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  • 1970-1974  (332)
  • 1974  (176)
  • 1971  (156)
  • Ultrastructure  (186)
  • Engineering General  (146)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 214-214 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 277-288 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is shown how the stress field due to any prescribed continuous distribution of dislocation dipoles can be determined. This technique then forms the basis of a general method of solution of elasto-plastic material problems. The presentation is limited to situations which conform to either plane stress or strain conditions. Some results are obtained for relatively simple geometrical and loading configurations and compared with classical plasticity solutions. Finally, the method is applied to the problem of a circular hole in a finite strip under tension.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 103
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 295-310 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Through the use of complex series representations and the properties of adjoint differential operators, a semi-analytical finite element procedure is developed which can analyse the steady state and transient temperature fields of thermally anisotropic axisymmetric bodies with complete circumferential properties. Due to its generality, the procedure can handle arbitrary laminate construction with possible meridional and radial variations in locally or globally thermally anisotropic materials. In this respect, the procedure developed herein supercedes the classical semi-analytical treatment which is limited to specially orthotropic materials. Furthermore, in contrast with the classical procedure, the present treatment reveals several important effects of material anisotropy which are entirely missed by the specially orthotropic assumption.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 104
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 395-401 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Physical reasoning makes it possible to use artificial parameters with numerical quadrature in order to obtain approximate solutions for the Fredholm integral equations associated with radiative heat transfer calculations. With the aid of such parameters, decisions can be made concerning the applicability and usefulness of the numerical quadrature technique.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 105
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 430-431 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 439-440 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 481-494 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element weighted residual process has been used to solve transient linear and non-linear two-dimensional heat conduction problems. Rectangular prisms in a space-time domain were used as the finite elements. The weighting function was equal to the shape function defining the dependent variable approximation. The results are compared in tables with analytical, as well as other numerical data. The finite element method compared favourably with these results. It was found to be stable, convergent to the exact solution, easily programmed, and computationally fast. Finally, the method does not require constant parameters over the entire solution domain.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 109
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 503-511 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with solving the two-dimensional variational problem for plate bending by the Ritz method using bicubic fundamental splines. It is a piecewise polynomial method, very adaptable to practical numerical computation, and can be an alternative for the well-known Finite Element Method1.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 110
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 821-845 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The visco-plastic model of material behaviour is of much practical interest in its own right and initial strain techniques for its solution have been developed and proved efficient. More important however is the fact that the visco-plastic model can be used to generate plasticity solutions in a simple manner when stationary conditions are reached and, at the other extreme, can reproduce standard creep phenomena. Used in this sense it allows the treatment of non-associated plasticity and strain softening situations which present difficulties in conventional plasticity approaches. A standard programme thus allows the treatment of a wide range of materially non-linear problems.The paper discusses various applications of the new general formulation and introduces certain numerical information on solution stability.
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  • 111
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 803-809 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The elastoplastic deformation of spherical shells of uniform thickness acted upon by external pressure is investigated in this paper. A deformation theory of plasticity is combined with the classical elasticity equations and a solution is obtained by the method of successive elastic solutions. A logarithmic effective stress-effective plastic strain diagram is used to determine the volume change for thick polypropylene spheres under the action of external pressure. These results are compared with previously published experimental volume changes in polypropylene spheres. This comparison shows that the predicted volume changes are similar to the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 112
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 913-914 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 113
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 917-918 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 114
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 212-212 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 115
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 271-276 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The fitting of a function y =\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {A_i {\rm{e}}^{\lambda ix}} $\end{document} to experimental data is considered. Integral equations are developed which have the functions \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {A_i {\rm{e}}^{\lambda ix}} $\end{document} as their solutions for n = 1, 2, 3, These integral equations are used to find the frequencies λi. Examples are worked out to illustrate the method. The method is shown to be capable of extension to other functions.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 116
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: To obtain meshes of reasonable form there have to be made some restrictions in the application of automatic mesh generation schemes using ‘isoparametric’ co-ordinates. In this present paper it will be shown that such restrictions exist for plane meshes. The results figured here are also valid for three-dimensional meshes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 341-358 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A least square based finite element algorithm is developed for some elasto-static problems. In the formulation both stresses and displacements appear as simultaneous variables. In two dimensional (plane) analysis, parabolie isoparametric elements are used. Considerable improvement of performance is obtained with a numerical integration based on 2 × 2 Gauss point distribution over more accurate integration schemes. Reasons for this are presented.The formulation is extended in the section ‘General least square formulation’ to beams and plates with a similar success of ‘reduced’ integration.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 118
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 323-339 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite strip method is presented for determining the initial buckling stresses of any structure consisting of a series of thin flat isotropic plates rigidly connected together at their longitudinal edges. Each plate may be subjected to a combination of longitudinal and transverse compression, longitudinal in-plane bending, and shear, and it is assumed that the buckling mode, of whatever type, is sinusoidal in the longitudinal direction. Due to the presence of shear, the perturbation forces and displacements which occur at the edges of component plates during buckling are out of phase, and this is accounted for by defining their magnitudes in terms of complex quantities. Stiffness matrices relating the amplitudes of these forces and displacements are derived using an approximate method based upon assumed displacement functions across the width of the plate. It is shown how the method can be used to calculate natural frequencies of prismatic structures, and finally an indication of the accuracy of the method is given together with some illustrative results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 119
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 403-414 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: By representing the time-dependent material properties by mechanical models, i.e. the generalized Maxwell and/or Voigt (or Kelvin) models, it is possible to formulate a consistent procedure to analyse the effect of material damping on dynamic response. As a continuation of the previous work which concerned the creep and relaxation of viscoelastic materials, the present paper applies this representation to the harmonic response analysis. The harmonic solution can be obtained by decomposing the relevant forces and displacements into real and imaginary parts and it is shown that the modal analysis by an appropriate eigensolution procedure is useful for obtaining the dependence of vibration amplitude on frequencies of sinusoidal external excitations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 120
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 513-519 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Edge displacement of assumed-stress hybrid plate elements are commonly chosen as either linear, quadratic or cubic functions of the edge co-ordinate. The present paper examines the effect of this choice on the acceptability, accuracy, and possible zero energy modes of elements based on a linear stress field. It is concluded that triangular elements may be preferable to quadrilaterals, and that linear edge displacements are not desirable.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 121
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 537-545 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The development of a generalized quadrilateral finite element that includes a singular point at a corner node is presented. Inter-element conformability is maintained so that monotone convergence is preserved. The global-local concept of finite elements is used to formulate the complete set of equations. Examples of crack tip singularities are given.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 122
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 547-567 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The triangular element is one of the most useful finite difference elements for the potential problems because of its versatility in fitting irregular boundary, in connecting one element type to another, and in changing grid fineness. Such triangular elements find many applications in conduction problems in cartesian co-ordinates. This paper presents a new triangular element for the finite' difference solution of axisymmetric conduction problems in cylindrical co-ordinates. The validity of the proposed triangular element is analyzed, and its workability is demonstrated using three selected examples. Also, an industrial application highlights the advantageous characteristics of the triangular element, and gives a comparison with known results obtained by finite element method.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 123
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 569-588 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Basic equations are derived for a comprehensive computer analysis for an equivalent lumped parameter system which simulates a pre-twisted, rotating or non-rotating. Timoshenko beam in coupled bending-bending-torsion vibrations. These equations enable one to develop straightforwardly digital computer programs for studying vibration problems related to compressor or turbine blades in turbomachinery as well as in other structural dynamics applications. The validity of the lumped parameter approach is established through a free vibration study. Good agreement between the present computer results and those obtained theoretically or experimentally by other investigators is demonstrated. In particular, it is found that the natural frequencies obtained in the free vibration study for all beams examined converge from below the exact values at a convergence rate of N-4, where N is the total number of the lumped parameters used in the computer simulation. The rapid rate of convergence shows that the mathematical model used in deriving the basic equations can adequately represent the type of beams under consideration. The known convergence rate also provides an estimate on the accuracy of the computer results, and a means to improve these results by extrapolation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 124
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 659-661 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 125
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 662-670 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A unified procedure is presented for the automatic generation of the coefficient matrix of finite difference equations. The method is applicable to the solution of both initial and boundary value problems, to any order of difference equation, and may be used with any arbitrary initial or boundary conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 126
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 671-675 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method of determining the torsional stiffness of a wide range of structural sections, both homogeneous and composite, is presented. Prandtl's stress function along the boundaries of component sections is approximated by finite Fourier series with coefficients chosen to minimize a functional. An example indicates that the stiffness may be determined to acceptable accuracy by the solution of very few equations.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 127
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 697-711 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is shown how the elasticity equations can be formulated in terms of a general procedure of abstract analysis, called the projective method, for constructing an approximate solution. This allows the many studies of convergence and uniqueness of solutions which have been made in modern mathematics to be applied to the elasticity problem. The abstract formulation also suggests an organizational scheme for generating a computer code. A computer code for hollow or solid cylinders of arbitrary cross section was developed and several numerical examples are presented. The procedure is computationally advantageous for the class of problems under consideration because of the relatively small number of equations that must be solved as compared to the finite element method. The results presented demonstrate the accuracy of the method.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 128
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 129
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 743-770 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The discrete (Legendre) orthogonal polynomials, (DLOP's) are useful for approximation purposes. This set of mth degree polynomials {Pm(K, N)} are orthogonal with unity weight over a uniform discrete interval and are completely determined by the normalization Pm(O, N) = 1. The authors are employing these polynomials as assumed modes in engineering applications of weighted residual methods. Since extensive material on these discrete orthogonal polynomials, and their properties, is not readily available, this paper is designed to unify and summarize the presently available information on the DLOP's and related polynomials. In so doing, many new properties have been derived. These properties, along with sketches of their derivation, are included. Also presented are a representation of the DLOP's as a product of vectors and matrices, and an efficient computational scheme for generating these polynomials.
