron microscopy. The dioptric apparatus consists of an unequal biconvex corneal lens which has a lamella-like fine structure. Crystalline cones and special pigment cells are lacking. The eye cup is composed of 35 to 110 sense cells of two different morphological types. The large visual cells of the distal region are characterized by unilaterally inserted rhabdomeres which form in a radial symmetrical arrangement the extended closed rhabdome. The proximal part of the eye cup is occupied by somewhat smaller basal cells of conical shape, showing an indistinct retinula. These cells have numerous microvilli either in the apex region or laterally which interdigitate to form stiltlike double or “multiple” rhabdomeres in close communication to the central rhabdome. In both types of sense cells particular zones appear because of the characteristic distribution of certain cell elements. They are arranged perpendicularly to the optical axis in the large receptors and vertical in the main axis of the basal cells. Elements of ER and other vesicles constitute a “Schaltzone” which borders the microvilli of the rhabdomer. This Schaltzone probably is a functional structure correlated to the adaptional state of the eye. The cytoplasmatic zone contains numerous different multivesicular and few large multilamellar bodies. The functional meaning of the organization of the Lithobius ocellus is discussed.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 512-524 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Gastropod ; Blood vessels ; Neural sheath ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of vascular channels and amebocytes associated with the sheath of the infraesophageal ganglion of Helix aspersa, is described. The extracellular stroma of the sheath, together with the hemocoel and blood vessels, forms an interconnected system of pathways which appears to be involved in the transport of metabolites, amebocytes, hemocyanin and experimentally introduced opaque tracers. The hemocoel, blood capillaries and precapillaries are lined by a discontinuous layer of single muscle cells whose luminal aspect is covered by a lamina of extracellular material named the vascular coat. This coat consists of a ground substance that forms a basement membrane and filamentous elements some of which are collagenous. Gaps in the blood vessel wall seem to provide the main routes for the movement of cells and large molecules to the hemocoel. Tracer experiments have given support to the idea that a diffusion barrier may be absent at the sheath-ganglion junction. Amebocytes have phagocytic properties; they appear associated in groups or scattered singly within the extracellular space of the sheath and the lumen of blood vessels. Single amebocytes have features of mobile cells and may function in the transport of hemocyanin as well as other proteins.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora lutea ; Granulosa lutein cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructure of the granulosa lutein cells of the raccoon from throughout pregnancy has been described. The lutein cells often from epithelial cords which are separated by the connective tissues, capillaries and lymphatics. Based on the arrangements and modifications of the cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions, three types of lutein cells have been recognized. The type I lutein cells predominantly contain tubular, agranular endoplasmic reticulum, juxtanuclear Golgi complexes, a few round to rod-shaped mitochondria, some free ribosomes, and occasional lipid droplets. Occasionally the tubular cristae of mitochondria and tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum appear contiguous. The type II cells contain abundant lace-like and/or stacked fenestrated endoplasmic reticulum cisternae that frequently form membranous whorls, some tubular, agranular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. Mitochondria are usually small, but unusual large ones also occur. The small, rod-to round-shaped mitochondria usually have tubular cristae; but the large, oval, elongate, and cup shaped mitochondria possess tubular, lamellar, plate like, and whorl-like cristae. The plasma membranes of the cells are complexly elaborated and folded, especially when apposing each other. In favorable sections, strands of fenestrated cisternae appose the folds of the plasma membranes. In general, the amount of cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions vary greatly in the cells. The type III cells predominantly contain lipid droplets and sparse cytoplasmic organelles. The type I and II cells are found throughout pregnancy, but the type III cells are observed from mid gestation to term. The cytological features of type I and II cells suggest that they probably secrete most of the steroids, whereas the type III cells primarily store lipids.