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  • 1970-1974  (503)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1973  (503)
  • Physics  (480)
  • Cat
  • Psychopharmacology
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some Golgi observations in the nucleus anterior ventralis and anterior medialis thalami of the cat (1973)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 139 (1973), S. 247-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Anterior thalamic nuclei (AM and AV) ; Cellular and fiber structure ; Golgi study ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The characteristic dendritic arborization of different cell types, the axon arborization of Golgi type II neurons, and the terminal parts of the specific and non-specific afferents in the nucleus anterior ventralis and medialis were observed, using the Golgi-Kopsch perfusion method. The cell types and their special characteristics, such as the dendritic tree, dendritic processes and axon-arborization patterns are similar to those described in the other specific nuclei of the thalamus. The significance of Golgi type II/a cells and their synaptic relations are discussed from the point of view of inhibitory mechanisms postulated in the thalamic relay nuclei. The synaptic articulations of specific (Vicq d'Azyr) and non-specific afferents with the different cell types have been studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519967
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of the cerebellar central nuclei in the cat II. Synaptic organization (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 431-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Synaptic ultrastructure ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synaptic organization of the cerebellar deep nuclei in the cat has been analysed with the Golgi technique and the electron microscope. The Golgi picture is qualitatively very similar in the four nuclei. Both thick and thin fibers, with the latter being more numerous, contribute to the formation of pericellular nests around large neurons, where a large amount of boutons “en passant” can be observed. The electron microscopic study corroborates these observations since the cell surface of large neurons is mostly covered by axon terminals, while smaller neurons receive very few axo-somatic synapses. According to their size and shape three types of axon terminals have been encountered synapsing on large neurons: medium-sized, large slender and climbing-like boutons. The two last types only represent less than 13% of the total amount of axon terminals, and they are considered as synaptic boutons arising from different sources. The medium-sized boutons must represent a mixed population. A majority of these boutons contain rounded vesicles, while some, in a variable proportion from one animal to another, contain flattened or pleomorphic vesicles. The morphological features of “active” zones present in medium-sized boutons are not related to the shape of the vesicular population. This lack of association between vesicular shape and a specific pattern of “active” zones has been discussed. In the neuropil, large and smaller dendritic profiles have their surface mostly covered by axon terminals. These boutons are morphologically of the same three types described in axo-somatic position. Synapses on axon hillocks and on the initial segments of axons of large neurons are frequently observed, the presynaptic element being always a medium-sized bouton. However, axo-axonic serial synapses are only a very rare observation. In all the normal cats used in this study, axons and axon terminals containing atypical organelles, mostly originated from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, have been observed. They probably represent aspects of a degenerative process of axon terminals reflecting a continuous remodeling of synaptic connections, as has been suggested by Sotelo and Palay (1971).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233433
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topography of projections from the motor cortex to rubrospinal units in the cat (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 315-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; Unit recording ; Motor cortex ; Topographical organization ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A topographical study of the cortico-rubrospinal pathway was conducted in cats anesthetized with chloralose. Extracellular unit recordings were made from cells in the red nucleus projecting to the spinal cord. They were identified by antidromic invasion following stimulation of their axones at the 2nd cervical and 9th thoracic levels of the spinal cord. I. The pericruciate cortical regions from which spikes could be induced in rubrospinal neurons were limited to the lateral part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus, the lateral sigmoid gyrus and the anterior part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus. No responses were obtained from stimulation of the medial part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus or the gyrus proreus. Compared to the somatotopic organization of the motor cortex for the cat described by Woolsey (1958), our results show that the rubrospinal cells receive projections from the motor cortex controlling proximal and distal muscles but not axial muscles. II. Neurons projecting to the cervico-thoracic cord receive afferents from the lateral part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the lateral sigmoid gyrus whereas those projecting to the lumbo-sacral cord receive projections from the entire surface of the sigmoid gyrus except the medial part of the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the gyrus proreus. III. A latero-medial organization of cells within the red nucleus was found according to the origin of their cortical afferents. Rubrospinal neurons with fibers terminating in the cervical or thoracic cord receive projections from the motor cortex controlling the proximal musculature of the forelimb when they are located in the dorso-lateral region of the nucleus and the entire forelimb motor cortex when they are located in the medial part of the nucleus. It is suggested that this organization may indicate a control of proximal forelimb musculature by dorsolateral rubrospinal cells and distal musculature by medial cells. IV. Rubrospinal cells placed medially in the nucleus receive more convergent projections (i.e. from a greater cortical surface) than cells placed more laterally. It was shown that for certain cells the convergence occurs in the direct pathway. These results are discussed in terms of a functional organization allowing coordinated movements of different segments of a single limb or of different limbs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234669
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependence of surround effects on receptive field center illumination in cat retinal ganglion cells (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 18 (1973), S. 304-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retina ; Ganglion cell ; Receptive field ; Lateral inhibition ; Surround antagonism ; Center-surround interaction ; Adaptation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. 57 on- and off-center units in the cat's optic tract were studied after 30 min of dark adaptation by stimulating the receptive field periphery with flashing annuli. 49 reacted with center-like responses, 4 did not respond and 4 offcenter cells showed weak antagonistic surround responses. 54 showed antagonistic surround responses when a steady adapting spot of suitably chosen luminance was directed on to the center of the fields. 2. With equal stimulation of the surround the total flux of the steady center spot determined the condition of reversal from center to surround responses. 3. Under the condition of reversal the on-going firing rate was also affected. Reversal of responses was also observed with short stimulus durations (≥ 50 msec). 4. The recovery time from reversed responses to center-like responses was less than I min after darkening the center again. 5. With increasing center spot luminance, the latency of the center-type excitatory responses from on- and off-center neurones remained approximately constant, whereas the latency of the surround excitatory response was decreased. 6. Neuronal mechanisms are considered which give rise to excitatory responses in total darkness and inhibitory responses if neighbouring parts of the retina are light adapted. The equivalence of light adaptation and lateral inhibition as well as the effects of stray light are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234600
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural stimulation of group I activated cells in the cerebral cortex of the awake cat (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensory cortex ; Cat ; Spindle input
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 27 cells in the S I group I projection area of the cerebral cortex, identified as activated by group I afferent fibres by electrical stimulation of the deep radial nerve, were examined by natural stimulation in 4 awake cats. Sixty-four percent of the cells responded to wrist and/or digital ventroflexion only. Another 28% of the cells responded also to elbow flexion or extension. Only one cell responded to stretch of antagonistic muscles. Half of the cells responded to pulling of only one out of four available muscle tendons of wrist and digital dorsiflexors. The rest of the cells responded to pulling of two adjacent tendons. All cells tested responded to light tapping stimulation of skin areas overlying the muscles providing excitation, presumably as a result of mechanical stimulus spread to sensitive muscle spindles. 20% of the cells responded to deflection of hairs located on the paw. The receptive fields obtained were compared with those obtained in the cortex and at lower levels of the pathway with electrical nerve stimulation on nembutalized animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233329
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intragastric self-administration of medazepam in rats (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 28 (1973), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychopharmacology ; Intragastric ; Self-Administration ; Benzodiazepines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A technique for intragastric self-administration in rats is presented. Intravenous self-administration of morphine was compared with intragstric self-administration during 6 consecutive days. There was no difference between the two routes in the total rate of injections. Medazepam was given for intragastric self-administration at three different doses (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/injection respectively) and compared with saline. There was an increased response rate at the dose 10 mg/kg/injection. Medazepam placebo solution (solvent alone) was also compared with medazepam 10 mg/kg/injection. Among the seven experimental rats, six responded higher on medazepam than on the solvent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00413960
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cannabiserlebnisse Wuppertaler Schüler (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 33 (1973), S. 349-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cannabis Experience ; Drugs ; Psychopharmacology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 705 Wuppertal School children were requested to give information upon their drug experience by using a standardized questionnaire. 46 school children reported to have taken cannabis. The information given by these children upon their first cannabis experience, cannabis experience after repeated use, their behaviour after taking cannabis, changes in mood and personality due to cannabis use, and the effect of cannabis use on sexuality, showed extreme individual variations, e.g. extremely positive and negative experiences. The results show that individually extremely varying effects of cannabis can also be observed in such a small homogeneous group of subjects as Wuppertal school children. In general, the cannabis effects experienced by the Wuppertal school children were similar to those experienced by the young people in Berlin. However, some differences were observed: The “strong feeling of hunger” and “thirst” which were reported by the young people in Berlin as typical cannabis effects, were absent in the Wuppertal school children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437512
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topography of the circulatory responses to electrical stimulation in the medulla oblongata (1973)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 339 (1973), S. 185-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Medulla oblongata ; Vasomotor Tone ; Heart Rate ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medulla oblongata of cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane was exposed from the ventral side and systematically explored in three coordinates by stimulation (rectangular stimuli 1 msec, 40/sec, 1–4V) with unipolar electrodes. The responses of arterial pressure and of heart rate were determined and mapped similarly to the respiratory responses in the preceding paper (Trouthet al., 1973 a,b). A vast preponderance of vasopressor points was found, whereas vasodepressor points showed a sparse and less consistent distribution with a maximum effect in the neighborhood of the expiratory half center. Pressor effects were obtained from most of the reticular nuclei, the gratest effects being observed in the nucleus parvocellularis. The heart rate was usually influenced to a minor degree only and very often in the opposite direction to the arterial pressure. Only at one point (2 mm rostral, 2 mm lateral, 3–4 mm deep) was the heart rate clearly diminished simultaneously with a strong depression of arterial pressure. More caudally the vasopressor area migrates to the lateral part of the medulla. Pressor effects from very superficial structures beneath the ventral surface have been observed in a rostral and lateral location corresponding to the area described by Mitchellet al. (1963a, b) and medially of the hypoglossal roots in the area described by Loeschckeet al. (1970). These areas, however, are not clearly separated from deep structures yielding vasomotor effects as is the case with the respiratory responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587371
