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  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (73)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Phryganella acropodia ; Testate amoeba ; Growth rate ; Rhizopoda ; Feeding ; Fungal species ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Clones of Phryganella acropodia were cultivated under different trophic conditions with bacteria as the food source. The doubling time was estimated to be 3 days. The edibility of four species of fungi, Aspergillus niger, Cunninghamella echinulata, Penicillium echinulatum and Stilbella bulbicola, was tested, but only Penicillium enchinulatum and Stilbella bulbicola were eaten and digested by the amoeba. An ultrastructure examination showed that there are two contractile vacuoles, many dictyosomes, a single nucleus with several nucleoli, and peroxisomes. The pseudopodia are filiform when attached to the substrate but change to lobose when the animal is floating. A thin organic membrane covers the aperture of resting forms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Gastric carcinoma ; Capillaries ; von Willebrand factor ; Ultrastructure ; Immuno-electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The microvasculature of the stroma of human gastric carcinoma was studied by immuno-electron microscopy for factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (vWF) and conventional electron microscopy. In differentiated type (intestinal) gastric carcinoma (9 cases), capillaries were distributed more densely around carcinoma cell nests. vWF was localized in endothelial cells and neighbouring stroma. Ultrastructurally, capillary endothelial cells showed considerable hypertrophic changes with well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). vWF was localized in well-developed rER, granules, Weibel-Palade bodies (WPB), in the vascular lumen as clusters, and diffusely deposited in the subendothelium. This indicates that endothelial cells in this group are transformed into a state of active protein production. In undifferentiated type (diffuse) gastric carcinoma (12 cases), capillaries were uniformly distributed and endothelial hypertrophic changes were less remarkable. vWF was localized in WPB, scanty rER and subendothelial matrix. Solid capillary buds were observed in both types; they were composed of a solid strand of endothelial cells without a visible lumen. Our results reveal that the microvasculature in tumour stroma differs significantly according to its histological type.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Mucus-granule-containing ciliated cell ; Ciliated metaplasia ; Transitional form ; Gastric mucosa ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Ciliated cells were found in the gastric mucosa in close association with intestinal metaplasia, mainly in the pyloric mucosa, of Japanese patients. The occurrence of ciliated cells is believed to be an acquired phenomenon and is considered to be a type of metaplasia; the term “ciliated metaplasia” is used to describe this phenomenon. Ciliated cells are found in the basal part of the glands among normal-looking mucous cells, mucous neck cells and neuroendocrine cells, but never on the surface or in foveolar epithelium. In ciliated cellcontaining glands, mitoses were noted in the neck region and the ultrastructural features of these cells were identical to those of undifferentiated neck cells. However, cell metaplasia from undifferentiated cells to metaplastic ciliated cells has never been demonstrated previously. The small mucus-granule-containing ciliated cells found in our present study may arise subsequent to division of undifferentiated neck cells into mucous cells with some daughter cells then exhibiting differentiation characteristics specific to ciliated cells. Thus they contain a mixture of both small mucus granules and numerous basal bodies and cilia, at the same time as a transitional form.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Cardiomyopathies ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Mitochondria ; Myofibrils
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We performed an ultrastructural, morphometric comparison of mitochondria and myofibrils of cardiomyocytes using endomyocardial biopsy specimens in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Biopsies came from the right ventricular side of the interventricular septum in nine patients with HCM, nine with DCM, and nine controls with arrhythmia and/or ST depression. Morphometric analysis was carried out using electron microscopic photographs and an image analyser. Mitochondria were significantly greater in number and smaller in size in HCM than in the control group. In DCM, the size of mitochondria was also significantly smaller than in the control group, although their number was similar to that of the control group. No statistically significant difference was found regarding the size of mitochondria between HCM and DCM. The percentages of both mitochondrial and myofibrillar areas in cytoplasm were smaller in the DCM than the HCM and control groups, though no difference was seen between the latter two. The ratio of mitochondrial area to myofibrillar area was almost the same in each group. These results suggest increased mitochondrial function to match hypertrophic cardiomyocytes in HCM, and decreased mitochondrial function and cardiomyocytic contractility in DCM.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 417 (1990), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Minute chemodectoma ; Lung ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary So-called minute pulmonary chemodectoma is a curious, small lung tumour found mainly in women. The nature and origin of the proliferating cells are still obscure. In the first report on the tumour, the component cells were described as resembling chemoreceptor cells and the tumour was named chemodectoma. However, electron microscopic studies of the tumour have revealed no evidence of neuronal characteristics and have shown a close resemblance to meningothelial cells. In this study, the electron microscopic findings were similar to those previously reported but in one of the two cases, tumour cells were filled with abundant cytofilaments, giving them an occasional dense, patch-like appearance. Immunostaining for myosin and vimentin was positive in all tumour cells, but epithelial membrane antigen staining was not seen. These findings indicate that the tumour might have its origin from muscle cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 417 (1990), S. 395-404 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ; Signet-ring cell ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Multivesicular body
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary New ultrastructural findings are reported from two lymphomas of vacuolar signet-ring cell morphology (SR+), one of B cell and one of T cell lineage. When these lymphomas were compared ultrastructurally a difference in the relationship of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the vacuole was noted, although the fine structure of the vacuoles themselves was similar and they were interpreted as giant multivesicular bodies (mvbs). Smooth ER was found near the vacuoles in both cases. Dark mvbs with a complex, reticulate form are emphasised as readily identified but hitherto unreported cell components in these tumours. A further B cell lymphoma of centroblastic/centrocytic type which was SR− was found to be rich in mvbs and may be a transitional form between SR− and SR+ lymphomas. In addition, the occurrence of mvbs has been studied quantitatively in a number of other lymphomas and in B and T lymphocytes in reactive nodes. Although increased numbers of mvbs were found in neoplastic compared with reactive lymphocytes, and in T compared with B cell lymphomas, these differences were not statistically significant. The possible roles of endoplasmic reticulum and mvbs in the generation of SR+ change are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Purkinje fibres ; Transitional cells ; Working myocardium ; Global ischaemia ; Ultrastructure ; Contraction state
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Contraction bands usually occur in the intramural working myocardium following post-ischaemic reperfusion. In the subendocardium, however, they are found during ischaemia. Thus, we ascertained the contraction states of Purkinje fibres, transitional cells, subendocardial and intramural parts of the working myocardium during 30 min global ischaemia at 25° C. The effects with and without myocardial protection were compared. At the onset of pure ischaemia contraction bands are completely lacking in all cell types. During pure ischaemia contraction bands are found in all subendocardial cell types but not in the intramural working myocardium. A peak of pathological contraction states is found in the intramural working myocardium at the onset (0 min), in the subendocardial working myocardium at 10 min, in the transitional cells and Purkinje fibres at 30 min of pure ischaemia. Histidine-, tryptophan-, ketoglutarate-enriched (HTK) cardioplegia prevents contraction bands completely at the onset of ischaemia and prevents both contraction bands and pathological contraction states during ischaemia almost completely. Striking differences in the physiological contraction states are seen only in the working myocardium: HTK cardioplegia brings about dominance of relaxation during ischaemia. These findings may be due mainly to the effects of global ischaemia on the one hand and to catecholamines, calcium and oxygen on the other.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 417 (1990), S. 443-447 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Mesothelioma ; Pathology ; Ultrastructure ; Peritoneum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma (WDPM) is considered to be a distinct subtype of peritoneal mesothelioma. Although the WDPM is usually qualified as benign, the natural history of this lesion has not been clearly established. This report relates to two WDPMs which were found incidentally. In a 51-year-old man the WDPM developed over a period of 5 years into a typically malignant diffuse mesothelioma. Thus, although the WDPM morphologically lacks signs of malignancy, it should be regarded as a borderline mesothelioma.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Olivopontocerbellar atrophy ; Argyrophilic inclusion ; Pontine nucleus ; Ubiquitin ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) were studied, and cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in some of the remaining neurons of the pontine nuclei, nuclei reticularis tegmenti pontis and arcuate nuclei. The cytoplasmic argyrophilic inclusions were demonstrated by silver impregnation techniques such as Bielschowsky and Bodian staining. With hematoxylin and eosin stain, the inclusions were sharply demarcated and appeared pale. The inclusions were not stained by the following routine histological methods: Klüver-Barrera, phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin, Holzer, periodic acid-Schiff, Mallory azan, alcian blue, nile blue, Masson trichrome, Congo red, thioflavine S, oil red O and Sudan black B stains. Immunohistochemistry with anti-ubiquitin antiserum showed that these inclusions were ubiquitinated. However, the inclusions did not react with any of the following antibodies (Abs) or antisera: anti-phosphorylated neurofilament (NF) Ab, anti-nonphosphorylated NF Abs (160 and 200 kDa), anti-paired helical filament antiserum, anti-tau antiserum, anti-tubulin Abs (alpha and beta), anti-microtubule-associated proteins antiserum, anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein antiserum, anti-vimentin Ab, anti-desmin Ab, anti-cytokeratin Abs (low and high molecular weights), anti-actin antiserum, anti-skeletal myosin antiserum and anti-myelin basic protein Ab. Ultrastructurally, the inclusion bodies noted in OPCA were composed primarily of fibrils having a width ranging from about 24 to 40 nm, which were entirely coated with osmiophilic granular material along their whole length. They were occasionally intermingled with a few filaments about 10 nm in width. Electron microscopical examination on silver-impregnated specimens revealed that each granule-coated fibril had a great affinity for silver particles. In elucidating the pathogenesis of OPCA, it was considered to be an important neuropathological finding that some of the remaining pontine neurons affected by OPCA developed characteristic cytoplasmic argyrophilic inclusions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Chloride cell ; Teleost ; Gills ; Ultrastructure ; Adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The general gill morphology of Oreochromis alcalicus grahami, a teleost adapted to high salinity and hyperosmosis, is basically similar to that of other teleostean fish. The species has four pairs of gill arches, all of which have well developed filaments. Each of the arches (holobranchs) has two rows of filaments (hemibranchs). Bilaterally situated secondary lamellae branch from the central axis of the filaments. The lamellae reach their maximum size at the middle of the filament, gradually decrease in size and eventually disappear towards the tip of the filament, which is bare. The leading edge of the gill filament and the immediate interlamellar space is covered by a stratified epithelium consisting of pavement cells, mucous cells, chloride cells and undifferentiated cells. The surface of these cells is made up of concentric microridges. The chloride cells were found only on the primary epithelium (filamental epithelium) and very rarely on the secondary epithelium (lamellar epithelium). Two types of chloride cells were observed in the gills of Oreochromis. The superficial chloride cells have fewer mitochondria concentrated towards the basal aspect of the cell, and a network of tubules towards the apical surface and are less electron dense. These cells intercommunicate with the water through an apical pore. The deep chloride cells have numerous diffuse mitochondria intercalated between a fine profuse tubular network and are more electron dense. These cells are covered by one or more layers of pavement cells and thus do not have access to the external surface. After gradual dilution of the lake water in which the fish were kept, both types of chloride cells remained topographically and ultrastructurally distinct. However, in both kinds of cell the mitochondria decreased in number and size. Initially there was an increase in the diameter and the degree of interdigitation of the tubules followed by a gradual decrease. An increase in the quantity of rough endoplasmic reticulum, particularly at the perinuclear region of the cell, was noted. The morphometric analysis of the branchial system indicated that the gills of Oreochromis are well adapted for gas exchange by having numerous and relatively long gill filaments with a high lamellar density. These features provide a large surface for gas exchange which, when coupled with the notably thin water-blood barrier of an average thickness of only 0.83 μm, would facilitate efficient absorption of oxygen by the gills. Oreochromis alcalicus was observed to be incapable of adapting to freshwater. This may have been due to the progressive degeneration of the chloride cells. Also the arrangement of the chloride cells as a continuum from the central venous compartments to the free epithelial surface is a structural feature which may not be amenable to radical functional changes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 195-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Cell death ; Degeneration ; Embryo ; Development ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Physiological cell death is a widespread phenomenon in the development of both vertebrates and invertebrates. This review concentrates on an aspect of developmental cell death that has tended to be neglected, the manner in which the cells are dismantled. It is emphasized that the dying cells may adopt one of at least three different morphological types: “apoptotic”, “autophagic”, and “non-lysosomal vesiculate”. These probably reflect a corresponding multiplicity of intracellular events. In particular, the destruction of the cytoplasm in these three types appears to be achieved primarily by heterophagy, by autophagy and by non-lysosomal degradation, respectively. The various mechanisms underlying both nuclear and cytoplasmic destruction are reviewed in detail. The multiplicity of destructive mechanisms needs to be born in mind in studies of other aspects of cell death such as the signals which trigger it, since different signals probably trigger different types of cell death.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 80 (1990), S. 118-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy ; Extraocular muscle ; Ultrastructure ; Mitochondrial myopathy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We carried out a histological examination of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) in a case of myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibers (MERRF) and two cases of mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, laetic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), which did not manifest external ophthalmoplegia clinically. By light microscopy, many granular and vesicular fibers were seen associated with endomysial fibrosis. Electron microscopy revealed that the fibers showed prominent accumulation of abnormal mitochondria, extensive loss of myofibrils, proliferation of free sarcoplasmic reticulum and an increased amount of lipid vacuoles. These changes were more pronounced in MELAS than in MERRF. Hirano bodies were often seen in the subsarcolemmal area of muscle fibers and also in the intramuscular myelinated nerve fibers and axon terminals. These findings suggest the presence of mitochondrial myopathy of the EOMs in cases of MELAS and MERRF.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebral ischemia ; Delayed neuronal death ; Gerbil ; Hippocampus ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Ultrastructural damage leading to delayed neuronal death was investigated in the mid-CA1 region of the hippocampus from the stratum (str.) moleculare to oriens after transient bilateral forebrain ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. After ischemia for 5 min without recirculation, mild swelling of the peripheral part of the apical and basal dendrites was already apparent in the str. moleculare and str. oriens. Mitochondria in the dendrites were also swollen in the same area. During recirculation for 12 h to 3 days, swelling of the dendritic cytoplasm persisted with formation of microvacuoles, but swelling of mitochondria receded. Microvacuolation and loss of microtubules were also observed in the proximal part of the dendrites during this period, and swelling and disruption of internal cristae were observed in mitochondria after recirculation for 3 days. The dendrites became severely degenerated after recirculation for 4 days. In the pyramidal cell bodies, no abnormality was observed at the end of ischemia for 5 min, but disaggregation of polyribosomes and swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum were observed 12 h after recirculation. Proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum in parallel arrays occurred after recirculation for 1 day and persisted. Severe degeneration of the pyramidal cell bodies was obvious after recirculation for 4 days. The findings observed in the present investigation suggested that the neuronal structure most vulnerable to ischemia was the peripheral part of the dendrites and postischemic neuronal damage occurred early in this part of the dendrites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 80 (1990), S. 547-553 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Feline ; Olfactory neuroblastoma ; Type C retrovirus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Three cases of spontaneous olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) in domestic cats were morphologically and immunocytochemically characterized. Diagnostic light microscopic features included Flexner and Homer-Wright rosettes, while ultrastructurally the cells had neuritic processes, intracellular intermediate filaments, and intercellular junctions. Immunocytochemically, the tumors stained positively for neuron-specific enolase, cytokeratins, and S-100 protein antigens. In each case, a key finding was the identification of numerous mature type C retroviral particles within the tumors. In one case, budding of viral particles from the plasmalemma of tumor cells suggested the source of mature particles. This cat and one other were tested, and both were serologically positive for feline leukemia virus (FeLV). The virus in the tumors was identified as FeLV by polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. No other neoplasms were found in any of the cats, nor was there similar evidence of active viral infection in other non-tumor tissues, including the brain. Although the relationship between FeLV infection and ONB is uncertain, our findings indicate that FeLV should be investigated as an etiologic agent of ONB.