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  • 130
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 783-801 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The patch test is shown to be contained in the variational formulations of the finite element methods at the assembling level, all of which require the vanishing of the virtual work of interface connection loads. By a systematic introduction of stress generating functions, attention is drawn to the fact that any given finite element model can be assembled in two different ways: either by identification of a set of boundary displacements (leading to the direct stiffness method), or by identification of a set of local stress function values (leading to the dual direct flexibility method). Looking at any conjugate couple (generalized displacement-generalized surface traction) at an interface, one is strongly transmitted, the other weakly. Discretization of the zero virtual work condition at an interface of plate bending models, by means of Legendre polynomial expansions, allows a systematic construction of so-called ‘non-conforming’ elements that pass the patch test. They are in fact identified with weakly conforming, but strongly diffusive, hybrids, and the lowest degree element (quadratic) is in fact the Morley constant-moment element. Examples are given for higher degree displacement fields.The case of plate stretching elements can be handled by duality, the difficulties being here associated with the requirements for diffusivity. Non-diffusive elements that pass the zero interface virtual work test can be constructed systematically and are identifiable with weakly diffusive, but strongly conforming, hybrids of the type first proposed by T. H. H. Pian.
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  • 131
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 132
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 27-43 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Body oriented co-ordinates are defined for three-dimensional regions bounded by six surfaces. From this definition of body oriented co-ordinates, two transformations are derived: 1Body oriented surface co-ordinates to the Cartesian co-ordinates, and2Body oriented co-ordinates for a three-dimensional region to Cartesian co-ordinates.With these transformations a mesh generator is developed based on the principle that the mesh required to describe a region will be calculated according to the placement of the discrete points that describe the boundary edges. This is accomplished with two versions of the mesh generator: the surface generator and the volume generator. The surface generator maps the four boundaries of the surface onto the four boundaries of a unit square. Next, the interior points for the surface mesh are established in the mapped space. Then, using the first transformation, the co-ordinates for the surface nodal points are calculated. Similarly, the volume generator maps the six surfaces of the body onto the surfaces of a unit cube, establishes the interior nodal points in the mapped space, and using the second transformation, calculates the co-ordinates for the interior nodal points.
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  • 133
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 359-367 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a method of solving electromagnetic induction problems by means of the finite element technique. A variational equation associated with the differential equation for the vector potential is formulated and solved via the concept of finite elements. Sinusoidal driving currents and linear, isotropic, but inhomogeneous media are assumed. A typical example is included in order to illustrate the suggested solution technique.
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  • 134
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 369-394 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The mesh generation program described here generates the nodes and the elements for excavated highway slopes, applies boundary conditions, searches for the nodes and the elements in each layer excavated and plots the mesh with the numbering of nodes, elements and material types.
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  • 135
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 415-424 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element analysis applicable to elasto-plastic shells of arbitrary shape is presented. Small-deflection behaviour of thin shells subjected to monotonically increasing static loads is considered. The material is assumed to be originally isotropic, following the von Mises yield criterion and the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule. A flat triangular element with twelve degrees of freedom is used in the analysis. Within each element both membrane forces and bending moments are assumed to be constant. Some numerical results are included to illustrate the merits of the element.
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  • 136
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 425-429 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A procedure to deal with various boundary conditions in the Rayleigh-Ritz method is discussed herein, namely, the method of artificial parameters. The method is then applied to solve a simple string problem; results obtained compare very nicely with exact solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 431-432 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 138
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 433-437 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: One of the first finite elements presented was that by Turner et al.1 Pian2 presented a hybrid plane stress element and Wilson et al.3 presented a non-conforming displacement element. It is shown that the three resulting stiffness matrices are identical.
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  • 139
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 461-480 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The concepts and potential advantages of local and global least squares smoothing of discontinuous finite element functions are introduced.The relationship between local smoothing and the ‘reduced’ integration' technique is established.Examples are presented to illustrate the application of the two smoothing techniques to the finite element stresses from several structural analysis problems.The paper concludes with some practical recommendations for discontinuous finite element function smoothing.
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  • 140
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 495-501 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In a two-dimensional space of points on an equilateral triangle grid, a single difference equation holding at each node is found from the finite element formulation of the wave equation for all published polynomial orders of the functional expansion. Assuming homogeneous boundary conditions on any equilateral triangle whose edges and vertices pass through the grid points, the eigensolutions of the difference equation are found exactly and thus provide an excellent test problem for the programmer or engineer. The advantage of the present method over other formulations is that the number of linear operations required to produce the difference equation is minimal.
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  • 141
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 429-430 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 142
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 432-432 
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  • 143
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 438-438 
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  • 144
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 443-460 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A number of problems are analysed by the displacement method to assess the stress accuracy at very low compressibilities. ‘Parabolic’ isoparametric elements are used. It is found that the mean stress becomes grossly in error at the centre and edges of each element as the compressibility is reduced whereas the deviatoric stress components do not. All stress components retain good accuracy at the ‘reduced’ integration sampling points (2 × 2 Gauss). ‘Exact’ integration yields a similar stress distribution to ‘reduced’ but the mean stress is grossly in error at the integration points (3 × 3 Gauss). Exceptions, however, occur.These findings are interpreted, and a rule for predetermining whether or not accurate stresses can be obtained at the integrating points is suggested. Thus it is shown that the displacement method is suitable for analysing materials which for practical purposes are incompressible.A procedure is then presented for analysing porous media-both linear and non-linear-by separating the stiffness into ‘effective’ and ‘pore fluid’ components. This allows excess pore pressure to be calculated explicitly. Applications to saturated soils are given which make use of the findings of the first part of the paper.
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  • 145
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 529-536 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The steady state flow problem known in magnetohydrodynamics as Hartmann's flow is converted into variational formulation and is given an approximate solution by means of the spline blended interpolation technique. The equations of motion consist of two coupled potential flow problems with homogeneous boundary conditions. The spline blended interpolation method is reduced here, because of the shape of the domain, to a cartesian product of cardinal splines with trigonometric or ordinary polynomials. ‘Exact’ boundary conditions are presented by the blending technique. The numerical results indicate that high accuracy is possible with relatively few unknowns.
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  • 146
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 613-624 
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    Notes: The paper presents a generally applicable approach to transient heat conduction problems with non-linear physical properties and boundary conditions. An unconditionally stable central algorithm is used which does not require iteration.Several examples involving phase change (where latent heat effects are incorporated as heat capacity variations) and non-linear radiation boundary conditions are given which show very good accuracy.Simple triangular elements are used throughout but the formulation is generally valid and not restricted to any single type of element.