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histological structures in the chemosensitive regions on the ventral surface of the cat's medulla oblongata (1973)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 339 (1973), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Chemosensitive Areas ; Control of Respiration ; Medulla oblongata ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The region on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata (see preceding communication) responding maximally to both electrical and chemical stimulation by inducing an increase of ventilation was marked electrolytically and examined histologically. A characteristic group of large multipolar nerve cells was always found at the spot marked by electrolysis. These cells are located medial to the hypoglossal roots and ventral to the inferior olive which separates them from the respiratory centers. The cells are distributed at a distance of 8–450 μm from the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, the greatest concentration being located at 150–200 μm beneath the surface. The possible role of these cells in the central chemical respiratory drive is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587370
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A superficial substrate on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata influencing respiration (1973)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 339 (1973), S. 135-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Chemosensitive Areas ; Control of Respiration ; Medulla oblongata ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The medulla oblongata of cats anesthetized with Chloralose-Urethane was electrically stimulated with a unipolar electrode (rectangular impulses 40/sec; 1 msec; 1–4 V) from the lower pons to C1–C2. Beginning at the ventral surface all points were stimulated at distances of 0.1–0.2 mm up to a depth of 1 mm, thereafter at millimeter intervals up to a depth of 6 mm below the surface. Ventilation, expiratoryPCO2 and arterial pressure were recorded. 1. As has been demonstrated earlier by Loeschckeet al. (1970) stimulation of two separate areas on the ventral medullary surface caused increase in tidal volume, respiratory frequency and arterial pressure, the latter not without exception. 2. In the more caudal area medial of the hypoglossal roots the response to electrical stimulation was strongest at the surface or not more than 0.2 mm below the surface. The response decreased with increasing distance from the surface until at a depth of 0.6–0.8 mm no or only a minimal response was observed. In 2 to 3 mm depth either a second rise in the rhythmic ventilatory response or a maintained forced inspiration was evoked, while stimulation at still deeper location was followed by a decrease of the tidal volume or by respiratory arrest in expiratory position. 3. In the more rostral area, the response pattern in the more superficial layer was similar but less marked. 4. It is suggested that one type of substrates responding to stimulation is confined to two thin layers at the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata and that these structures are involved in the drive of ventilation and of vasomotor tone. Their location is similar to the location of chemosentitivity as described by Schläfkeet al. (1970) and it seems possible that they play a role either in the origin or the transmission of chemosensitive impulses. Other substrates showing respiratory responses of the inspiratory or expiratory type are located deeper in the medulla oblongata and well demarcated from the described superficial substrates. They include the respiratory centres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587180
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of group I activated cells in the main and external cuneate nuclei of the cat: Convergence patterns demonstrated by natural stimulation (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 238-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Main cuneate nucleus ; External cuneate nucleus ; Muscle stretch receptors ; Convergence patterns ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patterns of inhibitory and excitatory convergence were investigated for 70 group I activated cells in the main cuneate nucleus (MCN) (34 identified cuneo-thalamic relay cells) and 102 group I activated cells in the external cuneate nucleus (ECN), using natural stimulation of stretch receptors in various wrist muscles. MCN cells as well as ECN cells showed a high degree of spatial specificity. Most of the cells were activated by receptors in one wrist muscle only. A few cells were activated from a couple of adjacent synergists. Inhibitory effects were rarely produced in group I activated MCN cells, but were common among the ECN cells (40%). Many different combinations of excitation and inhibition from the various wrist muscles were found for ECN cells. There was no particular tendency of reciprocal effects from antagonistic muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233328
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spread of mono- and polysynaptic connections within cat's motor cortex (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 507-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synapse ; Motor cortex ; Microstimulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Spread of synaptic effects within the gray substance of the motor cortex was examined in cats by delivering intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) through a tungsten electrode and recording postsynaptic potentials (p.s.p.'s) intracellularly from neighbouring cells. 2. ICMS of 4 μa within layer I did not produce any p.s.p.'s in the surrounding neurons. 3. ICMS of 4 μa at layers II, III and IV produced monosynaptic p.s.p.'s only in adjacent neurons. Their horizontal and vertical spread was limited to within 0.5 mm of the stimulating site. Ascending spread from the stimulating sites was not observed in these layers. 4. Polysynaptic effects from layers II, III and IV were found at a distance up to 1.0 mm from the stimulating site both in horizontal and vertical directions. Inhibitory spread was wider than excitatory. 5. ICMS of 4 μa in the deep layers (V and VI) produced both mono and poly synaptic activation of cells in these same layers as well as in the superficial layers (II–III). The effects of ICMS were mixed, but were predominantly inhibitory. 6. The possible synaptic organization within the cortex is discussed and it is concluded that these neuronal connections as a whole constitute a columnar organization within the cortex with feedback circuits built into the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234477
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of caloric labyrinthine stimulation on the spontaneous activity of lateral geniculate nucleus neurones in the cat (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LGN ; Spontaneous activity ; Vestibular stimulation ; Caloric irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The spontaneous activity of 132 single LGN neurones was recorded prior to and following irrigation of the external auditory meatus from cats in light urethane-pentobarbitone anaesthesia with immobilized eyes. Caloric irrigation was administered in the case of 96 units; the remaining 36 units were controls for irrigation with water at body temperature. The data for each individual neurone were analyzed statistically. 2. It was found that the spontaneous activity of 71 % of the 96 LGN neurones studied was significantly changed by at least one kind of caloric irrigation. This percentage is significantly higher than the 17% of the control LGN neuronal sample (n = 36) whose spontaneous activity was influenced significantly by irrigation with water at 37°C. 3. The majority of LGN neurones were affected by only one kind of caloric irrigation (either warm or cold). Both activity enhancement and activity depression were observed. 4. Possible mediating pathways are discussed as well as the implications of the 0findings for opto-vestibular interactions at the cortical level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234559
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the light-evoked discharges from lateral geniculate nucleus neurones in the cat, induced by caloric labyrinthine stimulation (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 17 (1973), S. 10-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LGN ; Evoked activity ; Opto-Vestibular Interaction ; Caloric irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The light-evoked activity of 97 single LGN neurones was recorded from anaesthetised cats prior to and following caloric irrigation. The data from each individual neurone were analyzed statistically. 2. It was found that the light-evoked responses of 79% of the LGN neurones studied were significantly changed by at least one kind of caloric irrigation. This percentage is significantly higher than the 20% of a control LGN neuronal sample whose light-evoked responses were influenced significantly by irrigation with water at 37° C. 3. Both light-evoked activity enhancement and depression were observed. 4. For a given LGN neurone, caloric effects on its light-evoked responses are independent of those on its spontaneous activity. 5. Caloric irrigation often affects the light-evoked responses of only the centre or the periphery of a given LGN neurone's receptive field, thus upsetting the balance between these two antagonistic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234560
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of group I activated cells in the main and external cuneate nuclei of the cat: Identification of muscle receptors (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 221-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Main cuneate nucleus ; External cuneate nucleus ; Muscle stretch receptors ; Natural stimulation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recording was made from 77 primary afferent fibres, 106 cells in the external cuneate nucleus, and 60 cells in the main cuneate nucleus, all activated by slowly adapting muscle stretch receptors. The nature of the muscle receptors responsible for the activation was determined by various types of receptor stimulation. Primary group I afferents from muscle spindles and tendon organs in distal forelimb muscles showed complete overlap of conduction velocities and thresholds to electrical stimulation. Both types of group I afferents as well as group II muscle spindle afferents were shown to ascend through the dorsal funiculus to the level of the cuneate nuclei. Three groups of cells were identified in the external cuneate nucleus, activated by group I muscle spindle afferents, tendon organ afferents and group II muscle spindle afferents, respectively. Almost all group I activated cells in the main cuneate nucleus, including all 34 cells identified as cuneo-thalamic relay cells, received their afferent input from muscle spindle afferents. Three cells were activated by tendon organ afferents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233327
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of the cerebellar central nuclei in the cat I. Neurons and neuroglial cells (1973)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1973), S. 410-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellar nuclei ; Cellular ultrastructure ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The four deep cerebellar nuclei exhibit a similar pattern of organization. They consist of isodendritic neurons of different sizes. The dendritic fields of the neurons display the characteristics of “noyaux fermés”. The medium sized neurons contain small Nissl bodies anastomosed by threads of the same material giving rise to a tridimensional network; the large majority of the polyribosomes are free and suspended among the cisterns of the Nissl substance. Peculiar inclusions, resembling laminated inclusion bodies, are occasionally present in the perikarya. The origin of such inclusions from the endoplasmic reticulum has been proved, since intermediary steps in the transformation of endoplasmic reticular cisterns into laminated bodies have been disclosed. Rarely, annulate lamellae occur in the perinuclear region. The smaller neurons contain a large nucleus, almost 2/3 of the somatal volume, and in their cytoplasm Nissl bodies are practically absent. The Golgi impregnation and the electron microscopic observations have revealed the existence of large dendritic varicosities, giving rise to long slender filopodia localized in distal segments of some dendrites. The varicosities are filled with mitochondria and some glycogen particles. These features are characteristics of growing tips of dendrites (Sotelo and Palay, 1968). The immediate environment of medium sized neurons consists of axon terminals and astrocytic processes, in a near similar proportion. On the other hand, smaller neurons are in intimate contact with satellite oligodendrocytes, astrocytic processes, myelinated fibers and very few axon terminals. Close appositions, resembling “gap” junctions have been disclosed between perikarya of interfascicular oligodendrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233432
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flunitrazepam (Ro 5-4200) and sleep cycle in normal subjects (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 32 (1973), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychopharmacology ; Sleep ; Flunitrazepam ; Benzodiazepines ; Insomnia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The action of flunitrazepam (Ro 5-4200) a benzodiazepine derivative was assessed on the sleep cycle of normal volunteers by means of all-night recordings. Baseline placebo nights were compared with the drug (2 mg p.o.) and with the placebo postdrug nights. Flunitrazepam induced a shift to faster frequencies of the EEG and increased non-rapid eye movement sleep. REM sleep was decreased at the expense of a smaller number of REM periods and shifted to the last two thirds of the night. During drug administration an adaptation was seen to the depressive action on REM sleep. Following withdrawal, an REM rebound was observed only during the first thirds of the night.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429470
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Das unterschiedliche Bild organspezifischer Strukturen im Glomus caroticum und Nebennierenmark (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 133-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Adrenal medulla ; Rabbit ; Osmiophilic vesicles ; Cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die organspezifischen Strukturen im Glomus caroticum und Nebennierenmark zeigen unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen ein unterschiedliches Bild. So läßt sich unter anderem durch Modifizierung der Fixationsmedien (Glutaraldehyd, Osmiumsäure in Kombination mit verschiedenen Puffern) eine optimale Differenzierung der zellulären Strukturelemente von Glomuszellen erreichen. An den osmiophilen Vesikeln fällt eine starke Variabilität ihres Erscheinungsbildes auf. Feinstrukturelle Unterschiede werden in Elektronendichte des Vesikelinhaltes, Größe und Ausbildung des Hofes sowie in Aufbau und Verlauf der Membran deutlich. Auf Grund dieser Kriterien lassen sich im wesentlichen 4 Haupttypen der Granula von seltener vorkommenden Sonderformen abgrenzen.