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hepatocytes ; Fluoroacetate ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This research was undertaken in order to determine if known biochemical processes involving the conversion of fluoroacetate are reflected morphologically at the electron microscopic level. No changes were observed in the hepatocytes after 2.5 mg/kg of fluoroacetate and sacrifice at 3 hours, but with 5 mg/kg of the drug there was an increase in the amount of agranular endoplasmic reticulum, an aberrant shape of mitochondria, and a disappearance of visible glycogen. One hour after 10, 15, 20, or 30 mg/kg of fluoroacetate the results showed a tremendous increase in the amount of agranular endoplasmic reticulum, an aberration in mitochondrial structure, and a disappearance of the intramitochondrial granules and glycogen. The possible relationship of these changes to fluoroacetate poisoning is discussed.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus allatum ; Insects ; Cribriform inclusions ; Ultrastructure ; Cytophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural evidence is presented for the manufacture, storage, and release of a distinctive cellular product in the corpus allatum of the insect Leucophaea. This product (C body material) originates in the Golgi zone and acquires a characteristic, regularly structured appearance of exceptionally high electron density. The differential distribution of this easily identified product in various sites in the organ permits the reconstruction of a sequence of dynamic events involving transport from the intra- to the extracellular compartment which affords access to the circulation. A small amount of (surplus ?) C body material becomes incorporated in multivesicular bodies. The variability in the occurrence, distribution, and fate of the C body material during various periods of the animal's life cycle, and under experimentally altered conditions, suggests a relationship with the glandular function of the corpus allatum. Conspicuous deposits of C body material, especially in the extracellular stroma, parallel situations in which the hormonal activity of the organ seems to be low or temporarily suspended. Thus the ultrastructural manifestations of intermittent sluggishness in the system, as observed in Leucophaea, provide valuable cues for the existence of a periodically changing production line involving a specific glandular material. The precise relationship with the comparable cyclicity of juvenile hormone activity remains to be ascertained.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 80-93 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tunicate ; Neural gland ; Hypophysial homologue ; Lysosomes ; Ultrastructure ; Phosphatase localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells comprising the neural gland in the ascidians Ciona, Styela, and Botryllus have been examined for their fine structural features and enzyme cytochemistry. The gland cells are either cuboidal or irregular in outline. They are full of small vesicles, of which some are pinocytotic, as well as larger vacuoles; they become increasingly vacuolated as their shape decreases in regularity. At the same time, glycogen deposits accumulate and the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum become distended. Some of the vacuoles contain an electron dense material or a fibrillar substance, but the cells contain no obvious electron opaque secretory granules associated with an extensive Golgi complex such as occur in the vertebrate adenohypophysis. Acid phosphatase is localized in some of the vesicles and vacuoles, indicating that they are a kind of lysosome, the latter possibly representing autophagic vacuoles. Thiamine pyrophosphatase is also found in many vacuoles as well as in the saccules of the Golgi apparatus which in these cells is in the form of dictyosomes. The results suggest a developmental cycle of increasing cytoplasmic vacuolation, ultimately leading to a breakdown and release of the vacuolar products. The significance of these observations is considered, particularly with respect to the hypothesis that the gland represents the ascidian equivalent of the vertebrate pituitary.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leucocytes ; Invertebrates ; Oyster ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of oyster leucocytes resembles to a great extent, that of typical eucaryotic cells. Organelles which have been described for the first time in this report are light granules, dense granules, protocentriole and X structure. Light microscopy reveals two morphological types of oyster leucocytes: agranular and granular. Based upon nuclear morphology and cytoplasmic compositions revealed in electron microscopy, at least three types of agranular and one type of granular cells are recognized. In the Giemsa-stained preparations, granular leucocytes exhibit three distinct types of cytoplasmic granules: refractile, dark blue, and pink, which presumably correspond to light granules Type A, B, and C seen in the electron micrographs. A granular leucocyte may contain one or more types of granules. Cytochemical investigations show that oyster leucocytes contain at least three hydrolytic enzymes: non-specific esterases, acid, and alkaline phosphatase. The latter two enzymes constitute 63% of the enzyme activity detected. These intracellular enzymes may be associated with the light granules and/or lysosome-like bodies. It is also demonstrated that the granular leucocyte population is significantly higher (P〈0.001) in the oysters experimentally infected with Bacillus mycoides (72.19±4.71%) as contrasted with that of the controls (37.18±4.48%). Leucocytes in progressive stages of degeneration are also described.
