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  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (6,375)
  • 1977  (6,375)
  • Chemistry  (5,684)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (816)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (630)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • Rat
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Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (6,375)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 343 (1977), S. 133-151 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Peptic ulcer ; Anastomosis ; Duodenogastric reflux ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie gilt dem Anastomosengeschwür am operierten Magen. Diese schwerwiegende Komplikation entsteht nahezu ausschließlich nach Resektionsverfahren mit duodenaler Exklusion (Billroth II; Verlegung des Duodenum in den Nebenschluß). - An 54 männlichen Wistarratten wurden verschiedene Formen der duodenalen Exklusion mit und ohne duodenogastrischen Reflux durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchungen zeigen, daß nach duodenaler Exklusionmit Reflux gesetzmäßig peptische Anastomosengeschwüre entstehen. Der kontinuierliche Reflux von Galle und Pankreassekret ist der ausschlaggebende ätiologische Faktor für die Ulcusentstehung im Grenzgebiet der Anastomose von Magen und Dünndarm. Stase im ausgeschalteten Zwölffingerdarm (Syndrom der zuführenden Schlinge) fördert die lcerogene Refluxwirkung. Fehlt der Pylorus, so potenzieren sich Reflux und Stase zur größten Ulcusfrequenz (〉 90%). Bei erhaltenem Pylorus ist die Geschwürsincidenz wesentlich geringer. Der duodenogastrische Reflux hemmt die meßbare Salzsäuresekretion signifikant (P 〈 0,01); Salzsäure spielt demnach für die Entstehung des experimentellen Anastomosengeschwürs der Ratte keine wesentliche Rolle. - Im Hinblick auf die Prophylaxe des Anastomosengeschwürs führen diese Erkenntnisse zu der Forderung, auf Operationsverfahren mit duodenaler Exklusion und Reflux (Billroth II) zu verzichten und das Operationsziel bei der Magenresektion auf die Wiederherstellung der orthograden MagenDarm-Passage zu richten.
    Notes: Summary Different types of duodenal by-pass operations with and without duodenogastric reflux were performed on 54 male Wistar rats. The results of our investigation show that following duodenal by-pass with reflux peptic anastomotic ulcer regularly occurs. The constant reflux of bile and pancreas juice is the most important aetiologic factor in the development of ulcer in the vicinity of the anastomosis between the stomach and small intestine. Stasis in the by-passed duodenum (afferent loop syndrome) promotes ulcerogenic action of reflux. In the absence of the pylorus the effects of ref lux and stasis potentiate, resulting in a high frequency of ulcer (〉 90 %). With intact pylorus the incidence is low. Duodenogastric reflux prevents hydrochloric acid secretion significantly (P 〈 0.01); hydrochloric acid thus plays a minor role in the development of experimental anastomotic ulcer of the rat. - In considering the prophylaxis against anastomotic ulcer, these findings support the claim of avoiding surgical techniques involving duodenal by-pass and reflux (Billroth II with short loop GE). Gastric resection should, therefore, aim at the reconstruction of the orthograde peristalsis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 215 (1977), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Respiratory epithelium ; Larynx ; Microridge cells ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Respiratorisches Epithel ; Kehlkopf ; Mikroleistenzelle ; Ratte ; Rasterelektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Kehlkopfepithel ausgewachsener männlicher Albinoratten wird rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Zusätzlich zu den zilientragenden und zu den Mikrovillizellen, zu den Bürsten- und Becherzellen, welche insgesamt für das respiratorische Epithel charakteristisch sind, werden in bestimmten Abschnitten des Larynx die Mikroleisten- oder Labyrinthzellen beschrieben. Die freie Oberfläche typischer Labyrinthzellen ist durch ein System von sich verzweigenden Mikroleisten gekennzeichnet, die miteinander durch Querbrücken verbunden sind und in der Zellperipherie eine bevorzugte Parallelausrichtung zur Zellgrenze zeigen können. Der Durchmesser der Mikroleisten beträgt ca. 0,05–0,15 μm. Die Querverbindungen zwischen den Mikroleisten haben einen Durchmesser von ca. 0,01 μm. Der Raum zwischen zwei benachbarten Querbrücken variiert. Labyrinthzellen können außer Mikroleisten auch Mikrovilli zeigen und es gibt Übergänge zwischen den Mikroridge- und den Mikrovillizellen. Die bevorzugte Lokalisation der Mikroleistenzellen im Bereich der Glottis und des Aditus laryngis wird belegt. Die mögliche Funktion dieser Zellen und ihre Bedeutung für die Diagnostik pathologischer Schleimhautveränderungen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The laryngeal epithelium of male white rats is studied by reflection scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition to ciliated cells, microvilli cells, brush cells and goblet cells that are characteristic for normal respiratory epithelium the microridge or labyrinth cell can be seen in particular regions of the larynx. The apical surface of a typical labyrinth cell is characterized by a system of narrow standing microridges of about 0.05–0.15 μm in diameter and interconnecting microridges with a diameter of about 0.01 μm. The microridge system of a labyrinth cell originates from the fusion of densely standing microvilli. Between microridge cells and microvilli cells all transition forms can be observed. The preferable localiziation of the microridge cell in the larynx and its possible function is discussed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 217 (1977), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Respiratory epithelium ; Epiglottis ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelial surface of the epiglottis in adult male and female albino rats is studied by scanning electron microscopy. Prominent differences exist between the surface morphology as observed in the males and that observed in the females sacrificed in the estrus phase of the ovarial cycle. The differences are most pronounced in respect to the amount of secretory vesicles, microvilli- and microridge-cells and in respect to the observable number of desquamating cells. The existence and the importance of the microridge-cells are discussed. Special attention is also paid to the results indicating that at least some parts of the extrapulmonary airway epithelia act as possible target organs for sex hormones. Finally the importance of the observed differences is discussed for the correct interpretation of pathomorphological alterations in the extrapulmonary airway epithelia that have been observed under experimental conditions and during infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 296 (1977), S. 187-190 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase ; Gastric mucosa ; Human ; Rat ; Inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterases (PDE) were partially purified from human and rat gastric mucosa. Drugs known to affect the cyclic nucleotide system and/or gastric secretion were tested for effects on the PDE-activities from both species. In rat gastric mucosa PDE-activity can be detected in the 100 000×g sediment (K m =8.3 μM; V max=3.2 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min) and the cytoplasma (K m =5.6 μM; V max=2.6 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min). The most effective inhibitors of the particle-bound activity are papaverine (K i =4 μM, non-competitive) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i=14 μM, competitive). There was only a modest competitive inhibition by theophylline (K i =495 μM). PDE-activity in the cytoplasma was inhibited competitively by these three drugs (papaverine: K i =6.5 μM; 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: K i =37 μM; theophylline: K i =152 μM. In human gastric mucosa PDE-activity can be detected in the particular fraction (K m =23.9 μM; V max=1.2 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min), and the soluble fraction (K m =12.1 μM; V max=2.4 nmoles cAMP hydrolyzed/mg protein x min). PDE-activity in the 100 000×g sediment was inhibited by papaverine (K i =5.6 μM, non-competitive), 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i =16 μM, non-competitive), theophylline (K i =165 μM, non-competitive), and N6-2′-O-dibutyryl-cAMP (K i =746 μM, competitive). Inhibition in the 100 000×g supernatant was noncompetitive with 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (K i =7.1 μM and papaverine (K i =8.5 μM), but competitive with N6-2′-O-dibutyryl-cAMP (K i =170 μM), and theophylline (K i =225 μM). This study indicates that PDE-activities of the two species are qualitatively similar, but quantitative differences exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Growth ; Rat ; Remodeling ; Tetracyclines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cortical bone remodeling along the femur diaphysis was determined in normal female rats (Sprague-Dawley) with the tetracycline technique. Three segments on the cortical bone circumference (the anterolateral, the medial, and the posterior) were found to be most suitable for the study of the remodeling process. Oxytetracycline was administered at age 60 and 75 days, and groups of animals were killed at age 75, 85, 95, and 105 days. The accumulated endosteal growth during age 60 to 75 days in the anterolateral segment was found to increase uniformly in the distal direction along the femur diaphysis. A method is described where this accumulated endosteal growth is used. This method eliminates the use of calipers to determine the section level and makes it possible to study comparable sections even after varying periods of time. The proximal part of the diaphysis showed periosteal apposition in all three segments. The periosteal apposition turned into resorption in the distal part of the diaphysis in the anterolateral and medial segments, whereas the periosteal appsition increased in the posterior segment. The endosteal growth increased in the distal direction in the anterolateral and medial segments. Irregular OTC bands made measurements of endosteal remodeling in the posterior segment impossible. The cortical width decreased in the distal direction along the femoral shaft. Comparison between the different age groups is described and also the relation between the accumulated endosteal growth and the diameter of the medullary cavity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dental calculus ; Glycopeptide ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the isolation and purification of a sulphated glycopeptide from human supragingival calculus. The compound was isolated after using EDTA treatment, 2 M CaCl2 extraction, proteolytic digestion, ethanol precipitation, and finally purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. It migrated as a single component on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and chemical and infrared spectral analysis showed the presence of covalently attached sulphate groups. The sulphated glycopeptide was distinguished from being a sulphated glycosaminoglycan.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Dorsal horn interneurones ; Pain mechanisms ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electrophysiological properties of neurones in the spinal cord dorsal horn were studied in decerebrated, immobilized spinal rats. Extracellular recordings were performed at the thoraco-lumbar junction level. Each track was systematically located by extracellular injection of pontamine sky blue. According to their responses to mechanical peripheral stimuli, cells were classified in four classes: Class 1 cells: Cells activated only by nonnoxious stimuli. They were divided into — 1A: hair movement and/or touch and 1B: hair movement and/or touch and pressure or pressure only. Class 2 cells: Cells driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli, divided into — 2A: hair movement and/or touch, pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick, and 2B: pressure, pinch and/or pin-prick. Class 3 cells: Cells only activated by noxious stimuli (pinch and/or pin-prick). Class 4 cells: Cells responding to joint movement or pressure on deep tissues. Peripheral transcutaneous or sural nerve stimulation clearly showed that class 1 cells were activated only by A fiber input while 68% of classes 2 and 3 cells received A and C input. Histological examination indicated that cells driven only by noxious input were located either in the deepest part or in the marginal zone (lamina I) of the dorsal horn. Nevertheless, some lamina I cells were also driven by both nonnoxious and noxious stimuli. In addition, there is a great deal of overlap between class 1 and class 2 cells. This fact was confirmed by considering the wide distribution in the dorsal horn of cells receiving A and C input. However, spinal organization of the different classes of cells consists of a preferential distribution rather than a strict lamination. This study indicates that properties of dorsal horn interneurones in the rat have a high degree of similarity with those previously described in other species (cat and monkey).