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 80 (1990), S. 611-617 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Intranuclear inclusions ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Hyaline inclusions ; Striated muscle ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Large intracytoplasmic inclusions arising from the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope were found in the muscle fibers of a 32-year-old individual with a life-long, chronic and progressive sensory-motor neuropathy. The morphological features of the inclusions were similar to that occasionally reported in the striated muscles in several unrelated conditions as well as to “hyaline” or “colloid” inclusions commonly seen in motor neurons of the brain stem and spinal cord. The chemical nature of the inclusions is not known. Their occurrence in the muscle fibers is probably secondary to chronic denervation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 80 (1990), S. 597-603 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Choroid plexus ; Amyloid ; Intracellular inclusions ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Intracellular inclusions with staining properties of amyloid are very common in the aging choroid plexus epithelial cells. In many ways these inclusions show similarities with the neurofibrillary tangles, found in cerebral cortical neurons in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. We have now designed a purification method for choroid plexus amyloid and performed a transmission and scanning electron miscroscopic study. This shows that one form of choroid plexus inclusions, the Biondi ring, is a homogeneous globule covered with a thin layer of amyloid fibrils. Partial immunochemical characterization of the choroid plexus amyloid reveals that it is different from the neurofibrillary tangles although there are similarities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Fibroblast ; Myofibroblast ; Interstitial cell ; Vitamin A storing cell ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Scanning electron microscopic observations of connective tissue cells show a new aspect of the nature of fibroblasts, and the subsequent broad survey of references makes clear that fibroblasts of many tissues have various features which are regarded as atypical of fibroblasts, and at the same time that various connective tissue cells in different organs have features typical of fibroblasts. Both morphological and functional features of fibroblasts are more or less common to those of fibroblast-like cells, and differences among these cells are quantitative rather than qualitative. Therefore, it is almost impossible to set clear-cut criteria for distinguishing genuine fibroblasts from a large population of fibroblast-like cells. The majority of cells sharing features of fibroblasts, if not all, seem to belong to the same population of cells. They are probably adapted to special functional needs in their own micro-environment that are peculiar to local or pathological or experimental conditions. It is proposed to categorize these cells into subtypes depending on their main functions: 1, fibrogenesis; 2, tissue skeleton or barrier; 3, intercellular communication system; 4, gentle contractile machinery; 5, endocrine activity; and 6, vitamin A-storing. Re-evaluation of fibroblasts and fibroblast-like cells is required to facilitate their better understanding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 325-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Oocyte maturation ; Ultrastructure ; Fox ; Ovulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Blood samples were taken weekly from seventeen mature blue fox vixens (average age five years), from late anoestrus until pro-oestrus, and then taken daily. The vixens were sacrificed at various stages of oestrus, and oocytes were collected from ovarian follicles by aspiration, and/or from oviducts by flushing. The structural features of oocyte maturation were related to the time of the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak. On days 1–2 after the LH peak the oocyte nucleus migrated from a central to a peripheral position in the ooplasm and assumed a flattened appearance. The cumulus investment expanded simultaneously and ovulation took place around day 2. On days 2–3 the oocyte nuclear envelope broke down, the nucleoli disappeared, the metaphase of the first meiotic division was reached, the Golgi complexes decreased in size, the perivitelline space enlarged, and all junctional contact between cumulus cell projections and oocyte was disrupted. On days 3–5 the first polar body was extruded, the metaphase of the second meiotic division was reached, and the cumulus cells degenerated. On day 5 the release of cortical granule content was occasionally seen, and from day 6 the oocytes showed signs of degeneration. In a few animals deviant oocyte maturation was noticed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 37-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Axons ; Astrocytes ; Oligodendrocytes ; Ultrastructure ; Paedomorphosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In five species of lungless salamanders, family Plethodontidae, which all show highly developed visual abilities, the ultrastructure of the optic nerve was investigated and the total number of retinal ganglion cell axons, the percentage of myelinated axons, and the volume densities of glia and axons were determined. More than 80% of all axons were smaller than 0.4 μm and only 2–3% were larger than 0.8 μm. In individual nerves the degree of myelination varied between 1 and 9% which is in the range reported for other amphibian species. The miniaturized and highly paedomorphic species Batrachoseps attenuatus was an exception because only very few or even no myelinated axons were present in the nerve, which is unique among gnathostome vertebrates. The five investigated species had total numbers of axons ranging from 26000 in Batrachoseps attenuatus to about 50000 in Plethodon jordani. These numbers are the lowest found among vertebrates with an elaborated visual system. The amount of glial material in the optic nerve varied between 25 and 50%, with larger nerves possessing more glia than smaller ones. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the optic nerve of each species contained both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, although often in immature form. In Batrachoseps attenuatus the glia showed features of both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes which reflect an undifferentiated state.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Marmoset ; Chorionic villi
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural morphology of developing chorionic villi in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) placenta was studied in pregnant monkeys at known time intervals after ovulation. In samples obtained at 45 days after ovulation the mesoderm, which consists of primitive foetal blood vessels, is seen to extend down into cytotrophoblast columns. Syncytiotrophoblast completely surrounds maternal blood vessels and both basal laminae and endothelial cells of maternal origin show signs of disorganisation and degradation. Syncytiotrophoblast is first observed to breach the maternal circulation in samples collected from animals at 60 days after ovulation; this results in discrete haemochorial villi randomly distributed throughout the placental bed. Samples obtained at 80 days after ovulation and term placental samples (145 days after ovulation) exhibit tertiary haemochorial villi throughout the placenta, similar to those seen randomly distributed at 60 days after ovulation.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Anuran lymph hearts ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Myogenesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The early development of anuran posterior lymph hearts studied by light- and electron-microscopy in frog larval stages 25–29 (Gosner 1960) can be subdivided into three phases. In phase I, mesenchymal myogenic cells are found, each possessing a single 9 + 0 cilium and numerous filopode-like processes aggregated near the vena caudalis lateralis, forming up to three metameric organ anlagen arranged like a cuff around the preexisting lymphatics (stages 26/27). In phase II, cell proliferation starts at stage 28 within the lymph heart wall as does the formation of primarily polynuclear myofibres by fusion of several myoblasts. At this stage immature myofibres show a vast sarcoplasm, a poorly developed SR and only few myofibrils with not yet distinguishable A- and I-bands. In phase III, the afferent and efferent valves are formed at the onset of pulsation in stage 29. Contractile myofibres contain large glycogen fields and a considerable amount of myofibrils which frequently branch and show distinct Z-lines, A-, I-, H- and M-bands; 1–3 cilia were found lying within a channel-like cell invagination. The peculiarities of organogenesis and myofibre development are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1990), S. 456-460 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Rosenthal fibers ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Neoplastic and reactive astrocytes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The nature of Rosenthal fibres (RF) was investigated in eight cases each of low-grade astrocytoma and reactive gliosis using immunohistochemical (IH) staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), electron microscopy (EM) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) by immunogold labelling technique. By IH under light microscopy (LM), three types of RF were seen, uniformly positive (type I), rim positive (type II) and completely negative (type III). EM showed variation in structural pattern of RF. Some RF contained large amount of glial filaments (GF) intermingled with RF while others with a large amount of electron dense material and less GF. Thus, the presence and amount of GF in RF appear to be responsible for the different types of IH staining under LM. IEM showed that all RF including the ones consisting of entirelh amorphous material possess immunoreactivity for GFAP. It is suggested that RF formation is a two-stage process, staring with excessive accumulation of GF within astrocytic processes followed by their gradual alteration into electron-dense amorphous material under the influence of some unknown metablic or other factors. The quantitative analysis of different types of RF suggests a difference in the rate of formation of RF in neoplastic and reactive conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1990), S. 551-557 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Cutaneous nerves ; Neuropathy ; Ultrastructure ; Herpesvirus ; Rabbits
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A light and electron microscopic study was undertaken to determine pathological changes in cutaneous spinal nerves of rabbits following intradermal inoculation with alphaherpesvirus saimiri (αHVS) isolate KM 322. Infected rabbits were killed at 3, 10, 17, 45 days and 2 years after infection. No abnormalities were seen at 3 days postinoculation. In the nerves of the rabbits killed at 10, 17 and 45 days after infection, axonal (Wallerian-type) degeneration was the main pathological feature. Regeneration, manifested by axonal sprouting, was observed in the nerves of the rabbits killed at 45 days post-inoculation. Neural fibrosis and paucity of unmyelinated axons was the final outcome. The severity of the neural damage not only varied according to the progression of the disease but between nerves taken from the same rabbit. This was probably associated with variation in the numbers of virus particles that had reached the dorsal root ganglion of the dermatome served by a particular nerve. Since αHVS (isolate KM 322) provides a model system for the study of virus latency in dorsal root ganglia, and consequently for the study of varicellazoster infection in man, these findings give further insight into the pathology of herpetic neuropathy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 80 (1990), S. 255-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Meningioma ; Phospholipid ; Psammoma ; Ultrastructure ; Chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Phospholipids in meningiomas were studied by light and electron microscopy, and by high-performance liquid chromatography. They were microscopically demonstrated in six of the ten cases by Sudan III staining after the fixation with potassium dichromate. However, the conventional ultrastructural fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide failed to confirm phospholipids, as most of them were dissolved during dehydration. In contrast, the specimens pretreated with tannic acid before osmication ultrastructurally retained phospholipids which were represented by multilamellar bodies or ribbon-like rings. Both were found in 23 of the 30 cases within the cytoplasm, among the plasma membranes and in the extracellular matrices. The outermost lamella or ribbon showed a direct continuity from the neighbouring plasma membranes of the cytoplasm or the mitochondria. The multilamellar bodies showed an overall distribution, while the ribbon-like rings were predominantly distributed around the psammoma bodies. Precipitation of hydroxyapatite crystals within the ribbon-like rings resulted in matrix minerals of psammoma bodies. Chromatographical analyses of meningiomas disclosed phospholipids including phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidyl inositol in that order. Psammomatous meningiomas contained a higher percentage of phosphatidyl serine than non-psammomatous tumors. Ultrastructural study of synthetic phospholipids adequately treated with tannic acid showed that the multilamellar bodies were similar to phosphatidyl choline, while the ribbon-like rings were similar to phosphatidyl serine. The role of phospholipids in meningiomas is discussed.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Fish ; Muscle growth ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertrophy ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In this EM study of lateral muscle in Dicentrarchus labrax, we observed that during the larval period, growth of the presumptive red and white muscle layers occurs both by hypertrophy (as fibres already present at hatching complete their maturation) and by production of new fibres in germinal zones specific to the two muscle layers. In the first half of larval life the presumptive white muscle increases in thickness by the addition, superficially, of new fibres derived from a germinal zone of presumptive myoblasts lying beneath the red muscle layer. In the second half of larval life new fibres produced in this same zone form the intermediate (or pink) muscle layer. Dorsoventrally the myotome grows throughout larval life, largely by addition of new fibres from germinal zones at the hypo- and epi-axial extremities. Towards the end of larval life all these germinal zones are becoming exhausted, but another source of fibres arises as satellite cells, associated with large-diameter presumptive white muscle fibres, are activated to produce new fibres. The addition of small, new fibres gives the white muscle its mosaic appearance. Morphometric analysis of fibre diameters in the white muscle confirms that whereas these hyperplastic processes are important during the larval and juvenile periods, when growth is very rapid, they have ceased by the time the adult stage is attained. By contrast, fibre hypertrophy continues through into adult life. The presumptive red muscle consists initially of a monolayer of fibres present only near the lateral line, and during larval life it grows hypo- and epi-axially by addition of fibres derived from myoblasts already present in these areas at hatching. Lying superficially to the presumptive red muscle monolayer there is a near-continuous layer of external cells with a “flattened” profile. During the second half of larval life, differentiation of these external cells into myoblasts provides the source of new fibres which are added to the red muscle layer. This process, which occurs initially in the region around the lateral line and later spreads outwards, is responsible for the increase in thickness of the red muscle.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 182 (1990), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Lamprey ; Pronephros ; Ultrastructure ; Regression ; Apoptosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The regression of the pronephric kidney of the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, is described using histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Regression begins in the third year of larval life, and by the time the animal enters metamorphosis the tubules have all disappeared. The nephrostomes and the renal corpuscle, however, persist for the remainder of the life cycle and undergo little change in the larva. Iron is present within the tubular epithelium prior to the beginning of degeneration, but as degeneration proceeds iron is observed within the tubule lumina. Acid phosphatase is noted within the tubule epithelia prior to degeneration, but as degeneration proceeds acid phosphatase is also observed within the intertubular area. Features of tubular regression include a prominent and highly folded basal lamina, numerous cytoplasmic inclusions, and dense bodies in the epithelia and lumina. The intertubular region is invaded by lymphocytes, granulocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. The process of pronephric regression possesses many features of the process of apoptosis, which has been noted in the regression of larval organs in other vertebrates.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 491-498 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Serotonin ; Ultrastructure ; Caudal Neurosecretory Complex ; Neuroendocrine ; Monoamines
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The caudal neurosecretory complex (CNc) of poecilids has previously been shown to receive serotonergic inputs. In the present study, immunohistochemical techniques were applied at the light and electron microscopic levels to characterize serotonergic terminals in the neuroendocrine nucleus. A dense plexus of varicose fibers observed in the rostral CNc neuropil was absent in the spinal cords of deafferented fish, indicating that the origin of this input was extranuclear. Ultrastructural study revealed no direct contacts between labeled structures and neuroendocrine cells. Non-synaptic terminals (varicosities) were the predominantly labeled structures in the neuropil. Synaptic terminals were observed on cellular and axonal targets in the CNc. Small cells containing 70 nm dense-core vesicles received serotonergic input on their perikarya. Labeled synapses were also found on unlabeled axon terminals which made axoaxonal synapses on neuroendocrine processes. Non-synaptic terminals may be responsible for a variety of serotonin-mediated effects in the CNc. Synaptic interactions with local catecholaminergic and afferent cholinergic inputs to the CNc are likely.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Mandibular condyle ; Articular tissue layer ; Ultrastructure ; Maturation ; Load-dependence ; Macaca fascicularis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In an attempt to establish maturational alterations in the morphology of the articular tissue layer, mandibular condyles of four immature and four mature male monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were studied using light microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Specimens were fixed in situ by perfusion in the presence of ruthenium red to stabilize proteoglycans. Preparations intended for observation in the scanning electron microscope were first dehydrated and sputtered for the examination of articular surfaces, and afterwards treated with trypsin to expose the spatial arrangement of collagen fibrils. Gross anatomical relations between joint components indicated that the anterior and central, but not the posterior region of the condylar articular surface can be subject to compressional load. Load-bearing and non-load-bearing regions differed with respect to the morphology of the articular layer. Load-bearing surfaces were covered by a prominent articular surface lamina similar to that observed on articular cartilage. This lamina seemed to constitute an integral part of the articular layer, distinct from the lining of synovial fluid, and to be composed largely of proteoglycans. It was unaffected by maturation. The subjecent, load-bearing articular layer differed markedly in structure, both from articular cartilage, and between immature and mature animals. Articular cells of immature animals were classified as fibroblastlike, but unlike typical fibroblasts, were surrounded by a thin, often incomplete halo of fibril-free pericellular matrix, presumably consisting of proteoglycans. In mature animals, articular cells closely resembled chondrocytes, but exhibited prominent nuclear fibrous laminae, which usually are found only in fibroblasts. Thus, the load-bearing part of the articular layer seems to undergo a maturation-dependent metaplastic conversion, from a dense connective tissue with some features of fibrocartilage, to a fibrocartilage-like tissue containing chrondrocytelike cells with some features of fibroblasts. This conversion might reflect an adaptation to a maturation-associated increase in articular stress.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Schlagwort(e): Dysplastic naevi ; Superficial spreading melanoma ; Naevocellular naevi ; Ultrastructure ; Melanosomes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Eleven dysplastic melanocytic naevi with various degrees of dysplasia, as judged by light microscopy, were studied by transmission electron microscopy, and their intra-epidermal melanocytes compared with those of five superficial spreading melanomas and seven common benign naevocellular naevi. Intra-epidermal melanocytes in dysplastic naevi exhibited signs of cellular atypia, which were most pronounced in the dysplastic naevi with histological high-grade dysplasia. A correlation between the degree of dysplasia at the light microscopic level and the degree of cytological atypia at the ultrastructural level was noted, and melanocytes in dysplastic naevi with a high degree of dysplasia had ultrastructural features similar to the melanocytes in superficial spreading melanomas. Our observations support the concept that dysplastic naevi fill the biological gap between benign naevocellular naevi and malignant melanomas and suggest that at least some of the dysplastic naevi must be regarded as potential precursor lesions of malignant melanoma, particularly those exhibiting a high degree of histological dysplasia.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 282 (1990), S. 108-114 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Schlagwort(e): Porphyria ; Dermal vessels ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The skin of 20 patients with variegate porphyria (VP) was studied using light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. Twelve patients had skin symptoms and markedly increased fecal protoporphyrin excretion. Their sun-exposed skin was characterized by homogeneous PAS-positive thickening and IgG deposition in the vessel walls. The basic ultrastructural change was thickening of the vascular walls caused by reduplication of the basal lamina and perivascular deposition of amorphous material. Qualitatively similar but less prominent histopathological changes occurred in sun-protected skin in some of the patients. Six patients had no skin symptoms but an increased porphyrin excretion. The light microscopical changes were comparable to those in the patients with skin symptoms, but the ultrastructural changes were less severe. No abnormal histopathological changes occurred in two symptomless patients who had low lymphocyte protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity but normal fecal porphyrin excretion. These results show that the primary site of skin damage in VP is the vessel wall, and that histopathological changes of the skin also occur in porphyric patients who have never had skin symptoms. Factors determining the occurrence of skin symptoms in VP are discussed.