    Notes: Summary The organospecific structures of the carotid body and the adrenal medulla show a different appearance under various experimental conditions. Thus, it is possible to obtain an optimal differentiation of the cellular structure elements of the carotid body cells by modifying the fixatives (glutaraldehyde, osmic acid, in combination with various buffer systems). Especially the osmiophilic vesicles show a great variability in their appearance. Ultrastructural differences become evident in the electron-density of the vesicle content, in the size of the electron-lucent space (halo of the dense core), as well as in the structure and conduct of the membrane. Based on these criteria four main types of granules can be said to occur in the carotid body. These can be distinguished from more uncommon special types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307083
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An autoradiographic analysis of hypothalamic magnocellular neurons (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 421-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Cat ; Magnocellular neurons ; Electron microscopic autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic autoradiographic analysis revealed that H3-valine infused into the lateral ventricle of normal and acutely dehydrated cats is preferentially taken up by the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Grain counts for these magnocellular neurons in normal unstressed cats were highest at one hour post infusion with a significant fall off by three hours. Uptake by the SON and PVN at one hour exceeded neighboring nuclear groups by a factor of 7 and 4 fold respectively. Electron microscopic autoradiographs from acutely dehydrated cats revealed the presence of emission grains in association with rough endoplasmic reticulum and large osmiophilic neurosecretory vesicles. In view of statistically significant uptake values and rapid turnover of H3-valine by SON and PVN in normal animals, coupled with emission tracks in direct association with underlying neurosecretory product in acutely dehydrated ones, it is speculated that valine may be an amino acid component of one or both of the neurophysins to which neurohypophyseal hormones are non-covalently linked.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307103
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arteriovenous anastomoses in the cat carotid body (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 515-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Carotid body ; Cat ; Corrosion casting technique ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den arteriennahen, peripheren Bereichen des Glomus caroticum der Katze wurden arteriovenöse Verbindungen nachgewiesen, die ihrem Charakter nach unterschiedlich sind. Es ist allerdings noch nicht zu entscheiden, ob derartige Anastomosen regelmäßig vorkommen und wie sie funktionieren. Die beschriebenen Gefäßverbindungen konnten lichtmikroskopisch anhand von histologischen Serienschnitten und mit Hilfe einer weiterentwickelten Korrosionstechnik im Rasterelektronenmikroskop dargestellt werden.
    Notes: Summary In artery surrounding areas in the periphery of the carotid body of the cat we found arteriovenous anastomoses differing in respect to their character. So far, it is not yet to decide the frequency of their occurrence and their functional significance. The anastomoses were demonstrated by light microscopy of serial sections and by scanning electron microscopy with a more developed corrosion casting technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306712
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The intrinsic myenteric innervation of the hind-gut and accessory muscles of defaecation in the cat (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 31-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Colon rectum ; Cat ; Adrenergic ; Cholinesterase ; Autonomic innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy and intrinsic innervation of the colon, rectum, internal anal sphincter, ano-coccygeus and recto-coccygeus have been studied in the cat with cholinesterase and catecholamine-fluorescence histochemical techniques. A variable pattern of intrinsic innervation by acetylcholinesterase-positive and adrenergic nerves along the length of the large bowel is described and is related to segmental variations in motor activity. A variation in the distribution of non-specific cholinesterase within the muscle layers is also described. Adrenergic nerves in proximal colon are arranged in the usual peri-ganglionic manner but there is also a rich direct adrenergic innervation of the longitudinal muscle in distal colon and rectum, and of circular muscle in lower rectum and internal anal sphincter. This distribution has not been reported in other species. Direct adrenergic innervation of muscle cells has been confirmed at ultrastructural level after treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine. Adrenergic neurones have not been detected in cat bowel. The ano- and recto-coccygeus muscles and internal anal sphincter possess a dense innervation of adrenergic and cholinesterase-positive nerves. It is suggested that the variation in intrinsic innervation along the large bowel should be considered in the interpretation of pharmacological and physiological experiments on this part of the gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307678
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elektronenmikroskopischer Beitrag zur Kenntnis von Degenerationsformen der vegetativen Endstrecke nach Durchschneidung postganglionärer Fasern (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 181-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenergic innervation, smooth muscle cells ; Degeneration of sympathetic nerve endings, Schwann cell ; Nictitating membrane ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ultrastruktur der vegetativen Endformation im Bereich der Katzennickhaut wird beschrieben. Nach Exstirpation des Ganglion cervicale superius werden die degenerativen Veränderungen der postganglionären sympathischen Nervenfasern vor allem im Bereich ihrer Endstrecke untersucht. Axonale Degenerationsmerkmale sind Agglutination und Koagulationsnekrose der Organellen sowie Lyse der Matrix mit anschließender Absorption durch die Schwannsche Zelle. Darüber hinaus werden im Bereich der vegetativen Endformation entartete Axone aus den Begleitzellen ins Interstitium ausgeschleust. Die koagulierten Axoplasmareste werden von Histiozyten beseitigt. Die Schwannschen Zellen ziehen sich allgemein zurück; einige weisen Zeichen der Hypertrophie sowie osmiophile Einschlußkörper („residual bodies“) auf. Außerdem finden sich degenerierende Begleitzellen. Wahrscheinlich wird auch ein Teil der funktionslos gewordenen, entarteten Schwannschen Zellen phagozytiert.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the innervation of the nictitating membrane in the cat is described. Degenerative changes of adrenergic nerve endings were studied after superior cervical ganglionectomy. Fine structural changes of degenerating axon terminals include agglutination and coagulation of axonal organelles as well as lysis of the axonal matrix. Absorption of the axonal debris by the Schwann cytoplasm follows. Moreover axonal extrusion from the sheath cell and macrophage activity can be observed. Most of the Schwann cells withdraw, some of them show signs of hypertrophy and contain osmiophilic inclusion bodies (residual bodies). A few degenerating Schwann cells can be seen. It seems that a portion of the degenerated sheath cells is phagocytosed following loss of normal function after denervation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00311353
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Centrifugal effects on the cat electroretinogram after section of one optic nerve (1973)
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 34 (1973), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Cat ; Electroretinogram ; Centrifugal optic nerve fibers ; Dark adaptation ; Intermittent stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In twelve cats the ERG was examined prior to and after severance of one optic nerve. The neurally isolated eye displayed enhanced ERG b-waves as compared to preoperative recordings and to recordings from the fellow eye. The concept of an inhibitory control of retinal function via centrifugal fibers within the optic nerve which rivals retinal sensitivity is discussed. Photic stimulation superimposed upon background illumination did not produce differences in the ERGs. During recovery from light adaptation the ERG was often equal in both eyes during the photopic phase of dark adaptation. Thereafter the isolated eye exhibited enhanced retinal responses. These findings are in accordance with those from patients with optic nerve lesion. When intermittent stimulations at different intensities were used the positive amplitudes of the first response in the isolated eye were always higher than those in the fellow eye. The steady states were achieved later in the isolated eye than in the fellow eye and decreased at a faster rate in the former. This suggests a decreased ability of the isolated eye to maintain its performance as compared to the eye under cerebral control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00151795
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental aspects of adhesion and adhesive joint strength (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1005-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We have outlined a theory which considers the durability of adhesive joints in the presence of a hostile environment. The approach is basically the Griffith theory modified for the presence of liquids. Two main conditions for spontaneous delamination of a composite appear to be immiscibility of the liquid in the environment with the members of the composite and complete interaction of the liquid (in a surface-chemical sense) with one or more members of the composite. In the absence of chemisorption and interdiffusion in an A-B composite, we find that (σfL/σf)2 = WABL/WAB, where σf is the critical stress to failure, WAB is the work of adhesion, and the superscript L refers to the presence of a liquid phase. When the liquid (L) interacts, in a surface-chemical sense, with the composite, we have WAB 〉 WABL, and σfL 〈 σf. To illustrate the main features of the theory, composites are prepared whose interfacial tensions have been modified by the presence of an adsorbed monolayer of a fatty acid. In this instance, the interfacial tensions are changed so that WAB ≈ WABL and σfL ≈ σf. The composite then becomes more stable under an applied stress in the presence of an environment of high relative humidity.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110515
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small-angle x-ray scattering of semicrystalline polymers. II. Analysis of experimental scattering curves (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1023-1045 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns of a number of linear polyethylene (PE) and polyoxymethylene (POM) samples have been measured and compared to the intensity functions of one-dimensional paracrystalline lattices. It was found that the ratio of the angular positions of the second and first scattering maxima (θ2/θ1) is generally less than or equal to 2.0, implying that the paracrystalline lattice statistics are symmetric or moderately skewed to larger periods. The Bragg spacing (“long period”) of such samples is within 3% of the identity period of the macrolattice. With quenched POM the ratio θ2/θ1 is substantially larger than 2.0, which indicates either extremely asymmetric lattice statistics or coexisting structures within the material. From consideration of the reduced widths of the first scattering maxima, it was found that some broadening is present in addition to that from the paracrystallinity. This excess broadening could result from a finite lattice length of ∼1000 Å. The need for careful experimental technique for obtaining the actual position of the scattering maximum is emphasized. In addition, it is demonstrated that the scattering curve and the correlation function of the system yield essentially the same apparent structural periods.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110601
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization during polymerization of poly-p-xylylene. II. Polymerization at low temperature (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1111-1116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of p-xylylene was followed with a newly designed differential thermal analysis system at temperatures between -196°C and -20°C. It was found that at the lower temperatures the monomer condenses first to the crystalline monomer before simultaneous polymerization and crystallization. At the higher temperatures, polymerization and crystallization are successive. The data are in agreement with the morphology and crystal structure data derived in Part I of this series of papers on crystallization during polymerization of poly-p-xylylene.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110606