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 261-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regio olfactoria ; Teleosts ; Calamoichthys calabaricus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung befaßt sich mit der Feinstruktur der Riechfalten von Calamoichthys calabaricus unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Riech- und Flimmerepithels. — Das Flimmerepithel ist aus 3 Zelltypen aufgebaut: Flimmerzellen, wenigen Stützzellen und Basalzellen. Die Flimmerzellen sind mitochondrienreich und tragen bis zu 160 Flimmerhärchen pro Zelle. Diese Kinocilien besitzen an ihren Basalkörpern Zilienwurzeln, von denen ein Teil ins Zellinnere bis in Kernnähe zieht, während der andere Teil parallel zur Oberfläche verläuft und benachbarte Basalapparate verbindet. — Auch das Riechepithel, das gegen das Flimmerepithel scharf abgesetzt ist, besteht aus 3 Zelltypen: Rezeptoren, Stützzellen und Basalzellen. Die Rezeptoren haben eine einheitliche Gestalt und Struktur. Sie sind schlank keulenförmig und überragen mit einer kleinen Vesicula olfactoria die Epitheloberfläche. Seitlich sitzen an der Vesicula — unter konstant 25–27° Ablenkung von der Senkrechten — in der Regel 12 sensorische Cilien, die alle auf gleicher Höhe entspringen. Basal setzt sich das Rezeptorperikaryon in ein Axon fort. Die Axone mehrerer Rezeptoren vereinigen sich noch innerhalb des Epithels zu Bündeln, die durch die Basalmembran ins Bindegewebe ziehen. Die stark osmiophilen Stützzellen des Riechepithels durchziehen das Riechepithel von der Basalmembran bis zur Epitheloberfläche und tragen einzelne Cilien. Der verbreiterte Apikalteil der Stützzellen enthält zahlreiche Schleimvesikel, die auf eine sezernierende Funktion dieser Zellen hinweisen. Die präparative Behandlung von Riechepithelien wird kritisch diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The ciliary epithelium of the olfactory folds in Calamoichthys calabaricus is composed of ciliary cells, supporting cells, and basal cells. All ciliary cells contain numerous mitochondria and bear up to 160 kinocilia. Some rootlets of the basal bodies of the kinocilia, project towards the nucleus, while others run parallel to the epithelial surface and connect with neighbouring basal bodies. Ciliary and olfactory epithelia are separated from each other. — The olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells. The club shaped olfactory receptor cells have a uniform ultrastructure. The terminal portions of the olfactory dendrites form small olfactory vesicles which are seen above the olfactory surface. 12 sensory cilia project constantly to the more basal portion of the olfactory vesicles, each cilium forming a 25–27° angle with the vertical cell axis. Basally, an axon originates from each olfactory receptor cell. Axons from a number of olfactory receptor cells may combine to form bundles within the epithelium. The supporting cells of the olfactory epithelia are strongly osmiophilic. Supporting cells occur in all parts of the olfactory epithelium and bear few cilia. Numerous mucous vesicles, located within the apical region of the supporting cells, probably have a secretory function.