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 282 (1990), S. 434-441 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Schlagwort(e): Hair cycle ; Human hair follicle ; Connective tissue sheath ; Hyaline membrane ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Ultrastructural changes of the connective tissue sheath (CTS), including the hyaline membrane, of human hair follicles during the hair cycle, were studied in normal scalp skin specimens. In early anagen, the CTS was composed of a thin basal lamina and surrounding collagen tissue. The collagen tissue gradually thickened during the development of the hair and hair follicle. In mature anagen hair follicles, the collagen tissue was separated into three layers. The inner collagen layer, just outside the basal lamina, was thin and composed of collagen fibres running longitudinally parallel to the hair axis. The middle collagen layer was very thick with its collagen fibres running transversely against the hair axis and surrounding the inner hair tissue. Many fibroblasts were present among the collagen fibres in the middle layer, whereas the inner layer contained almost none. In the outer collagen layer, collagen fibres ran in various directions parallel to the outer surface of the outer root sheath cells. In late anagen, the basal lamina became very thick. In catagen, the basal lamine and the inner collagen layer became corrugated and showed oedematous change and degeneration. Surrounding fibroblasts showed active production of new collagen fibres, which seemed to fill the spaces left by the retraction of the hair follicle and hyaline membrane. These ultrastructural changes of the CTS show that there may be dynamic metabolic changes of the connective tissue around human hair follicles during the hair cycle.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Schlagwort(e): Intercellular junctions ; Multicellularity in prokaryotes ; Bacterial magnetotaxis ; Ultrastructure ; Bacterial co-ordination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A many-called magnetotactic prokaryote obtained from brackish water was observed to possess intercellular connections at points of contact between the outer membranes of constituent cells. Each aggregate organism consisted of 10 to 30 individual Gram-negative cells containing material with the appearance of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and magnetosomes of unusual arrangement, structure and composition. The aggregate, which possessed prokaryotic-type flagella arranged at the outwards surfaces of each cell, showed motility indicative of co-ordination between individual component cells. These results suggest that this organism could be a multicellular prokaryote.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 116 (1990), S. 517-524 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Schlagwort(e): Tumor vascularization ; Tumor blood flow ; Xenograft ; Nude mouse ; Vascular corrosion cast ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy ; Heterogeneity ; Vessel morphology ; Morphometry ; Necrosis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary This study was designed to examine the vascular system of human xenotransplanted tumors on nude mice with different complementary morphometrical and morphological methods. The vascular system shows a chaotic arrangement. There is an extreme heterogeneity in the vascular distribution and density. Large avascular regions could be identified in several non-necrotic tumors. There was no clear difference in the vascular density between the center and the periphery of the tumors, nor was there any zonal correlation for the distribution of the necrosis. With three-dimensional corrosion casts it could be demonstrated that clusters of vessels were directly beneath areas almost free of vessels. In the center, vessels often form a sinusoidal system with numerous blind ends without clearly discernible endothelial cells. Numerous irregular tumor-cell-lined sinusoids are visible next to endothelial-lined vessels with transmission electron microscopy. With scanning electron microscopy it could be demonstrated that large-calibre endotheliazed vessels were found in the direct vicinity or in the center of non-viable zones. Even large-calibre vessels have a capillary wall structure. Sometimes, a basement membrane cannot be observed at all or only incompletely. There are numerous indications of vascular discontinuities and leaks with a widespread intercellular occurrence of blood cells.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal cortex ; Tissue culture ; Corticosterone ; Ultrastructure ; Lipoproteins ; Mevinolin ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The present study was undertaken to define the effects of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol and endogenous, de novo synthesized cholesterol on the ultrastructure and function of undifferentiated rat adrenocortical cells [lipoprotein (HDL3 and LDL) receptor-negative, zona glomerulosa-like adrenocortical cells] in primary culture. For this purpose human plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL3) or low density lipoprotein (LDL) was added to culture medium devoid of cholesterol. Steroid secretion remained at the low basal level even after addition of lipoproteins, and the amount of intracellular lipid droplets did not increase. When mevinolin (0.96 µg/ml), an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, was added to the culture medium, a low secretion of corticosterone was measured both in serum-free and serum-containing media. Ultrastructurally, lipid droplets disappeared after treatment with mevinolin in both media used. At this concentration of mevinolin cell proliferation was similar to that in the controls, but at higher concentrations (4.8 or 9.6 µg/ml) proliferation was inhibited to 42% and 26% in serum-free medium, and 20% and 12% in serum-supplemented medium, respectively. This study demonstrates that cell proliferation and synthesis of corticosterone by undifferentiated rat adrenocortical cells is identical in the absence or presence of exogenous lipoprotein cholesterol. Inhibition of de novo cholesterol synthesis by mevinolin over a period of 7 days does not inhibit corticosterone secretion or proliferation of cells but decreases the amount of intracellular lipid droplets, thus suggesting utilization of intracellular cholesterol esters. However, higher concentrations of mevinolin inhibit proliferation of cells both in serum-free and serum-containing media.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 260 (1990), S. 495-505 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cuticle ; Epithelium, branchial ; Gills ; Hemocoel ; Histology ; Ultrastructure ; Carcinus maenas (Crustacea)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The phyllobranchiate gills of the green shore crab Carcinus maenas have been examined histologically and ultrastructurally. Each gill lamella is bounded by a chitinous cuticle. The apical surface of the branchial epithelium contacts this cuticle, and a basal lamina segregates the epithelium from an intralamellar hemocoel. In animals acclimated to normal sea water, five epithelial cell types can be identified in the lamellae of the posterior gills: chief cells, striated cells, pillar cells, nephrocytes, and glycocytes. Chief cells are the predominant cells in the branchial epithelium. They are squamous or low cuboidal and likely play a role in respiration. Striated cells, which are probably involved in ionoregulation, are also squamous or low cuboidal. Basal folds of the striated cells contain mitochondria and interdigitate with the bodies and processes of adjacent cells. Pillar cells span the hemocoel to link the proximal and distal sides of a lamella. Nephrocytes are large, spherical cells with voluminous vacuoles. They are rimmed by foot processes or pedicels and frequently associate with the pillar cells. Glycocytes are pleomorphic cells packed with glycogen granules and multigranular rosettes. The glycocytes often mingle with the nephrocytes. Inclusion of the nephrocytes and glycocytes as members of the branchial epithelium is justified by their participation in intercellular junctions and their position internal to the epithelial basal lamina.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 260 (1990), S. 601-616 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Autonomic ganglia ; Catecholamines ; Intestines ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure ; Domestic fowl (Aves)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An ultrastructural study was made of the neurons, satellite cells and vesiculated axons of the intestinal nerve of the domestic fowl. Broad membrane-to-membrane contacts between adjacent nerve cell bodies were sometimes observed. The cell bodies and processes were not always separated from the extracellular space by a capsule of satellite cells. Following fixation using potassium permanganate, catecholamine (CA)-containing neurons in the intestinal nerve, unlike those in the lumbar parasympathetic ganglia, did not possess any small granular vesicles (SGV). Following exposure to noradrenaline, SGV could be demonstrated in the cell bodies of the juxta-ileal ganglia but not the juxta-rectal ganglia of the intestinal nerve. Non-CA axons were examined in tissue from birds that had been pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine. Approximately one half of the non-CA axons formed axo-somatic contacts. Most of the non-CA axons contained varying proportions of small clear vesicles, large clear vesicles and large granular vescles. Statistical analysis showed that the non-CA axons could not be subdivided according to their vesicle content. CA-axons contained many SGV and were found in close apposition to neuronal somata and processes, and in the neuropil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Stomach ; Enteroendocrine cells ; Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell ; Enterochromaffin cell (EC) ; Histamine ; Ultrastructure ; Secretory granules ; Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An ultrastructural study of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the gastric mucosa of the white-belly opossum Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia) was carried out. In parallel, histochemical methods were used at the light-microscopical level to demonstrate argentaffin cells, argyrophilic cells, and serotonin- and histamine-immunoreactive elements. Argentaffin and serotonin-immunoreactive cells were scattered, and argyrophilic cells were numerous, within the full thickness of the mucosa. Argyrophilic cell distribution was similar to that of histamine-immunoreactive elements. At the electron-microscopical level, the oxyntic mucosa of D. albiventris presented endocrine cells with secretory granules morphologically similar to those of the ECL cell of eutherian mammals. However, in this marsupial, the ECL cell exhibited a variable mixture of two distinct types of secretory granules: (1) granules with the morphological appearance of the eutherian ECL cell, and (2) granules morphologically similar to those of the eutherian enterochromaffin (EC) cells. Based on this morphological pattern of the ECL cell granules, it is proposed that in the oxyntic mucosa of the opossum D. albiventris, the EC and ECL cells represent distinct steps in the same line of cell differentiation; the ECL cell should also be a site of histamine storage.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal cortex ; Differentiation ; Tissue culture ; Mevinolin ; Steroids ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Mevinolin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, was used to study the effect of endogenous cholesterol synthesis on the morphology and function of differentiating and differentiated fetal rat adrenocortical cells grown in primary culture. Upon adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation under conditions in which endogenous cholesterol synthesis was inhibited but exogenous (lipoprotein) cholesterol was available, the cells differentiated normally from glomerulosa-like to fasciculata-like cells; the steroid hormone secretion was maximally induced. Under conditions in which cholesterol synthesis was maximally inhibited by mevinolin and the cells had no access to exogenous cholesterol, the cells did not differentiate into fasciculata-like cells; the ACTH-induced steroid response was highly suppressed under these conditions. The addition of either human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or high-density lipoprotein (HDL3) to the culture medium restored the ACTH-induced differentiation and steroid secretion. Thus, in the absence of exogenous cholesterol, endogenous cholesterol synthesis was a prerequisite for differentiation. In cultures grown in the presence of exogenous cholesterol and ACTH with mevinolin-inhibited cholesterol synthesis and high steroid output, an increase in cytoplasmic lipids was evident, suggesting upregulation of LDL and HDL receptors. The results also demonstrated that induction of phenotypic differentiation from glomerulosalike into fasciculata-like cells can proceed in the presence of a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor like mevinolin; this differentiation in the absence of endogenous cholesterol synthesis is accompanied by the appearance of cytoplasmic cholesterol ester droplets, typical of fasciculata cells.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Atrial appendage ; Atrial-specific granules ; Atrial natriuretic polypeptides ; Exocytosis ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Atrial appendage cardiocytes of mammals, including man, contain multiple cytoplasmic granules that vary in number in different physiological states. Using morphologic and comprehensive morphometric techniques, these granules were assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats following dehydration for 5 days, volume-loading by substituting 1% NaCl as drinking water for 7 days, unilateral nephrectomy plus volume-loading for 7 days, and in late term pregnant animals (18–20 days; term ≈21 days). Although principally located in the paranuclear region, granules were observed throughout the sarcoplasm. Cytological features indicative of synthetic activity and granule formation were readily apparent in all groups with the exception of pregnant rats where they were infrequently observed. Granule contents were released by exocytosis and observed in the right appendage of control, dehydrated and nephrectomy/volume-loaded groups and left appendage of volumeloaded animals. Exocytosis was not observed in pregnant animals. By point counting, the proportional volume of cardiocytes occupied by granules (V v ) in controls was significantly greater for right than for left appendage (2.12±0.22% vs 1.29±0.16%; mean±SEM;p〈0.05). A significantly similar difference was found for nephrectomy/volume-loaded animals. There was no significant difference inV v for right appendage between the control and experimental groups; for left appendage there was a significant increase inV v to 2.42±0.09% (p〈0.05) for volume-loaded animals only. Estimation of the maximum diameter of granule profiles in control animals was 238±9 nm and 230±6 nm for right and left appendages, respectively. The profile diameters in the left appendages of dehydrated (202±9 nm) and pregnant (200±7 nm) animals were significantly (p〈0.05) less than those of the control animals. The morphometric findings did not correlate with predictions based upon published biochemical data. In the course of this study, a previously unreported bimembranous, circular to ovoid structure was observed in the cardiocyte sarcoplasm of all animals; the nature and function of this structure is unknown.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 259 (1990), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Photoreceptor cells ; Ultrastructure ; Volumetric change ; Light/dark cycle ; Lampetra japonica (Cyclostomata)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Short photoreceptor cells of the lamprey retina exhibited a 30% increase in the width of the myoid process and a 20% increase in that of the axonal process during a 12-h light period, compared to the measurements obtained during a 12-h dark period. An increase in the amount of cytoplasm, dilation of ER cisterns, and swelling of the nucleus appeared to cause the enlargement of the myoid parts. Accumulation of synaptic vesicles occurred concurrently with a thickening of the axonal process. These morphological changes presumably represent a phase of the diurnal cycle and current synaptic activity of the short cell. By contrast, the long photorecpetor cell showed neither measurable changes nor any indication of “retinomotor movement”.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons ; Paraventricular organ ; Posterior recess organ ; Somatostatin ; Serotonin ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Dogfish,Squalus acanthias skate,Raja radiata (Elasmobranchii)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The paraventricular organ (PVO) and the posterior recess organ (PRO) of two elasmobranch species, the spiny dogfish,Squalus acanthias, and the skate,Raja radiata, were investigated by use of scanning and transmission electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry employing a series of primary antisera. The PVO and PRO contained four types of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons. One type was free of secretory granules and projected a dendrite-like process into the ventricle. The other three types were distinguished according to the size of their secretory granules. The ventricular extensions of these cells were filled with secretory granules. By means of immunocytochemistry three types of CSF-contacting neurons were observed in the PVO and PRO. Type I contained only serotonin; type 2 displayed only somatostatin; type 3 was endowed with both serotonin and somatostatin. Type I dominated in the PRO, whereas type 3 was the most frequent in the PVO. The latter cells appear to be the site of origin of a loose tract formed by serotonin- and somatostatinimmunoreactive fibers projecting from the PVO into the neuropil of the PRO. Compact bundles formed exclusively by serotonin fibers were also shown to extend between the PVO and PRO. The basal processes of the CSF-contacting neurons of the PRO penetrated into the underlying neuropil. This neuropil is rich in synapses and can be regarded as an integrative area to which the basal processes of the local CSF-contacting neurons, serotonin and somatostatin fibers from the PVO, and fibers containing immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone of unknown origin, support a conspicuous input. The present findings indicate that the PVO and PRO of elasmobranchs are functionally integrated structures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Median eminence ; Catecholamines ; Neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Double labeling ; Ultrastructure ; Triturus alpestris (Urodela)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Dopaminergic and peptidergic nerve fibers were simultaneously demonstrated with a double-labeling technique at the ultrastructural level. The first antibody, raised against tyrosine hydroxylase, was applied during the preembedding phase and visualized with the peroxidase method. The second antibody, raised against one of the peptides met-enkephalin, somatostatin or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), was applied to the ultrathin sections and visualized with gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG. The fibers of both categories were present in the zona externa of the median eminence, frequently contacting the basal lamina of the portal vessels. In addition, topographical relationships between different types of nerve fibers were observed in the perivascular areas, although there were no morphological signs of synaptic specializations. Using serial sections, it could be established that one GnRH-fiber contacted both a dopaminergic fiber and a fiber immunoreactive for met-enkephalin. The observations support earlier physiological data concerning the regulation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis, with special emphasis on the release of neurohormones in the median eminence of the newt.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 259 (1990), S. 599-602 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Crystalloids ; Filaments ; Sertoli cells ; Testis ; Ultrastructure ; Three-toed sloth,Bradypus tridactylus (Edentata)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Crystalloids were found in Sertoli cells of the testis of the three-toed sloth by examination at the lightand electron-microscopic levels. Needle-, or spindle-shaped crystalloids, varying in length, were located in the basal part of the Sertoli cells. They consisted of bundles of filaments each measuring ~ 11 nm in diameter. Several filaments were packed hexagonally to form a bundle. The center-to-center distance between individual filaments of a bundle was ~ 17 nm. Periodical lateral projections emanated from the filaments. Cross sections of crystalloids showed that the projections radiated from each filament in three directions, forming an equilateral triangle with a side length of ~ 15 nm. Scattered polyribosomes were found between and around the bundles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 260 (1990), S. 469-477 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Testis ; Interstitial tissue ; Leydig cells ; Lymphatics ; Ultrastructure ; Spinifex hopping mouse ; Notomys alexis (Rodentia)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The organization of testicular interstitial tissue of the spinifex hopping mouse, Notomys alexis differs from that of other rodents. It comprises between 10.3% and 17.3% (average 15.0%) of the total testicular volume, and is variable in its organization both at different locations within the testis of the one animal and among different individuals. Abundant, closely packed Leydig cells are usually present; however, in some regions large, thick-walled blood vessels and extensive peritubular lymphatic spaces, often lacking an endothelium adjacent to the Leydig cells, are also prominent. The Leydig cells in contact with the large blood vessels and lymphatics, unlike those in regions where lymph is sparse, are not densely packed and sometimes contain numerous lipid droplets. Ultrastructure of Leydig cells is typical of steroid-producing cells; however, mitochondria are often extremely large, unusual in shape or bizarely arranged in relation to one another. Also electrondense bodies displaying a paracrystalline-like internal structure of parallel, electron-dense filaments arranged in a lattice pattern occur in the cytoplasm of many cells. The significance of these unusual ultrastructural features and the organization of the interstitial tissue remain to be determined conclusively, but may relate to steroid synthesis, secretion and uptake.