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of nylon 12 (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1077-1089 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystal structure of nylon 12 prepared by polymerization of dodecalactam has been determined by x-ray diffraction. Nylon 12 fiber exhibits only the γ form as its stable crystal structure. The unit cell of nylon 12 was determined with the aid of the x-ray diffraction pattern of a doubly oriented specimen. The unit cell is monoclinic with a = 9.38 Å, b = 32.2 Å (fiber axis), c = 4.87 Å and β = 121.5° and contains four repeating monomer units. The chain is planar zigzag for the most part but is twisted at the position of amide groups, forming hydrogen bonds between neighboring parallel chains. The chain conformation is similar to that of the γ form of nylon 6 proposed by Arimoto. It was deduced from the calculations that there are two chain conformations statistically coexistent according to the direction of twisting. In each conformation, hydrogen bonds are formed between parallel chains to make pleated sheetlike structures. The sheets are nearly parallel to (200) and in the sheet the directions of the neighboring chains are antiparallel, as is the case with nylon 6.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110604
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orientation of polymer molecules during melt spinning. II. Orientation of crystals in as-spun polyolefin fibers (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1091-1109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Three different polyolefins, a linear polyethylene, an isotactic polypropylene, and an isotactic polybutene-1, were melt-spun into filaments. The degree of orientation of the filaments was measured by polarized-light microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and a retraction technique, and the results were then related to the melt-draw ratio. The increase in the elastic deformation ratio of polymer chains by spin-stretching, estimated by thermal retraction at a temperature above Tm, was monotonic with respect to the melt-draw ratio. On the other hand, as-spun filaments of polyethylene and polypropylene were characterized by a plateau in birefringence over the range of melt-draw ratios from 8 to 80. The change in orientation functions for crystals in these filaments was similar to the change of birefringence. On the other hand, the birefringence and the crystalline orientation functions for polybutene-1 increased smoothly with increasing melt-draw ratio. The most highly melt-drawn filaments of these polymers had a strongly oriented structure, corresponding to that in highly cold-drawn specimens.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110605
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relation between dielectric behavior and structure in some solid polypeptides (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1117-1138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An attempt to interpret the prominent dielectric relaxations of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) and poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) in terms of their structures was made by applying the barrier theory of Hoffman. Potential energy maps for the rotation of the polar side group, which are required in this application, were calculated by taking account of molecular environment of the polar side group. The dichroic ratios from infrared measurements were satisfactorily calculated, based on the maps. This provides evidence that the maps are reliable. In applying the barrier theory, it was modified by the assumption that the conformations of the side groups are distributed according to the Boltzmann law. On the basis of the maps, the magnitude of the dielectric absorption and the mean relaxation time were calculated in terms of the modified barrier theory; these were in fairly good agreement with the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110607
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Creep failure in highly oriented nylon 6 fibers (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1235-1245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Creep failure in oriented nylon 6 fibers has been studied. The results suggest that the variations in the lifetime under various loading histories are inherent, but statistical, characteristics of the material itself. The treatment of experimental data by a stochastic theory shows that the creep failure can be regarded as a nucleation process. An interpretative analysis of the structural changes during creep indicates that the nucleation is brought about by bond rupture in the amorphous regions of the fiber structures.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110614
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    Electron spin resonance studies of spin-labeled polymers. IV. Slow-motional effects in solid polystyrene (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1263-1269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Shape changes in the electron spin resonance spectrum of spin-labeled polystyrene have been studied as a function of temperature in the range 77-340°K. Rotational correlation times have been calculated by using recent theories of slow-motional effects on ESR spectra. Three models were used, namely, Brownian, moderate jump diffusion, and large jump diffusion. The moderate jump model gave correlation times in good accord with those found by other techniques for the δ relaxation in polystyrene. The relaxation was found to be independent of molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110702
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of water on the mechanical properties of collagen films (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1489-1502 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect on water on mechanical properties of collagen films has been studied. The S-shaped sorption isotherm is separated into an adsorption curve C1 and a solution curve C2. From the C2 curve, a value of 0.8 is calculated for the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ1. The dynamic shear modulus G′, loss modulus G″, and loss tangent tan δ determined as functions of water content indicate two dispersions at low and at high water content. The region of water content from about 0.05 to 0.1 g/g, G′ decreases suddenly, G″ has a peak, and tan δ increases, corresponds to the region where the C2 component of sorption becomes detectable. Another dispersion occurs at water contents above 0.2 g/g. A composite curve can be obtained by shifting stress-relaxation curves obtained at different humidities along the log time axis. When only the C2 component of sorbed water is taken into account, the shift factor ac is explained by a relation of Fujita and Kishimotos' based on free-volume theory. Shift factor for the relaxation curves of wool fibers, except for an initial part at times of less than 1 sec, are described by the same equation. The parameter β in the equation has the same value of 0.16 for both collagen and wool.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110803
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    Electronic Resource
    Mass and momentum transfer in polymers. III. Effects of liquid penetrants on tensile stress relaxation of amorphous polymers (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1555-1572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Sorption, diffusion, swelling, and tensile stress relaxation measurements were made at room temperature (23°C) for the systems poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) with liquid methanol and ethanol, and poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) with liquid water. Stress relaxation curves for the fully swollen polymers could be superimposed approximately with those for the dry polymers by appropriate shifting along the long axes. For PMA-water the measured curve for stress relaxation with concurrent sorption could be predicted accurately by using a moving boundary theory with data measurements of stress relaxation of the unswollen and swollen polymer combined with sorption data. The modified moving boundary theory is generalized to include the effects of dimension changes through swelling and the larger effects of plasticization associated with sorption of liquids. This improved theory accurately predicts measured curves of stress relaxation with concurrent sorption for the PBMA-alcohol systems from individual stress relaxation, sorption, diffusion and swelling data. The general approach should be applicable to other amorphous polymer-liquid swelling agent systems. The anisotropic nature of swelling of polymer films and its effect on calculated diffusion coefficients are discussed briefly.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110806
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    Heat capacity of amorphous polyhexene-1 between 20 and 300°K: Intramolecular vibrational contribution to Cv below the glass transition (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1817-1828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The heat capacity of polyhexene-1 was measured between 20 and 300°K. The apparatus, an adiabatic calorimeter giving results with a random error of 0.2-0.4%, is briefly described. The characterization of the sample by x-ray diffraction patterns established that it was amorphous at all temperatures. Gold foil was incorporated with the sample to increase the apparent thermal diffusivity and so to decrease the time needed for the measurements. The glass transition temperature was found to be 215.5 ± 1°K. On the Cp curve, no subglass anomaly was detected, unlike the results of experiments described elsewhere. The calculation of Cv is discussed, and an explanation is given for the choice of the number of intramolecular vibrational modes per monomer which are assumed to contribute to Cv. A linear continuum model with characteristic temperature θ1 = 736°K allows us to fit the experimental curve over a temperature range of 140°K.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110913
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    Melt flow behavior as a tool for the determination of the extent of long-chain branching in polymers (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1849-1854 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110916
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    Polymer photoprotection by copolymerized triplet quenchers (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1863-1864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110919
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    Electronic Resource
    Griffith fracture of a phenol-formaldehyde polymer (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1949-1961 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cast samples of a phenol-formaldehyde polymer with a crack of length defined by a metallic foil inclusion were fractured in tension. The stress at fracture was inversely proportional to the square root of the crack length, in agreement with the Griffith equation for brittle fracture. The behavior did not conform to the Griffith equation with respect to the experimental value of surface free energy, which was several orders of magnitude higher than a theoretically calculated value. However, as the temperature of tensile testing was raised, the experimental value did approach the calculated value. Consistently the appearance of the fracture surface was observed to change from one showing evidence of plastic deformation at room temperature to a featureless appearance, characteristic of brittle fracture, at higher temperatures.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180111006
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  • 38
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    A constitutive equation for composite systems (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2013-2026 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By the differential operator representation of constitutive equations for linearly viscoelastic materials, general theoretical expressions are developed for the physical parameters of a composite system in relation to those of the constituents. The interfacial tension between the dispersed phase and continuous matrix is included in the derivation. The results show that it has effect only on the shear parameter but not on the bulk parameter of the composite system. The general expressions developed in this article represent a unified theory for composite systems. The results are shown to reduce to many special cases obtained by other investigators.