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 450-462 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Taste buds ; Barbels ; Siluroids ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Bau der Geschmacksknospen auf den Barteln von Corydoras paleatus Jen. wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Jede Geschmacksknospe ist aus 2 Zelltypen aufgebaut: den Rezeptorzellen und den sie umhüllenden Stützzellen. Die sich von der Geschmacksknospenbasis bis zur Oberfläche erstreckenden Stützzellen tragen einen Mikrovillibesatz. — Die einheitlich gestalteten Rezeptoren, die im Längsschnitt spindelförmig, im Querschnitt rund sind, besitzen zum Unterschied von den Stützzellen zahlreiche Mitochondrien und peripher gelagerte Vesikel sowie 2 Typen von Tubuli. Der Zellapex trägt einen über die freie Oberfläche senkrecht hinausragenden, schlankkegelförmigen Fortsatz mit rundem oder ovalem Querschnitt. — Innerhalb der Bindegewebspapille befindet sich dicht unter der Geschmacksknospenbasis ein Plexus von Axonbündeln, von dem aus die Axone meist einzeln an das Perikaryon der Rezeptorzellen herantreten. In der Nähe der Kontaktstelle mit dem Rezeptor sind häufig Tubulibündel zu finden. — Die meisten Geschmacksknospen enthalten einzelne degenerierende Zellen. — Im Epithel zwischen den Geschmacksknospen wurde ein besonderer Sekretzellentyp nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Summary The taste buds of the barbels of Corydoras paleatus have been studied with the electron microscope. Each taste bud is composed of two cell types: receptor cells and supporting cells. The supporting cells extend from the base of the taste bud to the surface where they bear microvilli. The apex of the uniform, spindle shaped receptor cells has a free, cone-shaped appendage. The receptor cells, unlike the supporting cells, contain numerous mitochondria, peripherally-located vesicles, and two types of tubuli. Single axons project from a nerve plexus close to the base of the taste bud and run to perikarya of the receptor cells. Frequently bundles of tubuli lie close to the area of contact between axon and receptor cell membranes. Most of the taste buds contain individual degenerating cells. A special type of secretory cell is present in the epithelium of the barbels.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Granulosa cells ; Fowl ; Influence of steroids ; Alterations ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of granulosa cells of the domestic fowl as seen after administration of steroids is described. Diaethylstilboestrol, estradiol and hydroxy-progesterone were given as intramuscular injections for a 28-days period. The main cytoplasmic changes of the granulosa cells were an increase in the number of mitochondria and dense bodies. The Golgi apparatus became enlarged, and occupied a large portion of the cell. The nucleus was found located adjacent to the oocyte, and there was an increase in number of the annular desmosomes. The investigation has demonstrated that even if steroids in high dosages induce atrophic alterations of the ovary, they stimulated proliferation of the granulosa cells of the small follicles. Apparently the small follicles with the granulosa cells retain the ability to regain development, which may be to some importance when steroids are used therapeutically (gynecologic disorders, contra-ception).
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 208-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Hypophysial portal vessels ; Pars distalis ; Ultrastructure ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibres containing granular vesicles first appear in the median eminence of the rat on the 16th foetal day while secretory granules in the cells of the adenohypophysis are not present till the 17th foetal day. These observations suggest that the differentiation and early activity of pars distalis cells may depend on substances elaborated at nerve terminals in the median eminence. Although the loops of the primary plexus of portal vessels do not develop until the 4th postnatal day, substances released by nerve fibres in the neurohypophysis could reach the pars distalis through vessels already present at the 15th foetal day in the mesenchyme between the diencephalon and the adenohypophysis. This view is supported by the fact that the earliest cells to exhibit ultrastructural evidence of secretory activity are in the rostral pole of the pars distalis, the first region of the gland to become vascularized. The earliest granules to appear in the cells of the pars distalis correspond to those which are considered to contain mucoprotein hormones; somatotrophin type granules were seen only in postnatal tissues. The finding that, in the median eminence, the development of granular vesicles precedes that of agranular vesicles is discussed with reference to the times at which neurosecretory materials and monoamines become detectable in the region.