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Heart ; Freshwater fish ; Seawater fish ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Radioimmunoassay ; Cyprinus carpio (Teleostei) ; Narke japonica (Elasmobranchii) ; Eptatretus burgeri (Cyclostomata)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The immunoreactivity of atrial natriuretic peptide and ultrastructure of cardiocytes were examined in 5 species each of freshwater and seawater teleosts, as well as in 2 species each of elasmobranchs and cyclostomes. Immunoreactivity was strong in the atria of Cyprinus carpio, Anguilla japonica and Conger myriaster, rather weak in atria of Channa maculata, Lepomis macrochirus, Salmo gairdneri, Oplegnathus fasciatus and Eptatretus burgeri, very weak in atria of Pagrus major, Trachurus japonicus and Triakis scyllia, and not detectable in atria of Hexagrammos otakii, Narke japonica and Lampetra japonica. The immunoreactivity of the atrial cardiocytes was generally stronger in freshwater than seawater fish. Ventricular immunoreactivity was detected only in 7 species, always being weaker than that observed in the atrium. Ultrastructurally, however, secretory granules were found in atria and ventricles of all species examined, being more frequent in the former than the latter. By radioimmunoassay, immunoreactive ANP was detected in the extracts of blood plasma and both atrial and ventricular tissues of all species examined. There were no statistically significant differences in the values between freshwater and seawater species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 261 (1990), S. 423-430 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Hepatocytes ; Liver ; Ultrastructure ; Digitonin perfusion ; Metabolic zonation ; Rat (Wistar)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary It has been shown that pulse perfusion of rat liver with a digitonin-containing medium results in a highly zonated hepatocyte permeabilization, allowing selective sampling of cytosolic constituents from periportal and perivenous (centrolobular) hepatocytes “in situ”. In the present paper we provide an ultrastructural evaluation of the perfusion method. Identical changes in hepatocytes from affected periportal and perivenous zones are found. Affected hepatocytes appear light (electron-lucent) in electron micrographs with a sharp transition to normal hepatocytes. The most conspicuous ultrastructural findings are: (1) transformation of the sinusoidal part of the light hepatocytes, the lipocyte processes and the endothelium of affected zones apparently unifying into a continuous layer dominated by disrupted plasma membranes and 7-nm filaments; (2) deposition of osmiophilic digitonin-cholesterol complexes along the sinusoidal plasma membranes of affected zones; and (3) reduction of the cytoplasmic matrix (cytosol) in the light hepatocytes, a dilation of the mitochondrial intermembrane space with a preserved mitochondrial matrix, and a dilation of cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. The ultrastructural findings are consistent with marker-enzyme activity measured in eluates from digitonin-perfused livers, except that lysosomes appear intact, apparently contrasting with the observed eluation of amyloglucosidase (Quistorff et al. 1985).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 261 (1990), S. 451-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Harderian gland ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Carbamylcholine ; Secretion ; Rat (Slc: SD)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary To determine the effect of cholinergic secretagogue on the Harderian gland of rats, several light- and electron-microscopic parameters were morphometrically assessed at different time intervals after carbamylcholine injection. In controls, two types of glandular cells (type A cells having 40–55 large vacuoles per cell profile and type B cells containing 30–38 smaller vacuoles per cell profile) and myoepithelial cells were recognized. At 5 min after injection of carbamylcholine, when rats secreted “bloody tears”, many alveoli showing narrower lumina and exocytotic figures in both types of cells were observed. Some vacuoles, which were covered by thin cytoplasmic sheets, protruded into the alveolar lumina. However, there was no evidence of apocrine or holocrine secretion. At 30 min and 120 min after injection, most of the alveolar lumina were dilated, and a pronounced decrease in the number of vacuoles in the glandular cells was observed. At 300 min after injection, the secretory vacuoles in both cell types reaccumulated. Transitional forms between the two cell types were not observed. The two types of Harderian gland cells can therefore be considered independent populations rather than different secretory stages of the same cell. It appears that the secretory process of the Harderian gland of rat is affected by cholinergic stimulation of the two types of glandular cells and of myoepithelial cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 261 (1990), S. 501-508 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Photoadaptation ; Stereology ; Ultrastructure ; Accumulation bodies ; Zooxanthellae ; Symbiodinium sp. ; Protozoa ; Dinoflagellata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Quantitative ultrastructural studies on the effects of visible and ultraviolet radiation on zooxanthellae in culture and in situ showed an inverse relationship between the volume fraction of chloroplast and irridiance. An independent effect of ultraviolet radiation was detected in cultured zooxanthellae only. The volume fraction of chloroplasts in cultured zooxanthellae and zooxanthellae in situ were the same, while the surface density of thylakoid lamellae relative to chloroplast volume in cultured zooxanthellae was less than in zooxanthellae in situ for all irradiances. Additionally, zooxanthellae in situ showed an effect of ultraviolet radiation on surface density of thylakoid lamellae. The response to different irradiances suggests a limit to photoadaptation by means of changing chloroplast volume, and that changes in thylakoid density are responsible for the continued photoadaptive plasticity observed. Flow cytometry and stereological studies show that the volume fraction of accumulation bodies within zooxanthellae increases with irradiance and ultraviolet radiation. Ultrastructurally, accumulation bodies do not resemble plant peroxisomes or glyoxysomes, while other inclusions observed in this stydy are suggestive of peroxisomes. This evidence suggests that accumulation bodies are not peroxisomes, but does support the previous assumptions concerning their role in autophagic processes.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 262 (1990), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Urinary bladder ; Smooth muscle ; Hypertrophy ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of the muscle of the urinary bladder in female rats is similar to that of other visceral muscles, although it is arranged in bundles of variable length, cross-section and orientation, forming a meshwork. When distended, the musculature is 100–120 μm thick, with some variation and occasional discontinuity. Extended areas of cell-to-cell apposition with uniform intercellular space occur between muscle cells, whereas attachment plaques for mechanical coupling are less common than in other visceral muscles. There are no gap junctions between muscle cells. Many bundles of microfilaments and small elastic fibres run between the muscle cells. After chronic partial obstruction of the urethra, the bladder enlarges and is about 15 times heavier, but has the same shape as in controls; the growth is mainly accounted for by muscle hypertrophy. The outer surface of the hypertrophic bladder is increased 6-fold over the controls; the muscle is increased 3-fold in thickness, and is more compact. Mitoses are not found, but there is a massive increase in muscle cell size. There is a modest decrease in percentage volume of mitochondria, an increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum, and no appreciable change in the pattern of myofilaments. Gap junctions between hypertrophic muscle cells are virtually absent. Intramuscular nerve fibres and vesicle-containing varicosities appear as common in the hypertrophic muscle as in controls. There is no infiltration of the muscle by connective tissue and no significant occurrence of muscle cell death.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Hibernation ; Ultrastructure ; Plasma renin activity ; Renal changes ; Spermophilus lateralis (Rodentia)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Chronological changes in renal glomerular morphology and plasma renin activity were investigated during active and hibernating periods in the golden-mantled ground squirrel Spermophilus lateralis. The objective of this study was to determine whether the glomerular endothelium, visceral epithelium (podocytes), basement membrane, mesangial cells, proximal convoluted tubule cells and plasma renin activity exhibit measurable sequential differences between as well as within active and hibernating states at various time points. Limitations in the size of the experimental population prevented an evaluation of changes in these parameters during other important periods such as periodic arousal between hibernation bouts. In this study, glomerular endothelial pore number and epithelial filtration slit number significantly decreased by early hibernation when compared to those during summer activity, and then they increased back toward summer levels by late hibernation. In contrast, podocytic pedicel width along the glomerular basement membrane increased from summer activity to early hibernation, before significantly decreasing again by late hibernation. Mesangial cell and proximal convoluted tubule cell activity appeared increased during hibernation as compared to summer activity, whereas the width of the glomerular basement membrane showed no significant alterations throughout. Plasma renin activity significantly increased during early hibernation and mid-hibernation when compared to summer levels but had decreased by late hibernation toward summer values. The glomerular and plasma renin activity changes observed in this study clearly illustrate the drastic structural and functional adjustments which hibernating species make during torpor and also correlate well with the reported decrease in renal perfusion pressure and urine formation during hibernation. The observed morphological changes during hibernation do not appear to be temperature-dependent, because significant alterations in most of the parameters studied occurred during this period despite the fact that cold-room temperatures were kept constant throughout. The chronological approach to this study and its morphometric evaluation represent a pilot attempt at accurately documenting these changes during two critical states in the hibernator's cycle and may eventually lead to the characterization of these changes during the entire circannual cycle.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 153 (1990), S. 178-185 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Cryptophyceae ; Dinoflagellate ; Dinophyceae ; Endosymbiosis ; Gymnodinium ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The freshwater dinoflagellateGymnodinium acidotum is known to harbor a cryptomonad endosymbiont whose chloroplasts give the organism its blue-green coloration. Every cell examined from a wild population possessed chloroplasts, mitochondria, and other organelles which are of endosymbiotic origin. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy revealed that only 33% of these cells possessed the nucleus of the endosymbiont. The lack of a cryptomonad nucleus in some cells did not appear to affect the cells' ability to photosynthesize or move in response to varying levels of illumination. This represents the first report of a host/endosymbiont relationship in which a significant number of individuals from a given population lack a major endosymbiont organelle.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 154 (1990), S. 122-131 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Cellulose degradation ; Ultrastructure ; Rumen ciliate ; Polyplastron multivesiculatum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The feeding behaviour of the rumen ciliatePolyplastron multivesiculatum has been studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In contrast to other large entodiniomorphs,Polyplastron scarcely attaches to plant substrata such as straw or alfalfa; however, it readily phagocytes cellulose fibres (like epidermal bristles of alfalfa) suspended in the rumen fluid. The different stages of ingestion and intracellular degradation of this particular substrate are described at the ultrastructural level. Engulfment involves active movements of the vestibular lips. The digestion follows a peculiar pattern (“permeative” way): the cellulose substrate is gradually decomposed in situ inside the primary digestive vacuole without large fragmentation or pinching off of small vesicles. Thus degradation products are not stored in secondary vesicular systems as they are for other plant substrates (“cytotic” way). Thus, there is no single or general pattern of cellulosic structures lysis in entodiniomorph rumen ciliates. Rather, several pathways can be observed, probably according to the nature of the ingested plant material.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Basidiomycetes ; Cytoplasmic connections ; Host-parasite interaction ; Tetragoniomyces uliginosus ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The cellular interaction ofTetragoniomyces uliginosus andRhizoctonia sp. was restudied by transmission electron microscopy. During the first stages of interaction a body of medium electron density is visible at the center of the haustorial apex in close association with the plasmalemma. A single micropore is produced between the haustorial filament and the host cell. Cytoplasmic connection via the pore always occurred. The pore membrane is continuous with the plasmalemma of both cells. The protoplasts of both the haustorium and the host cell fuse via the micropore. An electron transparent to dense body occlude the pore. Among basidiomycetes, direct connection between the parasite and host protoplasts represents a hitherto unknown type of parasitic interaction.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 154 (1990), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Selenium deficiency ; Culture medium ; Crustacea ; Daphnia magna ; Ultrastructure ; Cytopathology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The effect of selenium deprivation onDaphnia magna was examined under controlled rearing conditions in a synthetic culture medium. After three generations, fertility was significantly reduced in deprived (Se−) animals. Growth and mortality of parent daphnids and development of parthenogenetic eggs were not affected during this period. In the fourth generation Se− daphnids rejected parts of their second antennae. At the ultrastructural level antennal muscle tissue was severely affected. Animals deprived of selenium had mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum with myelin-like alterations. Giant lysosomes were present and complete lysis of muscle fibrils was observed in antennal muscle cells. These alterations are characteristic features of peroxidic damage in tissues. This interpretation is consistent with the function of selenium as a constituent of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase which protects cells from peroxidation. Selenium should be included in synthetic culture media for daphnids.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Ascodesmis nigricans ; Ascosporogenesis ; Freeze substitution fixation ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Freeze substitution proved to be a valuable technique for studying the early stages of ascosporogenesis inAscodesmis nigricans. Our observations indicate that the ascus vesicle originated from the ascus plasma membrane. Invaginations of the plasma membrane produced ascus vesicle initials consisting of two closely spaced unit membranes. The appearance of the outer leaflet of each of these membranes was identical to that of the inner leaflet of the ascus plasma membrane. Apparent points of continuity between ascus vesicle initials and the plasma membrane were observed. Ascus vesicle initials accumulated in the ascus cytoplasm near the plasma membrane and then coalesced to form the ascus vesicle, a peripheral, cylinder-like structure consisting of two closely spaced unit membranes that extended from the ascus apex to the ascus base. The ascus vesicle then became invaginated in a number of regions and subsequently gave rise to eight sheet-like segments, or ascosporedelimiting membranes, that encircled uninucleate segments of cytoplasm forming ascospore initials. Like the ascus vesicle, each ascospore-delimiting membrane consisted of two closely spaced unit membranes, the inner of which became the ascospore plasma membrane. The ascospore wall then developed between the spore plasma membrane and the outer membrane. Many details of ascospore maturation were clearly visible in freeze substituted samples.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 157 (1990), S. 3-18 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Chilling ; Cytomorphogenesis ; Heat ; “Heat shock granules” ; Micrasterias ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Exposure of growingMicrasterias cells to high (32°–36°C) and low (3°–10°C) temperatures produces changes in morphology that are accompanied by several ultrastructural alterations. Whereas low temperatures essentially cause simplification of cell ornamentation, a variety of cell malformations result from high temperature treatment. These are the loss of cell symmetry leading to markedly aberrant cell shapes and an increase of “main lobes” with reduced degree of differentiation. Preliminary studies indicate that a shift in the distribution of membrane-associated Ca2+ by elevated temperatures probably underlies these abnormal cytomorphogenetic events. Both, low and high temperature cause a reduction in size of the young half cell and affect cytoplasmic streaming. Moreover, nuclear migration is retarded and chloroplast arrangement is influenced by temperature treatment at both ranges. Growth velocity of primary wall responsible for cell shaping is increased at high and slowed down at low temperatures compared to cells grown at 20°C. The main ultrastructural alterations induced by high temperatures are an increase in amount and length of ER cisternae, the appearance of “heat shock granule” aggregations localized in the cytoplasm, a reduced number of ribosomes and polysomes, the presence of oil bodies in growing cells and a varying thickness of the primary wall. Influences of low temperatures on ultrastructure are less pronounced. They are manifested in the formation of large aggregations of ER cisternae slightly differing from those found in untreated cells, a disturbed arrangement of the microtubule system surrounding the nucleus and a decrease of the number of cell wall forming cytoplasmic vesicles. It is thought that most of the temperature effects are due to an influence on membranes probably an alteration of ionic currents and, in addition, a modulation of normal protein synthesis.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 156 (1990), S. 9-18 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Esophageal glands ; Plant-parasitic nematodes ; Secretory granules ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The dorsal and subventral esophageal glands and their secretory granules in the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita changed during parasitism of plants. The subventral esophageal glands shrank and the dorsal gland enlarged with the onset of parasitism. While secretory granules formed by both types of glands were spherical, membrane-bound, and Golgi derived, the granules differed in morphology and size between the two types of glands. Subventral gland extensions in preparasitic second-stage juveniles were packed with secretory granules which varied in diameter from 700–1,100 nm and had a finely granular matrix. Within the matrix of each subventral gland granule was an electron-transparent core that contained minute spherical vesicles. The size and position of the core varied within different granules. Few granules were present in the dorsal gland extension in preparasitic juveniles. The matrix of dorsal gland secretory granules formed during parasitism was homogeneous and more electron-dense than the matrix of subventral gland granules. Subventral gland secretory granules of parasitic juveniles and adult females appeared degenerate.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 156 (1990), S. 45-56 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Cytochemistry ; Grasses ; Microhairs ; Partitioning membranes ; Polysaccharides ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Secretory activities of bicellular microhairs from grasses belonging to the subfamilies Chloridoideae, Arundinoideae, Panicoideae, and Bambusoideae, and including the “chloridoid”, “panicoid” and “Enneapogon” microhair morphological types, have been investigated. Light microscopic histochemistry indicated that all microhairs studied secrete polysaccharide and protein (or glycoprotein), including those which also secrete salt. Localization of polysaccharide at ultrastructural level using periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazidesilver proteinate staining revealed that in “panicoid type” microhairs dictyosomes are involved in polysaccharide secretion, whereas in the “chloridoid” and “Enneapogon” types “partitioning membranes” seem to be involved instead.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Tetraselmis striata ; Prasinophyceae ; Flagellar scales ; Isolation ; Purification ; Ultrastructure ; Biochemical composition ; 2-keto-sugar acids ; Polypeptide composition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Flagellar scales from the green flagellateTetraselmis striata (Prasinophyceae) were isolated, purified by isopycnic cesium chloride-gradient and zonal sucrose gradient centrifugation and their structure and biochemical composition investigated. Three types of flagellar scales were purified to more than 90% purity, a fourth type up to 75% purity. In addition to the previously known types of flagellar scales (pentagonal scales, rod-shaped scales, hair-scales), a novel scale type (i.e., the knotted scales) was discovered. New information about the asymmetric structure of the rod-shaped scales is presented and consequently they are renamed “man scales”. Flagellar scales consist mainly of carbohydrate (50–70%), significant amounts of protein (11% of dry weight) were found only in pentagonal scales. The main sugars (90%) of the pentagonal and man scales are the unusual 2-keto-sugar acids 3-deoxy-5-O-methyl-2-octulosonic acid (5 OMeKDO), 3-deoxy-2-heptulosaric acid (DHA), and 3-deoxy-2-octulosonic acid (KDO), the knotted scales contain as major sugars galactose and arabinose in addition to KDO and 5 OMeKDO but lack DHA. 13 major polypeptides were identified in flagellar scales by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE, 11 of these are of high molecular mass (〉116 kDa). While the majority of polypeptides was found associated with pentagonal scales, at least 4 polypeptides were tentatively assigned to the hair-scales and knotted scales.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 247 (1990), S. 93-96 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Vestibule ; Acoustic neurinoma ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The vestibular sensory epithelia from two patients with acoustic neurinomas were examined ultrastructurally. Both patients had first undergone posterior fossa operations 8 months and 3 years before residual tumors in the acoustic canals were removed by a secondary translabyrinthine operation. Labyrinthine sensory tissues were also removed for microscopic studies. In case 1, the utricular macula and the lateral and anterior cristae were observed, with all sensory epithelia showing fairly normal findings. Myelinated nerve fibers below the sensory epithelia also appeared normal. In case 2, only the utricular macula could be observed. The sensory epithelium showed severe degeneration, disappearing sensory cells and increasing cytoplasmic filaments of both the sensory cell and the supporting cell. Myelinated nerve fibers below the sensory epithelia were only rarely found.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 247 (1990), S. 156-160 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium distribution ; Rat middle ear mucosa ; Electron spectroscopic imaging ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cations were precipitated with potassiumpyroantimonate in the middle ear mucosa of the rat and the distribution of the formed precipitates was studied by electron microscopy. The precipitate density in various cells of the different epithelia of the middle ear mucosa was determined on electron micrographs by counting the number of precipitates per unit area. Electron spectroscopic imaging was also performed to obtain information about the spatial distribution of the precipitates and their elemental composition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 248 (1990), S. 49-52 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Kartagener's syndrome ; Immotile cilia ; Ultrastructure ; Tannic acid ; Dynein arm