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    Interpretation of fracture surface features in polycarbonate (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2039-2055 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The fracture surface of notched impact specimens of polycarbonate tested in the range 130°C to -196°C have been studied by use of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The morphological features associated with the initiation and propagation of fracture have been determined and interpreted in terms of the processes which occur in association with fracture, notably crazing. The fracture processes are similar to those observed in poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. The transition from ductile to brittle fracture is attributed to the case of crazing relative to shear yielding.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180111013
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    A theory for environmental craze yielding of polymers at low temperatures (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2099-2111 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been recently discovered that polymers craze at low temperatures in the presence of nitrogen or argon. A quantitative theory has been developed which explains (1) the critical temperature above which the phenomenon disappears, (2) the critical stress for nucleating a craze, (3) the effect of strain rate on the yield point and size of crazes, (4) the drop in the load during craze yielding, and (5) the increase in strength of the polymer in N2 or Ar at high strain rates so that the ultimate strength may exceed that in He or vacuum. The crazing action of the gases is described qualitatively at the molecular level.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180111102
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    Structural studies of polyethers. IX. Planar zigzag modification of poly(ethylene oxide) (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2113-2122 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new crystal modification was found in poly(ethylene oxide) stretched about two-fold after necking at room temperature. An x-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the planar zigzag molecule passes through a triclinic unit cell with parameters α = 4.71 Å, b = 4.44 Å, c (fiber axis) = 7.12 Å, α = 62.8°, β = 93.2°, and γ = 111.4°. The space group is P1-Ci1. Packing of the molecule is very similar to that of monoclinic polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Moiré patterns in the electron image of solution-grown polymer crystals (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2173-2184 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Relative tilt between two similar thin crystals may result in the formation of a moiré pattern in the electron image. Patterns hitherto interpreted as being parallel moirés or rotation moiré obtained from overlapping solution-grown polymer crystals are reconsidered, and it is shown that in some cases a tilt model is more acceptable. The general features of tilt moiré patterns predicted for crystals of this kind are discussed and compared with micrographs appearing in the literature. Methods of distinguishing tilt moiré patterns are indicated, though it is admitted that such experiments would be difficult to complete in the time limited by destruction of the crystal structure under the action of the electron beam. Extinction contours may also sometimes be confused with long-period tilt moiré patterns, and again careful experimentation is required for accurate identification. The model of the structure of solution-grown polyethylene crystals inferred from a tilt moiré interpretation of many of the electron image fringe patterns found in the literature is consistent with that derived from other sources.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Polymer emissivity (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2227-2235 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal emission characteristics of polypyromellitimides have been examined as a function of temperature by measurement of the power required to maintain steady-state temperatures in an evacuated system. The emissivity was derived and found to increase with increasing temperature up to a saturation limit of above 0.9 at temperatures above 475°K. The effect is explained as a thermal population of excited infrared transitions. Power emitted is dominated by the most intense bands which are common to absorption and emission spectra.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Molecular weight distribution and molecular structure of polyethylene produced by radiation-induced polymerization (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1573-1584 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular weight distribution of polyethylene produced by radiation was calculated according to a kinetic scheme. The calculated molecular weight distribution was compared with the results deduced from gel-permeation chromatography. The observed distribution curve from GPC was broader and showed a lower degree of polymerization than the calculated one. Discrepancies between observed and calculated curves can be explained if the polymer contains nonsteady-state products and if the reaction mechanism includes chain transfer to dead polymer. By this reaction long-chain branching would occur. Several long-chain branches per polymer molecule were indeed found, as inferred from solution properties.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110807
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    Direct examination of polymerization catalyst by electron scanning microscopy (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1619-1629 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Direct examination of different polymerization catalysts with an electron scanning microscope is made possible by modification of the inlet port. This represents the first time that polymerization catalysts are thus directly observed at high magnification. The procedure differs from the more tedious and restricted examinations usually performed with electron transmission microscopes. Distinct differences between various catalysts are observed depending on their mode of preparation. These differences account for diverse physical properties of polymers produced with these catalysts.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Survey of the long spacing of polyamides crystallized from solution (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 201-216 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of linear, aliphatic polyamides in which the number of carbon atoms in the repeat unit ranged from three to twenty-four was crystallized from solution. All gave lath-shaped crystallization products (usually aggregated in the form of sheaves) that were unmistakable lamellar. Sedimented mats of the crystals were examined by lowangle and wide-angle x-ray diffraction. Each polyamide had a characteristic layer thickness (fold length) which was determined by the length of the repeat unit and the number of hydrogen bonds in the lamella. The thickness was independent of other variables examined including crystallization conditions. The polyamides studied cover a wide range: they border on polypeptides at the one extreme and approach polyethylene at the other. For all these materials there emerged a unifying pattern which relates chemical structure directly to chain folding.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110202
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    Gel-permeation chromatographic studies of cellulose degradation. II. Methanolysis of cellulose triacetate (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2303-2306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180111120
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    High-resolution gel-permeation chromatography (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2329-2337 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The resolution attainable in gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) was investigated by using columns packed with polystyrene gel particles of about 5 μ diameter and mixtures of two monodisperse poly-α-methylstyrene samples studied previously. The resolution of GPC was found comparable to that of the sedimentation velocity method and slightly better than that of precipitation chromatography. Standard polystyrene samples obtained from Pressure Chemical Co. also were measured with the same columns. It was found that weight-average to number-average molecular weight ratios (M̄w/M̄n) of these samples with molecular weight in the range 97,000-411,000 are smaller than 1.006. For samples with molecular weight of 10,000-51,000 and 498,000-860,000, M̄w/M̄n is larger than 1.006, and the width of molecular weight distributions of these samples differed. In particular, molecular weight distributions of samples with molecular weights 19,800 and 51,000 were shown to be bimodal. It is therefore concluded that GPC is useful for samples of very narrow molecular weight distribution if high-resolution columns are used.
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    ESR study of structural changes in high-density polyethylene subjected to cyclic tensile stress (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2357-2369 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bulk-crystallized high-density polyethylene is subjected to cyclic tensile stress and then irradiated by γ-rays to “spin-label” polymer molecules. The change of crystalline texture in the fatigue process before initiation of necking is detected by the ESR method. The line-resolution parameter of the ESR spectrum, which reflects the degree of regularity of molecular arrangement, first decreases, then increases somewhat, and finally becomes almost constant during fatigue cycling. The concentration of radicals trapped in a fatigued sample is larger than that in the unfatigued one. The excess radicals disappear during heating by a process of low activation energy in the temperature region of the mechanical γ dispersion. The degree of crystallinity evaluated from x-ray diffraction and density scarcely changed during fatigue cycling. The size of the mosaic block crystals estimated from the radical trapping capacity showed a rapid decrease at the initial stage of fatigue. The x-ray paracrystalline analysis indicates a similar but not so drastic decrease. These results lead to the conclusion that the slight disordering of crystalline texture accompanying the decomposition of mosaic block crystals in the lamellae occurs at the initial stage of the fatigue process, following which crystals reform somewhat and then remain unchanged until the initiation of necking.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180111205
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    Phase transition and paracrystalline order in solution-crystallized solid n-paraffinsPresented at the spring meeting of the Fachausschuss, Physik der Hochpolymeren, of the German Physical Society, March 21-24, 1973, Múnster, Germany. (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2377-2391 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Solution-crystallized single crystals of various paraffins were investigated at room temperature by nuclear magnetic resonance and by small-angle and wide-angle x-ray scattering. The samples were crystallized from various solvents and annealed 2, 5, 6, and 12°C below the melting point. The NMR spectra are separated into three components (α, β1 and γ) of different chain-segment mobility. On combining these results with x-ray measurements and with results on polyethylene, enough information is obtained to propose a model of the paracrystalline superlattice built up by at least 30 paraffin lamellae and to find where the chains of various conformation are located in the structure. The phase transition of C44H90 in the solid state gives further hints for this allocation. For instance, the β1 component of intermediate mobility increases anomalously from 3% before to 10% after the phase transition. The paracrystalline g value of the macrolattice of the orthorhombic phase is 1.5% and the gap between the lamellae is 2.2 Å. At the beginning of the phase transition, the chains incline stepwise to the lamella surface retaining the orthorhombic macrolattice distance P0 = 58 A and enlarging the gap to 8.8 Å without changing the g value of 1.5%. The growing monoclinic phase, on the other hand, has a constant g value of 3.5% from the beginning with Pm = 52 Å and has gaps of only 3 Å between adjacent lamellae. This explains the large β1 (ca. 10%) of these two new phases, because the mobile chain ends consist of approxiamately 1 CH3 and 1 CH2 group on the average. The γ component of highest micro-Brownian mobility corresponds to the γ component in polyethylene with a line width of ca. 0.07 gauss. Unlike the case of polyethylene it is produced by only a small amount (0.02-0.13) of free CH3 groups per chain. Another fraction of the CH3 groups belongs to the rigid component α of the crystalline phase. They are located where adjacent lamellae touch each other in crystalline-like order. Because of these contacts, stacks of lamellae about 1000 Å thick scatter coherently, and the long period Po of the orthorhombic phase remains undestroyed by annealing until the monoclinic domains collapse to the smaller period Pm of the monoclinic phase.
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    Slow motion of long-chain molecules in solution with internal correlations (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2467-2482 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Rouse equations for the dissipative motion of long-chain molecules are reformulated in terms of coupled Langevin equations. While in the conventional Rouse model the random forces acting on each bead are supposed to be uncorrelated, the calculation given here admits of any correlation between the forces. By virtue of the second fluctuation dissipation theorem this corresponds to an added friction factor, called the “internal viscosity” in agreement with earlier work of Kuhn and Kuhn, Cerf, and of Peterlin. In the mode decomposition, this added friction factor happens to be an even function of the mode frequency. From this general model it is possible to compute formally the mean-square displacement function. It takes a simple form if one assumes that forces are correlated only on adjacent beads and that their correlation functions are δ functions. The results of the calculation are best displayed in the Fourier transform of the meansquare displacement, which is directly related to the neutron incoherent scattering cross section. It is seen that the presence of internal viscosity modifies the behavior of the chain for a time scale of the order of the relaxation time of the elementary segment.
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    Crystal structure of an alternating copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 919-927 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The unit cell of an alternating copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene was determined by x-ray diffraction. In spite of uncertainties due to irregularities in the chain structure and a low level of crystallinity, a reasonable unit cell and structure was derived which gives a calculated crystalline density of 1.9 g/cm3. The unit cell is believed to be either orthorhombic or monoclinic with the following parameters: a = 9.6 Å, b = 9.25 Å, c = 5.0 Å, (γ = 96°). The molecular conformation is that of the extended zigzag, and the molecular packing appears to be orthorhombic, each molecule having four nearest neighbors with the CH2 groups of one chain adjacent to the CF2 groups of the next.
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    Detection of “memory” effects in polyethylene by magnetic susceptibility (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2273-2282 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relevance of diamagnetic susceptibility as a tool for the structure analysis of solid high polymers is stressed in the light of some new examples. The present results complement previous data and offer new aspects on the diamagnetic investigations of longchain hydrocarbons, especially polyethylene (PE). The molecular susceptibility is proportional to the average number of repeat units in the chain. The proportionality factor defines an intermolecular constant μk which characterizes different physical states. This was found to be 2.5 × 10-6 for the liquid and 3.5 × 10-6 cgs for the crystalline state of paraffins and polyethylene (solution-crystallized). For melt-crystallized material, μk, approaches the typical value of the liquid paraffin in agreement with previous results. Such a low μk is probably related to the increased disorder of the paracrystalline lattice domains, in contrast to the more ordered microparacrystallites in the so-called “single crystals,” where μk = 3.5 × 10-6. In single crystals of branched PE, μk approaches 2.5 × 10-6 with increasing branching ratio. Like paraffins in the gaseous state, molten PE, with chains longer than 1000 Å, has μk = 0. If the solution-crystallized material is molten for 10 min and thereafter cooled, μk retains the original value 3.5 × 10-6 cgs characteristic of the crystalline state. Hence, solution-crystallized polyethylene apparently possesses a kind of “memory.” Such a “memory” can, nevertheless, be partly destroyed when molten PE is stirred for 10 min and then quenched. Aggregates of solution-precipitated crystals with 3% branching concentration give μk = 2.9 ± 0.2 × 10-6 in good agreement with x-ray diffraction data. Finally, experimental details on the magnetic measurements are critically discussed, and various aspects of improvements for further investigations are also described.
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    New morphology of polyethylene prepared by γ-ray-induced polymerization (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2297-2301 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180111119
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    Depolarization thermocurrents in amorphous polymers (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2315-2328 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The depolarization thermocurrent (DTC) method gives the dependence of the dielectric relaxation time on temperature. It has been used for investigations of relaxations obeying an Arrhenius-like law in crystalline polymers. The analysis of this method shows it is possible to study mechanisms described by the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation. The critical temperature appearing in the free-volume theory of Cohen and Turnbull and also in the statistical thermodynamic theory of Adam and Gibbs can then be measured with good accuracy. The thermal coefficient of expansion of the free-volume and the WLF coefficient for any reference temperature can also be obtained. Since analysis of the experimental DTC spectrum is particularly simple, this method seems to be a very useful tool for examination of relaxation transitions in amorphous polymers. As an example, results obtained for poly(methyl methacrylate) are presented; they are consistent with published data.