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  • 147
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 625-631 
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    Notes: A program is demonstrated which apart from linear finite elements in time also includes elements with shape functions of the second and third degree. The algorithm for discretization in the time dimension is described and, using the example of a parabolic time element, the coefficients required to form the global system are given. By various test examples the efficiency of the process is examined by comparison with the customary difference method. Generally, with finite elements in time, the solution has better stability. Comparing the time required for calculation with the accuracy of the solution it would appear that in examining problems where boundary conditions are constant in time, higher order time elements are no improvement over the linear time element. However, for the purpose of reproducing periodic processes, higher order time elements offer an advantage in that one is not limited to linear variations of the boundary conditions within the element. Thus, for example, the temperature curve for parabolic variation of the surface temperature can be reproduced with close approximation by two time elements per period and a shape function of the third degree.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 676-676 
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  • 149
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 771-781 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The steady two-dimensional, viscous, electrically conducting flow around a circular cylinder is investigated. The flow and magnetic field are uniform and parallel at large distances from the cylinder. The equations and boundary conditions are derived for arbitrary values of R, Rmand β, where R is the Reynolds number, Rm the magnetic Reynolds number and β, the ratio of the square of the Alfvén speed to the square of the main stream speed. Because of the large number of parameters involved, the numerical solution is restricted to R = 40, Rm = 1 and infinity and 0 ≤ β ≤ 4. Also the cylinder is taken to be a perfect conductor, this avoids having to compute the magnetic field within the cylinder.The numerical computations for the non-magnetic case, i.e. β = 0, are presented and are found to be in good agreement with existing results. The effect of increasing the strength of the magnetic field (i.e. increasing β) on the drag coefficient, the size and position of the standing vortex and the increasing effect of the upstream propagation of disturbances are examined.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 811-820 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: We describe a finite element method for the one-dimensional Stefan problem. The elements are quadrilaterals of the space-time plane which are determined at each time-step in relation with the position of the free boundary. The method appears as a generalization of the classical Crank-Nicolson scheme, since it is identical to this scheme in the case of rectangular elements; it has the advantage of providing a simple and accurate determination of the free boundary. Numerical experiments show that the order of accuracy is equal to 2.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 865-876 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Based on the least squares error criterion, a class of finite element is formulated for the numerical analysis of steady state viscous boundary layer flow problems. The method is essentially a discrete element-wise minimization of square and weighted residuals which arise from the attempts in approximately satisfying boundary layer equations. An iterative linearization scheme is developed to circumvent the mathematical difficulties posed by the non-linear boundary layer equations. It results in a process of successive least squares minimizations of residual errors arising from satisfying a set of linear differential equations. A mathematical justification for the method is presented. A major feature of the method lies in the linearization approach which renders non-linear differential equations amenable to linear least squares finite element analysis. Another important feature rests on the proposed finite element formulation which preserves the symmetric nature of finite element matrix equations through the use of the least squares error criterion. Numerical examples of viscous flow along a flat plate are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the method as well as to illuminate discussions on the theoretical aspects of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 917-917 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 153
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 847-864 
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    Notes: A finite beam-column element computer program for the structural failure analysis of proportionally loaded skeletal plane frames is described. The program, which is based on an iterative stiffness approach, provides for non-linear elastic or plastic-non-linear elastic behaviour. Particular attention is given to the incorporation into the analysis of geometrical imperfections, return of elasticity at plastic hinges and negative frame stiffness. The effect of lack-of-fit displacements on the load-deflection path and failure load of frames that carry relatively large axial loads is described in general terms. The theory is developed further through the application of the computer program to two examples which show the necessity for the allowing for the effect of imperfections when designing axially loaded redundant frames.
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  • 154
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    Notes: This article presents an efficient numerical algorithm a complete listing of the associated computer program, developed for the eigenproblem solution of discrete damped structures, including spinning ones. The numerically stable procedure is based on a combined Sturm sequence and inverse iteration technique, which fully exploits the banded form of the relevant matrices and proves to be most substantially economical when compared to similar existing softwares. Numerical results are presented for representative structures, solved by the present computer program written in FORTRAN V for the JPL UNIVAC 1108 computer.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 17-25 
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    Notes: Three variational statements for the slow time-independent flow of a Navier-Poisson fluid are derived. All of these statements are suitable as the bases of finite elements. The first statement is applied successfully to several flow situations.
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  • 156
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 91-102 
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    Notes: This paper deals with the numerical solution of wave propagation problems in general although the primary area of interest is elastodynamics. The work is applicable to a variety of wave propagation phenomena of classical physics. Explicit schemes of Strang type are used, which allow many simplifications over existing methods. The Strang schemes allow in a very real but perhaps unexpected way the splitting of the elasticity operator.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 71-90 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: By use of the least squares error criterion, an alternate finite element formulation is presented. The method is based on the discrete or element-wise minimization of square and weighted differential equation residuals which are expressed in terms of element nodal quantities. In order to overcome the stringent inter-element continuity requirement, a major stumbling block, on the element trial functions two practical schemes are proposed. One is the reduction of the original governing differential equation to a system of equivalent first order differential equations; the other is a method of smoothing discontinous trial functions. The latter essentially relaxes the continuity requirement and yields efficient non-conforming finite elements. This paper also demonstrates the use of constant weights which significantly improves the rates of convergence. Several numerical examples illustrate the proposed method. From these examples, it may be concluded that the use of constant weights and the relaxation of the inter-element continuity requirement are two indispensable features of the weighted discrete least square method.
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  • 158
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 119-138 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A direct method is described for the evaluation of the critical loads on deep circular arches having various forms of end support. The method is applicable to arches of non-uniform flexural rigidity and may cater for arbitrary forms of applied load distribution. The results calculated for two examples are given, and compared with those obtained analytically and experimentally by other investigators. A complete listing of a computer program for one of the examples is provided in the Appendices.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 195-198 
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    Notes: A finite element method for the analysis of axisymmetric bodies in torsion is presented. The effects of an angular acceleration about the axis of symmetry is included. The accuracy of the method is tested against experimental results available for a stepped shaft and finally the problem of an accelerating shaft-turbine disc system is considered.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 1-16 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: When large, progressive, deformation occurs under plastic or visco-plastic conditions, elastic deformations are negligible and the material flows in a viscous manner. The flow is non-Newtonian and the viscosity is a function of the current strain rates. An effective numerical treatment of such non-Newtonian flow by the finite element method is indicated here and is illustrated by examples of an extrusion process for which approximate slip line solutions are known.The methodology is extended to the solution of transient, quasi-static situations and coupling with thermodynamic equations is discussed.A stream function formulation of the problem is used.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 55-69 
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    Notes: The finite element method is applied to dynamic linear viscoelastic analysis. The arising system of differential equations is integrated by means of the Laplace transformation. The direct numerical evaluation of the inversion integral seems to be appropriate in case of vibrational problems. The method is applied to examples of transient vibrations of elastic bodies. Initial conditions and arbitrary damping matrices can be considered.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 103-110 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper discusses three numerical integration schemes connected with a finite element solution to the transient heat-conduction equation. The main emphasis is on the achievable accuracy. A simple recurrence relation derived from the Galerkin process is suggested for the treatment of fast-varying boundary conditions as being significantly better than the usual Crank-Nicholson scheme in matters of short-time accuracy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 167-194 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Use of mixed force and displacement variables may be the key to a reliable solution of many physical problems. For the analysis of elastic structures with large rigid motion the displacement method may fail due to illconditioning, but use of mixed variables (diacoptics) may work due to the possibility of using relative displacements within substructures. Analysis with mixed variables complicates the topology (the number of nodes and the number of variables at the nodes may vary in the same problem) so a careful study of the system analysis is required. Some general computer routines are given for handling topology, merging and solution of the sparse system equation. The solution routine handles constraints in a rational way and can also be used for decomposition of the system equation or for releasing inner nodes in superelements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 198-203 
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    Notes: The application of the static condensation method is discussed in general. The technique is presented as an extension of the Gauss elimination algorithm. An efficient FORTRAN subroutine is given which simultaneously reduces both the stiffness matrix and the stress-displacement transformation matrix.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 212-212 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 227-248 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An integrated sequential computer programme for the solution of large linear algebraic systems encountered in the discrete analysis of complex structures using finite element idealization is described. The programme uses an algorithm based on Gauss elimination for solution and is independent of the possible symmetric nature of the system matrix thus enhancing the applicability of the programme for systems with unsymmetric coefficient matrices. The present programme can handle large band widths and the core memory is used efficiently for all feasible problem sizes. A FORTRAN print-out of the programme with relevant explanatory comments and a full notation list are appended.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 521-528 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two methods are presented for the automatic selection of a cycle basis leading to a sparse flexibility matrix for the analysis of rigid-jointed skeletal structures.The first method having a local approach forms a maximal set of admissible minimal cycles, while the second having a global approach constructs admissible minimal cycles on the ordered chords of a shortest route tree. A cycle ordering algorithm is also given to reduce the band width of the corresponding flexibility matrix.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 589-611 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper presents a method of solving systems of simultaneous non-linear partial differential equations using the method of lines and the method of quasilinearization-superposition in combination. The advantages of the method over those methods more generally used are discussed and an example of the application of the method to the two-dimensional momentum and energy equations considering temperature-dependent and/or shear-rate dependent viscosity is given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 649-657 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 633-647 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The method of ‘least squares’, which falls under the category of weighted residual processes, is applied as a time-stepping algorithm to one-dimensional transient problems including the heat conduction equation, diffusion-convection equation, and a non-linear unsaturated flow equation. Comparison is made with other time-stepping algorithms, and the least squares method is seen to offer definite advantages.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 676-676 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 679-696 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The object of this paper is to describe a new algorithm for the semi-automatic triangulation of arbitrary, multiply connected planar domains. The strategy is based upon a modification of a finite element mesh genration algorithm recently developed. 1 The scheme is designed for maximum flexibility and is capable of generating meshes of triangular elements for the decomposition of virtually any multiply connected planar domain. Moreover, the desired density of elements in various regions of the problem domain is specified by the user, thus allowing him to obtain a mesh decomposition appropriate to the physical loading and/or boundary conditions of the particular problem at hand. Several examples are presented to illustrate the applicability of the algorithm. An extension of the algorithm to the triangulation of shell structures is indicated.