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Kartagener's syndrome has been characterized by a primary ultrastructural abnormality of the cilia which consequently impairs their movements. We used transmission electron microscopy with tannic acid staining to investigate the fine structure of the cilia from the nasal mucosa of a 7-year-old girl with Kartagener's syndrome. The staining technique employed was useful for visualizing the dynein arms and protofilaments of the microtubules of the cilia. Although 15% of the cilia examined demonstrated microtubular disarrangements, these findings were considered to be acquired changes due to chronic sinusitis. No abnormal ciliary ultrastructures specific to Kartagener's syndrome, such as absence of dynein arms, were detected in this study. In such cases without any abnormal ciliary ultrastructures, it is conceivable that some other unknown factor may be involved in the impaired ciliary movement.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 27 (1990), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Schlagwort(e): Diurnal ; Histology ; Photoperiod ; Cones ; Rods ; Ultrastructure ; Fish vision
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Synopsis At high latitudes, such as in Iceland, the daily photoperiod varies from almost continuous darkness in winter to virtually constant light in summer. Previous studies of detailed retinal structure in vertebrates have shown significant daily and annual effects of photoperiod. We sampled arctic charr in Iceland during the summer, including fish that were both light- and dark-adapted, during both day and night. We observed retinomotor responses characteristic of light- and dark-adaptation, but found no difference in the number of synaptic ribbons in the retina. The morpho-physiological changes, appearing as retinomotor responses, are thus not expressed at the synaptic level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 14 (1990), S. 106-125 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Schlagwort(e): Aging ; Ultrastructure ; Liver volume ; Lysosomes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: Aging is accompanied by a myriad of changes in cell structure, function, and composition. The fact that much of the information concerning age-related alterations in cellular morphology is qualitative precludes meaningful correlations with biochemical changes in order to enhance data interpretation. The mammalian liver has been subjected to both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of hepatocyte structure as a function of aging, i.e., development, maturation, and senescence. Although these data are characterized by considerable variability and, in some instances, blatant contradictions, there exists sufficient agreement in several parameters to permit a consensus in the inbred rat model. Certainly the volume of individual hepatocytes increases with age, and many of the organelle compartments reflect this change. While old rats exhibit a high incidence of polyploidy, there is no definitive evidence to demonstrate a concomitant increase in the binuclear hepatocyte index. Several specific hepatocellular organelles undergo changes in their relative volume or surface area that appear to correlate with functional alterations. The volume density of the lysosomal compartment enlarges significantly during senescence and is accompanied by increased activities of several constituent hydrolases. The hepatic concentration of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum declines markedly with aging, as does the yield of liver microsomes and the activities of several microsomal enzymes, e.g., mono-oxygenases and glucose-6-phosphatase. However, the responses of the majority of hepatocyte organelles to aging is varied and inconsistent based on the limited data currently available.
    Zusätzliches Material: 20 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 14 (1990), S. 179-207 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Liver disease ; Hepatitis ; Alcoholic injury ; Storage diseases ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: Hepatocytes respond to injury by a few basic pathological reactions that are reflected in cell death, different types of degeneration, regeneration, or tumorous transformation. At the ultrastructural level, alterations of cell organelles can be observed in different combinations as a result of the injury, depending on the etiological agent(s) or pathological conditions developed. Nuclear bodies, dilation and fragmentation of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer), swelling of mitochondria, and an increased number of lysosomes occur during acute viral hepatitis. The core and surface components of the hepatitis B virus can be localized in the liver cells in chronic hepatitis and in carriers. Close contact of hepatocytic and lymphocytic cell membranes were observed in chronic active hepatitis. Hepatocytes surrounded by an increased amount of collagen fibers are characteristic of cirrhosis. Loosely arranged, fine fibrils or condensed forms of Mallory bodies are pathognomic for alcoholic injury. A wide spectrum of alterations are noted after drug treatment: the proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser) as an adaptive phenomenon, focal or complete necrosis of the cell, inflammation, and the like. The fine structural analysis of hepatocytic inclusions in storage diseases has a differential diagnostic value. The storage of copper and other elements can be measured by x-ray microanalysis. The study of the hepatocytic differentiation in liver tumors is highly important in establishing the diagnosis and in proving the hepatocytic origin of the tumor.
    Zusätzliches Material: 24 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 16 (1990), S. 93-114 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Biochemistry ; Maturation ; Comparative ; Oocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: This review of the anatomical, histological, biochemical, and molecular biological literature on echinoderm oogenesis includes the entire developmental history of oocytes; from their inception to the time they become ova. This is done from a comparative perspective, with reference to members of the five extant echinoderm classes; crinoids, holothurians, asteroids, ophiuroids, and echinoids. I describe the anatomy and fine structure of the echinoderm ovary, with emphasis on both the cellular relationships of the germ line cells to the somatic cells of the inner epithelium, and on the neuromuscular systems. I review the literature on the growth of oogonia into fully formed oocytes, including the process of vitellogenesis, presenting an ultrastructural analysis of the organelles and extracellular structures found in fully formed echinoderm oocytes. Echinoderm oocyte maturation is reviewed and a description of the ultrastructural, biochemical and molecular biological changes thought to occur during this process is presented. Finally, I discuss oocyte ovulation, the severing of cellular connections between the oocyte and its surrounding somatic epithelial cells.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 16 (1990), S. 202-234 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Schlagwort(e): Xenopus ; Meiosis ; Ultrastructure ; Intracellular signals ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: Amphibian oocytes, arrested in prophase I, are stimulated to progress to metaphase II by progesterone. This process is referred to as meiotic maturation and transforms the oocyte, which cannot support the early events of embryogenesis, into the egg, which can. Meiotic maturation entails global reorganization of cell ultrastructure: In the cell cortex, the plasma membrane flattens and the cortical granules undergo redistribution. In the cell periphery, the annulate lamellae disassemble and the mitochondria become dispersed. In the cell interior, the germinal vesicle becomes disassembled and the meiotic spindles form. Marked changes in the cytoskeleton and mRNA distribution also occur throughout the cell. All of these events are temporally correlated with intracellular signalling events: Fluctuations in cAMP levels, changes in pH, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, and ion flux changes. Evidence suggests that specific intracellular signals are responsible for specific reorganizations of ultrastructure and mRNA distribution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 15 (1990), S. 20-33 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Schlagwort(e): Catecholamines ; Ultrastructure ; Synaptic terminals ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: The monoamines dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and serotonin as well as the diamine histamine have a widespread distribution in the central nervous system within synaptic terminals and nonsynaptic varicosities. In certain regions of the central nervous system the monoamines are contained in varicosities that have no synaptic specialization associated with them, suggesting a possible neuromodulatory role for some of the monoamines. The majority of monoamine labelled structures are synaptic terminals which are characterized by the presence of small, clear vesicles (40-60 nm) and large, granular vesicles (70-120 nm) within the terminal. A third population of vesicles - small, granular vesicles - which are visible only after histochemical staining, are probably the equivalent of the small, clear vesicles present after either autoradiographic or immunohistochemical labelling. Most monoamine containing terminals contact dendrites and dendritic spines and, less frequently, neuronal somata and other axons. Both asymmetrical and symmetrical membrane specializations are associated with monoaminergic terminals; however, asymmetrical contacts are the most frequent type found. These ultrastructural results indicate that monoamine containing terminals and varicosities in general share many common morphological features, but still have diverse functions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 15 (1990), S. 352-368 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Schlagwort(e): Lectins ; Ultrastructure ; Visual system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) is a plant lectin that is anterogradely transported by neurons in the central nervous system. PHA-L is selectively taken up by cells at iontophoretic injection sites and, when immunohistochemically demonstrated, labels individual neurons completely, including their dendrites, axons, and terminal boutons. PHA-L is generally not taken up by fibers passing through the injection site and, because it produces a Golgi-like staining of even very fine axons over long distances, it is sometimes possible to light microscopically reconstruct individual neurons and their entire axon terminal arbors. When prepared for electron microscopy, the PHA-L-labeled terminals are densely and completely stained, allowing their synaptic relationships to be defined. These properties make PHA-L advantageous for studying the patterns of projection and the modes of termination of select groups of neurons in their target nuclei.We used PHA-L to study the extraretinal innervation of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, a thalamic visual center. Although much is known about the retinal contribution to geniculate synaptic circuitry, relatively little is known about other sources of innervation, even though these provide the majority of synaptic terminals in the nucleus (Guillery: Z. Zellforsch., 96:1-38, 39-48, 1969; Wilson et al.: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.], 221:441-436, 1984). We used both light and electron microscopy to describe synaptic circuitry from three extraretinal sources of projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus: the visual cortex, the perigeniculate nucleus, and the parabrachial region of the brainstem. Cortical terminals labeled with PHA-L were small and formed asymmetrical synaptic contacts onto small-caliber dendrites of geniculate neurons. Peri-geniculate terminals formed symmetrical synaptic contacts primarily onto small-caliber dendrites, but some synapses were also formed onto the proximal, retinorecipient portions of geniculate dendrites. Parabrachial terminals synaptically contacted the retinorecipient portions of dendritic appendages and shafts, small-caliber dendrites, and the specialized dendritic (F2) terminals of geniculate interneurons. The symmetry of the parabrachial synaptic contacts was variable and was related to the postsynaptic target. Contacts onto dendritic appendages were asymmetrical while those onto dendritic shafts and F2 terminals were symmetrical. Our data suggest that in unlabeled material these brainstem terminals would be difficult to distinguish from cortical or perigeniculate profiles. The positioning of the parabrachial input onto the retinorecipient portions of geniculate dendrites indicates that this projection is well situated to control primary retinal transmission through the nucleus, while the location of most cortical and perigeniculate innervations implicates them in secondary feedback interactions or other aspects of geniculate function.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 16 (1990), S. 2-14 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Schlagwort(e): Intestine ; Epithelium ; Mucous cells ; Nucleolus ; Cell kinetics ; Ultrastructure ; Protein synthesis ; RNA synthesis ; Stem cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: This article is a summary of our work of several years on the renewal of the intestinal epithelium. A combination of ultrastructural, radioautographic, and light microscopic analyses was carried out using normal tissue and tissue affected by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. Measuring protein synthesis by 3H-leucine radioautography showed that the life span of the columnar (absorptive) cells in the rat small intestine was divisible into two main phases: differentiation (from stem to functional cell) and maturation (from functional to extruding cell), each phase and its subdivisions being well defined morphologically. Differentiation involved a linear rise in the rate of protein synthesis per cell and showed at the same time heterochromatinization and silencing of RNA transcription. Data from various experiments indicated that the cells functioned from stored information (RNA), part of which came from the nucleolus, which underwent marked and characteristic ultrastructural changes. Although transcription from rDNA ceased, the nucleolus released its ribosomal material, which added to the existing protein synthesis, presumably by recruiting excess stored mRNAs. Maturation involved a nearly linear decrease of the rate of protein synthesis per cell to a characteristic low value at which extrusion took place. A gradual exhaustion of the stored RNA was indicated to be the key factor in this decrease. Ultrastructurally, maturation was associated with a gradually increasing vesiculation of rER and Golgi. The results thus imply a regulatory role of cellular protein synthesis level in renewal. This would be an epigenetic response after the genes are silenced. The nucleolus seems to play a central role in this process, and this in turn is reflected in its characteristic ultrastructural changes. The work also included new observations on the epithelium of the rat ascending colon describing a hitherto unrecognized deep crypt mucus-secretory (“DCS”) cell which is a nongoblet mature cell type apparently arising from midcrypt mitoses. In between the DCS cells, occasional slender columnar cells were seen which displayed the ultrastructural features of stem cells. These were probably reserve stem cells. We also observed nongoblet deep crypt mucous cells in the human right colon although fewer in number than in the rat. Nucleolar regulation and the presence of reserve stem cells represent new dimensions in our understanding of renewal. Electron microscopy is an essential tool in this investigation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 15 (1990), S. 2-19 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Schlagwort(e): Acetylcholine ; Cholinergic fibers ; Electron microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: Cholinergic synapses can be identified in immunocytochemical preparations by the use of monoclonal antibodies and specific antisera to choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme for acetylcholine (ACh) and a specific marker for cholinergic neurons. Electron microscopic studies demonstrate that the fibers and varicosities observed in light microscopic preparations of many brain regions are small-diameter unmyelinated axons and vesicle-containing boutons. The labeled boutons generally contain clear vesicles and one or more mitochondrial profiles. Many of these boutons form synaptic contacts, and the synapses are frequently of the symmetric type, displaying thin postsynaptic densities and relatively short contact zones. However, ChAT-labeled synapses with asymmetric junctions are also observed, and their frequency varies among different brain regions. Unlabeled dendritic shafts are the most common postsynaptic elements in virtually all regions examined although other neuronal elements, including dendritic spines and neuronal somata, also receive some cholinergic innervation. ChAT-labeled boutons form synaptic contacts with several different types of unlabeled neurons within the same brain region. Such findings are consistent with a generally diffuse pattern of cholinergic innervation in many parts of the central nervous system. Despite many similarities in the characteristics of ChAT-labeled synapses, there appears to be some heterogeneity in the cholinergic innervation within as well as among brain regions. Differences are observed in the sizes of ChAT-immunoreactive boutons, the types of synaptic contacts, and the predominant postsynaptic elements. Thus, the cholinergic system presents interesting challenges for future studies of the morphological organization and related function of cholinergic synapses.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 15 (1990), S. 144-154 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Spiral ganglion ; Ontogenesis ; Myelination ; TII neurons ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: The development of the spiral ganglion in the cat, the rat, and the mouse was studied by electron microscopy, from fetal stages in the cat and from birth in the rodent. In the earliest stages, a single population of ganglion cells is present. Immature spiral ganglion neurons possess small perisomatic processes that seem to disappear with development, before the myelination ganglion cells are surrounded by one or two layers of Schwann cell processes. With maturation, the Schwann process increases in number around the perikaryon and its processes, which leads to the onset of myelination. The onset of myelination of the cell body processes is asynchronous. The perikaryon may be delayed in myelination by several days. Moreover, ganglion neurons from a given region of the cochlea do not myelinate simultaneously. The differentiation of two types of fibers in the intraganglionic spiral bundle and the first appearance of TII neurons occurs around birth in the cat and a few days after birth for the rat and the mouse. The distinction of TII cells is possible due to characteristic accumulation of neurofilamentous structures in the cytoplasm.