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 29 (1977), S. 249-263 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Preoptic area ; Basal septum ; Amygdala ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular microelectrode recordings were made from single neurones in the medial preoptic area and basal septum of normal female rats anaesthetised with urethane and the effects of stimulation of the ipsilateral amygdala (AMY) was tested. 1. Quiescent cells were excited with latencies between 4 and 〉 40 msec with the majority being between 10 and 27 msec. Variable latency, changing latency and recruitment were observed and suggest that many pathways are oligo- or polysynaptic. 2. A minority of spontaneously active units (20.6%) were excited with latencies between 5 and 36 msec. The predominant initial response was inhibition (67.1%). The remaining 12.3% of neurones did not respond. 3. A predominantly positive complex field potential was associated with excitation, particularly of quiescent neurones. 4. Inhibitory responses were classified according to duration (short: 20–60 msec; long: 100–400 msec). All responses contained an inhibitory component. Responses were further described on the basis of presence and rhythmicity of post-inhibitory excitation. 5. The majority of action potentials evoked from quiescent neurones were of small amplitude (80–150 μV) and occurred in small groups. These characteristics and their occurrence at the onset of inhibition are consistent with the view that all or a proportion of them may be generated by inhibitory interneurones. 6. Only minor differences were observed between response characteristics evoked by stimulation of the corticomedial or basolateral AMY indicating that differential effects of these regions on adenohypophysial hormone secretion are determined at the septopreoptic level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 30 (1977), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dentate and interpositus nuclei ; Pontine gray ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following removal of a significant part of the dentate nucleus and most of the interpositus nucleus in the rat cerebellum degenerated cerebellopontine fibres are shown to end in three fairly restricted regions in the contralateral pontine gray: in the paramedian position, in the middle and in the lateral third. The three regions are arranged in rostro-caudal longitudinal columns in the caudal three-quarters of the pons and these columns are continuous with one another by regions of scattered degeneration. The fibres appear to end in relation to distal dendrites of the pontine cells.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 30 (1977), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Botulinum toxin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural effects of local injection of botulinum toxin into the left half of the tongue of the rat, were studied quantitatively 35 days postoperatively in the left hypoglossal nucleus. The results showed (1) a decrease in somatic and neuropil bouton numbers because of loss of boutons with symmetrical synapses and clear spherical synaptic vesicles, (2) a decrease in the numbers of dendrite profiles in the neuropil, (3) an increase in the proportion of dendrites and boutons with unusual inclusions, suggestive of profile retraction, (4) an increase in the proportion of profiles which were unusually electron-dense, (5) an increase in the amount of astrocyte, and a growth of astrocyte sheaths around bouton-free neurone surfaces, (6) the presence of occasional microglia, and (7) subastrocytic subsurface cisterns. Control rats injected with boiled toxin had no responses except (3) and (4) above, and then only to a modest extent, possibly due to mechanical damage of a few axons or terminals at the time of injection, or to insufficient inactivation of the toxin by boiling. The results were compared with those at 35 days after axotomy, and it was concluded that botulinum toxin, which interrupts neuromuscular transmission, elicits the same responses in the hypoglossal neurones, as does transection of the hypoglossal nerve, even though earlier studies had discovered no glial replication after botulinum toxin, in contrast to axotomy.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 27 (1977), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual system ; Degeneration ; AChE ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of unilateral enucleation, ablation of the visual cortex or coagulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) upon the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in different structures of the visual system of albino rats was studied. The localization and extent of the degeneration pattern were followed up by histological silver degeneration methods. Afferents from the retina project mainly contralaterally to the dorsal and ventral LGN, the pretectal region and the superior colliculus. Afferent fibres from the dorsal LGN enter the visual cortex in area 17 only. Neurons of this area project back ipsilaterally to the LGN and the superior colliculus (SC). No significant decrease in the activity of the cholinergic marker enzyme choline acetyltransferase could be observed under any of the experimental conditions; there was rather a tendency to increased activity in the subcortical centres. AChE as a less specific marker also exhibited no gross changes in activity in the lesioned animals. The results add more direct proof to pharmacological and physiological evidence that ACh is not involved in the synaptic transmission of the direct optic projections in rats, either at the subcortical or at the cortical level.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 29 (1977), S. 219-231 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Delayed regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus of adult male albino rats were quantitatively analyzed from 9–70 days after allowing the transected left hypoglossal nerve to regenerate after an 84 day delay. Delay was achieved by implanting the proximal stump into already innervated sternomastoid muscle, where no regeneration occurred. Regeneration was then allowed by denervating the sternomastoid. During the regenerative period the initially high number of abnormally electron dense perikarya and dendrites decreased to almost normal values, but no cell removal was seen. This suggested that the degenerate appearance of many profiles after prolonged prevention of regeneration, was reversible. The neuropil bouton and dendrite counts, and the numbers of synapsing boutons per dendrite, increased steadily to normal values from the low values of suppressed regeneration. Somatic bouton frequencies, even though already low, decreased further at 32 days, and later increased but not to normal values. The decrease at 32 days coincided with the loss of many subsurface cisterns, and dispersion of Nissl substance, all suggestive of chromatolysis. Later the subsurface cisterns and Nissl substance returned. It was suggested that the delay of complete recovery of somatic bouton frequencies might be because of lack of sensory information from the denervated muscle into which the hypoglossal nerve was regenerating, or because of abnormally low starting values for the recovery phase. Astrocyte (or, occasionally microglial) sheaths persisted along boutonfree perikaryal surfaces.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Optic tectum ; Rat ; Cell death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The death of cells was studied by light microscopy in the optic tectum of normal, developing rats. Normal cell death in the tectum during development has previously been described in chickens but not in a mammal. The total period of cell death was from the 20th embryonic day through the 11th postnatal day. During this period the number of dying cells was comparatively small for the first 2 days, reached a peak at birth and then decreased over the next 11 days. In comparison to the number of surviving cells the number of dead cells in each section was small. The dead cells appeared to be randomly distributed in all layers of the optic tectum.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 335-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Hippocampus ; Neurogenesis ; Rat ; Thyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the dentate gyrus and the effect of 5 μg/day triiodothyronine treatment was examined by means of tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The polymorph layer of the dentate gyrus is a secondary germinal layer and forms cells for the granular layer. The cell formation in the dentate gyrus was found to be nearly completed on the 21st day, but development ended only in adulthood. Thyroid-hormone treatment did not affect significantly the postnatal cell formation of the dentate gyrus, but resulted in the appearance of a great number of pycnotic cells in the granular layer.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 152 (1977), S. 43-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Habenula ; Ependyma ; Supraependymal cells ; Supraependymal axons ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface features of the ependymal lining of the habenular complex in rats, aged between three weeks and nine months, were studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The ependyma of the medial habenular nucleus is heavily ciliated, the cilia obscuring underlying substructure in SEM — preparations. On the habenular commissure most cilia are arranged in tufts. Cilia are provided with segmental indentations and occasional apical thickenings. Vesicular protrusions of the ependymal cytoplasm into the ventricular lumen and the frequent occurrence of homogeneous supraependymal globules were interpreted as signs of ependymosecretory activity of nucl. hab. med. Supraependymal cells are most numerous on the anterior and superior surface of the habenular commissure. Cells presenting features identical to Kolmer (epiplexus) cells were identified on the ventricular surface of nucl. hab. med. in one specimen showing degenerative changes of undetermined aetiology in the habenular nuclei. It is therefore suggested that such cells need not necessarily be restricted to the choroid plexus. Supraependymal unmyelinated axons are particularly numerous on both nucl. hab. med. and commiss. hab. They make desmosome contacts (maculae adherentes) with the ependymal plasmalemma. Contacts presenting all features of typical synapses were not encountered. The vesicle population of the axonal profiles mainly comprises 35–50 nm translucent round vesicles besides small numbers of 60–100 nm dense-cored vesicles and large pleiomorphic vesicles. Most probably the axons belong to the well-established dense population of serotonergic axons in the dorsal part of the third ventricle.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Large intestine ; Intestinal absorption ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of horseradish peroxidase in the rat large intestine during the postnatal developing period was investigated by cytochemical and ultrastructural methods. In the ceca and ascending colons from 4-, and 5-day-old rats, intraluminaly injected peroxidase became localised on microvilli, in the intracytoplasmic network of the apical tubules and small vacuoles (tubulo-vacuolar system), in the large supranuclear vacuole, in the Golgi apparatus, on the lateral and basal cell membranes of the surface principal cells, and also in the lumen of blood capillaries in the subjacent propria. On the other hand, the protein tracer was not seen in the large intestinal epithelial cells that lack tubulo-vacuolar systems and large supranuclear vacuoles within their cytoplasm. In the descending colons of rats of any postnatal age, the epithelial principal cells are devoid of these membrane systems, and exogenous peroxidase was not detected in the cytoplasm of the principal cells. It is assumed that at least the proximal portion of the large intestine in neonatal animals has the capacity to absorb macromolecular protein through those surface principal cells that have specialized intracellular membrane systems.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Adrenalectomy ; Diabetes insipidus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of adrenalectomy on the amount of “Gomori-positive” neurosecretory material in the outer layer of the median eminence and in the supraoptico-hypophysial system was studied in normal Long-Evans rats and in Long-Evans rats heterozygous and homozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. In all non-adrenalectomized rats very few “Gomori-positive” granules were found in the outer median eminence layer. After adrenalectomy the amount of the granules increased markedly in normal Long-Evans rats and only slightly in Long-Evans rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus. However, no augmentation of the granules occurred in homozygous diabetes insipidus rats. The amount of “Gomori-positive” substances demonstrable in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, in the inner layer of the median eminence, and in the neural lobe of the hypophysis was less in rats heterozygous for diabetes insipidus than in normal Long-Evans rats and the smallest in homozygous diabetes insipidus rats. No differences in the amounts of the substances were observed between adrenalectomized and non-adrenalectomized animals. The findings suggest that the “Gomori-positive” granules occurring in the outer layer of the median eminence of adrenalectomized rats are of similar origin as those of the supraoptico-hypophysial system and represent a vasopressin-neurophysin-complex. The results support the concept that vasopressin is involved in the regulation of ACTH release.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 241-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Scanning E.M. ; Third ventricle ; Neurohypophysis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of the recessus infundibularis of the third ventricle has been studied with the scanning and transmission technique in normal and experimental material. Surface specializations such as microvilli, craters and areas of discontinuous lining are described. Supraependymal cells and fibres have been found; some of these cells form wide-meshed networks. The supraependymal fibres may be regular or varicose; the former seem to perforate the ependyma. With the transmission electron microscope the supraependymal cells are divided into three categories: nerve cells, lymphocytes and “dense cells”. Two fibre populations are distinguished: thin profiles (nerve fibres) and thick profiles (nerve terminals). Axosomatic and axoaxonic synapses are described. Synapses between supraependymal fibres and ependyma cells have also been found.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 151 (1977), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Phrenic nerve ; Accessory phrenic nerve ; Diaphragmatic myotomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reinnervation studies of the diaphragm led us to reinvestigate the normal anatomy of the phrenic nerve of the rat. The phrenic nerve originates from the cervical nerve roots C4 and C5. In 16 out of 19 normal rats an accessory phrenic nerve was observed receiving its segmental fibres from C6. The number of myelinated axons of the accessory phrenic nerve varied from 41 to 101 (mean: 64.3, i.e. about 15% of the average number of axons in the common phrenic nerve). The accessory phrenic nerve innervates the dorsal part of the costal and the lateral part of the crural region, whereas the remaining parts of the hemidiaphragm are supplied by the segments C4 and C5. There is no evidence for any additional contribution to the motor innervation of the diaphragm from intercostal nerves.
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  • 20
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    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Protein-calorie malnutrition ; Rat ; Spinal root ; Paranodal region ; OTAN method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During the early postnatal development of spinal roots in rats paranodal regions were often found, containing OTAN-positive inclusions in the Schwann cell cytoplasm. The presence of OTAN-positive paranodal regions showed variations in time, which were synchronous for ventral and dorsal roots. Dorsal roots, however, showed a more marked presence during development than ventral roots. Spinal roots of animals submitted to a 50% food restriction, were shown to contain more OTAN-positive paranodal regions than controls. This was true for ventral as well as dorsal roots. It is suggested that crowding of internodal segments could be one factor, determining the presence of paranodal, OTAN-positive material.
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  • 21
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    Acta neuropathologica 40 (1977), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Low-protein diet ; Rat ; Peripheral nerve ; Paranodal area ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Young rats, submitted to severe protein restriction were studied concerning the width of intermyelin gaps at the nodes of Ranvier in peripheral nerve fibres. The results gave no proof of increased paranodal myelin retraction in lumbar spinal roots or the sciatic nerves of low-protein rats. Malnourished rats as well as controls showed great interindividual differences as to the presence of nodes with wide inter-myelin gaps.
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  • 22
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    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dental cementum ; Collagen ; Protein ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides were prepared of the insoluble collagen of bovine dental cementum. Following chromatographic separation, the peptides were identified by their amino-acid composition. Type I collagen ([α1(I)]2α2) accounted for more than 90% of the organic matrix, while Type III collagen ([α1(III)]3) was present at a level of approximately 5%. Amino-acid analyses revealed that the CNBr peptides from α1(I) and α2 chains of cementum closely resembled the corresponding peptides from calf skin. The only systematic difference was a higher level of hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of the cementum peptides.