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  • 174
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 731-741 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A polynomial shape function of triangular elements for finite element analysis of general deformation of sheet metals with or without orthotropic anisotropy is proposed. And general formulation for large deformation and large strain analysis with non-linearity of material property, say plasticity, is given. Some numerical examples are examined with respect to hydraulic bulging.
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  • 175
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 713-729 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A characteristic feature of the variational functionals for several boundary value problems in polar co-ordinates is the fact that one independent variable occurs explicitly in the denominator. Therefore, the coefficients of the finite element equations for sectors of circular ring shaped elements are not constants but functions of the distance of the elements from the origin of co-ordinates.1 We name them coefficient functions. In order to show the particular aspects of the calculations in terms of polar co-ordinates we deal here with the solution of the torsion problem by bilinear and bicubic Hermitian interpolation.The finite element equations are arranged according to Schaefer2 in the form of block which can easily be transformed into ‘stars’3 or molecules4,5 similar to those used in finite difference methods. The origin of co-ordinates requires a special consideration, firstly because of the coincidence of several nodes at that point and secondly because of the divergent behaviour of some coefficient functions. It turns out to be advantageous for the numerical calculations to expand the coefficient functions in power series. Besides, the expansions are required to deduce the equations for rectangular elements by limiting processes. The twisting moments and shearing stresses calculated for several cross sections illustrate the numerical suitability of the method. The finite element values are compared partly with exact solutions and partly with experimental results obtained by a moiré method using Prandtl's soap film analogy.6 Finally it is shown how the accuracy of the finite element values can be improved by the Richardson extrapolation7.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 176
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 8 (1974), S. 914-916 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper shows a procedure for estimating the shape parameter of a Gamma distribution from a sample. This procedure uses a rapidly converging iteration to solve the maximum-likelihood equation and suggests a simple formula for determing the starting value.
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  • 177
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Serpulid ; Polychaete ; Hydroxyapatite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un petit groupe de cellules épithéliales de la surface antérieure du col du serpulidePomatoceros caeruleus contient des vacuoles, remplies de matériel cristallin. Les cristaux présenttent des aspects rhomboédriques ou rectangulaires. La diffraction électronique montre qu'ils sont constitués par de l'hydroxyleapatite et du phosphate de calcium et de magnésium. Les apex des cellules sont bordés de microvillosités. Certaines cellules ont des cils apicaux. Un appareil de Golgi est visible dans le cytoplasme apical. De nombreuses mitochondries sont dissé minées dans le cytoplasme. Le role éventuel de ces cellules, a contenu minéral, dans la mise en réserve de calcium et/ou de phosphore est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein kleiner Zellverband im Epithel der vorderen Oberfläche am Hals des SerpulidsPomatoceros caeruleus enthält membrangebundene Vakuolen, welche mit kristallinem Material gefüllt sind. Die Kristalle haben rhomboide oder rechteckige Formen; mittels Elektronendiffraktion konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß sie aus Hydroxyapatit und Calciummagnesiumphosphat bestehen. Die oberen Enden der Zellen sind von Microvilli eingefaßt. Einige der Zellen haben zudem apikale Zilien. Die Zellen enthalten Golgi-Apparate im apikalen Cytoplasma. Eine große Anzahl von Mitochondrien sind über das, ganze Cytoplasma verteilt. Die mögliche Funktion dieser mineralhaltigen Zellen als Aufbewahrungsorte für Calcium und/oder Phosphor wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A small patch of cells in the epithelium of the anterior surface of the collar of the serpulidPomatoceros caeruleus contains membrane-bound vacuoles filled with crystalline material. The crystals have rhomboidal or rectangular profiles and have been shown by electron diffraction analysis to be composed of hydroxyapatite and calcium magnesium phosphate. The apices of the cells are bordered by microvilli. Some cells also have apical cilia. The cells contain Golgi complexes in the apical cytoplasm. Large numbers of mitochondria are distributed thoughout the cytoplasm. The possible function of these mineral-containing cells as sites for storage of calcium and/or phosphorus is discussed.
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    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Uterus ; Luminal epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Implantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the rat uterine luminal epithelium has been examined during normal pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, lactation and lactation-pregnancy, all being conditions when a blastocyst is known to be able to implant. In all four groups of animals the epithelium passes through three characteristic and structurally similar states, namely a pre-attachment state, an attachment state and a postattachment state. The attachment state is characterized by a close contact between apposing luminal surfaces of the epithelium. It is concluded that implantation in an undamaged uterus claims a sequence of certain changes in the uterine luminal epithelium, and that the blastocyst attachment occurs within the early part of that period when the luminal epithelium is in the attachment state.
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  • 179
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    Anatomy and embryology 134 (1971), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Differentiation ; Ultrastructure ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the morphological events which take place in the hamster Leydig cell during its process of prenatal and postnatal differentiation. The most strinking feature of the prenatal differentiation is the high development of the vesicular form of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (S.E.R.). At around the end of the first month of postnatal life the vesicular form of the S.E.R. is replaced by a truly reticular S.E.R. formed by numerous interconnected cisternae. From fetal to adult life the amount of ribosomes decreases whereas the number of mitochondria and Golgi cisternae increases. It is concluded that the differentiation mechanism of the hamster Leydig cell differs from that observed in the Leydig cell of other species, even of those closely related to the hamster, such as the mouse.
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  • 180
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    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 139-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Rabbit ; Fertilization ; Blastocysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fertilized rabbit ova were studied in the period from 25 to 144 hr after insemination. Eggs were recovered by flushing the uterine horns and oviducts with Hank's solution. The cells were morphologically alike in the 24 and 48 hr ova. At 661/2 hr blastomeres were differentiated into an inner mass of cells with dense cytoplasm and an outer trophoblastic layer with less dense cytoplasm. Otherwise no morphological differences were seen. Whether the 661/2 hr ova were morulas or blastocysts is discussed. The 96 hr ova were clearly blastocysts. Inner cells and trophoblastic cells at this stage bad the same cytoplasmic density. Mitochondria were increased in number and crystal-like figures were present for the first time. In the 120 and 144 hr ova the cytoplasm of the trophoblastic cells was denser than that of the inner cells. Trophoblastic cells were characterized by their density, crystal-like figures, elongated mitochondria with transverse cristae and many single ribosomes and they were interconnected with well developed junctional complexes. In a few cases a continuity seemed to exist between trophoblastic cells and inner cells. The latter were characterized by cytoplasm of less density than that of the trophoblastic cells, rounded mitochondria and fewer ribosomes. The fine structure of the crystal-like figures, their possible origin and differentiation of the mitochondria are discussed.
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  • 181
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    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 117-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Embryology ; Human adenohypophysis ; Progenitor cell and canaliculi ; Follicular structures ; Histocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A histochemical and ultrastructural investigation of the early development of the adenohypophysis was carried out on a human material. Special attention was paid to an accumulation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-4-and/or-6-sulfate in the mesenchyma; its role in morphogenesis of the Rathke's pouch is discussed. The role of the vessels as a “critical factor” in the budding of the parenchyma and in the differentiation of secretory cells is discussed. Canalicular extensions from the original lumen of the pouch into the core of parenchymal buds, which migrate into the mesenchyma, is a new observation. The participation of canaliculi in formation of follicular structures of pars distalis is described and discussed. The primitive cell type lining the pouch is also found in the wall of canaliculi and follicular structures. The cell type is described and its role as the real progenitor cell of the adenohypophysis is discussed. Three types of colloid are noticed in pars distalis: 1. In the follicular structures, 2. in the slits or clefts caused by partial occlusion of the lumen of the pouch, and 3. mesenchymal extravasal colloid presumably representing material squeezed out from the aforementioned clefts or slits. It is concluded that the colloid contains material secreted from different types of granulated cells as well as material from the surface coat of the luminal cells.
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Type IV Glycogenosis ; Amylopectinosis ; Skeletal Muscle ; Polysaccharides ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Skeletal muscles from a patient with type IV glycogenosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. The distinctive polysaccharide deposits were more abundant in the tongue and diaphragm than other skeletal muscles. The involved myofibers contained fusiform areas filled with polyhedral or rounded granules of basophilic material that was further characterized by staining with periodic acid-Schiff, Grocott methenamine silver and alcian blue. Ultrastructurally the deposits were composed of branched filaments, osmophilic granules and electron-dense amorphous material. There are sufficient ultrastructural, histochemical and chemical similarities among the deposits in type IV glycogenosis, Lafora bodies and visceral deposits in myoclonus epilepsy, corpora amylacea and basophilic degeneration of the myocardium to suggest a common composition and mechanism of synthesis possibly through reversal of the debranching enzyme system. However, sharing a biochemical pathway does not necessarily imply a common etiological factor.