    Zusätzliches Material: 21 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 16 (1990), S. 257-280 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Schlagwort(e): Oocyte ; Maturation ; Ultrastructure ; Gap junction ; Cortex ; Mammal ; Granulosa ; Actin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: Immature mammalian oocytes reside in ovarian follicles with junctionally coupled granulosa cells. When released from a currently undefined meiotic arresting influence, these oocytes resume meiosis to progress from late diplotene (germinal vesicle stage) through the first meiotic division to metaphase II. Oocytes remain at metaphase II until fertilization activates them to complete meiosis. This review summarizes ultrastructural events that occur during meiotic maturation in mammals. Developmental correlates that promise a clearer understanding of regulatory mechanisms operating to control maturation are emphasized. By use of TEM of thin sections, freeze-fracture analysis, and replicated oocyte cortical patches, we demonstrate stage-specific changes in the oocyte nucleus, reorganization of cytoplasmic organelles, correlations between oocyte maturational commitment and the junctional integrity of associated granulosa cells, and definition of the components comprising the oocyte cortical cytoplasm.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 15 (1970), S. 34-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Necrosis of Muscle ; Dystrophy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die ultrastrukturellen und histochemischen Merkmale von drei Muskelfaserveränderungen — Faserverzweigung, große Fasern und nekrotische Fasern — wurden an 129 dystrophischen Bar Harbor-Mäusen untersucht. Die Pathogenese dieser Veränderungen, die als Schädigungsfolgen aufgefaßt werden, wird diskutiert. Obwohl diese Veränderungen nicht als spezifisch angesehen werden, sind sie doch charackteristisch für die Histopathologie der Muskeldystrophie, so daß das Verständnis des Mechanismus, der diese abnormen Muskelfasern hervorbringt, zur Kenntnis des dystrophischen Prozesses beitragen dürfte.
    Notizen: Summary Ultrastructural and histochemical features of three muscle fiber changes — branched fibers, large fibers and necrotic fibers — have been studied in Bar Harbor strain 129 dystrophic mice. The pathogenesis of these changes, which are considered to be responses to injury, have been discussed. Although these changes are not regarded as specific, they are characteristic of the histopathology of muscular dystrophy, so that an understanding of the mechanisms which produce these abnormal muscle fibers should contribute to the knowledge of the dystrophic process.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 16 (1970), S. 205-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Lipopigment, Neuronal and Glial ; Ultrastructure ; Fluorescence Microscopy ; Ageing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis der lipofuscinpigmenthaltigen Nervenzelleiber wurde in 20 relativen Tiefenniveaus der Großhirnrinde (Area 3) der Albinoratte mittels eines Integrationsoculars und der Chalkleyschen Treffermethode (1943) bestimmt. Der Anteil des von autofluorescierenden Granula eingenommenen Nervenzellvolumens wurde aus den obigen Daten errechnet. Die höchsten (Spitzen)-Werte wurden in Lamina Vb beobachtet (23% bei alten, 13% bei mittelalten und 6% bei jungen erwachsenen Ratten). Die Mittelwerte für die gesamte Rindentiefe erhöhen sich von 3% bei 100 Tage alten Ratten auf 6% bei 400 Tage alten bis auf 13% bei 630–700 Tage alten Ratten. Der anteilsmäßige Zuwachs im Relativvolumen des von Lipofuscinpigment eingenommenen Zelleibes vom jungen Erwachsenen-Alter bis zu hohem Alter war in Lamina III am größten, knapp gefolgt von Lamina II. Ultrastrukturuntersuchungen der Nervenzellen in Lamina V der Area 3 der Großhirnrinde bei jungen erwachsenen Tieren (150 Tage) und sehr alten (1200 Tage) Albinoratten ergaben, daß die elektronendichten Pigmentkörperchen in den Nervenzelleibern an Zahl und Größe mit dem Alterszuwachs der Tiere zunahmen. Diese Veränderungen waren von solchen der äußeren Konfiguration und inneren Struktur der Pigmentkörperchen sowie der Tendenz zur Gruppenbildung innerhalb der Perikarya begleitet. Ähnliche, wenn auch mehr variable Veränderungen wurden bei der Pigmentanhäufung innerhalb der perineuronalen Gliazellen festgestellt.
    Notizen: Summary The proportion of neuron somata occupied by lipofuscin pigments was determined at 20 relative depth levels throughout the depth of cerebral cortex (area 3) through the use of an integrating ocular and application of the Chalkley (1943) „hit” method. The proportion of the neuron soma volume occupied by autofluorescent granules was calculated from the above data. The highest (peak) values were observed in lamina Vb (23%-aged, 13%-middle age, and 6%-young adult). Mean values for the entire depth of cortex increased from 3% in 100 day rats to 6% in 400 days and 13% at 630–700 days. Theproportional increase in the relative volume of cell soma occupied by lipofuscin pigment from young adulthood to old age was greatest in lamina III, followed closely by lamina II. Ultrastructural studies of neurons in lamina V of cerebral cortical area 3 of young adult (150 day) and very aged (1200 day) albino rats revealed that electron-dense pigment bodies in neuron somata tended to increase in amount and size with increase in age of the animals. These changes were accompanied by changes in gross configurations and internal structure of the pigment bodies and a tendency to congregate in groups within the perikarya. Similar changes, although more variable, were observed in pigment accumulation within perineuronal glial cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Periostracum ; Gastropod ; Shell ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des glandes dorsales et ventrales, composées de larges cellules piriformes, situées à la périphérie de la paroi deLittorina, donnent respectivement naissance aux couches interne et externe du periostracum. Le matériel composant ce dernier provient de granules de sécrétion, élaborées au niveau de l'appareil de Golgi. Lorsque les granules golgiennes de la glande ventrale, contenant une substance, présentant une périodicité, déversent leur sécrétion en surface, en contact avec l'eau de mer, ce produit se disperse en particules, incluses dans un substrat. La formation du periostracum externe s'accompagne d'une réagrégation des particules sécrétoires golgiennes en une couche mince, présentant une structure périodique de 300 Å. En coupe transversale, le périostracum présente une structure régulièrement agencée, suggérant une nature cristalline. La couche externe atteint une épaisseur de 4–5 microns. La couche interne provient de granules de sécrétion de la glande dorsale. La formation de cette couche est identique à celle de la couche externe; cependant aucune périodicité n'y est visible. A l'état adulte, elle atteint une épaisseur de 0.4–0.5 micron. Outre son rôle de protection, le périostracum constitue une barrière entre l'eau de mer et l'espace pallial. Il est responsable, en outre, du dépôt et de l'orientation de cristaux inorganiques au niveau de la zone de développement de la carapace.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Eine dorsale und eine ventrale Drüse, die aus großen, kolbenförmigen Zellen bestehen und am Rande des Mantels vonLittorina gelagert sind, bewirken die Bildung der inneren und äußeren Schicht des Periostracums. Das entstandene Material, Periostracum inbegriffen, stammt von sekretorischen Granula, die vom Golgi-Apparat gebildet werden. Die Golgi-Granula bestehen aus einer Substanz, welche eine bestimmte Periodizität aufweist. Wenn nun die Golgi-Granula der ventralen Drüse an der Drüsenoberfläche erscheinen und mit Meerwasser in Kontakt kommen, sind sie weit verteilt und setzen sich aus Partikeln, die in ein Substrat eingebettet sind, zusammen. Die Bildung des äußeren Periostracums hat eine erneute Aggregation der sekretorischen Golgi-Partikeln zu einem dichten Blatt zur Folge, welches eine Periodizität von 300 Å zeigt. Betrachtet man das Periostracum in einem transversalen Schnitt, so findet man eine Gitterstruktur, die an eine kristalline Substanz denken läßt. Die äußere Schicht erreicht schließlich eine Dicke von 4–5 μ. Die innere Schicht entsteht durch die sekretorischen Granula der dorsalen Drüse. Die Bildung der inneren Schicht findet in ähnlicher Weise wie jene der äußeren statt, zeigt jedoch keine Periodizität. Im reifen Zustand erreicht sie eine Dicke von 0,4–0,5 μ. Zusätzlich zur Schutzfunktion bildet das Periostracum eine Schranke zwischen dem Meerwasser und dem Pallialraum; es reguliert zudem die Lage und die Anordnung der anorganischen Kristallbildung am Wachstumsrand der Muschel.
    Notizen: Abstract A dorsal and ventral gland composed of large, flask-shaped cells located in the margin of the mantle ofLittorina give rise to the inner and outer layers of the periostracum respectively. The material comprising the periostracum is derived from secretory granules elaborated by the Golgi apparatus. When the Golgi granules of the ventral gland which consist of a substance exhibiting a definite periodicity, are discharged at the surface in contact with sea water, they are widely dispersed and consist of particles embedded in a substrate. Formation of the outer periostracum involves the re-aggregation of the Golgi secretory particles into a dense sheet which exhibits a periodicity of 300 Å. Viewed in transverse section the periostracum exhibits a lattice pattern suggestive of a crystalline substance. The outer layer eventually reaches a thickness of 4–5 μ. The inner layer is derived from the secretory granules of the dorsal gland. The formation of the inner layer occurs in a manner similar to that of the outer layer. It does not, however, exhibit a periodicity. In the mature state it attains a thickness of 0.4–0.5 μ. In addition to a protective function the periostracum provides a barrier between the sea water and the pallial space and also regulates the site and arrangement of mineral crystal formation at the growing margin of the shell.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 270-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Cartilage ; Calcification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Une solution de sulfate de chrome est utilisée à la fois comme fixateur, colorant et agent de déminéralisation pour l'étude ultrastructurale de cartilage, en voie de minéralisation. Cette technique permet de mettre en évidence un “fantôme cristallin” organique, en rapport avec chaque cristal. L'intérêt du sulfate de chrome comme agent de déminéralisation est souligné.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Bei Ultrastrukturuntersuchungen von mineralisierendem Knorpel wurde eine Chromsulfatlösung als Agens zur kombinierten Fixation, Färbung und Demineralisierung verwendet. Diese Technik zeigte das Vorhandensein eines organischen “Kristallschattens”, der jedem Kriställchen zugehört. Die Tauglichkeit von Chromsulfat als demineralisierendes Agens wird besprochen.
    Notizen: Abstract A solution of chromium sulphate was used as a combined fixative, stain and demineralizing agent for the ultrastructural study of mineralizing cartilage. This technique revealed the presence of an organic ‘crystal ghost’ associated with each crystallite. The effectiveness of chromium sulphate as a demineralizing agent is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 229-248 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Substantia nigra ; Cat ; Normal ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A light and electron microscopical investigation has been undertaken of the substantia nigra in the normal cat. The pars reticulata partly contains the arborization of dendrites whose cell bodies are located in the so-called pars compacta. There is a considerable overlap of the dendritic fields in the rostrocaudal direction, while the dendritic fields are very restricted in the mediolateral extension of the substantia nigra. The secondary and all subsequent branches of the dendrites of nigral cells are for considerable distances completely covered by boutons. Only few boutons contact the cell bodies. Three types of boutons are distinguished in the substantia nigra in the cat. Type I, about 90 % of the total, is of the terminal type, contains pleomorphic vesicles and establishes symmetrical synapses with nigral cell soma, dendritic trunks and spines. The type II bouton (about 10 % of the total number) is most commonly of the terminal type, contains spherical vesicles and establishes asymmetrical synapses with cell bodies and dendritic trunks of nigral cells. The type III bouton (about 2 % of the boutons) is always of the en passage type, contains pleomorphic vesicles and establishes symmetrical contacts with dendrites. All boutons in the cat's substantia nigra contain several large (700–1200 Å) dense core vesicles. Occasional axo-axonic contacts between type I and type III boutons are observed. Type I bouton is invariably presynaptic to the other. The findings are discussed in relation to some relevant problems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 360-372 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Brain slices ; Ultrastructure ; Synaptic potential ; Metabolism ; Olfactory cortex
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure and electrical activity were studied in thin brain sections prepared from the olfactory cortex of the guinea pig and incubated in vitro in standard and modified conditions. In the standard medium, the potential response was maintained with no marked changes for 4–5 hours and thereafter gradually decreased. The ultrastructure of the tissue was well preserved for the initial 2 hours of incubation. After incubation for 5 hours, many empty spaces were noted. Some dendritic stumps lost fine internal structure, but most of the synapses were apparently normal. Cyanide suppressed the potential response, and caused swelling of the nerve terminals and a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles. The recovery of the response in the standard medium was not accompanied by a full restoration in the fine structure. If slices were incubated in the absence of glucose and oxygen, with cyanide in glucose-free medium, or at a low temperature, the potential response was irreversibly depressed. In these slices, numerous wide spaces of low electron density were noted which were concluded to have been derived, at least partly, from the swollen dendrites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): A-cell ; α-granules ; Cytochemistry ; Cytology ; Enteroglucagon ; Glucagon ; Glucagonsecreting cells ; Pancreatic islets ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les principales méthodes morphologiques pour la détection des cellules A ont été examinées et leur sélectivité a été amplement discutée. Une attention particulière a été dédiée aux méthodes pour les indoles et aux observations immunoistochimiques et ultrastructurelles. Les Auteurs rapportent les données immunoistochimiques concernant les cellules A telles que cellules dotées d'activité glucagono-sécrétive, ainsi que les observations ultrastructurelles qui font penser à une éterogénéité des granules α. Actuellement il n'existe pas des preuves morphologiques définitives de l'existence de cellules A gastro-intestinales.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Se examinan las metódicas morfológicas para la evidenciación de las células A y se discute ampliamente la selectividad. Se da particular importancia a los métodos al indol y a las observaciones inmunohistoquímicas y de microscopia electrónica. Se refieren los datos inmunohistoquímicos relativos a las células A tales como células secretoras de glucagon y las observaciones electrónmicroscopicas que hacen pensar en una heterogeneidad de los gránulos α. Actualmente no tenemos pruebas morfológicas sobre la existencia de células A gastrointestinales.