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    Rolling of polyethylene single-crystal mats (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2393-2401 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180111208
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    Thermal fracture of plastics (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2423-2439 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The extension and fracture under tension of poly(vinyl chloride) strips of different lengths have been studied. It was found that, in spite of decreasing strain rate, long pieces are subject to a type of brittle fracture (necking rupture) occurring immediately after neck formation. This result, which could be expected from previous work, is shown to depend on the elastic energy stored in the longer test pieces. This energy is converted to heat under conditions of neck formation, leading to a temperature rise of 24 ± 4°C, determined by a thermal imaging system. With short test pieces the rise in temperature is much smaller, and a transition to stable neck propagation occurs. Optical and electron micrographs provide additional evidence of heating at the fracture surface. A semiquantitative treatment of the adiabatic process gives upper and lower limits for the predicted temperature change neglecting thermal losses. It is also possible to estimate a minimum length for the initiation of adiabatic deformation. Both calculations give results in reasonable agreement with experiments. Observations with polycarbonate show a similar length effect at low temperatures.
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    Fracture of high-impact polystyrene under fatigue loading (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2483-2488 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180111215
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    Macrolattice based on a lamellar morphology in an SBS copolymer (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 929-938 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By means of an extrusion technique, a uniformly oriented macrolattice based on an alternating sequence of polystyrene and polybutadiene lamellae has been obtained. This is confirmed by the techniques of low-angle x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and electron diffraction. Layer thicknesses and spacings have been derived, and good quantitative agreement exists between the values obtained by the different methods. In addition, the electron micrographs exhibit many singular features which are of potential importance both in their own right and for the macroscopic properties.
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    Lower-frequency infrared spectra and structures of some typical aliphatic polyamidesThis paper was in part presented at the International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Tokyo, September 1966. (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1173-1187 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Polarized lower-frequency infrared spectra (800-33 cm-1) of nylon 66 (α form), nylon 77 (γ form), and nylon 6 (both α and γ form) have been examined. The spectral changes which occur on complex formation of the polyamides with iodine-potassium iodide solution and on subsequent iodine desorption have been studied in relation to the changes in the polymer structures. On the basis of these results, most of the stronger bands have been reasonably assigned to the vibrations characteristic of the amide group and the methylene chain of the polyamides, and some new structure-frequency correlations have been established for the polymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Mark-Houwink relations for linear polyethylene in 1-chloronaphthalene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1189-1200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The parameters in the Mark-Houwink relationship, [η] = K′M̄va, for linear polyethylene in 1-chloronaphthalene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 130°C have been estimated. They were found by measuring the limiting viscosity numbers of a series of fractions with molecular weights ranging from less than 10,000 to almost 700,000. The results are for 1-chloronaphthalene, [η] =0.0555 M̄v0.684 (with a standard error of 0.0064 in K′ and 0.010 in a) and for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, [η] = 0.0392M̄v0.725 (with a standard error of 0.00703 in K′ and 0.015 in a), where [η] is expressed in ml/g. The unperturbed end-to-end distance calculated from the viscosity-molecular weight data agrees with the theoretically expected value.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Elastic interaction between linear polymeric chains and periodic potentials (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1201-1218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The elastic displacement of an axially stressed chain within crystalline surroundings, which was first treated by Chevychelov, is reexamined. We compare the results obtained for homogeneously distributed masses with that for discrete atoms, considering the nonuniformity of the potential of a crystal containing hydrogen bonds. In polyethylene and polyamide the maximum mechanical excitation of a chain penetrates into the crystal a distance of 15 to 20 chain atoms. The effect of the relative position of the crystal boundary on the stress-strain field was studied and the energy of defects calculated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110612
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    Small-angle x-ray scattering experiments for investigating the validity of the two-phase model (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1219-1233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A New method for evaluating SAXS curves of polymer samples with lamellar structure is applied to two typical scattering curves measured with a solution-crystallized linear polyethylene and a melt-crystallized branched polyethylene respectively. The method permits a rigorous check of the validity of the two-phase model and yields, without additional measurement, the volume fractions of the two phases and the difference in their densities. The densities can than be obtained by measuring the overall density of the sample. The results are: ρc = 0.996 g/cm3,ρa = 0.854 g/cm3, wa = 0.20 for the solution-crystallized sample; ρc = 0.967 g/cm3,ρa = 0.850 g/cm3, wa = 0.36 for the melt-crystallized sample.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Unperturbed dimensions of comblike branched polymer chains (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1247-1249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110615
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    Dynamic light-scattering study of an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer and its salt (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1347-1355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic light-scattering experiments were performed on an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer and its sodium salt. The in-phase ΔI′ and out-of-phase ΔI″ components of the light scattering were measured in a temperature range between 25 and 65°C for both samples. No transition is seen in this temperature interval for the acid, but a clear transition occurs around 40°C for the salt. This transition is associated with the softening point of the ionic domains present in the sample.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Light scattering from assemblies of spherulites (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1357-1374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A general equation describing the small-angle Hv light-scattering intensity for a system of N undeformed spherulites located at random within the sample and taking into account the truncation and interference effects is given. Scattering contour plots or radial scans are reported for various arrangements of the N spherulites. The results show that the interference effect may explain the speckled appearance of the experimental patterns. Moreover, the interference and truncation effects (for the special cases where truncation is considered here) do not seem to shift the position of the maximum scattering angle of the cloverleaf pattern as calculated from the single spherulite theory. Finally, the calculations show that the truncation effect increases the relative intensity of the pattern at large and low scattering angles and at azimuthal angles 0 and 90°C, as compared with the intensity at the position of maximum scattering angle.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Scattering from truncated spherulites (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1683-1701 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A general two-dimensional theory is derived to explain the light scattering from truncated spherulites. The severity of the truncation is expressed by a statistical parameter σ2/ā2 which is the ratio of the variance σ2 of the size of the spherulite to the square of its average size ā. The Hv light-scattering patterns are calculated for different values of the truncation parameter. It is observed that the truncation decreases the position of maximum scattering intensity of the pattern. It also increases the scattering intensity at small and large angles, but reduces it at intermediate angles. For a spherulitic polyethylene sample, the truncation parameter is found to equal 0.100 ± 0.030 as measured microscopically. The theory can also be used to calculate light-scattering patterns from row-nucleated spherulites. If it is assumed that the interference effect averages out to zero when a large number of spherulites is involved, a single “sliced” spherulite model can be used. Then, the scattering intensity per unit area decreases as the “slice” becomes very thin.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Studies of polymer blends. I. Compatibility of poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate-co-sulfur dioxide) (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1713-1721 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Various methods of determining polymeric molecular compatibility were applied to blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate-co-sulfur dioxide) (E/VA/SO2). In one series, where the E/VA/SO2 had a mole composition of 72.7/18.5/8.8, true compatible blends were demonstrated by phase-contrast microscopy, torsion pendulum studies, and differential scanning calorimetry experiments for blends containing up to 40% E/VA/SO2. These blends exhibited a single Tg whose compositional variation was found to follow the Fox expression. Experimental densities were slightly greater than predicted on assuming volume additivity. This observation implies better packing and a negative heat of mixing and thus is in harmony with a negative free energy of mixing and the observed molecular compatibility.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Stress relaxation upon cessation of steady flow and the overshoot effect of polymer solutions (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1747-1758 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The basis for obtaining the steady-state compliance from stress relaxation upon cessation of steady flow (SRUCSF) data is derived. Measurements on three polymer solutions of differing molecular weight, polydispersity, and degree of entanglement coupling show good agreement between results from SRUCSF and creep-recovery experiments in both linear and nonlinear viscoelastic regions. The stress overshoot phenomenon is interpreted in terms of a change in entanglement spacing upon imposition of a shearing field. The phenomenon is analyzed in terms of a relaxation time for re-entanglement, which is found to be much longer than the relaxation time of the shear stress upon cessation of steady flow.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110907
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    Morphology of uniaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1779-1791 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The morphological character of uniaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films was investigated as a function of draw ratio. Dynamic mechanical, infrared, and crystallite-size measurements were made on the samples. In addition, selective degradation experiments and molecular weight determinations were employed. The dynamic mechanical measurements indicated a sharp decrease in irregular folds for draw ratios of 3.0 and higher, which also coincided with the essentially complete disappearence of regular folds (from the 988 cm-1 band in the infrared spectra) in unannealed samples. Infrared studies of drawn samples annealed under different conditions gave evidence in support of a structure in which the chains are stretched out. Apparent crystallite-size measurements showed a sudden increase in length of the crystals in the direction of the draw beyond a draw ratio of 3.0. Molecular weight measurements showed a large increase in average chain length in the residue after selective degradation of amorphous material and folds; undrawn and slightly drawn samples gave a much lower Mn. Based on these observations, it is postulated that for higher draw ratios and present drawing conditions, the crystals are of the straight chain type, somewhat similar to the fringed-micelle crystal concept.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Local mode relaxation in polychlorotrifluoroethylene (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2413-2421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of temperature and pressure on the dielectric relaxation time τ, relaxation strength Δε, distribution of relaxation time β, and shape of absorption curve of the local mode relaxation in polychlorotrifluoroethylene are discussed from the viewpoint of intermolecular interaction. Changes of τ and Δε with temperature and pressure are explainable in terms of changes in intermolecular distance. The temperature and pressure dependences of the dielectric retardation spectrum for the local mode relaxation are different from each other.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180111210
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    Energetics of phase transformations in polyethylene (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1385-1411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular mechanisms involved in the orthorhombic-to-monoclinic phase transformation in polyethylene were investigated by the computer simulation of a structure-energy map based on empirically justified intermolecular potential functions. Stable packing structures for the orthorhombic and monoclinic form were isolated as relative minima, cohesive energies were determined from the energy minima, specific chain motions involved in the transformation were identified by the minimum energy path connecting the packing minima, and the activation energy for the transformation was determined from the energy barrier along the minimum energy transformation path. The packing structure parameters predicted from the energy map were in excellent agreement with unit cell dimensions observed near 0°K. The activation energy predicted for the transformation is relatively low (∼0.5 kcal/mole of ethylene at 0°K and 0.25 kcal/mole of ethylene near the melting point, 411°K). Monoclinic packing was predicted to be slightly more stable than orthorhombic. Since this result is inconsistent with a large body of observations, we propose that the intramolecular energy of chain folds plays a dominant role in establishing chain-packing geometry. The inclusion of fold-transition energetics could give rise to transformation mechanisms which differ in details from those proposed in this work.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110713