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    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 301-306 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Wilson's Disease ; Opalski Cells ; Tissue Culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The object of the present study was to analyse the ultrastructure of Opalski cells, obtained in tissue culture according to the method described by Mossakowskiet al. (1970). The electron microscopic picture of the Opalski cells was characterized by scanty endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and a greatly reduced number of mitochondria, as compared with glial cells cultured in vitro. Their cytoplasm contained two types of spherical bodies, one of which corresponded to lysosome-like bodies; the second one, in the authors' opinion, represented an accumulation of mucopolysaccharide substances. The ultrastructural picture of Opalski cells corresponded well with their previously described histochemical properties.
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 173-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Progressive Muscular Dystrophy ; Duchenne Type ; Ultrastructure ; Lipidstorage ; Type I Fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Muskelgewebe von 10 Knaben mit Duchennescher Form von PMD wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die einzelnen myopathischen Veränderungen wurden feinstrukturell analysiert und hinsichtlich ihrer Spezifität beurteilt. Es treten Fasernekrose, davon abhängig Faserregenerate, weiters Faserdegenerationen mit primärer Filamentenordnungsstörung und konsekutiver Filamentendegeneration, sowie einfache Faseratrophie als Gesamtfaserschädigung auf. Fokale myopathische Veränderungen, vorwiegend auf Typ I-Fasern beschränkt, sind Z-Streaming und Lipidspeicherung in zentralen Faserabschnitten. Keine der Einzelveränderungen ist für sich spezifisch, lediglich ihre Häufigkeitsverteilung ergibt ein charakteristisches Muster. Pathogenetische Faktoren der Einzelveränderungen, besonders Lipidakkumulation in Typ I-Fasern, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Examinations of 10 muscle biopsies in Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy were performed. The different particular myopathic changes are analysed and their specificity is discussed. Two groups of changes are observed, one concerning total fiber involvement, the other the focal degenerations. In the first group muscle fiber necrosis, associated regenerations, fiber degeneration with initial disturbance of the filamentous arrangement and atrophia simplex are described. Focal myopathic changes appeared predominantly in type I fibers and consisted of Z-streaming and lipid storage in central fiber parts. None of the particular fiber changes are specific, only the distribution of their frequency shows a characteristic pattern. Pathogenic factors of the different particular fiber changes are discussed, especially of the lipid accumulation in the type I fibers.
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    Acta neuropathologica 18 (1971), S. 299-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cat Cerebrum ; Endocytosis ; Thorotrast ; Ferritin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small quantities of ferritin or Thorotrast were injected into the visual cortex of the cat in order to determine which cells in the cerebrum exhibited endocytic activity when exposed to foreign material. Blocks of tissue from the cortex and adjacent white matter were examined by electron microscopy 5 h and 20 h after injection. Some neurons and oligodendrocytes and all the astrocytes examined showed pinocytotic activity. Increasing the time of exposure of the tissue to the tracer did not appear to result in greatly increased uptake by individual cells, except in the case of astrocytes. Neutrophils, which invaded the tissue after 5 h, and in increased numbers after 20 h, exhibited minimal endocytic activity when they invaded the grey matter. They were more active in the white matter. Up to 20 h after injection, the three most important endocytic elements in the cerebrum were astrocytes (collectively), pale perivascular cells within the basement membrane of the blood vessels and phagocytes, which appeared to be reactive endogenous cells.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Estrogen ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dix rats Holtzman mâles et sevrés sont sacrifiés injection intrapéritonéale d'oestradiol (Progynon, Schering) aqueux, à des doses quotiediennes de 1 μ g. par g de poids. Des témoins, ayant reçu une dose équivalente de liquide de dilution, sont sacrifiés à des intervalles de 1 heure à 6 jours, identiques aux temps de sacrifice des animaux injectés. Les cartilages épiphysaires supérieurs des tibias tibias (ECP) étudiés en microscopie électronique, montrent, dès trois heures après l'ionjection, une augmentation nette de 'activié sécrétoire, caractérisée, au niveau de la zone de sécrétion matricielle, par l'abondance dans les citernes golgiennes d'un matériel piqueté, constitué par des complexes protéino-polysaccharidiques. La désintégration de la membrane limitante de vésicules golgiennes individuelles est plus avancée après vingt quatre heures: après trois jours de traitement, seules quelques vésicules restent intactes et des plages d'un matériel initialement intravacuolaire sont visibles dans le cytoplasme. De longs filaments, rappelant les précurseurs ou les fibrilles primaires du collagène, sont visibles dans cette sécrétion. Après six jours, de grandes plages de cettre subestance remplissent les cellules de la couche pré-hypertrophieque, avec déplacement de l'ergastoplasme en périphérie. Des vacuoles cytoplasques, contenant un matériel semblable à celui qu'on retrouve dans la lacune, et présentant des filament finement moniliformes et disposés en rayons le long de la membrane limitante, sont visibles. Ces observations suggèrent une accélération initiale de l'activité sécrétoire chondrocytaire, suivie par un retard de transfert. La rétention consécutive et la polymérisation intracellulaire de produits précollagéniques accélèrent l'hypertrophie et favorisent ainsi la dégénérescence précoce des chondrocytes. Ces altérations ultrastructurales paraissent être spécifiques aux oestrog`enes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zehn männliche Hotlzmann-Ratten, die im Entwöhnungsstadium waren, erhielten täglich wässerige Oestradioldosen (Progynon, Schering) von 1 μ/g Körpergewicht i.p. Dann wurden sie gleichzeitig mit Kontrolltieren, welche die gleiche Menge Verdünnungsmittel erhalten hatten, in Intervallen von 1 Std bis zu 6 Tagen getötet. Platten des oberen tibialen Epiphysenknorples (ECP), welche für die Elektronenmikroskopie präpariert wurden, zeigtem, daß schon 3 Std nach der Injektion ein bemerkenswerte Erhöhung der sekretorischen Tätigkeit entsteht. Dies wurde in der Zone der Matrixausscheidung sichtbar, wo sich in den Golgi-Zisternen eine Anhäufung von punktiertem, aus Proteinpolysaccharid-Komplexen bestehendem Material zeigte. Der Zerfall der Membran, welche die einzelnen Golgi-Bläschen umgibt, nahm nach 24 Std zu; nach 3 Tagen Behandlung blieben nur wenige Gefäße intakt, und Ansammlungen von ursprünglich intravacuolörem Material konnten im Grundplasma beobachtet werden. Lange Fasern, welche auf primäre oder Prae-Kollagefibrillen hindeuteten, konnten in diesem Sekret gesehen werden. Nach 6 Tagen wurden die Zellen in der prähypertrophen Zone mit dieser Substanz richtiggehend überschwemmt, und das rauhe endoplasmatische Reticulum wurde anschließend gegen die Zellperipherie verlagert. Die oft beobachteten cytoplasmatischen Vacuolen enthielten ein Material, das dem in den Lacunen vorkommenden ähnlich ist und zeigten auf der ungebrenden Membran feinperlige, radial angeordnete Fasern. Unsere Beobachtungen deuten auf eine anfängliche Beschleuning der chondrocytischen sekretorischen Tätigkeit, mit nachfolgender Transportverlangsamung, hin. Die dadurch entstehende Retention und intrazelluläre Polymerisation von präkollagenen Produkten beschleunigt die Hypertrophie und begünstigt dadurch die frühe Degeneration von Chondrocyten. Diese ultrastrukturellen Veränderungen scheinen oestrogen-spezifisch zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Ten male weanling Holtzman rats, injected intraperitoneally with aqueous estradiol (Progynon, Schering), in daily doses of 1 μg. per g body weight, were sacrificed, simultaneously with controls receiving an equivalent amount of diluent, at intervals ranging from one hour to six days. Upper tibial epiphyseal cartilage plates (ECP), procesed for electron microscopy, revealed, as early as three hours after injection, appreciable enhancement of secretory activity, evidenced, in the zone of matrix secretion, by the abundance in Golgi cisternae of stippled material representing proteinpolysaccharide complexes. Disintegration of the lining membrane of individual Golgi vesicles was advanced after twenty-four hours; following three days of treatment, few vesicles remained intact, and pools of initially intravacuolar material were observable in the gound plasm. Long filaments, suggestive of primary or precursor collagen fibrils were apparent in this secretion. After six days, virtual lakes of this substance filled cells in the zone of prehypertophy, with consequent displacement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum against the cell periphery. Cytoplasmic vacuoles, containing mateerial similar to that found in the lacunar moat, and displaying finely beaded, radially arrayed filaments on the lining membrane were frequently encountered. Our observations suggest an initial acclleration of chondrocytic secretory activity, with subsequent retardation of transport. The resultant retention and intracellular polymerization of precollagenous products accelerates hypertrophy, thereby promoting early degeneration of chondrocytes. These ultrastructural alterations are apparently estrogen-specific.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 12-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Testosterone ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que la clinique et l'expérimentation semblent démontrer que des doses élevées de testostérone provoquent un arrêt prématuré de la croissance, le mécanisme exact et le lieu précis de son action sur l'appareil de croissance des os longs restent indéterminés. Au cours de cette étude, des rats máles de 200 g sont injectés à l'aide de doses supra-physiologiques de testostérone pour observer les effects sub-microscopiques sur les diverses zones du cartilage épiphysaire. Au niveau de la zone de division cellulaire, on note une augmentation des cellules en division. Les cellules, en voie de maturation, présentent plus de produits de sécrétion, à un stade plus précoce de leur cycle d'évolution, et semblent subir une hypertrophie plus rapide. Dans la zone pré-hypertrophique, la matrice intercellulaire présente des foyers de calcification précoce, ainsi que des fibres collagènes plus longues et plus épaisses que chez les témoins. Il apparait que, chez l'animal entier, des doses même élevées de testostérone provoquent initialement une stimulation de la prolifération chondrocytaire, avant de favoriser les processus de maturation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Obwohl experimentelle und klinische Erfahrung darauf hinweisen, daß hohe Dosen von Testosteron zu einem frühzeitigen Wachstumsabschluß führen, sind der genaue Mechanismus und der eigentliche Wirkungsort dieses Hormons im Wachstumsapparat der Röhrenknochen unbekannt geblieben. In diesem Experiment wurden 200 g schweren männlichen Ratten supraphysiologische Testosterondosen injiziert, um die submikroskopischen Auswirkungen auf die verschiedenen Zonen des Epiphysenknorpels zu beobachten. In der Zone der Zellmitosen fand sich eine erhöhte Anzahl von sich teilenden Zellen. Die reifenden Zellen häuften im Frühstadium ihres Lebenscyclus größere Mengen von Sekretionsprodukten an und schienen eine abruptere Hypertrophie durchzumachen. In der prähypertrophen Zone enthielt die interterritoriale Matrix Herde von früher und verfrühter Verkalkung, sowie dickere und längere Kollagenfasern als vergleichsweise in Kontrolltieren. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß bei unbehandelten Tieren sogar große Testosterondosen anfänglich eine Stimulation der Chondrocytenproliferation verursachen, bevor sie die Reifungsprozesse veranlassen.