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  • 23
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    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Osteoporosis ; Lactation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The calcium homeostatic mechanism was challenged in adult female rats by feeding them a calcium-deficient diet containing oxalate, and by subjecting them to pregnancy and lactation. The regimen caused a substantial weight loss, especially in those animals which reared their young well. Severe hypocalcaemia was observed in the lactating rats. Serum-P was slightly elevated. The content of hydroxyproline in serum was considerably elevated, reflecting the degree of calcium deprivation. Serum proteins were least influenced. The calcium depriving regimen reduced the growth of long bones, but did not stop it. The ash content of the bones was considerably reduced, the degree of reduction depended on the degree of calcium deprivation. Ash as percentage of total bone organ was reduced, but not to the same extent as total ash. Analyses of different parts of femur showed that the proximal and distal parts had lost more bone mineral than the diaphyseal shaft. The ash content of cortical bone tissue from the femur was estimated by a volumetric method. No differences were observed between test groups and controls, indicating that no measurable amounts of bone mineral had been removed from the walls of the vascular canals or by osteocytic osteolysis. Planimetric determinations on cross sections from femora disclosed that a great amount of bone had been removed from the endosteal surface of the diaphysis, while the periosteal surface demonstrated reduced bone apposition.
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  • 24
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    Calcified tissue international 22 (1977), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Blood plasma ; Enamel mineralization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is postulated that tissue fluid F concentrations are the primary determinants of fluoride effects on bones and developing teeth and that these concentrations are dependent on, or mirrored by, blood plasma F. It has earlier been shown that the plasma F levels are dependent on the dietary F supply as well as on skeletal F concentration. Fasting and post-ingestion or postinjection plasma F levels have been determined in rats on F doses that cause different degrees of enamel fluorosis. The results indicate that temporary peak values rather than elevated fasting values are responsible for the occurrence of enamel fluorosis and that the peak values must approach about 10 μM in order to block enamel formation by the ameloblasts. The diagnostic and prognostic importance of plasma F determinations is discussed.
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  • 25
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    Experimental brain research 28 (1977), S. 335-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Rat ; Lamellae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of experiments was conducted in the urethane anaesthetised rat to determine the organisation of some hippocampal pathways in this species, using stimulating and recording microelectrodes to elicit and record population spikes. It was found that the mossy fibres, alvear fibres and perforant path were clearly arranged in a lamellar fashion. Lamellar organisation could not be demonstrated for the afferents in the stratum radiatum which include the Schaffer collaterals. It was concluded that hippocampal organisation in this species essentially resembles that in the rabbit and cat.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Exploratory behaviour ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Hole-board ; dl-Amphetamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A technique is described for studying exploratory as well as stereotyped behaviour in rats using an automated hole-board. Both visual and automated recordings can be employed using the technique. Hole dipping is monitored automatically using an infra-red detector system. Repetitive patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of stereotyped behaviour while the more random patterns of hole-dipping are used as parameters of exploration. There was a high significant correlation between the records of hole-dipping behaviour as recorded visually and automatically. There was also a high significant correlation between the measures of repetitiveness/randomness of hole-dipping behaviour from automatic and visual recordings. The pattern and levels of hole-dipping conformed with expectations both as regards changes with time and with increasing doses of dl-amphetamine.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Abstinence syndrome ; Tolerance ; Physical dependence ; Rat ; THC ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten rats were injected s.c. with THC twice daily for 5 weeks in increasing doses. In the last 3 weeks they received 40 mg/kg THC in each administration. Ten control rats received the same amount of vehicle by the same route for the same period. The comparison of rectal temperatures of the first and fifteenth days showed that a very pronounced tolerance developed to the hypothermic effect of THC. The administration of naloxone on the 22nd and 31st days precipitated an opiatelike abstinence syndrome. The termination of the drug administration on the 35th day also produced a similar withdrawal syndrome. The most common signs of abstinence syndrome in THC-treated animals were teeth chattering, defecation, urination, dyspnea, and complete palpebral closure. Although the frequency of the incidence of the following signs were not high, they have been observed only in THC-treated animals: chewing, tremors on the face, escape behavior, jumping, eating of objects, biting of fingers, and sniffing. During abstinence, an increased locomotor activity was recorded by an activity-meter. Similarly, the total amount of excreted feces and urine was higher in the THC group than in the controls. Both abstinence scores and increased motility exhibited the peak in the 48th h of withdrawal. Some similarities between the effects of THC and morphine have been reviewed.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Dibutyryl cyclic AMP ; Pancreas ; Rat ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary DbcAMP≥0.1 mM induces the discharge of exportable enzymes from rat pancreas fragments incubated in vitro. This effect is qualitatively similar to the action of physiological secretagogues acting via hormone receptors: 1) it is accompanied by the appearance of exocytotic images at the acinar cell apex; 2) it is energy dependent but energy supply is low while that required for the carbamylcholine or caerulein response is high and can only be afforded by oxidative phosphorylation; 3) it is calcium dependent, but no alteration of inward or outward calcium movement can be observed; 4) it is altered by agents known to disrupt the microfilamentous microtubular system [41]. However, the secretory response to DbcAMP is quantitatively less than that obtained with hormonal stimuli. A damaging effect of DbcAMP on pancreatic acinar cells is ruled out on histological and biochemical grounds: there is no significant leakage of LDH; protein synthesis, 2-deoxy-d-glucose andl-leucine uptake are unaltered. The secretagogue effect of DbcAMP is reversible, dose-related and specific. It is not mediated by neuro-transmitter release or by interaction with their receptors. The evidence presented points to a direct interaction of DbcAMP on the pancreatic acinar cell and suggests the last step of the secretory cycle as the most probable site of action of the nucleotide derivative.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Altitude ; Myocardium ; Regional blood flow ; Blood volume ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Circulating blood volume, cardiac output and relative organ perfusion changes were studied, using the Sapirstein method of86Rb tissue uptake, in male 75-day-old rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia (gradually up to 7000 m, 4 h daily, 5 days a week; the total number of exposures was 24). Intermittent hypobaric exposure caused a significant rise of the erythrocyte volume, whereas the plasma volume remained unchanged. The relative perfusion of the left and particularly of the right ventricular myocardium, as well as of the spleen, liver, lung, small intestine and skeletal muscle, was significantly higher. The cardiac output determined in other experimental animals similarly treated was significantly higher after 24 exposures to the intermittent high altitude hypoxia. We suggest that these changes are triggered by tissue hypoxia and a greater blood flow demand.
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  • 30
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    Pflügers Archiv 368 (1977), S. 125-128 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Endotoxin ; Rat ; Fever ; Anti-endotoxin system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In conscious unrestrained rats, at an ambient temperature of 22°C, oesophageal temperature was measured and temperature effect of single and repeated intravenous injection ofE. coli endotoxin was examined. The first injection of endotoxin in a dose of 10.0 μg/rat did not change the rat body temperature. The second injection of this dose in the same animals repeated after 48 h produced fever. With following injections the fevers observed were less pronounced. The absence of fever after a single injection of endotoxin was accompanied by the rapid loss of pyretic activity of the rat plasma samples (bioassayed in rabbits). When fever was observed (48 h interval between endotoxin injections) the pyretic activity of the rat plasma remained unchanged for 90 min following endotoxin injection. It was concluded that after a single injection endotoxin is rapidly detoxified in the rat circulation while this process does not take place after the second endotoxin injection (48 h interval). The process of endotoxin detoxification can be depressed by the pretreatment with nitrogen mustard. Analysis of changes of skin temperature following endotoxin injections and the influence of aspirin on endotoxin-induced fever suggest that the fever observed was of central origin.
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  • 31
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Nickel ; Rat ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zu verschiedenen Zeiten nach täglicher Zufuhr von Nickelsulfat an Ratten wurden Leber, Niere, Hoden und Herzmuskel auf biochemische und histologische Änderungen untersucht. Während sich in der Initialphase noch keine signifikanten Veränderungen nachweisen ließen, traten nach längerer Exposition deutliche enzymatische und histopathologische Veränderungen in allen vier untersuchten Organen auf. Das Ausmaß der Organläsionen zeigte einen direkten Zusammenhang mit der Behandlungsdauer.
    Notes: Abstract Biochemical and histological alterations in liver, kidney, testis and myocardium of albino rats were investigated at various intervals after daily administration of nickel sulphate. No significant changes were observed during the initial periods of the treatment, but longer exposures produced marked enzymatic and histopathological alterations in all the four organs examined. The severity of the histological lesions was found to be directly related to the duration of the treatment.
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  • 32
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 319-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Sulfhydryls ; Enzymes ; Brain ; Liver ; Testis ; Manganese ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Mangan auf Sulfhydrylgruppen und SH-enthaltende Enzyme in Gehirn, Leber und Hoden von Ratten wurde untersucht. Mangan verminderte den Gehalt an Nicht-Eiweiß-SH und hemmte die Glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase sowie die Glutathionreduktase in diesen Geweben. In Gehirn, Leber und Hoden der Mn-behandelten Tiere war der Mn-Gehalt signifikant erhöht.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of manganese on sulfhydryls and sulfhydryl-containing enzymes in brain, liver and testis of rats was investigated. Manganese produced lowering in the contents of non-protein sulfhydryl groups and inhibited the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase in these tissues. The contents of the metal increased significantly in brain, liver and testis of manganese administered rats. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 33
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 275-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Carbromal ; Bromoethylbutyramide ; Ethylbutyrylurea ; Rat ; Pharmacokinetics ; Smooth muscle ; Carbromal ; Carbromid ; Äthylbutyrylharnstoff ; Ratte ; Pharmakokinetik ; glatter Muskel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Oral verabreichtes Carbromal und Carbromid wurden bei Ratten in Dosen unter 20 mg/kg rasch aus dem Magen-Darmtrakt aufgenommen, aus dem Dünndarm 5–8mal rascher als aus dem Magen. Die enterale Resorption von Carbromaldosen größer als 20 mg/kg verlief wesentlich langsamer. Dies ist hauptsächlich auf eine verzögerte Magenentleerung zurückzuführen. Sowohl Carbromal als auch Carbromid hemmten in vitro den Tonus und die durch Acetylcholin induzierte Kontraktion glatter Muskeln des Magenfundus. Carbromal und Carbromid fanden sich im Organismus in gleicher Konzentration in Serum, Gehirn und Skelettmuskulatur. Im Fettgewebe wurden dreimal höhere Werte gemessen. Die Konzentrationen beider Stoffe fallen in den untersuchten vier Organen mit der gleichen Geschwindigkeit wieder ab. Es lassen sich daher mit Hilfe der leicht zu messenden Serumkonzentrationen rasch die im Organismus verteilten Mengen beider Substanzen ermitteln. Intraperitoneal injizieŕtes Carbromal und Carbromid verlassen Serum und Gehirn mit einer Halbwertzeit von 3–4 h, Äthylbutyrylharnstoff mit einer Halbwertzeit von 5–7 h. Carbromal, Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoff werden von der Ratte rasch und nahezu vollständig metabolisiert. In Urin und Kot erschienen nur Spuren dieser Substanzen. Für eine Sekretion von Carbromal und seinen beiden Metaboliten in den Magen ergab sich kein Anhalt. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die akute Carbromalvergiftung beim Menschen diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Oral doses up to 20 mg/kg of carbromal and of bromoethylbutyramide were rapidly absorbed in the rat. Absorption from the stomach ligated at the pyloric end was 5–8-fold less than absorption of carbromal injected directly into the small intestine. Oral doses greater than 20 mg/kg of carbromal disappeared more slowly from the gastro-intestinal tract because gastric emptying was delayed. Both carbromal and bromoethylbutyramide were able to reduce the basal tone and the acetylcholine-induced contraction of isolated rat fundus strips. Carbromal and bromoethylbutyramide distributed evenly between serum, brain and skeletal muscle. Concentrations in adipose tissue were three times those in the other three tissues. Concentrations of both carbromal and of bromoethylbutyramide in all four tissues declined at the same rate. Thus, serum concentration of either compound may be used to estimate the total body content. Intraperitoneally injected carbromal, bromoethylbutyramide and ethylbutyrylurea disappeared from the brain and from the serum with a half-life of 3–4 h and 5–7 h, respectively. Traces only of unchanged carbromal, bromoethylbutyramide, or ethylbutyrylurea were excreted with urine or feces indicating rapid and extensive biotransformation of the three compounds in this species. No evidence was obtained of secretion of either carbromal or its two metabolites into the lumen of the stomach. The findings are discussed as to their relevance for acute carbromal poisoning in humans.