    Notizen: Riassunto Vengono prese in esame le principali metodiche morfologiche per la evidenziazione delle cellule A e ne viene ampiamente discussa la selettività. Particolare rilievo viene dato ai metodi per gli indoli e alle osservazioni immunoistochimiche e di microscopia elettronica. Vengono riferiti i dati immunoistochimici relativi alle cellule A quali cellule secernenti il glucagone, nonché le osservazioni ultrastrutturali che fanno pensare ad una eterogeneità dei granuli α. Attualmente non possediamo prove morfologiche definitive dell'esistenza di cellule A gastro-intestinali.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 104-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Thyroid ; Peroxidase ; Localization ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The fine structural localization of a peroxidase activity in the rat thyroid follicular epithelial cell was studied by histochemistry at electron microscopic level. The reaction product is recognized chiefly in the cisternae of the elements of granular endoplasmic reticulum and of nuclear envelope. Golgi vesicles or apical small vesicles, mitochondria, and dense granules are sometimes positive for this reaction. The relationship between the fine structural localization of peroxidase and the site of the iodination of thyroglobulin is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 199-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Eye-Rat ; Zonular fibers ; Ciliary body ; Lens ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The three-dimensional arrangement of the zonular fibers of Zinn and their ultrastructure was studied with the aid of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Most of the thicker zonular fibers are arranged in straight bundles between the ciliary body and the lens, while the thinner fibers form a complex three-dimensional network interconnecting all the zonular fibers. These do originate from the limiting membrane covering the ciliary body. The zonular fibers are subdivided close to lens and form a complicated network on the surface of the lens capsule, i. e. the zonular lamella. The latter consists of a dense network of fibers and is from a structural point of view closely related to the zonular fibers and not to the lens capsule. The zonular fibers are continuous with those in the vitreous body close to the ciliary body but never in the lenticular two thirds of the zonular fibers or in the retrolental area. The ground substance is possible to demonstrate in freeze-dried specimens by scanning electron microscopy. It appeared granular or amorphous and coated the zonular fibers. It does not form membranes or fill all available space in contrast to its properties in the vitreous body. The many structural similarities between the zonular fibers and the vitreous body indicate perhaps a common origin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 508-521 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Synapses ; Axo-axonal ; Adrenergic and cholinergic terminals ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The relations between adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were studied in rat iris and rat heart with the electron microscope. Adrenergic terminals were identified by treating the animals with 5-hydroxydopamine, which produces dense-cored synaptic vesicles in adrenergic terminals in tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium. The specificity of this observation was verified. It was found that adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals often come in close contact with one another, the distance between the adjoining membranes being about 250 Å. At times, faint membrane thickenings could be observed in these places. The available pharmacological, physiological, and morphological evidence leaves little room for doubt that cholinergic terminal fibres can influence the adrenergic fibres. From mainly morphological evidence, it is also postulated that adrenergic terminals influence cholinergic ones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 105-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Endothelium ; Specific organelles ; Ultrastructure ; Rana temporaria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Endothelzellen der Wirbeltiere enthalten spezifische Organellen, deren Funktion unbekannt ist. Diese Organellen werden beim Frosch (Rana temporaria) nach unterschiedlichen Fixierungen elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Organellen sind walzenförmig mit mannigfachen Abweichungen, bis zu 2μ lang und 0,1 bis 0,5μ dick. Ihre oft unterbrochene Außenmembran ist dicker als zytoplasmatische Membranen. Das Innere der Organellen besteht aus Tubuli, die in eine elektronendichte Matrix eingebettet sind. Die Dichte dieser Matrix zeigt deutliche Abstufungen. Die Tubuli sind möglicherweise aus einer spiralförmigen Molekülkette aufgebaut. Das Verteilungsmuster der Organellen wird mit stereologischen Methoden untersucht. Die größte Volumendichte weisen die Aortae thoracicae mit 8% auf. Die Volumendichte der Organellen im Zytoplasma der Endothelzellen scheint mehr von der Entfernung der betreffenden Gefäßstrecke zum Herzen abzuhängen als von der Gefäßgröße. Es werden Verbindungen der Organellen zu zytoplasmatischen Membransystemen aufgezeigt. Auf Besonderheiten des Endothels, darunter Aggregationen von Ribosomen, wird hingewiesen.
    Notizen: Summary Endothelial cells of vertebrates contain specific organelles of unknown function. These organelles are studied by electron microscopy with different fixations. The organelles are rod-shaped with many variations, up to 2μ in length and 0.1 to 0.5 μ in thickness. Their outer membrane, which is often discontinuous, is thicker than cytoplasmic membranes. The density of the matrix shows distinct gradations. The organelles contain tubules, possibly built up by a spiral molecular chain. The distribution of the organelles is investigated with stereological methods. Their volume density in endothelial cell cytoplasm appears to depend more on the distance from the heart than on vessel size, the thoracic aortae showing the highest organellae content of 8%. Connections between organelles and cytoplasmic membranes are demonstrated. Particularities of endothelium, among them aggregations of ribosomes, are pointed out.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 309-323 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Vagal Paraganglia ; Catecholamines ; Ultrastructure ; Radioautography ; Cytochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Typical vagal paraganglia of Syrian hamsters are encapsulated in connective tissue and consist of groups of epithelial cells. Ganglion cells, a few fenestrated capillaries, and bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibers are intermingled among the parenchymal cells. The parenchymal cells are of two types: chief or paraganglion and sustentacular or supporting cells. The processes of the supporting cells partly or completely surround the paraganglion cells. In addition to the nucleus, Golgi complex, mitochondria, parallel-arrayed granular endoplasmic reticulum, and lipofuscin pigment, the chief cells are characterized by the presence of numerous membrane-bound, electron opaque granules. After an injection of 3H-dopa, labelings were concentrated over the chief cells and were associated predominantly with the granules. Following glutaraldehyde-dichromate treatment the granules gave a positive reaction for unsubstituted amines. These results suggest that the chief cells contain catecholamines in the electron opaque granules.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 339-356 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Oogenesis ; Insecta-Isoptera ; Germarium ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Das Endstück der Kalotermes-Ovariole (Terminalfilament und A-Phase der Oogenese) wurde licht- und elektronenoptisch untersucht. Folgende Regionen sind zu unterscheiden: Terminalfilament, Germarium (A1), Prämeiotische Wachstumsregion (A2) und Prophaseregion (A3), an die sich unmittelbar die Wachstumsregion der Oocyten anschließt. Die 7 Ovariolen eines Ovars liegen getrennt in Kammern der äußeren Ovariolhüllen und werden von „Zwischenzellen“ begleitet. Die Tunica des Terminalfilaments ist charakteristisch verschieden von derjenigen des Germariums. Während sie auf der Höhe des Terminalfilaments von Kanälen durchzogen ist, erscheint sie auf der Höhe der Stadien A1, A2 und A3 kompakt. Die Zellen des Anfangsteils des Terminalfilaments gleichen denjenigen des A1-Stadiums. Im Gegensatz zu jenen besitzen die Zellen des A1-Stadiums zum Teil basophile Grana noch unbekannter Funktion, welche vom A2-Stadium ab auf die Follikelzellen beschränkt sind. Im A1- Stadium liegen alle Zellen der Tunica an. Zwischen Oogonien und Präfollikelzellen zu unterscheiden war nicht möglich. Die Oocyten sind vom A2-Stadium ab stets durch Follikelzellausläufer von der Tunica getrennt. Den Follikelzellen muß daher bereits von diesem Stadium ab eine besondere Bedeutung beigemessen werden. Der Transport von Substanzen in die Oocyte muß durch die Follikelzellen hindurch oder aber interzellulär durch ihre Vermittlung erfolgen. Die Oocyten besitzen in diesem Stadium des prämeiotischen Wachstums im Gegensatz zu den Follikelzellen große Golgifelder und zahlreiche große Vesikel. Vielleicht im Zusammenhang mit dem Verschwinden dieser Vesikel kommt es ausschließlich in den Oocyten zu einer starken Vergrößerung einzelner Mitochondrien, während andere ihre „normale“ Größe behalten. Das A3-Stadium beginnt mit dem Einsetzen der meiotischen Prophase und endet mit dem frühen Diplotän. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt sind diese Vesikel und großen Mitochondrien verschwunden. Die Meiosekerne verlieren ihre glatte Oberfläche und zeichnen sich durch lokale Vorwölbungen aus; extranukleär findet man „annulate lamellae“. Am Ende dieses Stadiums kommt es in den Oocyten zu einer zunehmenden Konzentration der Mitochondrien und Membranelemente, während die Oberfläche des Oocytenkerns wieder ihr glattes Aussehen erlangt.
    Notizen: Summary The final part of the Kalotermes ovariole (terminal filament and A-phase of the oogenesis) was investigated light and electron microscopically. The following regions must be distinguished: Terminal filament, germarium (A1), pre-meiotic growth region (A2), prophase region (A3). The middle growth region of the oöcytes follows immediately. The seven ovarioles of an ovary are separately in chambers of the outer ovariole sheaths and are accompanied by “interstitial cell”. The tunica propria of the terminal filament differs characteristically from the tunica of the A1-, A2- and A3-region. The tunica of the terminal filament is passed by channels, the tunica of the A1-, A2- and A3-region is compact. The cells of the initial part of the terminal filament are similar to the cells of stage A1. Contrary to the terminal filament cells they contain partially basophile grana of still unknown function which are limited to the stage A2 to the follieular cells. A distinction between oogonia and pre-follicular cells was not possible. All cells of the stage A1 border on the tunica. From stage A2 onwards the oöcytes are always separated from the tunica by appendices of the follieular cells. Therefore a special significance has to be attributed to the follieular cells from this stage onwards. The transport of substances into the oöcytes has to occur through the follicular cells or on an intercellular way mediated by the follicular cells. In this stage or pre-meiotic growth the oöcytes contain—contrary to the follieular cells—big golgi fields and numerous vesicles. Probably in the connection with disappearance of these vesicles strong increase of the size of some of the mitochondria occurs in the oöcytes exclusively. The A3-stage covers the beginning of the meiotic prophase and ends with early diplotene. At this stage the vesicles and giant mitochondria are disappeared. Meiotic nuclei are marked by local protuberances; extranuclear “annulate lamellae” are found. At the end of this stage mitochondria and membraneous elements accumulate in a part of the oöcyte.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 20-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Haemoglobin ; Chlorocruorin ; Synthesis ; Polychaeta ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the haematopoietic cells in the polychaetes Neoamphitrite figulus Dalyell, Lanice conchilega (Pallas), Arenicola marina (L.), Myxicola infundibulum Renier, Megalomma vesiculusom (Montagu), Sabella penicillus L., are compared: all show similarities in having well developed Golgi, granular endoplasmic reticulum and haemoglobin or chlorocruorin in vesicles, and numerous mitochondria. The porphyrin byproducts of synthesis are combined with iron as haematins within electrondense granules built up from multi-lamellar organelles. The structure of the basal lamina which alone separates the cells from the lumen of the vessels is described and evidence is presented for the method of release of the haem into the plasma by “reverse pinocytosis”. The cycle of synthesis within the cell is discussed and the process of haem synthesis in annelids is reviewed. The structure of the haemoglobin-containing coelomocytes of Neoamphitrite figulus is briefly described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sense organs ; Eyes ; Nudibranchs ; Trinchesia aurantia ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The larval eye of the aeolid nudibranch Trinchesia aurantia has been investigated at three different stages; in all, the eyes remain closely attached to, and in cellular contact with, the central ganglia. The larval eye is a simplified version of the adult eye in that, the eye and the constituent cells, nuclei, lens, microvilli and pigment granules are all smaller, and the interdigitation between the retinal cells is not developed. The absence of the small cells of the cornea and of the spherical vesicles in the cytoplasm of the sensory cells, is further evidence of the incomplete formation of the eye. The possible origin of the eye of Trinchesia is discussed and compared with that of other gastropods.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 582-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Glandula bulbourethralis ; Goat ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Mehrzahl der sezernierenden Zylinderzellen in den tubulösen Endstücken der Glandula bulbourethralis der Ziege sind Schleimzellen. Ihre großen, aufgehellten Sekretgranula, die fast den gesamten Zelleib ausfällen, liegen so dicht, daß sie sich gegenseitig abplatten. Einzelne von ihnen haben ihre Hüllmembran verloren und neigen zur Konfluenz. Alle Schleimkörnchen sind PAS-positiv, viele von ihnen zeigen eine neuraminidaselabile Alcianophilie bei pH 2,5. Neben den Schleimzellen findet man in der Glandula bulbourethralis der Ziege einen zweiten Zelltyp, der durch helle, blasenförmige Kerne, ein stark entfaltetes granuläres endoplasmatisches Retikulum mit dilatierten Zisternen sowie ein ausgedehntes supranukleares Golgi-Feld gekennzeichnet ist. Dieser zweite Zelltyp enthält sehr elektronendichte, isoliert liegende Sekretkugeln, welche lichtmikroskopisch eine Proteinreaktion geben. Zwischen beiden Zelltypen kommen morphologische Übergangsformen vor. Dies macht es wahrscheinlich, daß es sich bei den beiden Typen lediglich um Funktionsstadien einer einzigen Drüsenzelle handelt. Die sezernierende Oberfläche beider Zelltypen ist durch die Ausbildung interzellulärer Sekretkapillaren vergrößert. Diese sind bereits lichtmikroskopisch aufgrund ihrer kräftigen ATPase- und 5′-Nucleotidaseaktivität zu identifizieren. Das gesamte Drüsenparenchym reagiert sehr stark auf unspezifische Esterase und deutlich positiv auf β-D-Galactosidase, β-D-Glucuronidase, Leucinaminopeptidase, Cytochromoxydase und Succinatdehydrogenase. Die letzten 5 Enzyme sind in den Schleimzellen in geringerer Konzentration festzustellen als in den Zellen mit Eiweißgranula.