    Notes: Abstract Although experimental and clinical experience indicates that large doses of testosterone lead to premature cessation of growth, the exact mechanism and precise site of action of this hormone on the growth apparatus of long bones remain unknown. In this study, plateaued male rats were injected with supraphysiologic doses of testosterone to observe the submicroscopic effects on the various zones of the epiphyseal cartilage. In the zone of cell division there were increased numbers of dividing cells. The maturing cells accumulated larger amounts of secretory products at earlier stages of their life cycle, and appeared to undergo a more abrupt hypertrophy. In the zone of prehypertrophy, the interterritorial matrix contained foci of early and premature calcification and thicker and longer collagen fibers than at comparable levels in controls. It is concluded that in intact animals, even large doses of testosterone initially cause a stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation, prior to promoting maturation processes.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 31-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Prism ; Crystals ; Growth ; Shell ; Formation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le début des prismes est visible au niveau de la région proximale de la surface externe du repli périphérique externe dans l'espace palléal, limité extérieurement par la périostracum. Le premier stade de formation d'un prisme est identique à celui observé dans la formation du nacre, à savoir l'élaboration d'une lamelle dense aux électrons qui sert de limite interne au futur prisme. Les fragments de lamelles se détachent et migrent vers un espace bordé extérieurement par le periostracum. Ces fragments lamellaires forment des enveloppes, au niveau desquelles on observe le dépôt initial et la croissance des cristaux. En même temps, on voit apparaitre des parois interprismatiques nettes, qui dérivent aussi des lamelles. La croissance de nouveaux cristaux et d'éléments organiques donne finalement un prisme adulte allongé. La croissance de la coquille se fait en périphérie, surtout par formation de nouveaux prismes. En outre, un environnement modifié, qui consiste en un dédoublement du periostracum au niveau de la surface distale, donne naissance à des ilôts étroits, contenant des prismes, qui se forment sur les bords de l'espace produit par la courbe du periostracum.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Prismenbildung beginnt in der proximalen Region der äußeren Oberfläche der äußeren Mantelfalte in Pallialraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum begrenzt wird. Der erste Schritt bei einer Prismenbildung verläuft gleich, wie dies bei der Perlmutterbildung beobachtet werden kann, nämlich in Form der Ausarbeitung einer elektronenoptisch dichten Lamelle, welche als innere Begrenzung des zukünftigen Prismas dient. Fragmente der Lamelle werden abgetrennt und wandern zu einem Zwischenraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum abgeschlossen wird. Diese Lamellenfragmente bilden Hüllen, innerhalb welcher der Kristall entsteht und sein Wachstum stattfindet. Gleichzeitig bilden sich dicke, zwischen den Prismen liegende Wände, die ebenfalls von den Lamellen abstammen. Das aus der Bildung zusätzlicher Kristalle bestehende Wachstum, zusammen mit den organischen Komponenten, läßt schließlich das reife längliche Prisma entstehen. Das Wachstum der Muschel spielt sich am Rande hauptsächlich durch Bildung neuer Prismen ab. Durch eine Veränderung der Umgebung, bestehend aus einer Verdoppelung des Periostracums an der distalen Oberfläche, entstehen zusätzlich dünne, prismenhaltige Sporne, welche innerhalb des begrenzten Raumes vorkommen, der sich durch das Überschlagen des Periostracums bildet.
    Notes: Abstract The initiation of prisms occurs in the proximal region of the outer surface of the outer mantle fold in the pallial space bounded externally by the periostracum. The first step in the formation of a prism is similar to that observed in the formation of nacre, namely, the elaboration of an electron-dense lamella that serves as the internal boundary of the future prism. Fragments of the lamella become detached and migrate to a chamber bounded externally by the periostracum. These lamellar fragments form envelopes within which crystal initiation and growth oocur. At the same time stout interprismatic walls appear. They are also derived from the lamellae. Growth consisting of the formation of additional crystals and the organic components finally give rise to the mature elongated prism. Growth of the shell occurs at the margin chiefly by formation of new prisms in this area. In addition a modified environment consisting of duplicature of the periostracum on the distal surface results in the formation of thin spurs containing prisms that occur within the confines of the space created by the periostracal loop.
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  • 189
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cartilage ; Calcification ; Inorganic ; Organic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La phase organique (ou fantôme des cristaux) associéc à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque amas cristallin, sont mises en évidence au niveau du cartilage calcifié en utilisant le sulfate de chrome basique comme agent de fixation, de coloration et de déminéralisation. Le traitement ultérieur du tissu, à l'aide de papaïne ou d'hyaluronidase, indique que les fantômes cristallins constitutent un complexe protéino-polysaccharidique et que la substance de base est formée par une protéine associée à un polysaccharide acide. Les rapports entre phases inorganique et organique sont discutés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die organische Phase (oder Kristallit-Schatten), die zu jedem Kristallit gehört, sowie das Hintergrundmaterial, das zu jeder Kristallitgruppe gehört, wurden in calcifiziertem Knorpel sichtbar gemacht. Zu diesem Zweck wurde basisches Chromsulfat als ein kombiniertes Fixierungs-, Färbe- und Demineralisierungsmittel verwendet. Nachfolgende Behandlung des Gewebes mit Papain oder Hyaluronidase läßt vermuten, daß die Kristallitschatten einen Proteinpolysaccharidkomplex darstellen und daß das Hintergrundmaterial hauptsächlich aus Protein mit einigen sauren Polysacchariden besteht. Die Beziehung zwischen anorganischen und organischen Phasen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The organic phase (or crystallite ghost) associated with each crystallite, together with the background material associated with each crystallite cluster, was demonstrated in calcified cartilage using basic chromium sulphate as a combined fixative, stain, and demineralizing agent. Subsequent treatment of the tissue with papain, or with hyaluronidase, suggests that the crystallite ghosts represented a protein-polysaccharide complex and that the background material was principally protein together with some acid polysaccharide. The relationship between inorganic and organic phases is discussed.
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  • 190
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 13-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptors ; Insects ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antennae of Scolytus multistriatus were examined with light and scanning and transmitting-electron microscopy to determine the distributions, types and structures of sense organs. Four types of sensilla were found: (1) sensilla chaetica, a singly-innervated receptor; (2) sensilla basiconica, Type A, a short, thin-walled, multiple-innervated receptor; (3) sensilla basiconica, Type B, a long, thin-walled multiple-innervated receptor; and (4) sensilla trichodea, short, thick-walled, multiple-innervated receptors. The positioning of dendrite(s) with regard to pore tubules is elaborated. Evidence for lack of sensory axon fusion is presented.