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 451-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lanthanum ; Permeability ; Liver ; Bile Ducts ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Radioactive lanthanum nitrate, an electron opaque tracer, was injected into the common bile duct of rats. Two minutes following the end of injection, samples of blood for radioactivity counts, and of liver and kidney for electron microscopic studies were taken. High levels of radioactivity found in the blood, and demonstration of lanthanum in the kidney by electron microscopy, indicated that this tracer entered the blood stream in vivo. No lanthanum was seen in the cytoplasm of liver cells, and there was no evidence of rupture in bile ducts, junctional ducts, or liver cells. Tight junctions connecting parenchymal cells and cholangiolar cells appeared well preserved. Lanthanum was seen in bile canaliculi, interspaces between liver cells, portions of the extracellular space of the liver, lumina of cholangioles and lumina of portal venules and sinusoids. It is postulated that lanthanum passed from the biliary tract, the site of injection, through the tight junction between liver cells and cholangiolar cells. It is suggested that such passage may represent a physiologic pathway, but the possibility of a chemical action of lanthanum on the tight junction can not be ruled out.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 488-502 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Mouse ; Growth and development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the external zone of the median eminence of the mouse was studied in the electron microscope. The examination follows the development of the embryo from the 15th day of the gestation period and the juvenile growth until 24 days of age. Single terminals of the tubero-infundibular neurons of the external zone were found to extend to the outer basement membrane of the perivascular space of the portal primary capillary plexus in the 16 day-old embryo. In the 18 day-old embryo a narrow external zone has developed. Organization of the external zone into the adult pattern is accomplished at the age of three to four weeks. Small agranular as well as large granular vesicles are present in the tubero-infundibular nerve terminals even in the 16 day-old embryo. Changes in the organization of the nerve endings along the outer perivascular basement membrane in relation to the ependymal vascular feet were considered.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 254-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Guinea pig ; Epiphyseal plate ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the upper tibial epiphyseal plate of the normal guinea pig has been investigated. On morphological and functional grounds this cartilage can be divided into four zones. In all zones the chondrocytes are distributed in an electronlucent organic matrix composed of thin collagenous fibrils and small non-membrane-bounded granules representing proteoglycans. 1. The reserve cell zone consists of a primitive type of hyaline cartilage. The cells have a very high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. The endoplasmic reticulum is the most developed cellular organelle. 2. In the proliferative zone the flattened cells are arranged in distinct columns. The endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex are prominent. Mitochondria and lysosomes are more numerous than in the reserve cells. Extracellularly, the collagen fibrils are brought together in longitudinal and transversal septa. 3. In the hypertrophying zone the cells are more rounded and the pericellular zones wider than in the preceding zones. The endoplasmic reticulum contains dilated cisternae. The Golgi complex includes many large vacuoles. Mitochondria and lysosomes are more abundant than previously. 4. There is a progressive mineralization of the longitudinal septa in the calcifying zone. Within the cells the amount of endoplasmic reticulum is decreased. Its cisternae mostly are short, rounded, and non-continuous. The Golgi apparatus is poorly developed, and the mitochondria few.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Mouse ; Rostral zone ; Intermediate lobe ; Corticotrophic cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rostral zone of the intermediate lobe of the mouse hypophysis can clearly be distinguished from the other lobes of the adenohypophysis, especially from the pars tuberalis and the remainder of the intermediate lobe. It consists almost exclusively of corticotrophic cells which show reactive changes after adrenalectomy. The hypophysial stalk is entirely surrounded by this zone; laterally it forms large cell aggregations which extend dorsally as thin cell strands. The corticotrophs are also found within the hypophysial stalk which they invade along the blood vessels; frequently they are dispersed among the typical cells of the intermediate lobe, especially along the neural lobe and the hypophysial cleft.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 520-527 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eosinophils ; Bird ; Granula ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der Blut-Eosinophilen wurde bei 7 klinisch gesunden Toulouser Hausgänsen (Anser anser dom.) untersucht. Sie unterscheidet sich deutlich von der der Heterophilen. Die Form der Eosinophilen ist oval bis rundlich. Das Chromatinmaterial liegt hauptsächlich in dichten Chromocentren. Unter den Zellorganellen treten Mitochondrien, die sich in osmiophile Granula umwandeln, Vakuolen, multivesikuläre Körper und Mikrofilamente hervor. Für die Eosinophilen bezeichnend sind zahlreiche ellipsoide, ovoide oder rundliche osmiophile Granula mit einem häufig band- oder stabförmigen Internum. An dem Internum läßt sich eine Substruktur aus parallel geordneten, massendichten Banden nachweisen, die bisher nur bei Säugetieren sichtbar gemacht wurde. Die ultrastrukturellen und biochemischen Merkmale der internumhaltigen Granula der Eosinophilen sprechen eher für das Vorliegen eines ionotropen mikrohetercgenen Gels als eines kristallähnlichen Körpers. Im Internum einiger Granula zeigen sich membranöse, vesikuläre und tubulöse Strukturen, die Ausdruck einer bestimmten Entwicklungsphase sein können.