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  • 34
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Inorganic mercury ; Renal enzyme excretion ; Chelating agents ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von intravenös verabreichtem HgCl2 auf die renale Ausscheidung von alkalischer Phosphatase (AP) und Leucinaminopeptidase (LAP) wurde an Ratten untersucht. Am ersten Tag nach Hg-Injektion erfolgte ein Anstieg der Enzymausscheidung, der von einem Schwellenwert von 0.44 mg Hg/kg ausgehend eine lineare Abhängigkeit von der Hg-Dosis aufwies. Am zweiten Tag wurde ein statistisch signifikanter Effekt bereits nach 0.25 mg Hg/kg beobachtet. Nach Dosen von 0.75 mg Hg/kg oder mehr fand ein Abfall der Enzymaktivität unter die Kontrollwerte statt, der mehr als 4 Tage anhielt. Behandlung mit 2,3-Dimercaptopropansulfonat (DMPS) bewirkte eine Normalisierung der AP-Ausscheidung. Eine Wirkung auf die LAP-Exkretion wurde nur bei baldiger Verabreichung von DMPS beobachtet. Das gleiche gilt für den Effekt von DMPS auf die Hg-induzierte Letalität. Die Nützlichkeit einer LAP-Bestimmung im Urin zur Abschätzung einer Hg-Inkorporation wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of intravenous injections of HgCl2 on the renal excretion of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) was investigated in rats. On the first day after Hg enzyme excretion showed a linear rise with the Hg dose from a threshold value of 0.44 mg Hg/kg. On the second day a statistically significant effect was seen already after 0.25 mg Hg/kg. After doses of 0.75 mg/kg or more a decrease of enzyme activity below control values occurred which persisted for more than 4 days. Treatment with 2,3-dimercaptopropansulfonate (DMPS) brought about a normalization of AP excretion. An effect on LAP excretion was observed only with early treatment. The same holds for the effect of DMPS on Hg-induced lethality. The usefulness of a measurement of LAP excretion for estimating the exposure to inorganic mercury is discussed.
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  • 35
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1977), S. 247-263 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Lead in blood ; Longterm exposure ; Learning deficit ; Overreaction ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Erfassung neuropsychologischer Störungen nach ontogenetisch früher Bleiexposition wurde bei männlichen Wistar-Ratten pränatal über deren Mütter, neonatal über die Muttermilch und postnatal über Bleiazetathaltiges Futter (745 mg Pb/kg Futter) chronisch ein erhöhter Blutbleispiegel (PbB) eingestellt. In der Trächtigkeits-und Säugezeit stieg der PbB-Spiegel der Mütter von 24.2 auf 31.2 μg-% an, während derjenige der Nachkommen im Alter von ca. 16 Tagen 26.6 μg-% und im Alter von ca. 190 Tagen 28.5 μg-% betrug. PbB altersgleicher Kontrollen war stets 〈 6 μg-%. Im Alter zwischen 100 und 200 Tagen wurden 20 Bleitiere und 20 Kontrollen blind verschiedenen Verhaltensprüfungen unterzogen, und zwar einem Open Field-Test und einer visuellen Unterscheidungs-Lernaufgabe. Zwei Lernprobleme unterschiedlicher Schwierigkeit, Richtungs- und Größenunterscheidung, wurden benutzt. Im Open Field-Test waren die Bleitiere im Vergleich mit den Kontrollen signifikant unruhiger: Lokomotorische Aktivität, Aufrichten und Putzverhalten waren gesteigert. Die schwierige Größenunterscheidung erlernten nur die Kontrollen, während das leichte Problem, nämlich die Richtungsunterscheidung, von Kontroll- und Bleitieren gleich schnell erlernt wurde. Die beobachteten Bleiwirkungen, gesteigerte motorische Unruhe und Lernleistungshemmung, lassen sich als Indikatoren einer funktionellen Hirnschädigung deuten. Sie legen den Schluß nahe, daß die „Wirkschwelle” für neuropsychologische Störungen nach ontogenetisch frühzeitiger Bleieinwirkung bei der Ratte als unterhalb 35 μg/100 ml liegend angenommen werden muß.
    Notes: Abstract In order to assess neurobehavioral deficit subsequent to early low-level lead-exposure, Wistar-rats were prenatally Pb-exposed via their mothers, neonatally via their dams' milk, and later on via their diet containing lead acetate (745 mg Pb/kg diet). Blood-lead levels (PbB) of dams increased from 24.2–31.2 μg-% during pregnancy and suckling-periods, those of offsprings were 26.6 μg-% at about 16 days of age and 28.5 μg-% at about 190 days of age. Between 100 and 200 days of age 40 male offsprings were subjected to behavioral testing, namely an open field-test and a visual discrimination-learning task. Two learning-tasks of different complexity, i.e. orientation-and size-discrimination, were used. Data of 20 lead-treated animals were compared with those of 20 age-matched controls. In the open-field test lead-fed animals were significantly more restless than controls; an increase of ambulation, rearing and grooming was observed. In the difficult learning-task, i.e. size discrimination, only the controls did learn the problem, whereas only one of the lead-group did; there was, however, no difference between lead-and control-animals for the easy task, i.e. orientation-discrimination. The observed effects, namely overreaction in the open field and a deficit of visual discrimination learning, may be interpreted in terms of lead-induced CNS-dysfunction. They clearly suggest that the “no-response level” for neurobehavioral damage in the rat, subsequent to early lead-exposure, must be assumed to be lower than 35 μg/100ml.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Histidin ; Gehirn ; Skelettmuskel ; Leber ; Urämie ; Ratte ; Histidine ; Brain ; Striated muscle ; Liver ; Uremia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Intracellular histidine levels were determined in brain, striated muscle and liver of rats with chronic renal insufficiency (5/6-nephrectomy) and compared both with normal rats and food-restricted (pair-fed) animals. There was no difference in plasma histidine concentration of the three groups whereas in the brain of the uremic rats histidine was significantly increased. Since there existed no alteration of the cerebral histidine in the corresponding pair-fed group, the finding of a raised histidine level in the renal insufficient rats seems to be due to a specific uremic disorder caused by a cerebral disturbance in histidine metabolism.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei chronisch niereninsuffizienten Ratten (5/6-Nephrektomie) wurden die intrazellulären Histidin-Konzentrationen verschiedener Organe (Gehirn, Skelettmuskel und Leber) bestimmt. Als Vergleichsgruppen dienten gesunde Kontroll-Ratten sowie sog. „pair-fed“ Ratten, die entsprechend den niereninsuffizienten Tieren eine verminderte Nahrungsmenge zu sich nahmen. Während sich in den untersuchten Gruppen die Plasma-Histidin-Konzentration nicht unterschied, war Histidin im Gehirn der chronisch niereninsuffizienten Tiere signifikant erhöht. Dieser Konzentrations-Anstieg dürfte als urämie-spezifisch anzusehen sein, da die entsprechend minderernährten Kontrolltiere keine Alteration zeigten. Als Ursache ist in erster Linie eine cerebrale Störung des Histidin-Metabolismus zu diskutieren.
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  • 37
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    Psychopharmacology 51 (1977), S. 279-283 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Naloxone ; Abstinence signs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Morphine pellets (75 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in albino rats. Three days later, following 24 h without water, these rats (Group MSN) were given access to a saccharin solution for 30 min, then injected with naloxone hydrochloride. The classical abstinence signs, including “wet dog shakes” and weight loss, were noted in these subjects, but not in controls given placebo pellets and/or saline injections. In addition, when given an opportunity to drink either saccharine solution or water 24 h later, Group MSN rats drank significantly less saccharin than any of the control groups. Similar drinking patterns were found even when naloxone injection was delayed as long as 3 weeks after pellet implantation, when none of the classical abstinence signs were seen and serum levels of morphine and its metabolites were 100 times lower according to radioimmunoassay. This simple and objective technique is thus more sensitive as a measure of prior morphine exposure than any of the commonly used indices. The continued utility of a dependent-nondependent dichotomy is also examined in light of these and other findings.
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  • 38
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    Psychopharmacology 54 (1977), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Atropine ; Cholinergic mechanisms ; Learning ; Ontogeny ; Passive avoidance ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The maturation of cholinergic inhibitory mechanisms that may be involved in passive-avoidance learning was studied in rats 14, 17, 21, 25, 28, and 34 days of age. Acquisition and extinction of the conditioned response were examined under saline and atropine sulfate (5 mg/kg). Learning was also tested following scopolamine hydrobromide injections (1, 4, 8 mg/kg) in rats 17 days of age and following α-methylatropine (5 mg/kg) in 17-and 34-day-old groups. In normal animals the rate of acquisition increased during ontogenesis, with a significant improvement between postnatal days 17 and 21, whereas the rate of extinction did not vary with age. Acquisition was impaired by atropine sulfate at all ages and even totally prevented in younger groups (14 and 17 days of age). It was also completely disrupted by scopolamine in 17-day-old rats. Extinction following acquisition under atropine was more rapid than after normal acquisition. Methyl-atropine was without effect. These results support the hypothesis of central cholinergic mechanisms involved in response suppression, already functioning in the rat 14 days of age and maturing mainly between the 17th and the 21st postnatal days.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Exploratory behaviour ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Hole-board ; dl-Amphetamine ; Haloperidol ; Apomorphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Exploratory and stereotyped behaviour of Male Wistar rats was studied on a hole-board. The two forms of behaviour were differentiated according to the pattern of hole-dipping activity. Increasing doses of dl-amphetamine stimulated both forms of behaviour with stereotyped behaviour becoming predominant particularly at the higher dose levels. At the highest dose of amphetamine used (16 mg/kg) a gradual transition from exploratory to stereotyped behaviour was observed with time. As the drug wore off this transition was reversed. Haloperidol at a dosage of 0.1 and 0.05 mg/kg blocked the response to a high dose of amphetamine whereas a lower dose (0.02 mg/kg) blocked the stereotyped response to amphetamine while some exploratory behaviour still took place. Apomorphine inhibited hole-dipping but at lower doses another form of exploratory behaviour was induced, this behaviour becoming stereotyped as the dose was increased. It is concluded that there is a close relationship between exploratory and stereotyped behaviours. Monoamine systems appear to play a significant role in the regulation of both forms of behaviour.