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    Random grafting statistics in graft distribution analysisPresented at the 164th American Chemical Society National Meeting, New York, N. Y., 1972. (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1413-1421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Graft distribution functions have been derived from random grafting statistics. Among the functions, the weight fraction of ungrafted backbone chains, the molecular weight distribution of the ungrafted backbone chains and the GPC apparent molecular weight distribution of the graft copolymer have been found to agree with experimental values determined for a graft copolymer system in which grafting was expected to be random. The other functions, which are not directly measurable, are therefore probably also correct. In analytical work the entire set of graft distribution functions may be computed for a graft copolymer system from the following experimental data: (1) molecular weight distribution of the starting backbone chains; (2) the chemical composition of the mixture of the graft copolymer and ungrafted backbone; (3) the graft side-chain molecular weight distribution, which may be assumed to be identical to that of the ungrafted homopolymer separable from the reaction mixture.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110714
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    Characterization and properties of macromolecules. III. Gel-permeation chromatography: The effect of temperature upon the elution volume and the efficiency of the separation process (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1423-1434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We report the first study of the effect of temperature on the elution volume and efficiency of the gel-permeation chromatographic (GPC) process with the use of porous glass column packings. Monodisperse polystyrenes and narrow fractions of polyisobutenes were used as solutes and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the eluting solvent. This study has been made possible by the development of a successful method of eliminating the adsorptive properties of the glass surface with hexamethyldisilazane. Previously, without glass treatment, polystyrene would not elute from this system at 150°C. Previous studies dealing with this topic have been limited to the use of polystyrene gel column with ill-defined temperature-structure behavior. Several measures of polymer dimensions have been correlated with the GPC elution volumes to ascertain which best reduces the data to a common calibration for these linear chains.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Experimental evidence for a low-lying torsional mode in polymers (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1435-1440 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Longitudinal and transverse sound velocities have been measured in several samples of polystyrene crosslinked with various weight percentages of divinylbenzene. Specific heats of these same samples have been measured previously. These data obtained calorimetrically, together with similar data obtained by others for some other polymers, can be accounted for by postulating the existence of a fourth mode of vibration with a velocity close to that measured for the two transverse modes. It is suggested that this fourth mode is one arising from the torsional coupling of the side groups along the backbone chain of the polymer molecule.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110716
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    ESR spectra of SBR rubber and SBR-carbon black masterbatches (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1461-1463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110719
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    Low-temperature specific heat of polystyrene and related polymers (1.6° to 4°K) (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1441-1451 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The specific heat of polystyrenes of different origin and molecular weight, of α-substituted and ortho-substituted polystyrenes, and of polystyrenes crosslinked with different amounts of divinylbenzene have been measured between 1.6 and 4°K. The specific heat of all samples shows a temperature dependence that can not be explained by assuming a Debye frequency spectrum for the vibrational modes in these polymers. Good agreement is obtained by fitting the data to a superposition of a Debye T3 term and an Einstein specific heat with a characteristic temperature of 15-18°K. This localized frequency mode may have its origin in the one-dimensional nature of the polymer chain. A simple calculation of the length of a polystyrene chain necessary to obtain these characteristic temperatures shows reasonable agreement with the number of Einstein oscillators observed in the samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110717
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    Dielectric relaxations and molecular motions in poly(vinylidene fluoride) with crystal form II (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 1503-1533 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular motions in poly(vinylidene fluoride) were studied by dielectric measurements. Of the three relaxation processes, the αa and the αc were studied. The αa relaxation was attributed to the molecular motions in the amorphous regions and the αc relaxation to molecular motions in the crystalline regions and their surfaces. The relaxation time and the magnitude of the αa absorption were analyzed on the basis of the Adam-Gibbs theory of the temperature dependence of the size of the cooperatively rearranging region. As a result it was concluded that the molecular structure of crystal form II holds locally, even in the amorphous regions. The relaxation time and the magnitude for the αc absorption were analysed on the basis of the two-site model. It was concluded that the αc relaxation is attributable not only to molecular motions in the folds of the lamellar crystals, but also to those in the interior of the crystal; the folded chain is relatively mobile, while the molecular chain in the interior of the crystal executes restricted rotation around the chain axis.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    Solution properties and unperturbed dimensions of poly-p-fluorostyrene and poly-m-fluorostyrene (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 43-50 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular weights and solution viscosities are reported for unfractionated free-radical polymers of m-fluorostyrene and p-fluorostyrene in several solvents. The estimated unperturbed dimensions lead to characteristic ratios C∞ at 25°C of 12.2 ± 0.5 and 11.6 ± 0.4 for the meta and para polymers, respectively. These are similar in magnitude to those of other polystyrenes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110105
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    Cyclization equilibrium constants and the conformations of polydimethylsiloxane chains (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 51-64 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental molar cyclization equilibrium constants for dimethylsiloxane cyclics having from 8 to ca 400 skeletal bonds are presented. The results for an undiluted equilibrate, an equilibrate in toluene solution, and an equilibrate in diglyme solution are compared. The increases in the equilibrium concentrations of cyclic oligomers, previously found to be large in good solvents (e.g., toluene) are found to be small in the poor solvent (diglyme). For macrocyclics, the cyclization equilibrium constants in the undiluted equilibrate and in diglyme (theta conditions) are found to be in good agreement with calculations which were carried out by assuming that chains are unperturbed and by using the rotational isomeric state model of Flory, Cresenzi, and Mark for polydimethylsiloxane. However, with chain polymer in dilute solution in a good solvent (toluene), the macrocyclization equilibrium constants are found to be lower than in the other two equilibrates. This result confirms the work of other authors who suggested that in this case the chains were expanded by excluded-volume effects.
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    Pulsed NMR study of molecular motion in the uncured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 65-74 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, an uncured epoxy resin, has been studied by pulsed NMR. Values of the proton relaxation times T1, T1p, and T2 have been measured over the temperature range from -160 to 200°C. The resin was studied in its monomeric form and in two mixtures containing higher oligomers. The relaxation times are interpreted in terms of the molecular motion in the resins. The motion responsible for relaxation in the solid monomer form is thought to be methyl group reorientation at low temperatures and general molecular motion at high temperatures. The motions are characterized by activation energies of 5 kcal/mole and 33 kcal/mole, respectively. The solid mixtures exhibit similar effects to the monomer, but an additional relaxation mechanism is observed which is attributed to segmental motion. This motion is characterized by an activation energy of 12-15 kcal/mole. The self-diffusion coefficient was measured in the liquid monomer, and the activation energy for self-diffusion is found to be 11 kcal/mole.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110107
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    Tetrachlorobisphenol-A adipate polymers. I. Crystallization of poly(tetrachlorobisphenol-A adipate) (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 75-85 
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    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The properties of melt-crystallized poly(tetrachlorobisphenol-A adipate) were studied by using a differential scanning calorimeter. The dependence of melting point and the degree of crystallinity are reported as a function of the crystallization conditions. The heat of fusion is equal to 8.1 kcal/mole, while the equilibrium melting point, as determined by extrapolation, is 283°C. The polymer crystallized from the melt has a maximum degree of crystallinity of 0.53.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110108
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    Tetrachlorobisphenol-A adipate polymers. II. Spherulitic crystallization of poly(tetrachlorobisphenol-A adipate) (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The spherulitic radical growth rate G of poly(tetrachlorobisphenol-A adipate) was studied at different crystallization temperatures as a function of molecular weight using an optical polarizing microscope. By assuming a two-dimensional growth mechanism, with a jump factor G0 depending on the molecular weight, and assuming surface energy terms σu and σe essentially constant, it is possible to correlate the growth-rate data with the model of Hoffman.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110109
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  • 84
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    Transient permeation of organic vapors through elastomeric membranes (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2209-2225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The permeation of benzene and acetone vapors through sulfur-cured natural rubber was studied by the time-lag method. The experimental results were analyzed by a method suggested by Meares. The zero concentration diffusion coefficient D0 was obtained by the early-time method. The Frisch time-lag equation was utilized to estimate both the solubility coefficient s and the additional parameter b required to define the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient: D(c) = D0 exp {bc}. This form of concentration dependence was manifested by the corresponding permeability coefficient values. At low entering penetrant pressure, where the transport coefficients are constant, indirect evidence was obtained that D0 is the mechanistically correct diffusion coefficient. The solubility coefficient values calculated for benzene vapor in natural rubber are in reasonable agreement with published equilibrium sorption data for a similar rubber compound. At higher entering penetrant pressures, average diffusion coefficients obtained at steady state tended to be larger than the corresponding average diffusion coefficients derived from the time lags. This same effect has been detected by other experimental approaches. Permeation experiments designed for this rapid method of analysis appear capable of yielding information consistent with that obtained by more time-consuming traditional methods.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180111111
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  • 85
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    Melting behavior of a natural rubber network under stress (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 2291-2295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180111118
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  • 86
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    Carbon-13 NMR of ethylene-1-olefin copolymers: Extension to the short-chain branch distribution in a low-density polyethylene (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 275-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: As model polymers for isolated short-chain branches in low-density polyethylene, a series of ethylene-1-olefin copolymers was examined by use of 13C NMR at 25.2 MHz. An array of 13C resonances was observed that could be associated independently with methyl through amyl branches. The 13C chemical shifts became insensitive to branch length with hexyl and longer branches. Assignments of the various carbon resonances associated with branching were accomplished by using off-resonance decoupling techniques and the behavior of alkane chemical shifts previously observed by other investigators. The ratio of certain backbone and branch resonances could be used to establish the short-chain branch distribution in a low-density polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110209
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  • 87
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    Relation between hydraulic permeability and diffusion in homogeneous swollen membranes (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The question of viscous flow versus molecular diffusion mechanisms for pressure-induced liquid transport through membranes is critically examined for the specific case of homogeneous swollen membranes. It is shown that previous attempts to compute diffusion coefficients from hydraulic permeabilities for such systems have used an equation which is grossly in error. It estimates diffusion coefficients which are orders of magnitude too high and often exceed self-diffusion coefficients. This has frequently led to the conclusion that viscous flow predominates. The origins of the errors in this equation are indicated, and a substitute equation is developed which gives diffusion coefficients well below that for self-diffusion when applied to literature data. As a result it is concluded that molecular diffusion is the dominant mechanism in homogeneous systems.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110210