    Notizen: Summary The majority of the secretory cells in the tubular endpieces of the caprine bulbourethral gland are mucous cells. Their closely packed, relatively large secretory granules exhibit a low electron density. Some granules have lost their limiting membrane, this results in the accumulation of irregularly outlined masses of secretory material. All mucous secretory granules are PAS-positive, many of them are characterized by an alcianophilia at pH 2.5 which is extinguished by pre-treatment with a neuraminidase solution. The second type of secretory bulbourethral cell exhibits light, spherical nuclei, a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisterns and a large supranuclear Golgi-Complex. The cytoplasm contains smaller, highly electron dense granules which are — according to histochemical tests — of protein nature. The existence of transitional forms between both described cell types permits the conclusion that they must be regarded as functional stages of one common gland cell. The secretory surface of both cell types is increased by intercellular canaliculi which can be identified in the light microscope by their strong ATPase and 5′-nucleotidase activities. The entire parenchyma of the gland is site of an exceptionally high esterase concentration. Furthermore, the gland cells contain considerable amounts of β-D-galactosidase, β-D-glucuronidase, leucine aminopeptidase, cytochrome oxydase and succinic dehydrogenase. These last five enzymes are histochemically more active in the protein secreting than in the mucus producing cell type.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 530-562 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Eye ; Retina ; Honey bee ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'oeil composé du faux-bourdon est formé d'environ 8000 unités photoréceptrices ou ommatidies. Chaque ommatidie, surmontée d'un appareil diotrique constitué d'une lentille cornéenne et d'un cône cristallinien, comporte 9 cellules visuelles dont les parties proximales (axones) pénètrent dans le lobe optique. Le lobe optique est séparé de la rétine sensorielle par une membrane basale. Les cellules visuelles formant l'ommatidie sont de taille inégale: six sont grandes et trois petites. Au centre de l'ommatidie, les grandes cellules visuelles forment de nombreuses microvillosités dont l'ensemble constitue le rhabdome. Celui-ci est du type fermé. La membrane des microvillosités contient probablement le photopigment. Le cytoplasme des cellules visuelles est riche en organites parmi lesquels des vacuoles allongées de réticulum endoplasmique lisse appelées citernes périrhabdominales. Les citernes changent de volume lors de l'adaptation à la lumière et à l'obscurité et apparaissent fréquemment en contact avec des complexes de Golgi ou des profiles de réticulum endoplasmique granulaire. Trois types de cellules pigmentaires sont associés à l'ommatidie: les cellules pigmentaires du cristallin, les cellules pigmentaires externes, et la cellule pigmentaire basale. Les cellules pigmentaires du cristallin sont au nombre de deux et enveloppent le cône cristallinien. 27 à 30 cellules pigmentaires externes entourent l'ommatidie depuis la base de la cornée jusqu'à la membrane basale. La cellule pigmentaire basale occupe le centre de l'ommatidie lorsque les cellules visuelles se transforment en axones. Les divers types cellulaires de la rétine sont séparés les uns des autres par de minces espaces extracellulaires. Dans l'ommatidie, des jonctions serrées ne sont trouvées qu'entre les microvillosités rhabdomériques. Ces résultats sont discutés du point de vue de leur implication fonctionelle et de leur signification vis-à-vis de la morphologie comparée.
    Notizen: Summary The eye of the honey bee drone is composed of approximately 8,000 photoreceptive units or ommatidia, each topped by a crystalline cone and a corneal facet. An ommatidium contains 9 visual or retinula cells whose processes or axons pierce a basement membrane and enter the optic lobe underlying the sensory retina. The visual cells of the ommatidium are of unequal size: six are large and three, small. In the center of the ommatidium, the visual cells bear a brush of microvilli called rhabdomere. The rhabdome is a closed-type one and formed mainly by the rhabdomeres of the six large retinula cells. The rhabdomeric microvilli probably contain the photopigment (rhodopsin), whose modification by light lead to the receptor potential in the retinula cells. The cytoplasm of the retinula cells contains various organelles including pigment granules (ommochromes), and peculiar structures called the subrhabdomeric cisternae. The cisternae, probably composed of agranular endoplasmic reticulum undergo swelling during dark adaptation and appear in frequent connection with Golgi cisternae. Three types of pigment cells are associated with each ommatidium. The crystalline cone is entirely surrounded by two corneal pigment cells. The ommatidium, including its dioptric apparatus and corneal pigment cells, is surrounded by a sleeve of about 30 elongated cells called the outer pigment cells. These extend from the base of the corneal facet to the basement membrane. Near the basement membrane the center of the ommatidium is occupied by a basal pigment cell. Open extracellular channels are present between pigment cells as well as between retinula cells. Tight junctions within the ommatidium are restricted to the contact points between the rhabdomeric microvilli. These results are discussed in view of their functional implications in the drone vision, as well as in view of the data of comparative morphology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Seminal vesicle ; Prostate ; Fetal rat ; Ultrastructure ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The development of the seminal vesicle from the Wolffian duct and of the prostate from the urogenital sinus has been studied in rat fetuses from day 14 of gestation to birth with the use of the electron microscope. Prior to the onset of androgen secretion, the cells of the urogenital sinus and the caudal part of the Wolffian duct have a simple undifferentiated appearance. After the onset of androgen secretion by the fetal testes at day 15, “intracytoplasmic confronting cisternae” of the granular reticulum appear in both urogenital sinus and Wolffian duct. Portions of the granular endoplasmic reticulum of the urogenital sinus become distended with a finely granular, moderately dense material. In the urogenital sinus, many hemidesmosomes are formed at the basal surface of the epithelium. Specializations of the extracellular materials are present opposite the hemidesmosomes. The formation of the seminal vesicles and the prostate begins at day 18–19 of gestation. The cells of the seminal vesicle are taller than the Wolffian duct cells from which they arise, the granular endoplasmic reticulum increases moderately in amount, and a patent lumen is formed. The cells of the fetal prostate do not differ greatly from those of the urogenital sinus from which they arise except that the prostatic cells initially lack hemidesmosomes. The fine structural changes are discussed in relation to the onset of fetal androgen secretion, the formation of the organs, and the functions of the cells in adult life.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 9-26 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Gillichthys ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) system of the teleost fish Gillichthys mirabilis was studied with respect to the anatomical organization and distribution of the neurosecretory neurons and the nature of their secretory material. NLT neurons occur in several different areas in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus, located immediately above the pituitary gland. Only the lateral and rostral NLT neurons show definite secretory activity. These neurons, generally of large size, contain numerous large granulated vesicles (LGV), 900–1,000 Å in diameter; on the other hand, the medial and ventrolateral neurons, forming a single layer of cells, are of small size and do not appear to be secretory. LGV are positive after ethanol-phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA) and zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) impregnations. Lateral and rostral neurosecretory neurons also show strong yellow-to-green specific fluorescence after the Falck-Hillarp technique, a strong indication that LGV are the site of catecholamine storage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 40-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Corpus allatum ; Calliphora erythrocephala ; Ultrastructure ; Hormone Production ; Release
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An electron microscopical study of the corpus allatum (CA) of the adult female Calliphora was undertaken. The cells have a very irregular shape. Light and dark cells are found. Mitochondria occur in great numbers. Microtubules are frequently observed. Free ribosomes are plenty, but rough-surfaced reticulum is scarce. Golgi complexes are not very conspicuous. Axons, mostly containing neurosecretory granules, are frequently found between the cells. The active corpus allatum is remarkable by the numerous lipid droplets and the abundance of tubular agranular reticulum. The reticulum sometimes forms aggregates from which vacuoles are budded off. The vacuoles lose their membrane, at the same time becoming slightly electron opaque, thus being transformed into lipid droplets. It is tentatively postulated that the hormone (or a precursor) is synthesized in the tubules of the agranular reticulum, collected in the vacuoles, and, when the membrane disintegrates, it is dissolved in lipid. The lipid droplets are thought to be released into the haemolymph through the surface of the gland or via intercellular channels. The inactive corpus allatum of the six days old sugar fed flies is small and more or less shrunken. The agranular reticulum is poorly developed, vacuoles are small, and lipid droplets few. The reticulum tends to form whorls, which eventually may possibly be transformed into myelin figures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sea-Urchin ; Accessory-Cell ; Oocyte ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Electron microscopic observations on ripening ovaries of Strongylocentrotus dröbachiensis, have revealed evidence for micropinocytotic activity of the oocyte surface during early vitellogenesis stages. The microvilli that cover the surface of the oocyte, have been shown to engulf glycogen particles, derived from the accessory-cells. At these early vitellogenesis stages massive globulated accessory-cells are in close contact with the oocyte. Later during the development of the oocyte, the accessory cells retract from the oocyte surface and become considerably shrunken into thin cytoplasmic sheets. Evidence presented here also throws some light on the dynamics of glycogen transfer, from the accessory cell to the oocyte. Furthermore, the ultrastructure of the accessory-cell has been clarified with special reference to the formation and disintegration of globules. Although glycogen in the accessory-cells is organised in the form of alpha particles, during and after transfer into the oocyte, it is only visualised in the beta and gamma forms. This investigation demonstrates clearly the nutritive role of the accessory-cells during oocyte differentiation in sea urchins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 293-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Herring bodies ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Regeneration ; Neurosecretion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The Herring bodies in the posterior lobe of the bovine hypophysis are very large (2–600 μ) and can be classified into three types. The type I Herring body contains an accumulation of neurosecretory granules. These Herring bodies are very scarce and should not be confused with the numerous, but small, axonal swellings which also contain neurosecretory granules. The type II Herring body is characterized by the presence of a varying number of normal, moderately electron dense and “empty” vesicles, autophagic vacuoles, multilamellate bodies and occasional mitochondria. These Herring bodies are frequently observed. The type III Herring body is typified by the presence of dense vesicles connected to tubular formations which contain material of variable electron density, of filaments, and of long slender and very numerous mitochondria. The presence of multilamellate bodies and autophagic vacuoles suggests that the type II Herring body is in a degenerating phase. This concept is further substantiated by the similarity between this type of Herring body and transected neurosecretory axons in which degeneration is occurring. A similar comparison suggests that the type III Herring body is undergoing a regenerative process. Our current concept of the structure and function of Herring bodies is revised in the discussion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Corpora cardiaca ; Insects ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude infrastructurale des corpora cardiaca de Locusta révèle l'existence de 3 types de fibres neurosécrétrices (portion neurohémale) et d'un seul type de cellules glandulaires (portion endocrine intrinsèque). Elle permet également d'envisager les modalités du rejet des sécrétions exogènes et endogènes.
    Notizen: Summary An ultrastructural study of the corpora cardiaca of Locusta migratoria migratorioides shows three neurosecretory fiber types in the neurohaemal part of these organs; only one cellular type constitutes the intrinsic glandular part of the corpora cardiaca. This study also shows sites of release of stored extrinsic neurosecretory material and of products elaborated by intrinsic glandular cells of the corpora cardiaca.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurosecretory Pathways ; Insects ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude infrastructurale des nerfs cardiaques afférents et des nerfs allato-cardiaques qui entrent dans la constitution du système neurosécréteur rétrocérébral de Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. et F.) révèle l'existence des trois types de fibres neurosécrétrices définis dans les corpora cardiaca. Une quatrième catégorie de fibres caractérisées par la présence de vésicules claires existe dans les nerfs allato-cardiaques et dans les corpora allata. L'origine des fibres et l'évolution des grains de neurosécrétion au cours de leur transit sont envisagées.
    Notizen: Summary An ultrastructural study of the nervi corporis cardiaci and nervi corporis allati, which are part of the retrocerebral neurosecretory system of Locusta migratoria migratorioides, reveals the existence of three neurosecretory fiber types. A fourth neurosecretory fibertype with electron lucent vesicles is also present in the nervi corporis allati and in the corpora allata. The fibers are characterized by differences in the size and electron opacity of the neurosecretory granules. The origin of the various neurosecretory fiber types and the evolution of the neurosecretory granules are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 79-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sense organs ; Eyes ; Opisthobranchs ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The retina of nudibranch eyes contains two types of large cells; pigment cells which comprise about two-thirds of the total, with unpigmented sensory cells making up the remainder. Both pigment and receptor cells carry microvilli on their distal borders, but no traces of cilia were observed among them. The cornea of the eyes of aeolid and dendronotid nudibranchs is composed of a single layer of small cells, unlike the dorids where the cornea is made up of one of more large cells. The latter contain nuclei comparable in size with those of the pigment cells in the retina, but are themselves unpigmented. The elliptical eyes ofAplysia contain three types of retinal cell; the pigment cells and two kinds of receptor cells. The “ciliary” receptor cells bear equal numbers of cilia (9+2) and microvilli, while the “microvillous” receptor cells carry long tufts of microvilli with only an occasional cilium among them. The proximal cytoplasm of the receptor cells inAplysia and the nudibranchs contains large quantities of the small spherical vesicles (averaging 660 Å in diameter) which appear to be characteristic of gastropod eyes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 348-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ovary ; Insect ; Chironomus ; Development ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Im Ovar von Chironomus sind in Phase 1 des 4. Larvenstadiums polygonal abgeflachte „Innenzellen“ von kleineren „Außenzellen“ umgeben, die Bakteroide und Phagosomen enthalten; zwischen den Innenzellen liegen unregelmäßige Zelltrümmer („keimbahnbegleitende Substanzen“). Zu Beginn der Ovariolenbildung werden in Phase 3 durch Spalträume zwei Schichten der Außenzellen voneinander getrennt, von denen die innere (Follikel- und Eikanalepithel) regelmäßige Buchten bildet. In diese Buchten wandern von innen Zellpaare ein, die an „synaptischen Komplexen“ bzw. multiplen Chromatinstrukturen als Ei- und Nährzellen kenntlich sind. Zwischen beiden Zellen sind „Fusome“ häufig, die später in eigentümlicher Weise geschlossen werden. Zwischen den Eikanalzellen entsteht in Phase 5 durch Spaltbildung der Eikanal; in Phase 7 sind die Eikanalzellen auffallend glykogenreich. Kurz vor der Vitellogenese treten im Bereich der Oocyte Membransysteme und „annulated lamellae“ auf; akzessorische Kerne werden als Ausstülpungen des Oocytenkernes gebildet und später abgeschnürt. In Phase 9 sind an der Peripherie der Eizelle Mikrovillisäume und Pinocytosebläschen sichtbar. Die distalen Zellen der Ovariole haben Eioder Nährzellcharakter, sind aber bei Ch. melanotus nicht von Follikelzellen umgeben und werden beim weiteren Ovariolenwachstum reduziert. Trotz extrem geringer Nährzellzahl der Follikel scheint das Chironomus-Ovar funktionell nicht von anderen polytroph meroistischen Insektenovarien unterschieden.
    Notizen: Summary In the ovary of Chironomus during phase 1 of the fourth larval instar, polygonally flattened “inner cells” are surrounded by smaller “outer cells” which contain bacteroids and phagosomes. Irregular cell remnants (“germ line accompanying substances”) lie among the inner cells. At the beginning of ovariole formation in phase 3, two layers of outer cells are separated by the formation of fissures. The inner layer of these cells (follicle- and egg-passage epithelium) forms regular invaginations. Cell pairs, identified as oocytes and nurse cells by “synaptic complexes” or multiple chromatin structures, wander from inside into the invaginations. Frequently between the two cells are fusomes, which later close in a characteristic manner. During phase 5, an egg passage is formed as a fissure among the egg-passage cells. During phase 7, the egg passage cells are conspicuously full of glycogen. Shortly before vitellogenesis membrane systems and annulated lamellae appear in the region of the oocyte. Accessory nuclei are formed by a “tieing-off” of projections of the the oocyte nucleus. During phase 9, microvilli and pinocytotic vesicles can be seen at the periphery of the oocyte. The distal cells of the ovariole are of oocyte or nurse cell nature, but in Ch. melanotus they are not surrounded by follicle cells and are reduced during further ovariole growth. In spite of the extremely small number of nurse cells in the follicle, the Chironomus ovary apparently does not differ functionally from other polytrophic meroistic insect ovaries.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 23-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Retina ; Ultrastructure ; Nerve cells ; Synaptic bodies ; Extracellular material
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Fixed and unfixed, freeze-dried pieces of isolated retina and the posterior part of the eye bulb from adult rats were examined in a scanning electron microscope. The inner limiting membrane shows distinct cell borders, protrusions, and scattered microvilli-like structures. Different types of nerve cells are observed in the ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer. They all lack synaptic boutons on the surface of their perikarya. There is an intercellular space between the processes in the nerve fiber layer. The inner and outer segments are surrounded by a space with extracellular material. Their surface is smooth or slightly undulated. There is no evidence indicating the existence of basal infoldings continuous with the membraneous structures inside the rod outer segments. The connecting piece between the inner and outer segments resemble a symmetrically shaped hour-glass. The surface of the epithelial cells is covered by microvilli forming a honeycomb-like structure and each outer segment is surrounded by several microvilli. The results obtained are discussed in relation to those obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The probable existence of a significant extracellular space and the distribution of extracellular material between the segments and the microvilli are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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