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  • 40
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 300 (1977), S. 205-216 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Chronic ethanol treatment ; Rat ; Behaviour ; Central monoamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats weaned at 16 days of age were treated with various ethanol concentrations (8–24% w/v) for 270 days. The effect of the chronic ethanol treatment on the growth rate, the diurnal pattern of drinking, the open field activity, and the conditioned avoidance acquisition and retention of the rats were studied. Termination of the chronic ethanol administration caused two types of withdrawal syndromes. The first, an acute withdrawal syndrome was observed within 12 h after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment and was characterized by extreme hyperexcitability. The second, a delayed withdrawal syndrome was characterized by a more coordinated behavioural stimulation and developed first after about 3 days after the discontinuation of the ethanol treatment. Biochemically, the latter withdrawal syndrome was accompanied by an increased rate of tyrosine hydroxylation (measured as the accumulation of dopa after inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase) in the striatum and dopamine-rich limbic structures. No differences in the accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan were observed. Furthermore, there was an increased level of dopamine concomitant with a decreased level of noradrenaline in the limbic areas during ongoing ethanol treatment. On the 4th day after withdrawal of ethanol the endogenous levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were statistically significantly reduced in the limbic structures. The data of the present study indicate that chronic ethanol administration induces various kinds of behavioural changes and that these changes at least partially are mediated via central catecholamine mechanisms.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 505-511 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endothelium ; Cerebral artery ; Filaments ; Rod-shaped inclusion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endothelia of the anterior cerebral arteries in rats aged 1 to 3 days were studied. Thin (about 50–90 Å) and thick (about 100–110 Å) filaments are present in the endothelia. Numerous spherical- or rod-shaped bodies, measuring approximately 0.07 to 0.3 μm in diameter and up to 0.6 μm in length occur in the endothelial cells. These bodies contain a tubular structure. The diameter of the individual tubules is about 200 Å. The present observations suggest that spherical- or rod-shaped inclusions are first synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and thereafter these materials are transported into the Golgi complex for maturation. A small number of the inclusions, however, may originate directly from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and not pass through the Golgi apparatus.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 431-443 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cornea ; Rat ; NaK-ATPase ; K-NPPase ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaKATPase) activity of the rat cornea was investigated histochemically using a Pb2+-precipitation technique in which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used as substrate and two methods for potassium-dependent para-nitrophenyl-phosphatase (K-NPPase) activity. With all the three techniques used it was demonstrated that the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) activity is localized in the cell membranes of the endothelium whereas a much weaker activity was observed in the epithelium. When the Pb2+-technique was used, the epithelial cell membranes showed a weaker reaction in the presence of ouabain. This activity was only Mg2+-dependent and was presumably due to an Mg2+-dependent ATPase. The validity of the histochemical techniques for NaK-ATPase activity is discussed. The results emphasize the importance of the endothelium as the main site of Na+ transport in the cornea. Small amounts of the enzyme are also present in the epithelium, which seems to be rich in Mg2+-ATPase. Provided that careful controls are performed, all the methods give consistent results in the cornea.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Innervation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pineal glands were grafted under the kidney capsule of mature male rats for periods of 20, 40, 60 and 100 days. Each grafted gland was then excised and divided into two halves. One half was processed for conventional electron microscopy and the other was fixed in aldehydes and then incubated in a zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide mixture at pH 4.4 (A-ZIO-4.4). During the forty days following the operation pinealocytes showed the typical ultrastructural features associated with cells with a high protein and/or peptide secretory activity. On the other hand, during this period, the number of granular vesicles decreased progressively. From day 40 on, the grafted pinealocytes lacked granular vesicles. During the second half of the experimental period the ultrastructure of the pinealocytes indicated that their secretory activity was considerably decreased. During the acute phase of the experimental period numerous structures regarded as the tip of growing axons as well as typical nerve fibres appeared around blood vessels and within the parenchyma of the grafted gland. In the transplanted tissue obtained 60 and 100 days after the operation the growth cones were scarce, whereas typical nerve endings became numerous. These endings contained small clear vesicles which reacted positively when the tissue was treated with A-ZIO-4.4. The secretory activity of the grafted pineal gland and the nature of the nerve fibres which innervate the graft are discussed. The authors wish to thank Mrs. E.M. Rodríguez de Calderón for her valuable help
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 287-290 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Intralobular nerves ; Rat ; Cobalt and Procion Yellow staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a recent study (Skaaring and Bierring, 1976) we found cholinesterase positive nerve-like structures in the lobules of rat liver, and scanning electron microscopy revealed cords having a distribution pattern similar to that of the cholinesterase-positive structures. To obtain further evidence for an intralobular nerve supply the methods of cobalt and Procion Yellow nerve staining (Stretton and Kravitz, 1968; Iles and Mulloney, 1971; Pitman, Tweedle and Cohen, 1972) were adapted, iontophoretic introduction of the dyes being attempted through cut axonal ends in the surface of small excised blocks of rat liver.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 159-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle transplantation ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat soleus muscles were autografted from right to left legs, and regeneration following necrosis of all original myofibres was studied after 7 to 250 days. The best regenerates were from grafts replacing all calf muscles and sutured to the tendon stumps. After 30 days the size of such regenerates was equal to those from minced gastrocnemius muscles: the cross sectional area of muscle tissue was 30% (1.7 mm2) and the number of fibres was 180% (4500) of normal soleus muscles; the fibre diameters were 10 to 40 μm. To increase the number of myoblasts before grafting some muscles were injured by Ringer solution of 70° C and transplanted after 2 days. Nevertheless, this did not influence regeneration. After 7 days clusters of myotubes occurred in the periphery of the muscle. These myotubes originated from myoblasts growing like endothelial cells on the inner face of the persisting basal lamina tubes of necrotic fibres. After 30 days the muscles were vascularized. Fibres formed in a common basal lamina detached and so looked “split”. Satellite cells of new fibres came from undifferentiated cells associated with myotubes, i.e. from myoblasts. After 30 days and more regenerates contained three sorts of fibres. 1. Thin (5 to 20 μm) fibres resembling fetal muscle fibres. They were most prominent after 30 days, and probably not yet innervated. 2. Thin (10 μm) degenerating fibres as in long-time denervated muscles. 3. Thick (more than 30 μm) mature looking fibres which were innervated and revealed end-plates. Half of the grafts studied after 30 and 60 days contained unmyelinated and myelinated axons which had grown along strands of surviving Schwann cells. After 250 days, only two muscles were studied which both lacked innervation. Almost all regenerates contained muscle spindles, which, however, were not innervated. Within the persisting spindle capsules new muscle fibres had been formed from satellite cells of the former intrafusal fibres.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrioventricular node ; Rat ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The problem of development of the innervation of the rat atrioventricular node has been investigated by electron microscopy. Nerve bundles appear in relation to the node as early as the second postnatal day and vesiculated axons are seen throughout the entire node by the fourth day. Intimate contacts between nodal cells, axons and terminal varicosities are frequently observed. Use of the 5-hydroxydopamine tracer technique has enabled the identification of both cholinergic and adrenergic axons. It is concluded that the node has a dual innervation although cholinergic endings far outnumber those classified as adrenergic on the sixth postnatal day. These results are quite different to earlier findings made at the light microscope level and the discrepancies are discussed with respect to the histochemical techniques used. The suggestion that nodal differentiation is induced by nerves is considered in relation to the differences in cholinesterase activity exhibited by nodal cells during normal development and following neonatal sympathectomy.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 143-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Tanycytes ; Gonadal function ; Rat ; Japanese quail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ependymal linings of the median eminence were destroyed by electric cautery or intraventricular injection of picric acid in the rat and Japanese quail. In these animals the ventricular lumen near the median eminence disappeared due to adhesion of lesioned walls on both sides of the third ventricle. Electric lesions of the ependymal layer containing tanycytes did not induce appreciable disturbance in the estrous cycles. Rats in which tanycytes were lesioned by picric acid displayed 4-day estrous cycles after prolonged diestrus (10–22 days). After destruction of tanycytes in the quail, a photostimulated gonadal growth was observed. It is concluded that the tanycyte transport of the ventricular fluid to capillaries of the portal vessels appears unnecessary for maintenance of adenohypophysial gonadotrophic activities.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 193-204 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glucagon ; Exocrine pancreas ; Secretory process ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glucagon was infused into conscious rats in doses of 10 to 80 μg/h for periods up to 24 h. The effect on the secretory process of the exocrine pancreas was studied in vitro using isolated pancreatic lobules. A pronounced inhibition of the rate of protein synthesis and discharge of stored and newly synthesized proteins combined with increased enzyme content in the pancreas were observed after 30 min infusion. This effect was absent after longer infusion periods of up to six hours. After 12 to 24 h infusions a marked degranulation and decrease in enzyme content was observed. While the rate of protein synthesis was not significantly enhanced, both the basal and stimulated discharge of enzymes from the pancreas were increased. The results suggest a biphasic response of the pancreas to prolonged glucagon infusion.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat ; Types of neurons ; Secretory cycle ; Herring body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the normal male rat was studied by electron microscopy during various functional states. Four morphologically distinct types of neurosecretory cells were observed. It appears that they do not represent different classes of cells but different phases of secretory activity of a single cell type. The perikarya of the neurosecretory cells show a definite cycle of formation and transportation of secretory granules. We have designated the phases of this cycle as: (1) phase of synthesis, (2) phase of granule production, (3) phase of granule storage and (4) phase of granule transport. The neurosecretory granules appear to be moved in bulk into the axons, forming a large axonal swelling filled with granules as a result of one cycle in the neurosecretory process. Thus it may be postulated that a secretory cycle in the perikaryon of the neurosecretory cell seems to result in the formation of a Herring body in its axon, and that its content is then conveyed to the posterior pituitary.
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  • 50
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 344 (1977), S. 207-217 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Gastroenterostomy ; Duodenal reflux ; Epithelial lesions ; Nitrosoguanidine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß des chronischen duodenogastrischen Refluxes auf die Magenschleimhaut des nicht resezierten Magens wurde im Hinblick auf die Disposition der gastroenteralen Anastomose für die Krebsentstehung tierexperimentell an männlichen Wistarratten untersucht. Hierzu wurden Tiere mit einer Gastroenterostomie ohne Enteroanastomose und Tiere, bei denen ein Reflux durch eine Y-Gastroenterostomie nach Roux ausgeschlossen war, mit einer zeitlich unterschwelligen Cancerogendosis (Nitrosoguanidin) exponiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß auch unabhängig von der Cancerogenexposition ein chronischer duodenogastrischer Reflux zu adenomartigen Drüsenproliferationen mit z. T. atypischen Epithelregeneraten an der Anastomose führt, die durch eine Gastroenterostomie nach Roux verhindert werden können. Anastomosencarcinome, wie in früheren Untersuchungen am resezierten Magen bei sonst gleichen Versuchsbedingungen beschrieben, konnten nicht induziert werden. Somit spielen für die Krebsentstehung an der gastroenteralen Anastomose neben dem Reflux auch die durch die Magenresektion selbst hervorgerufenen Veränderungen eine nicht unwesentlilche Rolle.
    Notes: Summary The cancerogenic effect of continous duodenal reflux on the gastric mucosa has been investigated in male Wistar-rats after gastrointestinal anastomosis. Groups of animals with gastroenterostomy without enteroenteral anastomosis and with Roux-en-y-anastomosis preventing duodenal reflux were treated with lower dosages of the cancerogenic Nitrosoguanidine. Proliferative mucosal alterations near the gastroenteral anastomosis were observed. In addition the gastric mucosa was characterized by adenomatous lesions caused by duodenal reflux. The changes detected were not influenced by Nitrosoguanidine and did not appear in cases of Roux-en-y-anastomosis.
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  • 51
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 344 (1977), S. 71-82 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Cancer risk ; Resected stomach ; Rat ; Duodenogastric reflux ; N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Frage geprüft, ob obligater duodenogastrischer Reflux unter Langzeitbedingungen das Wachstum von Carcinomen oder Sarkomen im resezierten Magen beeinflußt. 72 männliche Wistarratten wurden einer Magenresektion unterworfen. Die erforderliche Gastroenteroanastomose wurde bei 39 Tieren als short loop GE (Billroth II) mit obligatem Reflux von Galle und Duodenalsekret in den Restmagen angelegt. Die restlichen 33 Tiere erhielten eine Y-förmige GE (nach Roux) mit seitlicher Einmündung des Duodenum in den Dünndarm; Reflux von Galle in den resezierten Magen war dadurch unmöglich. Die Carcinominduktion erfolgte durch kontinuierliche Gabe von N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidin im Trinkwasser. Bei der Sektion der Tiere mit Reflux 33 Wochen nach Carcinogengabe fand sich die Mehrzahl der malignen Tumore von Magenstumpf, Anastomose (GE) und angrenzendem Dünndarm in der Tiergruppe mit obligatem Reflux (13 von 22). Die Tiergruppe ohne Reflux (Y-Roux GE) wies demgegenüber signifikant weniger Carcinome auf (7 von 21); die Tumorincidenz dieser Gruppe entsprach derjenigen eines nicht operierten Kontrollkollektives (5 von 22). - Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die in der Technik des short loop durchgeführte Gastroenteroanastomose des Billroth 11-Magens das Krebswachstum im Anastomosengebiet in besonders ausgeprägtem Maße fördert. Ausschlaggebend für die gesteigerte Carcinominduktion ist der chronische Reflux von Galle und Duodenalsekret, der bei der short loop-GE obligat über den Magnrest fließt.