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  • 191
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 388-395 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pomatoceros triqueter ; Egg investments ; Fertilization reaction ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of unfertilized and fertilized egg investments ofPomatoceros triqueter is described. A characteristic feature is the presence of a hitherto unrecorded additional investment layer, inserted between the chorion and the “outer border layer”, which is referred to as the intermediate layer. The fertilization reaction consists of the release of cortical granule material into the perivitelline “space”, and the severing of the microvillous cytosome to “outer border layer” connections, thus allowing an increase in the width of the perivitelline “space”. More ridged corrugations are found on the outer surface of the investments in the fertilized as compared with the unfertilized condition.
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  • 192
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Elasmobranchs ; Glomerular Vessels ; Tubular Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Glomerula und Hauptstücke der Elasmobranchierniere fallen nach lichtmikroskopischen Studien durch strukturelle Besonderheiten auf, die möglicherweise mit der physiologischen Uraemie dieser Tiergruppe in Zusammenhang stehen. Um weitere morphologische Grundlagen für spätere cytochemische und physiologische Untersuchungen zu gewinnen, haben die Autoren die genannten Nephronabschnitte elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. Die erstaunliche Dicke der Glomerulumgefäße der Elasmobranchier — sie beträgt durchschnittlich 7 μ — beruht auf der Ausbildung einer zellreichen Schicht (Durchmesser durchschnittlich 6 μ) zwischen Podozyten und Endothel. 2. Die Podozyten tragen Einzelcilien, die in den Kapselraum hineinragen, und werden von Strähnen zarter, etwa 80 Å dicker Filamente durchzogen. Möglicherweise handelt es sich um Myofilamente. Zwischen den Füßchen der Podozyten auf der Basalmembran kommen Schlitzmembranen vor. 3. Die Mittelschicht der Gefäßwand entspricht einer stark verdickten Basalmembran, in die außer Kollagenfibrillen Zellen eingebettet sind. Die Mehrzahl dieser intralamellären Zellen besteht aus verästelten Elementen, deren Ausläufer sich innerhalb der Membran ausbreiten. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Aussagen, die sich auf lichtmikroskopische Beobachtungen stützen, werden diese Zellen als fibrozytäre Elemente und nicht als glatte Muskelzellen gedeutet. Eine zweite intralamelläre Zellart, deren Elemente keine Ausläufer besitzen, fällt durch starke Entwicklung von Ergastoplasma auf. 4. Das relativ dicke Endothel der Glomerulumgefäße besitzt eine stark zerklüftete Oberfläche, seine Pseudofenestrierung ist weniger regelmäßig als in den Glomerula höheren Formen ausgebildet. 5. Verschiedene Zustandsbilder einer Abschnürung von vacuolär strukturierten Blasen und von Protuberanzen, die möglicherweise das Äquivalent einer apokrinen Extrusion aus den Hauptstückzellen sind, werden beschrieben. Die Frage bleibt offen, ob dieser Vorgang etwas mit der Abgabe harnpflichtiger Substanzen in das Lumen des Kanälchens zu tun hat. Es handelt sich bei diesen Strukturen nicht um Fixationsartefakte. 6. Die von Lichtmikroskopikern beschriebenen „Basalreifen“ des Nierenkanälchens entsprechen leistenartigen Erhebungen der Innenfläche der Basalmembran. Das Bild der „basalen Kittfäden“ dürfte durch die Cytoplasmapartien zwischen den Basalreifen hervorgerufen werden.
    Notes: Summary According to light microscopical studies glomerula and proximal convoluted tubules of the elasmobranch kidney are characterized by structural peculiarities, which possibly are related to the physiological uremia of this group of animals. In order to obtain morphological fundamentals for cytochemical and physiological studies, the authors have investigated the above mentioned parts of the nephron with the electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. The remarkable thickness of the glomerular tufts in the elasmobranchs—averaging 7 μ—is due to the presence of a cell-rich layer (diameter about 6 μ) between podocytes and endothelium. 2. The podocytes bear individual cilia protruding into the capsular space. They further contain bundles of fine filaments (diameter approximately 80 Å) which possibly are myofilaments. Between the feet of the podocytes slit membranes occur on the surface of the basement lamina. 3. The medium layer of the vascular wall corresponds to a strongly thickened basement lamina, into which besides collagen fibrils and fuzzy material different cells are embedded. The majority of these intralamellar cells consists of branched elements the processes of which spread inside the membrane. In contrast to earlier statements, which were based on light microscopical observations, these cells are interpreted to represent fibrocytic elements and not smooth muscle cells. A second intralamellar cell type which does not possess any processes, is marked by well developed cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. 4. The relatively thick endothelium of the glomerular vessels possesses a rugged surface, its pseudofenestration beeing less regular than in glomerular capillaries of higher vertebrates. 5. Vesiculated spherical bodies, swollen cellular apices and protuberances apparently being pinched off in the proximal convoluted tubule—possibly equivalents of an apocrine extrusion—are described. The authors are of the opinion that these structures do not represent artifacts caused by fixation. It remains on open question, whether this extrusion contributes to the composition of the tubular urine. 6. The “Basalreifen” of the kidney tubule as have been described by light microscopists, correspond to crests of the inner surface of the basement lamina, the “basale Kittfäden” to the strips of cytoplasm between these “Basalreifen”.
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  • 193
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear division ; Protozoan ; Ultrastructure ; Microtubules ; Colchicine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in the micro- and macronucleus throughout division were followed in synchronized cultures of the suctorian, Tokophrya infusionum. After an initial swelling, the micronucleus elongates enormously; microtubules within the micronucleus proliferate and lengthen as the micronucleus elongates. Changes in the macronucleus become visible only after micronuclear division is well underway. The chromatin bodies fuse into long chromatin strands, and the large bundles of microtubules present in the resting macronucleus break up into small groups which parallel the chromatin strands. Colchicine, which prevents reproduction in Tokophrya, seems to block division at a very early stage. The macronucleus appears the same as the resting nucleus of untreated organisms, with numerous microtubules and distinct chromatin bodies. The chromatin in the micronucleus aggregates into large clumps, however, and proliferation of microtubules does not occur.
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  • 194
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 184-195 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Rotifer ; RNA synthesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oocyte development in Asplanchna brightwelli was studied by observation through the transparent body wall of living females and by electron microscopy. During oogenesis, which requires four to six hours, the oocyte increases in volume approximately 1000-fold. Most of its cytoplasm appears to be derived from the vitellarium by direct flow through the cytoplasmic bridge. This flow is rapid enough to be easily observed in the living female at low magnifications. Ribosomes, mitochondria, cortical granules, and lipid droplets were observed in the bridge area in electron micrographs. RNA synthesis during oogenesis was studied by means of autoradiography. Very little synthesis could be demonstrated in oocyte nuclei at any period of oogenesis, whereas the vitellarium nuclei show active incorporation of 3H-uridine throughout the reproductive life of the adult female. Most of this RNA is subsequently transferred to developing oocytes.
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  • 195
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 426-441 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Actinomycin D ; Cellular differentiation ; Young Planarians ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'utilisation de l'actinomycine D, au cours de la régénération de Planaires à l'éclosion ou de celle d'adultes, montre que ces deux groupes d'animaux réagissent différemment à l'antibiotique. La régénération se produit en présence de l'antibiotique chez les jeunes Planaires, alors que, pour la même concentration (50 μg/cm3), elle est totalement bloquée chez les adultes. Elle débute dès la décapitation des animaux; le retour dans l'eau, après un traitement par l'antibiotique qui va de 1 à 4 jours, ne modifie pas son déroulement morphologique. L'examen ultrastructural montre que les cellules différenciées présentent le plus souvent des dissociations nucléolaires importantes. Les lésions s'étendent progressivement à toute la cellule qui dégénère fréquemment. Les cellules morphologiquement indifférenciées ne sont que faiblement altérées (raréfaction du composant granulaire du nucléole), et récupèrent une structure normale après retour dans l'eau. Ces résultats conduisent à envisager l'étude des synthèses d'ARN, au cours de ces expériences, au niveau des organismes entiers et au niveau cellulaire.