    Notes: Summary Investigations of the fine structure of blood eosinophils of seven clinically healthy “Toulouse”-geese (Anser anser dom.) reveal striking differences between these cells and the heterophils. The eosinophils are characterized by an oval or nearly round profile. The nucleus contains chromatin mainly concentrated in dense chromocentres. Mitochondria turning into osmiophilic granules, vacuoles, multivesicular bodies, and microfilaments are prominent cytoplasmatic elements. Typical cytoplasmic organelles are numerous elliptic, oval, or round osmiophilic granules, frequently containing a nearly bacilliform internum. The internum possesses a substructure of parallel arranged dense bands, until now observed only in mammalian eosinophils. The ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics imply that the internum-containing granules of the eosinophils represent a state of an ionotropic, microheterogeneous gel and not that of a cristalloid body. The appearence of membraneous, vesicular, and tubular structures in the internum of several granules may be an equivalent of a certain phase of development.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 22-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptors ; Arthropoda ; Acarina ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausgewählte Borsten am Tarsus der Zecke Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acarina; Ixodidae; Nymphenstadium) wurden mit dem Durchstrahlungs- und Rasterelektronenmikroskop untersucht. Alle Sensillen sind mehrfach innerviert; die dicke Cuticulawandung besitzt entweder ein ausgeprägtes Porenkanalsystem oder eine schlitzförmige Öffnung nahe der Spitze. Diese Sensillen haben oft zusätzlich zwei mechanoreceptive Dendriten an der Borstenbasis angeheftet und dienen dann offenbar zwei Funktionen: Mechano- und Chemoreception. Die Feinstruktur jedes Sensillums ist ähnlich wie in anderen Arthropodensinneshaaren, mit Ausnahme der Ciliärregion des Dendriten. Statt der herkömmlichen 9 Doppeltubuli besitzen Zeckensensillen gewöhnlich 11 (“11+0”). Verglichen mit den tarsalen Borsten von Insekten und Spinnen erscheinen Zeckensensillen zwar weniger zahlreich, dafür strukturell komplexer und von größerer Vielfalt.
    Notes: Summary Selected tarsal bristles of the tick Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acarina: Ixodidae; nymphal stage) were studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. All sensilla are multi-innervated and have thick cuticular walls containing either an elaborate pore canal system or a single slit opening at the tip. These sensilla, often equipped with two mechanoreceptive dendrites attached to the bristle base, apparently serve a dual function: mechano- and chemoreception. The fine structure of each sensillum is similar to that of other arthropod setae except for the ciliary region of the dendrite. Instead of the common 9 double-tubules, the tick sensilla usually have 11 (“11+0”). Compared to insect or spider tarsal bristles, tick setae are less abundant but more complex in structure and of greater variety.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 365-389 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Forestomach epithelium ; Goat ; ATPases ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Epithel der drei Vormägen der Ziege wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über den Nachweis der Mg++-, (Mg++-Na+-K+)- und der Ca++-aktivierbaren ATPasen durchgeführt. Bereits an lichtmikroskopischen Präparaten wurde festgestellt, daß sich deutliche Unterschiede in der Enzymaktivität der Mg++- und Ca++ stimulierbaren ATPasen sowohl für die einzelnen Epithelschichten als auch für die verschiedenen Bereiche der Vormägen nachweisen lassen; die tiefen Epithellagen reagieren stets stärker als die oberflächlichen. Ferner ist die in hohem Maße von der Inkubationszeit abhängige Reaktionsstärke im Epithel des Blättermagens