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to find whether the reflux of bile and pancreatic juices following stomach resection (duodenogastric reflux) enhances the incidence of carcinomas near the gastroenteric anastomosis. 72 male Wistar rats were subjected to stomach resection. The gastroenteric anastomosis (GE) was performed either as short loop anastomosis (Billroth II;n = 39), thus providing a continuous duodenogastric reflux, or as Y-shaped GE (according to Roux;n = 33). By the latter technique, bile and pancreatic juices are derived quantitatively into the jejunum without coming into contact with the remaining part of the stomach. During a period of 33 weeks, operated rats as well as intact animals were given the carcinogen N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG; 120 mg/1) in the drinking water. At autopsy, 33 to 36 weeks after daily oral administration of NG, most of the tumours were found in operated rats undergoing continuous ref lux (Billroth II group). In contrast to these findings, the incidence of carcinomas was significantly lower in animals without reflux (Roux group or intact control rats).-The results of our experiments demonstrate that, in rats, the duodenogastric reflux contributes substantially to the development of carcinomas of the resected stomach.
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  • 52
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 344 (1977), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Gastric carcinoma ; Gastroenterostomy ; Bacterial flora ; Nitrit ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Anlage einer Gastroenterostomie ohne Enteroanastomose führt zu einer Veränderung der bakteriellen Magenbesiedlung, wobei besonders der Anteil nitritspaltender Bakterien erhöht ist. Dies hat ein Ansteigen der Nitrit-Konzentration im Magensaft zur Folge. Die hierdurch mögliche vermehrte Bildung carcinogener Nitrosamine wird im Hinblick auf das Entstehen eines Carcinoms im operierten Magen diskutiert. Da die beschriebenen Veränderungen durch eine Gastroenterostomie nach Roux weitgehend verhindert werden, soll dies bei der Passagewiederherstellung nach Operation am Magen berücksichtigt werden.
    Notes: Summary A gastroenterostomy without enteroanastomosis leads to a change in the bacterial flora of the stomach, where-by in particular the proportion of nitrite-decomposing bacteria, is enhanced. This results in an increase of nitrite concentration in the gastric fluid, which may possibly be accompanied by an augmented production of carcinogenic nitrosoamine. This latter aspect is considered with respect to the origin of carcinoma in the operated stomach. Since the reported changes will be largely prevented by a Roux-Y-gastroenterostomy, this should be taken into consideration for reconstruction of the alimentary tract after gastric surgery.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence on the excess scattering function P(μ) of flutuations in the electron density ρ within a macromolecule is treated, to the approximation that the solvent is a structureless medium of constant electron density ρ0. The results for P(μ) and the apparent value of the mean square radius Rapp2, can be expressed as functions of the excess electron density Δρ: P(μ) = X(μ) + (Δρ)-1Y(μ) + (Δρ)-2Z(μ) and Rapp2 = Rx2 + (Δρ)-1Ry2 + (Δρ)-2Rz2, where X(μ) and Rx2 depend only on the shape of the macromolecule, while Y(μ) and Ry2 as well as Z(μ) and Rz2 depend on the shape and the fluctuations in ρ. By varying the electron density of the solvent, the contributions of the shape and the internal structure of the macromolecule can be resolved. The quantities Rx2, Ry2, and Rz2 are evaluated for seven models to illustrate the relative importance of these contributions for representative structures.
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  • 54
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 121-142 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chiroptical properties of the cyclic dipeptides cyclo (L-alanyl-L-tyrosine) and cyclo(L-tyrosyl-L-tyrosine) have been investigated as a function of molecular conformation. Theoretical optical calculations and conformational energy calculations have been carried out as a function of the side-chain dihedral angles χ1 and χ2, and as a function of the angle of fold of the cyclic dipeptide backbone. The results of these theoretical calculations have been compared with experimental circular dichroism (CD) data. Theoretical predictions are in very good agreement with experiment for c(L-Tyr-L-Tyr). Agreement was not quite as good for c(L-Ala-L-Tyr), although the signs of all of the Cotton effects were apparently predicted correctly except for that associated with the lowest energy tyrosine absorption band.
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  • 55
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 289-298 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The slow kinetics of annealing processes in multistranded nucleic acids is spectrophotometrically investigated using poly(A)·2poly(U) as a model system. The absorbance changes at specific wavelengths show that double-helical (A·U) base pairs appear as transient intermediates. The annealing process is identified by the enlargement of triple-helical sequences at the cost of (A·U) base pairs and unpaired (U) residues. A large time range in the reorganization of mismatched chain configurations is characterized by a logarithmic dependence on time. This observation is quantitatively described by a kinetic model developed by Jackson. In Jackson's model the rate-limiting process in the slow annealing phase of maximizing triple-helical sequences, is the removal of strand entanglements, knots, and hairpin loops by complete unwinding of those helical stretches which stabilize the mismatched configurations. The results of the present study are briefly discussed in terms of optimum conditions for hybridization experiments and for the preparation of polynucleotide complexes commonly used to produce interferons.
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  • 56
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 341-368 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of anions of neutral salts on the fluorescence emission of six proteins as well as on tryptophan and tyrosine were studied in relation to the structure of proteins. Most anions are good quenchers of tryptophyl and tyrosyl fluorescence, free or in proteins. The results with tryptophan and tyrosine indicate involvement of a collisional quenching mechanism due to agreement with Stern-Volmer law. The deactivation of fluorescence probably occurs because of the transition from singlet state to triplet state. Lehrer's modification of Stern-Volmer law was applied to proteins. The effective quenching constants ([KQ]eff) and the fraction of fluorescence available ([fa]eff) to the quencher are also calculated.In contrast to its effect on tryptophan, CH3COO- quenches tyrosyl fluorescence and ClO4- does not. The effects on fluorescence of ribonuclease and free tyrosine are similar and without any changes in emission maximum. The anions are divided into three groups based on the effect they have on tryptophan-containing proteins. (1) NO3-, NO2-, Br-, and I- have high [KQ]eff values and readily quench tryptophyl fluorescence of proteins causing a shift of emission maximum to a shorter wavelength. This change is due to the specific quenching of “exposed” tryptophan residues which are accessible to quenchers and the observed residual fluorescence is from the “buried” tryptophyls. (2) ClO4- and SCN- also quench fluorescence of tryptophan in proteins and have lower ([KQ]eff) values. In their presence the fluorescence maximum is shifted to a longer wavelength, which indicates the unfolding of a protein with [(fa)eff] = 1. (3) Cl-, CH3COO-, and SO4— do not have a direct effect on the fluorescence of tryptophan. Besides the “direct” effects, “indirect” effects on fluorophors in protein are also seen, pointing out that the neutral salts can interact in more than one manner with proteins. The effectiveness of anions in quenching fluorescence of proteins follows similar sequences which almost resemble the Hofmeister series, viz., SO4=, CH3COO- ≃ Cl- 〈 ClO4- 〈 SCN- 〈 Br- 〈 I- 〈 NO3- 〈 NO2-.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of pH upon CD spectra of H-Trp-Trp-OH, H-Trp-Trp-Gly-OH, and H-Gly-Trp-Trp-OH is investigated and data are compared with those obtained for peptides containing only one tryptophyl residue. A negative Cotton effect at around 225 nm, which in previous work has been related to an increase of the conformational rigidity in compounds having the sequence -CO-Trp-Trp, is also observed in the case of H-Trp-Trp-OH and H-Trp-Trp-Gly-OH upon deprotonation of the terminal α-amino group. These data, together with observations arising from solvent and temperature effects, give evidence that H-Trp-Trp-OH undergoes a conformational change upon going from acid to alkaline conditions, where the two aromatic side chains become conformationally more rigid relative to each other. This rigidity generates an exciton coupling between the Bb transitions of the two indoles. Hydrophobic forces, including stacking interactions, do not appear important in stabilizing this conformationally rigid structure. Rather, intramolecular electrostatic interactions (e.g., hydrogen bondings or polar interactions between the aromatic side chain and the peptide backbone) as well as interactions with the OH group(s) of the solvent, are suggested to be the salient forces. Possible structures which obey these requisites are discussed.
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  • 58
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 427-435 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fine structure of the thermal denaturation of viral DNA's was analyzed with the spectral method established by Felsenfeld and Hirschman, and Fresco et al. A fully automated system measuring melting curves at four wavelengths at the same time was developed for this purpose. With this device, (G + C)-contents of melting components of λ DNA's were determined. The correlation between the (G + C)-content and the melting temperature of each melting component is found to be well described by the linear relationship given by Marmur and Doty. The denaturation of each component is regarded as cooperative. The Marmur-Doty relation also stands for the local denaturation of T2 DNA, which has a narrow melting range.
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  • 59
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 461-464 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have constructed an apparatus for the simultaneous measurement of electrophoretic mobility, μ, and diffusion coefficient, D, of macromolecules and cells. It combines band electrophoresis in a vertical, sucrose-gradient stabilized column, with quasielastic laser light-scattering determination of the diffusion coefficient of the species within the band. The entire electrophoresis cell is scanned through the laser beam of the quasielastic laser light-scattering apparatus by a vertical translation stage. Total intensity light-scattering measurement at each point in the cell gives the macromolecular concentration at that point. Solvent viscosity and electrical potential are measured at each point in the cell. Application of this apparatus to resealed red blood cell ghosts and to bovine hemoglobin indicates that measurements of field, viscosity, and migration distance are reliable, and that electroosmosis is insignificant. Application to T4D bacteriophage gives μ20,w = (-1.05 ± 0.05) × 10-4 cm2/V sec and D20,w = (3.35 ± 0.10) × 10-8 cm2/sec for fiberless particles, and μ20,w = -(0.59 ± 0.03) × 10-4 cm2/V sec and D20,w = (2.86 ± 0.09) × 10-8 cm2/sec for whole phage with 6 fibers. Approximate analysis of these results with the Henry electrophoresis theory for spheres in dicates that each fiber contributes about 193 positive charges to the phage particle, compared with 327 from amino-acid analysis. The advantages and disadvantages of this apparatus, relative to conventional electrophoresis and to electrophoretic light scattering, are discussed.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(His-Ala-Glu) and poly(Lys-Ala-Glu) were examined by viscosity and potentiometric titration. These measurements were interpreted in terms of the hydrodynamic size of the above sequential polypeptides. Effects of polymer, size and concentration, and solution-salt concentration were demonstrated. Although the sequential polypeptides generally behave like polyampholytes, they do demonstrate some differences. These differences my be attributed to the ability of ionized side chains three residues apart to repel themselves, in the order His 〈 Glu 〈 Lys.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton magnetic resonance spectra of model dipeptide molecules R1-C′1O1-N2H2-C2αH2αR2-C′2O2-N3H3-R3 in CCl4 solutions exhibit splited signals when investigating on mixtures of L and D enantiomers differing from the racemic composition. The major effect is observed on amide proton signals which are the ones most sensitive to the ratio of aggregation. The stereoselective dimerization of enantiomeric molecules in the so-called C5 conformational state is shown to be responsible for such a phenomenon, the intensity of which depends on the bulkiness of the side chain R2. A theoretical approach is proposed which gives predictions in close agreement with our own experimental findings.
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  • 63
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1725-1733 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The depolarization thermal current method is applied to the study of the polarization phenomena in the keratin-water system. Three depolarization thermal current peaks have been evidenced in hair keratin. This paper deals with the detailed study of peak II. For the first time, the mechanism responsible for this peak is ascribed to molecular reorientation. The effect of water upon the characteristics of peak II is also described, and an activation energy of 8.4 kcal/mol is computed. These results, in connection with other studies, lead us to interpret peak II as due to the reorientation in the bound or intermediate water molecules. The effect of copper confirms that the carboxyl groups are hydration sites.
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  • 64
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1735-1745 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Infrared spectroscopy was used for the determination of the base-pairing content of four specific tRNAs in deuterium oxide solution. Infrared spectra were obtained in the 1750-1550 cm-1 region at various temperatures ranging from about 15 to 90°C. Melting curves were constructed by plotting the molar extinction coefficient at ν = 1657 cm-1 versus temperature. These transition curves enabled us to determine the ranges of temperature which correspond to the ordered (partially double-stranded) or randomly coiled structure of the tRNA. For a set of wavenumbers the extinction coefficients at these temperatures were used for the calculation of the base-pairing content. The procedure employed here is based on a method described earlier by Thomas [(1969) Biopolymers 7, 325-334]. For the conditions selected for this investigation (Mg2+-free D2O-buffer; 0.01M tris-DCl, 0.015M NaCl, pD 7.5) the results of this determination agree within the limits of errors with the number of base pairs predicted by the cloverleaf model.