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  • 88
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    Stress-strain behavior in extension of elastomer networks with crosslinks of different lenghts (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 297-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Stress-strain behavior in extension and the swelling of polymer networks with different lenghts of crosslinks is reported. These networks were prepared by copolymerization of butyl acrylate with different amounts of various difunctional comonomers which yield crosslinks of 4, 7, 10, and 16 bonds in length. The efficiency of the comonomers in crosslinking is low, improving with increasing length of the chain between their unsaturated endgroups. Analysis of a large number of stress-strain data obtained at elongations between 2 and 8% elongation showed that in this deformation range the stress-strain relation based on the statistical theory of elasticity represents the data better than does Hooke's law or the Mooney-Rivlin relation. It was found that the relation between the modulus at small deformations and the swelling ratio of the various samples inindependent of the length of the crosslinks. Also the shapes of the Mooney-Rivlin curves are the same for all networks. Furthermore, the creep behavior of various networks with different crosslink lengths is the same for networks compared at the same elastically effective chain concentration. It is concluded that the lenght of the crosslinks, at least up to 16 bonds, does not affect the elastic response of polymer networks.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110211
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  • 89
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    Microbial degradation of polymer solids. I. Cellophane (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 313-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Specimens of regenerated cellulose films (cellophane) have been inoculated with cellulolytic fungi and the resulting degradation monitored through change in physical properties. Investigation of structure-property relationship in cellophane have revealed that surface microfibrils are highly oriented parallel to the manufacturing machine direction, while those in the film interior exist in a somewhat disordered array. Cellulase enzymes have been observed to diffuse appreciable distances from their point of application and to attack disordered regions more readily than the crystallites. Damage to surface microfibrils appears to involve their being cleaved into short segments. The fungus studied in this work forms a network of hyphae that covers much of the specimen surface soon after growth starts; hyphae penetrate into the film and proceed to remove its core more rapidly than surface layers. Tensile strength declines progressively as this degradation occurs, but vapor barrier properties remain essentially unchanged over the period of these studies. The suggests that intrusion of hyphae, in combination with enzymatic digestion of cellulose, rapidly lowers load-bearing characteristics, but moisture permeation rates stay nearly constant owing to the presence of fungal material at sites where cellulose has been removed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110212
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  • 90
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    Statistical thermodynamics of ABA block copolymers. II (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 345-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A microstructural model for the phase-separated states of ABA triblock copolymers is proposed. It postulates the simultaneous existence of three phases: pure A, pure B, and a mixed region. Incorporation of the mixed region distinguishes this treatment from all other theories and is responsible for considerable flexibility in the model without increased numbers of parameters. Calculations of free energy changes required to establish specific microstructures permit the prediction of a favored one from among five possibilities: discrete spheres of A (or B), discrete cylinders of A (or B), and lamellae.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110214
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  • 91
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    Dilute solution properties and molecular characterization of poly(butyl methacrylate-co-styrene) (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 331-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dilute solution properties of fractionated poly(butyl methacrylate-co-styrene) PBMAS prepared by bulk polymerization, have been investigated by means of light scattering, viscometry, and osmometry. As the composition heterogeneity was narrow, the characterization of the copolymer was effected in a single solvent by light scattering. Infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were used to determine the composition and sequence distribution of monomer units of the copolymer. The molecular weight dependence of the limiting viscosity number and of the root-mean-square end-to-end distance have been established. The Mark-Houwink relation showed that methylethyl ketone is a good solvent compared with cyclohexane. The validity of various extrapolation procedures that have been proposed to calculate the unperturbed dimensions have been examined. Root-mean-square end-to-end distances have been calculated from the Debye-Bueche and Kirkwood-Riseman methods and compared with the experimental values. The molecular weight dependence of the second virial coefficient agreed well with that calculated from the Orofino-Flory equation. The value of the steric hindrance parameter σ for the copolymer has been found to be 2.27 compared to 2.05 for poly(butyl methacrylate) and 2.22 for polystyrene, which indicates that PBMAS is a stiffer chain in solution than those of the constituent homopolymers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110213
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  • 92
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    Dielectric relaxation of collagen and gelatin (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 737-758 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric dispersions of reconstituted collagens and gelatin were measured from 0.1 to 10 kHz and -160 to +160°C. At 0.1 kHz there is a γ transition at -80°C which is attributed to the H2O-coupled local modes. The process has an activation energy of 7.5 kcal. A devitrification process is observed at 10-20°C. Both of these processes have their counterparts in the dynamic mechanical measurements. The tan δ values are up to 3 times as great for the dynamic mechanical dispersions. There is an additional hightemperature dielectric loss transition which does not correspond to any seen with the mechanical experiments. A probable mechanism for this absorption is the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars effect.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110408
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  • 93
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    Solid-state polymerization of oxetanes. I. Lattice parameters and packing properties of the monomers (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 759-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallographic unit cells of melt-crystallized 3,3-bischloromethyloxetane and 3,3-bisbromomethyloxetane were determined by the Weissenberg method. The two isomorphous lattices are triclinic with two molecules in the unit cell. 3,3-Bisfluoromethyloxetane forms plastic crystals in the temperature range between -36°C and +22°C, as shown by differential calorimetry and NMR broad-line spectroscopy. The Debye-Scherrer diagram and the general physical properties indicate the formation of a face-centered cubic lattice. No correlation between the lattice parameters of the monomer and polymer can be found On the basis of these results, the question is raised as to whether a topochemical polymerization of bishalomethloxetanes, i.e., a solid-state polymerization without destruction of the crystal lattice, can take place at all. The halomethyl side groups of the oxetanes can be shown to possess different conformations in monomer and polymer crystals, so that a conformational change of the groups and rearrangement of the molecules must take place during polymerization. Therefore, a topochemical mechanism for the solid-state polymerization of bishalomethyloxetanes seems to be impossible.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110409
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    Injection of metal ions into polymer film by an electric field (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 801-805 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110412
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  • 95
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    Solid-state polymerization of oxetanes. II. Investigation of the growth of the polymer phase as related to the mechanism of polymerization (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 769-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The radiation-induced solid-state polymerization of 3,3-bischloromethyloxetane (BCMO) was investigated by direct observation of the development of the morphology of the growing polymer phase in single crystals of the monomer. Electron microscopy shows that the polymerization gives rise to amorphous polymer in the first step. The polymer forms irregular platelets which aggregate into larger units without reflecting the crystalline order of the monomer. Subsequent to polymerization, the amorphous polymer crystallizes to the β-modification of poly-BCMO. If the partially polymerized crystals are extracted by solvents of the monomer, crystallization of the polymer is enhanced, and morphological artifacts arise which were previously mistaken for the true morphology of the “as polymerized” polymer. The copolymerization behavior of solid solutions of 3-ethyl-3-chloromethyloxetane (ECMO) and BCMO does not differ from the liquid bulk copolymerization with respect to copolymer composition, which is different from the composition of the monomer mixture. It is concluded that the polymer chains grow in noncrystalline zones as in a polymerization in the liquid state by which amorphous polymer is formed. No lattice control was observable in this solid-state polymerization.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110410
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    Roughness and anisotropy effects on wettability of polytetrafluoroethylene and sodium-treated polytetrafluoroethylene (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 785-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of roughness on wettability of skived polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon) and Na-treated PTFE film were studied by advancing contact angle measurements. The effect of an anisotropic force field of elongated Na-treated PTFE on the shear bond strength were also studied as a function of elongation. The results are analyzed in terms of London dispersion γsd and Keesom polar γsp contributions to surface energy γs.It was found that the roughness effect on wettability of PTFE is significant for untreated PTFE and negligible for Na-treated PTFE. Our shear bond strength σb analysis of elongated Na-treated PTFE showed that σb is influenced by an anisotropic force field and the σb increases with the fractional polarity p = γsp/γs but decreases with the dispersion fraction d = γsd/γs of solid-vapor surface tension γs = γsd + γsp
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110411
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    Comments on the multiple endothermic behavior observed in segmented urethane systems (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 807-811 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110413
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  • 98
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    Surface tension of polymers with long unbranched side chains (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 813-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110414
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    Hydrogen bonding effects in the glassy state of random copolyamides (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 815-823 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal behavior of random copolyamides which are used as model polymers with hydrogen bonds has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. The quenched copolyamides have only halo patterns in their x-ray diffraction photographs. A random copolymer of nylons 6, 66, and 610 (in a composition ratio of 3: 4: 3) was found to have 20% of unbonded amide groups immediately after quenching. When the sample was kept at the glass transition temperature (20°C), no change in x-ray diffraction was observed after the treatment. The free amide band in the infrared spectrum at 3450 cm-1, however, was decreased in intensity by keeping the sample at the glass transition temperature. The transition peak height observed in a DSC curve also increased in the same experiment. Large glass transition peaks were found in DSC curves after annealing of the random copolyamides in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature. It is probable that the free amide groups in the amorphous chains were rearranged and formed new hydrogen bonds during the heat treatment at the glass transition temperature. Packing and restriction of the amorphous chains due to the increase in hydrogen bonding seemed to increase the height of the transition peak in a DSC curve. It is inferred from the above results that in the case of the random copolyamide, structures corresponding to a given enthalpy of the glassy state can be related to the number of hydrogen bonds.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110501
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  • 100
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    Generation and decay of peroxy radicals in deformed polyethylene (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 11 (1973), S. 841-854 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rate of peroxy radical accumulation as a function of strain at various temperatures in AC1220 high molecular weight polyethylene has been determined by EPR spectroscopy. The results of isothermal radical decay experiments are used, where appropriate, to correct the apparent accumulation rate to the actual rate. An exponential dependence of radical concentration [R], on true strain is observed at all temperatures investigated in the range from 160 to 294°K. For constant effective strain, measured from the approximate strain at which radical accumulation initiates, it is found that d[R]/de exhibits two sharp transitions as a function of temperature. One of these, at low temperature, is believed to be associated with the glass transition of the amorphous phase of the material; the other, at higher temperature, is believed to occur as a result of a change in the rate-controlling mechanism of deformation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1973.180110503
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