größer als in der Lamina epithelialis des Netzmagens und vor allem in jener des Pansens. Bei dem elektronenmikroskopisch geführten Nachweis der ATPasen zeigt sich, daß die Reaktionsprodukte an der Außenseite der Zellmembranen liegen. Frei von Niederschlägen sind alle Zellmembranabschnitte, die sich an der Bildung der Desmosomen und Halbdesmosomen beteiligen sowie die basalen Abschnitte der Basalzellen. Im Hinblick auf die Verteilung und feinstrukturelle Lokalisation konnten keine Unterschiede zwischen den Mg++-, Ca++- und (Mg++-Na+-K+)-aktivierbaren ATPasen beobachtet werden. In Anlehnung an die Methode nach Coleman u.a. (1967) wurden Zellmembranen von Pansenepithelzellen isoliert und an diesen biochemische Enzymbestimmungen durchgeführt. Die Ausbeute der gewonnenen Zellmembranen betrug, gemessen anhand der 5′-Nukleotidase, dem Leitenzym für Plasmamembranen, gegenüber dem eingesetzten Gesamthomogenat 0,3%. Die mit diesem Verfahren durchgeführten biochemischen Enzymbestimmungen erbrachten den Nachweis, daß in den Plasmamembranen der Pansenepithelzellen neben der Mg++- und Ca++-aktivierbaren auch eine (Na+-K+)-abhängige Transport-ATPase vorkommt.
    Notes: Summary Light- and electron microscopical studies were carried out to demonstrate ATPases activated by Mg++, by (Mg++-Na+-K+), and by Ca++. Histological sections showed clear differences of the activity of Mg++- and Ca++-stimulated ATPases in the light microscope in different layers of the epithelium as well as in different areas of the forestomach. The deeper layers reacted more intensely than the superficial ones. The intensity of the reaction (which depends on incubation time) in the omasal epithelium was stronger than in the lamina epithelialis of the reticulum and much stronger than in the lamina epithelialis of the rumen. In the electron microscope, the reaction products of the ATPase appeared on the outer surface of cell membranes (plasmalemmata). No deposits of the reaction products were observed on those areas of the cell membranes, which are involved in the formation of desmosomes and semidesmosomes. The basal parts of the basal cells were also free from reaction products. As for the distribution and ultrastructural localisation of the deposits, no differences were observed among the ATPase stimulated by Mg++, (Mg++-Na+-K+), and Ca++. Using the technique of Coleman et al. (1967), the cell membranes of ruminal epithelium were isolated. Biochemical assays of the enzymes were carried out. The quantity of cell membranes obtained was 0.3% of the whole homogenate, when compared with 5′-nucleotidase, which is the typical enzyme of plasmalemmata. The biochemical enzyme assays showed that, besides Mg++- and Ca++-dependent ATPases, a (Na+-K+)-dependent transport ATPase exists in the cell membranes of ruminal epithelial cells.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Granulosa ; Histology ; Ultrastructure ; Lacerta vivipara
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La granulosa s'épaissit, sans apport extérieur de cellules, par division mitotique de petites cellules folliculaires. Les cellules piriformes proviennent de la transformation de certaines petites cellules, mais elles présentent de nombreuses ressemblances morphologiques et cytologiques avec de jeunes ovocytes. A l'exception de ces similitudes aucun autre argument ne permet actuellement d'attribuer une nature germinale initiale aux cellules piriformes. Le nucléole de ces cellules montre quelques particularités et une séparation nette entre ses constituants fibrillaire et granulaire. Le rôle physiologique des cellules piriformes reste à préciser, mais elles ne possèdent pas de canal et leur appareil de Golgi très développé n'a pas de rapport avec la production des granules incorporés par l'ovocyte. La dégénérescence de nombreuses cellules piriformes, dont certains aspects ultrastructuraux sont décrits, est une des causes de la réduction de la granulosa.