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  • 65
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1779-1793 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have calculated the translational and rotational frictional coefficients of structures related to T2 and T4 bacteriophage, using the theoretical framework developed in the preceding two papers. The structures considered were models for tail-fiberless phage, and for whole phage with fibers in the extended and retracted portions. We also computed and compared with the experiment the changes in translational frictional coefficient produced by successive addition of 1-6 fibers to the fiberless particle. Agreement with experimental results is markedly improved over previous theoretical efforts, especially with respect to the effect of tail-fiber extension. Some significant discrepancies remain, however, in the comparison of fiber-retracted and fiberless phage.
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  • 66
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1765-1778 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have used the modified Oseen hydrodynamic interaction tensor along with iterative numerical solution of the coupled hydrodynamic interaction equations to calculate the rotational diffusion coefficients of macromolecular complexes composed of nonidentical spherical subunits. For the one structure, a prolate ellipsoid of revolution, for which exact solutions are available, a subunit model with the same length and volume gives asymptotic agreement with the Perrin equations. Other structures considered include plane polygonal rings, lollipops, and dumbbells.
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  • 67
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have studied the effects of temperature, EDTA, and ionic strength on C-polysaccharides in solution by examining the details of the time-correlation function using a 96-channel single-clipped photon correlation spectrometer. Our linewidth results have shown that the C-polysaccharides in buffer solution form aggregates of very broad distributions. Thus, fractionation by gel-filtration chromatography is only mildly effective. Although the aggregate sizes seem to remain relatively constant from 4 to 25°C, a fraction of those aggregates break up to form smaller fragments or monomers at higher temperatures. However, the dissolution-association process is quite slow and takes days even at room temperatures before the equilibrium is reached. We have also shown that by adding an excess amoutn of EDTA, the aggregates can be broken up. Again the dramatic changes occur only at short delay times suggesting that a protion of the larger aggregates remains. Finally, the amount and size of aggregates depend upon the ionic strength which exhibit a maximum ΓT/sin2 (θ/2) around 0.1-0.2 M KCl.If the activities of polysaccharides in solution depend upon molecular size, the standard techniques such as gel-permeation chromatography and ultracentrifugation cannot properly characterize the detailed size distribution. Quasielastic laser light scattering can provide us with a qualitative model. The quantitative details must necessarily await more extensive investigations using a combination of the techniques and better fractionation procedures in an appropriate buffer solution.
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  • 69
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1033-1052 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The coupling of N-acyl-α-amino-acids with α-hydroxyacid-methyl amides results in depsipeptide molecules containing two chiral centers and one ester function inserted between two amide functions. Their conformational features have been investigated by IR spectroscopy, proton magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, and theoretical P.C.I.L.O. calculations.It is shown that most of these molecules are folded by an intramolecular 4 → 1 hydrogen bonding. Two folded conformations, similar to the well known β turn in peptides, are described, the stability of which depends on the configurational sequence in the investigated molecule.LL and LD species are folded in two different ways whereas LG sequences containing an achiral hydroxy-acid residue accommodate both of them. The presence of a N-terminal achiral amino acid noticeably decreases the folding ratio.The above conclusions are then compared with the conformational features of homologous tripeptide molecules.
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  • 70
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1153-1158 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 71
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2105-2111 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of complex formation between fluorescein mercuric acetate and heat-denatured DNA were studied by measuring the fluorescence quenching of this reagent. This quenching process involved no immeasurably rapid phase and it was shown that this reaction follows simple second-order kinetics. The rate constant at 25°C was estimated to be 2.9 × 104M-1 sec-1 for calf-thymus DNA (42% G + C) and 1.1 × 104M-1 sec-1 for Micrococcus lysodeikticus DNA (72% G + C). Activation parameters for this reaction were calculated from the temperature dependence of the reaction rate, and the activation entropy was found to be highly negative (-27.5 cal/mol deg for calf-thymus DNA and -25.5 cal/mol deg for M. lysodeikticus DNA). The binding of fluorescein mercuric acetate to native DNA, which requires the opening of the double-helical structure, was also followed by measuring the absorbance change of this reagent. There was a lag phase in this binding process, and the enthalpy change for the opening step corresponded roughly to that for the opening of one base pair. These findings are discussed in relation to the results of a similar study with formaldehyde.
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  • 72
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The formation of collagen fibrils from soluble monomers and aggregates by thermal gelation at neutral pH can be divided into two distinct stages: a nucleation phase and a growth phase. Turbidity studies of the kinetics of the precipitation reaction show that the lag-phase time or nucleation reaction time, t′l, is markedly temperature dependent while the growth reaction time is temperature independent. The activation energy of the nucleation reaction is essentially constant over the temperature range studied. In monitoring the nucleation-phase reaction by various physicochemical techniques, including viscosity, sedimentation equilibrium, and light scattering, no evidence for the formation of aggregates was observed. Enrichment of the initial collagen solution with aggregates accelerates nucleation, but de novo nuclei formation is still required even in highly aggregated collagen preparations. Removal of pepsin and pronase susceptible peptides lengthens the nucleation reaction time and increases the sensitivity of the rate of nuclei formation to changes in ionic strength. Electron microscope studies show the fibrils formed from the protease-treated collagen to be less well organized. With pepsin-treated collagen, subfibrils and obliquely striated fibrils are seen, showing that while microfibrils are formed interactions between them are modulated by the enzyme susceptible peptides in the same way that these regions modulate nuclei assembly. It appears that pepsin and pronase susceptible peptide regions of collagen play a more prominent role in the in vitro assembly of collagen molecules to form D-stagger nuclei and fibrils than do ionic interactions between helical molecular regions. A mechanism of nucleation of collagen fibrillogenesis is discussed.
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  • 73
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2243-2264 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Circular dichroism spectra of the nucleic acid monomers have been measured in aqueous solution and extended into the vacuum ultraviolet region to about 166 nm. Measurements were made on ribo and deoxyribo derivatives of adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil derivatives both with and without the 5′-phosphate (with the exception of ribosyl thymine 5′-phosphate). Absorption spectra of the deoxyribonucleotides measured to about 175 nm are also presented. The results demonstrate that both the circular dichroism and absorption spectra observed below 200 nm are no more complicated than the spectra normally recorded above 200 nm. In most cases, the circular dichroism spectra of the various derivatives of a given base are similar, indicating that the conformations are similar. On the other hand, the differences among the circular dichroism spectra of the various derivatives of a given base are sufficient to identify a particular derivative. The average circular dichroism for the deoxyribonucleotides is compared with the circular dichroism of native E. coli DNA. The comparison reveals that the circular dichroism of DNA below 200 nm is due principally to the interaction between the bases rather than the intrinsic circular dichroism of the monomers. The monomer transitions are discussed in relationship to the absorption and circular dichroism spectra presented.
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  • 74
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2281-2298 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theory for the determination of DNA arrangements in DNA-containing specimens, using planar aromatic dye molecules as probes for plane polarization of fluorescence, has been described. At low dye-to-DNA concentrations, the dye molecules are sandwiched between the stacked bases of DNA; hence, the fluorescence from the dye bound to a local region of DNA helix is plane-polarized with the polarization direction perpendicular to the local axis of DNA. The degree of such polarization from an aligned DNA-specimen complexed with dye is determined both by the DNA orientation and the conformational state (e.g., base tilt) of DNA into that specimen. Analysis has been made of the relationship between the degree of polarization and the orientation of the emitting dipoles of dye. The dye complexes may be aligned in a mechanical shear or electric field. However, any change in the orientation distribution of the emitting dipoles due to force fields should be taken into account. With some assumptions and approximations, the magnitude and the direction of maximum polarization can be related to different orders of DNA coiling and to their various combinations. Since the measured polarization is averaged over all DNA regions of the specimen, if the magnitude of polarization is appreciable and the polarization occurs in the specific direction of the specimen, the theory helps to eliminate several probable arrangements of DNA. The predominant molecular features of the actual DNA arrangement can be determined through this process of elimination, as explained in two subsequent papers with T-even bacteriophage and chromosome systems.
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  • 75
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fluorescence of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) was enhanced in the presence of maltooligosaccharides, amylose, and other α-glucans. The dependence of relative TNS fluorescence intensity per glucose unit on chain length of oligosaccharides was examined. The values of binding constant and thermodynamic parameters, assuming the 1:1 complex for TNS-amylose (number-average degree of polymerization, DPN = 17), were determined by the fluorescence titration. The values of thermodynamic parameters for 1:1 complex formation of TNS-α- and β-cyclodextrins were also determined and compared with those of TNS-amylose (DPN = 17). The fluorescence intensity of TNS in the presence of amylose (DPN = 600) decreased by the action of glucoamylase and taka-amylase A. The fluorescence of TNS-amylose (DPN = 17) system increased with the increased ionic strength. In the presence of pullulan, TNS fluorescence was also enhanced and decreased by the action of pullulanase. Amylopectin enhanced TNS fluorescence rather more strongly than amylose (DPN = 17) at the same concentration. In the presence of dextran, the fluorescence of TNS was scarcely enhanced. The degree of fluorescence enhancement of TNS in the presence of α-glucans seems to reflect the structures of α-glucans in solution, since TNS fluorescence is enhanced in the hydrophobic environment or by the disturbance of free intramolecular rotation.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Water-soluble, random copolymers containing L-methionine and N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-glutamine have been prepared, fractionated, and characterized. The thermally induced helix-coil transitions of these copolymers in water have been investigated, and it has been found that incorporation of L-methionine increases the helix content of the polymers at all temperatures in the range of 0-60°C. The Zimm-Bragg parameters σ and s for the helix-coil transition in poly(L-methionine) in water were deduced from an analysis of the melting curves of the copolymers using the methods described in earlier papers.
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  • 78
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2491-2506 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Normal vibrational analysis was carried out for DNA molecules in both A and B conformations as well as for A-RNA. A simplified backbone model was examined and expanded to include the backbone phosphate-group and the ribose ring. We applied the new force-constant refinement procedure discussed in the preceeding paper [Van Zandt, L. L., Lu, K.-C. & Prohofsky, E. W. (1977) Biopolymers, 16, 2481-90] to fit some observed frequencies in the Raman spectra for all three nucleic acids with the same set of force constants. The results indicate that the observed frequency shift can be attributed to the conformational change solely. We ignored the second-order differences in force constants for the different geometries. The agreement between the observed and calculated frequencies derived from the final refined set of force constants is good and apparently justifies this assumption. Two modes previously assigned to the symmetric diester O-P-O stretch and the symmetric dioxy O‥P‥O stretch are actually fitted. They are mainly backbone phosphate-group modes. The refined ribose-ring force-constants were transferred to the calculation of the vibrational spectrum of tetrahydrofuran. The overall agreement is again good. We discuss these calculations and the resulting normal modes. We also discuss the application of the Green-function refinement scheme and several strategies adopted to bias the convergence of the procedure.
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  • 79
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of the conformational states of the dinucleotide coenzyme NAD+ has been made using semiempirical energy calculations. Taking low-energy mononucleotide structures as starting conformations, energy minimizations have been performed. The lowest energy states are stacked structures, with interactions between the adenine and nicotinamide rings. Some structures show stabilization gained from electrostatic attractions between the positively charged nicotinamide and negatively charged phosphate oxygens. These predictions correlate well with the available experimental data.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Water-soluble block copolymers of the type (A)m-(B)n-(A)p, where (A)m,p was either poly(D,L-lysine-α,β,β,γ,γ,δ,δ-d7) or poly(D,L-lysine) and (B)n was either poly(L-alanine) or poly(L-phenylalanine), were synthesized for conformational studies by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Analytical determination of the amount of the initiator fragment (n-hexylamine) at the C-terminus of the copolymers was used to obtain the number-average degrees of polymerization, DPn, and thereby, together with the amino acid composition, to establish the covalent structures of the polymers. The values of DPn were found to be much lower than those deduced from sedimentation equilibrium or form viscosity measurements. These deviations, which also are thought to have arisen in similar studies reported in the literature, are attributable to intermolecular aggregation; the relation of such aggregation to covalent structure (and its effect on the polymerization reaction) is discussed in terms of the conditions and mechanism of synthesis of block copolymers of amino acids.