    Notes: Summary The utilization of actinomycin D during the regeneration of young and adult Planarians shows that the two groups of animals react differently to the antibiotic. Regeneration takes place in the presence of the antibiotic in young Planarians, whereas it is entirely inhibited in adult ones, applying the same concentration (50 μg/cm3). In the young animals it begins immediately after decapitation. Their return into the water, after a treatment with the antibiotic lasting from 1 to 4 days, does not interfere with the morphological differentiation. The ultrastructural investigation exhibits that in the majority of the undifferentiated cells the nucleolus is largely dissociated. The lesions gradually extend to the whole cell which frequently degenerates. The morphologically undifferentiated cells are weakly impaired (depletion of the granular component of the nucleolus), and they recover a normal structure after their return into water. These results lead us to study the RNA synthesis, during these experimentations, on the whole organism as well as the cellular level.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 473-493 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus Luteum ; Guinea-Pig ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron-microscopic investigation, based on the suggestion that differences seen in progesterone levels under differing hormonal conditions might be reflected in the ultrastructural organisation of the lutein cells of the guinea-pig was undertaken. Comparisons were made between corpora lutea taken from animals during the normal oestrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation, and after hysterectomy or hypophysectomy. The lutein cells from the oestrous cycle corpus luteum appeared to be of two types, “light” and “dark”. The former were more numerous. The main difference between them lay in the arrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum. Lutein cells from corpora lutea (with the exception of the “old” degenerating corpora lutea) all contained well-developed agranular endoplasmic reticulum, little granular endoplasmic reticulum, several electron-dense lipid granules, lysosomal bodies which ranged from small spherical bodies to large autophagic vesicles and mitochondria. The mitochondria were numerous, and in the corpus luteum of pregnancy, they were closely associated with the parallel arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum. With minor exceptions, the lutein cells of the guinea-pig present a strikingly uniform picture despite their hormonal condition. The manner in which this uniformity of ultrastructure may be related to observed differences in progesterone levels in the corpus luteum of the guinea-pig is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 443-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limulus heart ; Ultrastructure ; Cardiac innervation ; Hypertonicity effects ; Intercalated disks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Limulus cardiac muscle was examined. The hearts were fixed in situ by perfusion with isotonic glutaraldehyde solution while in relaxed, contracted, or stretched states. The sarcomeres are relatively long, varying in length from about 2.5 to 6.6 μ. The average A-band length is 2.46 μ. M lines are absent, and H zones are poorly distinguished. Thick and thin filament diameters average about 200 Å and 50 Å, respectively; each thick filament is surrounded by 8–12 thin ones. Superficial invaginations of the sarcolemma occur, making contact with the Z lines of the outermost myofibrils. There is an extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse (T) tubules. Some T tubules run longitudinally and some open into deep sarcolemmal invaginations which extend into the fiber interior. The T tubules swell markedly in hypertonic solution. Single neurons and small bundles of neurons are observed in close apposition with myocardial cells. Intercalated disks are found in Limulus heart at regions of contact between contiguous myocardial cells lying end to end; semitight or gap junctions are essentially absent. Prominent differences in sarcomere lengths sometimes occur across the disk, thus indicating that the disks demarcate cells functionally. Hence, in addition to direct motoneuron activation, there may be some transfer of excitation across the intercalated disks in accord with our previous finding that propagating, overshooting action potentials can be induced in this heart.
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 487-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cryptonephridial system ; Tenebrio molitor ; Rectal complex ; Perinephric membrane ; Leptophragmata ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study has been to elucidate the structure of the rectal complex of the meal worm, in particular of the perinephric membrane and the leptophragmata. Most of Grimstone's (1968) findings have been confirmed, but in some respects a different interpretation is suggested. 1. The perinephric membrane is limited towards the hemocoele by a basement membrane secreted by a layer of elongated cells. Over the leptophragmata, these cells are lacking, whereas the basement membrane is enormously thickened, constituting the so-called blister. 2. The tracheole cells form a network in all of the perinephric membrane. 3. The perinephric membrane may be divided into an outer and an inner sheath. The main part of the outer sheath is an acellular matrix, probably a basement membrane secreted by the tracheole cells. This matrix is extremely thin over the leptophragmata. 4. The inner sheath is mostly made up of tracheole cells. In the inner part of this sheath, multiple extremely thin cell layers are observed; it is suggested that cells in these layers have nuclei located in the innermost layer of the sheath. The inner sheath is absent over the leptophragma. 5. The leptophragma is a thin plate-like protrusion from a modified tubule cell, the leptophragma cell. Together the cell body and the cytoplasmic rim of the leptophragma cell make up a short funnel communicating with the tubule lumen; the short funnel is filled with thin microvilli without mitochondria.
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 405-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Midgut ; Formica ; Histophysiology ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules du mésentéron des ouvrières, des reines et des mâles de Formica polyctena F. possèdent un certain nombre de particularités cytologiques dont l'évolution a été suivie au cours du développement post-embryonnaire et du cycle annuel. A l'apex des cellules de régénération les microvillosités se différencient avant l'élimination des cellules caduques larvaires ou nymphales. A partir de la nymphose une activité sécrétoire apocrine se manifeste dans la partie dorsale de l'épithélium du mésentéron, l'ensemble des cellules assurant par ailleurs la fonction absorbante de l'organe. Il existe deux sortes d'inclusions cytoplasmiques, des polysaccharides et des concrétions minérales. Les polysaccharides sont surtout abondants chez les larves et les nymphes: le glycogène, polysaccharide de réserve, est utilisé au cours de l'histogénèse; des mucopolysaccharides acides, d'origine golgienne, représentent une sécrétion muqueuse. Les sphérocristaux sont constitués de strates concentriques de phosphates et chlorures de calcium et d'une matrice de mucopolysaccharides. La cristallisation des éléments minéraux s'effectue, à partir de la nymphose seulement, dans les citernes ergastoplasmiques. Cette accumulation d'ions pourrait être en relation avec le régime alimentaire de l'insecte ou représenter une voie d'excrétion.
    Notes: Summary The midgut cells of workers, queens and males of the ant Formica polyctena show cytological characteristics which were studied in the course of postembryonic development and annual cycle. The microvilli of the regenerating cells appear before the elimination of the regressing larval and pupal cells. At the time of pupation, an active phase of apocrine secretion begins in the dorsal part of the midgut epithelium, while the absorptive function is carried out by all cells of the organ. Two types of cytoplasmic inclusions coexist: polysaccharides and mineral concretions. The polysaccharides are particulary abundant in larvae and pupae. Glycogen is metabolized during histogenesis; acid mucopolysaccharides, elaborated in the Golgi apparatus, represent a mucous secretion. The spherites are composed of concentric strata of calcium phosphate and chloride and a matrix of mucopolysaccharides. These minerals form in the ergastoplasmic cisternae of pupal cells only. Their accumulation could be related to the insect's diet, or it could reflect a process of excretion.
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 322-353 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Collembola ; Dioptric apparatus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale de l'appareil dioptrique des photorécepteurs des Collemboles adultes a permis de reconsidérer la structure des formations oculaires à ommatidies aggrégées. Quatre types de cornéules ont été reconnus, dont les plus remarquables sont ceux à ≪mamelons cornéens≫. Les cellules cristalliniennes au nombre de quatre assurent alternativement une double fonction au cours de chaque cycle de la mue. Sur les faces distales, les cellules élaborent le matériel cuticulaire de la cornéule; vers l'intérieur elles sécrètent le cristallin. Les cellules de Semper réalisent ainsi une fonction cornéagène et une fonction cristallogène. La répartition spatiale des organites intracellulaires en couches concentriques est une caractéristique des Collemboles. Chaque cellule cristallinienne envoie vers la membrane basale un processus tubulaire contenant des granules denses de nombreux microtubules et du glycogène en faible quantité. Les cônes cristallins présentent une grande diversité de forme de structure et de composition chimique. Suivant les groupes le cristallin peut être une formation intracellulaire ou extracellulaire, simple ou quadripartite. La présence de petits cristallins satellites associés à un cristallin unique reste inexpliquée mais caractérise une espèce troglobie Tomocerus problematicus. Deux cellules dites ≪cornéagènes≫ à cytoplasme toujours pauvre en organites intracytoplasmiques, avec ou sans pigment, complètent l'appareil dioptrique des ommas des Collemboles.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of the dioptric apparatus of photoreceptors of adult Collembola described by the author has enabled the author to compare the structure of ocular formations with aggregated ommatidia. Four different types of corneulae have been determined, the most remarkable of which are those showing ‘corneal nipples’. The four crystalline cells have alternately different functions during each molting cycle. On their distal surfaces, the cells elaborate cuticular material of the corneula; proximally, they secrete a crystalline cone. The Semper cells thus have both corneogenous and crystallogenous functions. The typically concentric spatial distribution of intracellular organelles in these cells is a characteristic feature for Collembola. Each crystalline cell sends towards the basal membrane a tubular process containing granules, numerous microtubules, and a small amount of glycogen. The shape, the structure, and the chemical composition of the crystalline cones are highly variable. In Collembola, the crystalline formation can either be intracellular or extracellular, and it can be simple or quadripartite. No explanation has yet been advanced for the existence of small crystalline satellites which appear to be associated with the single large crystalline cones; this association is characteristic for the troglobian species Tomocerus problematicus. The dioptric apparatus of Collembolan ommatidia is completed by the presence of two corneogenous cells, the cytoplasm of which contains few organelles and in some cases pigments.
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