    Notes: Summary The granulosa thickens by mitotic division of the small follicle cells, without any external contribution. The pyriform cells arise from the transformation of certain small cells and show many morphological and cytological similarities with young oocytes. In spite of this resemblance, there is no proof for the germinal nature of the pyriform cells. The nucleolus of these cells shows certain peculiarities, and a clear separation of fibrillar and granular components. The physiological significance of the pyriform cells remains to be determined, but they have no duct and their large Golgi apparatus has no relationship with the granules incorporated by the oocyte. The degeneration of many pyriform cells is one of the reasons for the reduction of the granulosa. Some ultrastructural features of this degenerative process are described.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 284-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellar cortex ; Axonal and Dendritic Growth Cones ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of axonal and dendritic growth cones has been examined in the cerebellar cortex of 7 days old rats and 12 days old cats. The unique feature is a bulge of the perikaryon surface or a varicosity of the growing tip of nerve processes. These cone-like areas contain large amounts of tubular smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SR) and large vacuoles. They are further characterized by filopodia (Tennyson, 1970) with a fibrillary matrix. Early cell contacts with synaptic membrane specializations are described between filopodia of mossy fiber endings and dendritic growth cones of granular cells. Synaptic vesicles appear early in synaptogenesis. While both vesicles and SR tubules are confined to separate areas of the axonal growth cone it was found that a common affinity to the ZIO staining agent exists. In contrast, the neurofilaments and microtubular components as well as the growth cone vacuoles remain consistently ZIO negative.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 262-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electroceptor epidermis ; Ultrastructure ; Mormyridae (Teleostei, Pisces)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die schwachelektrischen Mormyridae haben eine dreischichtige Epidermis, deren innere Schicht aus nur etwa 0,22 μm dicken sechseckigen Zellen von ca. 60 μm Durchmesser besteht. Die etwa 2 μm dicken, linsenförmigen Kerne von 7,6 μm Durchmesser liegen am Zellrand. Die Zellen sind zu Säulen aufgeschichtet. Ihr Rand ist ausgezackt und dort, wo er die Säulengrenze erreicht, auf etwa 0,34 μm verdickt. In der Nähe der Säulengrenzen sind die Zellen über Desmosomen mit den Nachbarn in der eigenen und in der angrenzenden Säule verbunden. Diese Epidermisschicht ist auf die Körperpartien beschränkt, in denen auch Elektrorezeptoren ausgebildet sind. Die beiden anderen Epidermisschichten haben den üblichen Aufbau einer Fischepidermis, abgesehen vom Fehlen der Becherzellen.
    Notes: Summary The weakly electric fish of the family Mormyridae have a three layered epidermis, with a medium layer consisting of hexagonal cells of only 0.22 μm in thickness and about 60 μm in diameter. The lens-shaped nuclei are about 2 μm thick and 7.6 μm in diameter and are situated near the border of the cells. The cells are piled up to hexagonal columns. Their margin is serrate and where it reaches the boundary of the column, it has a thickness of about 0.34 μm. Close to the boundaries of the columns, the cells are linked to their neighbours within the column and of the adjoining column by desmosomes. This layer of the epidermis is confined to those regions of the body surface which also contain electroreceptors. The other layers of the epidermis have a structure as usual in fish, except for the lack of goblet cells.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 37-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Early spermatozoan development ; Hydroid ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytodifferentiation during early spermatogenesis in the calyptoblastic hydroid, Campanularia flexuosa, was studied at the fine structural level. Clusters of spermatogonia-like cells are found in gonangial sporosacs near the mesoglea. Early events in spermiogenesis include: a gradual elongation of the sperm head and nucleus; close apposition of nuclear envelope to chromatin; positioning of four mitochondria at the posterior portion of the nucleus; formation of a single, simple flagellum from a basal body located in the center of the mitochondrial quadrangle; a high degree of Golgi activity, possibly involved in the production of a multiple acrosome complex.
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