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  • 81
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 82
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1879-1894 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(Lys48, His52), a random copolypeptide of L-lysine (48%) and L-histidine (52%), was used as a model protein for investigating the effects of protonation on the imidazole group of histidines on protein binding to DNA. The complexes formed between poly(Lys48, His52) and DNA were examined using absorbance, circular dichroism (CD), and thermal denaturation. Although increasing pH reduces the charges on histidine side chains in the model protein, the protein still binds the DNA with approximately one positive charge per negative charge in protein-bound regions. Nevertheless, CD and melting properties of poly(Lys48, His52)-DNA complexes still depend upon the solution pH which determines the protonation state of imidazole group of histidine side chains. At pH 7.0, the complexes show two characteristic melting bands with a tm (46-51°C) for free base pairs and a t′m (94°C) for protein-bound base pairs. The t′m of the complexes is reduced to 90°C at pH 9.2, although at this pH there is still one lysine per phosphate in protein-bound regions. Presumably, the presence of deprotonated histidine residues destabilizes the native structure of protein-bound DNA. The binding of this model protein to DNA causes a red shift of the crossover point and both a red shift and a reduction of the positive CD band of DNA near 275 nm. This phenomenon is similar to that caused by polylysine binding. These effects, however, are greatly diminished when histidine side chains in the model protein are deprotonated. The structure of already formed poly(Lys48, His52)·DNA complexes can be perturbed by changing the solution pH. However, the results suggest a readjustment of the complex to accommodate charge interactions rather than a full dissociation of the complex followed by reassociation between the model protein and DNA.
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  • 83
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1929-1943 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theoretical analysis of the conformation of the octapeptide hormone Asn1, Val5 angiotensin II has been carried out by semiempirical potential energy calculations. A preliminary study of the Ala6-Pro-Ala molecule, which mimics the angiotensin backbone, provided us with likely backbone structures on which the effect of the full side chains of the hormone could be assessed. For angiotensin II, the calculations show that only a small number of folded, compact conformations have a high probability of existence. This is the consequence of favorable packing and of the presence of proline in position 7. These results are consistent with various experimental data, both structural and biological. This method is readily applicable to the study of analogs of the hormone or to other peptides of comparable size.
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  • 84
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    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 1993-2004 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction between DNA and ionen polymers, -[N+(CH3)2(CH2)mN+(CH3)2(CH2)n]l-, with m-n of 3-3, 6-6, and 6-10 were examined in order to know how the binding behavior of cationic polymers with DNA depends on the charge density of polycation. The ionen polymer has no bulky side chain and the binding forces with DNA would be attributed mainly to electrostatic interaction. When 3-3 ionen polymers were added to DNA solution, precipitable complexes with the ratio of cationic residue to DNA phosphate (+/-) of 1/1 and the free DNA molecules were segregated, while 6-6 and 6-10 ionen polymers formed soluble complexes with DNA molecules up to (+/-) = 0.5. This suggests that 3-3 ionen polymers bind cooperatively with DNA while 6-6 and 6-10 ionen polymers bind noncooperatively. The cooperative binding of 3-3 ionen polymer and the noncooperative binding of 6-6 ionen polymer were also supported by the thermal melting and recooling profiles from the midpoint between first and second meltings. It was concluded that the charge density of DNA phosphate is a critical value determining whether the ionen polymers bind to DNA by a cooperative or by a noncooperative binding, since the distance between successive cationic charges of 3-3 ionen polymer is shorter than that between successive phosphate charges on DNA double helix and those of 6-6 and 6-10 ionen polymers are longer.
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  • 85
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 86
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    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2091-2104 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quasielastic light scattering is used to study the effect of ionic strength on the dynamic behaviour of DNA. In a first approach the spectrum of scattered light is analyzed in terms of a single relaxation process. The large difference between the observed behaviour and that expected according to a pure diffusional process reflects the contribution associated with internal modes, which increases with decreasing ionic strength. Such behaviour is better analyzed in terms of a double relaxation process by using two relaxation times, the reciprocals of which are equal to DK2 and DK2 + τi-1 (K), respectively, where τi (K) is an average value describing the set of modes observed at a given K value. Relative intensity and relaxation times, which are the more accurate parameters, were used to interpret the results. The observed increase of the relative contribution of internal modes with decreasing ionic strength is actually a relative decrease of the diffusional contribution induced by a corresponding increase of the radius of gyration RG. On the other hand, the reciprocal τi-1 (K) of the relaxation time is a linear function of K2 in the analyzed KRG range and is insensitive to ionic strength between 10-2M and 1M. These results, when discussed according to Rouse's model, lead to define for each value of τi-1 (K) a corresponding mean-squared equilibrium length 〈μi2〉 which is found to be a linear function of K-2.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 87
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 2755-2771 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Derivatives and peptides of β-nitrobenzyl-L-aspartates were studied with high-field nmr. Differences were observed between the chemical shifts of protons located near the extremity of the principal chain as a function of the terminal group. These differences are explained by conformational calculations which exclude the existence of an hydrogen bond and demonstrate the influence of the aromatic ring position on the protons of the main chain. Both nmr experiments and conformational analysis indicate that conformations are nearly the same for ortho, meta, and para nitro substitution. These conclusions are in good agreement with Karplus relationship applied to the α and β protons.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 88
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 81-94 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Excess small angle X-ray scattering in solvents of differing electron density has been calculated from the crystal structures obtained for rubredoxin, trypsin inhibitor, myogen, ferricytochrome c2, ribonuclease S, lysozyme, nuclease, myoglobin, α-chymotrypsin, elastase, subtilisin, carboxypeptidase A, thermolysin, methemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and a single polypeptide chain of M4 lactate dehydrogenase. The scattering curves for each protein can be reproduced by the sum of three curves, with the weighting of the three curves depending on the electron density of the solvent. The radius of gyration obtained from the small angle X-ray scattering by globular proteins in aqueous solution will usually exceed the values defined by the shape of the macromolecule. Deviations for certain of the proteins cited are calculated to be as large as 6%. These deviations arise from the tendency for the amino acid residues with low electron density to be situated closer to the center of the protein than the amino acid residues of high electron density. An upper limit of 19% is obtained for the discrepancy between the radius of gyration defined by the shape of a spherical globular protein of typical amino acid composition and the apparent radius of gyration measured for that protein in water by small angle X-ray scattering.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 157-185 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ability of the macrotetrolide nactins to complex selectivity with a wide variety of cations makes these ionophorous antibiotics important model systems for the study of biologic ionic transport. We report a Raman spectroscopic investigation of the Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Tl+, NH4+, NH3OH+, C(NH2)3+, and Ba++ complexes of nonactin, monactin, and dinactin in 4:1 (v/v) CH3OH/CHCl3 and in the solid state. The nactins display characteristic spectral changes upon complexation, some of which are specific for a given cation. In the K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH3OH+, and C(NH2)3+ complexes, which are apparently isosteric, the ester carbonyl stretch frequency is found to be linearly proportional to the cation-carbonyl electrostatic interaction energy, as calculated from a simplified model. Deviations for the Na+, NH4+, Tl+, and Ba++ complexes are interpreted as arising from additional nonelectrostatic interactions. Additional information is obtained from other spectral regions and from measurements of depolarization ratios. Spectra of the nactin complexes differ from each other more in the solid state than in solution, reflecting the effects of crystalline contact forces.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 90
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 225-230 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 91
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 231-246 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of water with collagenous tissue was investigated using dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and cryogenic X-ray techniques. The loss spectrum was found to be very sensitive to water which is highly associated with the macromolecule. Two water-sensitive loss peaks were observed below 0°C: the β2 or “water dispersion” at 150°K and the β1 at 200°K which is attributed to motion of polar side chains. Changes in peak temperature and intensity were not continuous with water content, but exhibited regimes in behavior which were associated with two types of nonfreezable water, structural and bound water. In cryogenic X-ray experiments, specimens which contained some freezable water exhibited reflections identified with the cubic form of ice. These ice crystals underwent an irreversible transition to the more common hexagonal form when warmed above 200°K. On the basis of these experiments, a model for the hydration of native collagenous tissue was proposed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 92
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 299-316 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conformation behavior of polyethylenimine has been examined by studies of the fluorescence characteristics of derivatives of the polymer containing pyrenyl ligands. Excimer formation within the macromolecular matrix serves as a sensitive probe of group proximities. The experimental observations combined with nearest neighbor analyses lead to quantitative assessments of the extent of interaction between polymer side chains.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 93
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 387-401 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chiroptical properties of S-proline conformational isomers are examined on a theoretical model in which electronic wave functions are obtained from semiempirical molecular orbital calculations. The CNDO/S molecular orbital model is used to perform SCF-MO calculations on ground state electronic structure and excited states are constructed in the virtual orbital-configuration interaction approximation. Electronic rotatory strengths and dipole strengths are calculated directly from the complete (but approximate) molecular electronic wave functions. Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic S-proline structures are studied twotypes of conformational variables are represented in the calculations: (1) pyrrolidine ring conformation; and (2) rotation about the Cα-COO- bond. Rotatory strengths are found to be somewhat sensitive to rotational isomerism about the Cα-COO- bond, but are found to be rather insensitive to conformational changes within the pyrrolidine ring. The CD spectrum of zwitterionic S-proline down to ∼160 nm appears to be well accounted for by the theoretically calculated results if conformational preferences with respect to rotation about the Cα-COO- bond can be assumed to exist in solution media. Furthermore, spectra-structure correlations are offered for the anionic and cationic forms of S-proline in solution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 94
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 415-426 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of stereoregular α-(1 → 6) linked glucomannans have been prepared by Lewis acid-catalyzed copolymerization of anhydro sugar derivatives followed by debenzylation. The products have been characterized for mole fraction of the individual monomer, and sequence lengths have been calculated from copolymerization data. The viscosity, specific rotation, and 13C nmr spectra have been correlated with the structure of the various copolymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper presents the results of a stereochemical analysis of local interactions in unfolded protein chains (sterical repulsions, hydrogen, and hydrophobic bonds, etc.) by means of space-filling modeles. On the basis of this analysis, an evaluation is made of thermodynamic parameters controlling the building-in of all the 20 natural amino acid residues in all the physically possible position of local secondary structures (α-helices, including α-helices with short fragments of helices 310 at the C-terminus; β-bends of different types, helices 310, and their combinations) as well as thermodynamic parameters of separate hydrogen bonds of polar side groups with the neighbor peptide groups (“local contacts”). The accuracy of the obtained results is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 97
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977), S. 545-549 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The translational diffusion coefficient of a pure sample of α-chymotrypsinogen A is measured by laser light scattering to give a value of D20,w0 = (8.40 ± 0.15) × 10-7 cm2/sec.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The exchange rate of the indole nitrogen proton with solvent water protons was measured as a function of pH and temperature for tryptophan, N-methyl tryptophan, glycyl tryptophan, tryptophanamide, tryptophylglycine, and tryptophylglycyl glycine. The nmr observation was by long-pulse Fourier transform methods, and kinetics were inferred from saturation recovery, H2O transfer of saturation, and linewidth. There are observable differences between the rates of these compounds, but all are describable within a factor of two by specific acid and base-catalyzed rates kH = 100 and kOH = 108 1/mol-sec at 27°C. It is concluded that this behaviour is representative of this proton on the indole side chain in a random-chain peptide exposed to water.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Stoichiometric mixtures of acridine orange with dermatan sulfate at total dye concentrations ≤ 1 × 10-5 M show fluorescence maxima at 540 nm and 660 nm on excitation at 436 nm. By means of membrane filtration, it is directly demonstrated that the species emitting at 540 nm is due only to unbound dye whereas the 660-nm emitting species is due to bound dye. It is, therefore, possible to differentiate unbound acridine orange from its dermatan sulfate complex solely by spectroscopic methods. Thermodynamic binding parameters can be calculated from rapid spectroscopic measurements without disturbing the system.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 16 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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