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  • 1970-1974  (845)
  • 1970  (845)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (809)
  • Rat  (36)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 131 (1970), S. 236-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Ear, external ; Differentiation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of cartilage in the external ear of the rat proceeds in four steps. Each of them is characterized by a specific biosynthetic activity of the chondroblast resulting in the appearance of a new structural component of the tissue: collagen fibrils, elastin fibers, cartilage ground substance and intracellular fat droplets. As a structurally and developmentally well-defined “subspecies” of cartilage, this tissue might serve as a suitable object for the experimental approach to some essential problems in histodifferentiation.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Early development ; Jolk-sac entoderm ; Reichert's membrane ; Trophoblast-cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Rattenkeime des Schwangerschaftstages 7–10 wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Das viscerale einschichtige Dottersackentoderm zeichnet sich durch eine ausgeprägte endocytotische Aktivität aus. Die Zellen des parietalen Blattes dagegen liegen isoliert der Reichertschen Membran innen an und enthalten vorwiegend rauhes endoplasmatisches Reticulum. Die Reichertsche Membran besteht aus einem lockeren Maschengitter feiner Filamente. Im antimesometrialen und lateralen Bereich haften nur wenige Trophoblastenzellen dieser Membran von außen an, dazwischen befinden sich weite Lücken. Zum mütterlichen Gewebe hin wird der Keim mit Ausnahme des mesometrialen Poles von einem bis zu 50 μ breiten periembryonalen Sinus umgeben, der mütterliches Blut enthält. Nach außen wird dieser Raum durch Trophoblasten- und Deciduazellen abgedichtet. Aus diesen Befunden wird geschlossen: 1. Die Reichertsche Membran wird vom parietalen Dottersack-Entoderm gebildet. 2. Mütterliches Blutplasma kann frei das viscerale Dottersack-Entoderm erreichen, da als einzige kontinuierliche Schicht zwischen Blut und Träger nur die weitmaschige Reichertsche Membran vorhanden ist. 3. Durch das endocytotische und lysosomale System des visceralen Dottersackentoderms wird das anströmende mütterliche Plasma aufgenommen, abgebaut und für den wachsenden Keim nutzbar gemacht. 4. Immunbiologisch betrachtet können Antikörper der Mutter den Keim erreichen. 5. Embryonale Antigene dagegen erreichen durch die Errichtung einer Deciduabarriere nicht den mütterlichen Kreislauf. 6. Der periembryonale Sinus stellt einen Blindsack dar, in den zwar mütterliches Blut einströmen kann, ein Ausstrom aber nicht mehr möglich ist.
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies of rat embryos were performed from the 7th to 10th days of pregnancy. The single-layered visceral yolk entoderm is characterized by a marked endocytotic activity. The cells of the parietal layer lie separately adjacent to the Reichert's membrane and they contain mainly rough endoplasmic reticulum. The Reichert's membrane consists of a loose network of fine filaments. In the antimesometrial and lateral sites only few trophoblast cells are seen to be attached to the membrane. Between them we find large gaps. With the exception of the mesometrial pole, the embryo is surrounded by a periembryonal sinus, 10–50 μ wide, which contains maternal blood. This sinus space is sealed tightly (zonulae occludentes) by trophoblast and decidual cells. From these findings it was concluded: 1. Reichert's membrane is formed from the parietal jolk sac entoderm. 2. The porous Reichert's membrane permits the maternal plasma to reach freely the visceral jolk sac entoderm. This membrane is the only continuous layer between blood and egg cylinder. 3. By the endocytotic and lysosomal system, the visceral jolk sac entoderm absorbs the plasma coming from the mother. This plasma is degraded and used for the growing embryo. 4. From the immunobiological point of view the antibodies from the mother can reach the embryo freely, 5. The embryonal antigens cannot reach the maternal circulation because of the presence of a decidual barrier, 6. The perimebryonal sinuses are blind sacs into which the maternal blood can flood but it cannot return.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Thiobarbiturate ; Rat ; Hypothalamus ; III. Ventricle ; Narcosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 14 männlichen Ratten wurde nach langdauernder intraperitonealer Narkose mit Thiobarbiturat Veränderungen des Ependyms im III. Ventrikel festgestellt. In der Gegend über dem Nucleus ventromedialis und Nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami lassen sich zwei Formen des Ependyms unterschieden: 1. ein einschichtiges hohes Ependym mit runden großen Zellkernen, 2. ein mehrreihiges flaches Ependym mit schmalen, ovalen Zellkernen. Das flache Ependym zeigt folgende Veränderungen: Farbdichte und die Menge des färbbaren Materials im Kern nehmen zu, die Kernmembran ist gefaltet, der Kern zeigt Zeichen der Schrumpfung und Pyknose. Die Kontrollgruppe wurde mit Curare behandelt. Eine statistische Sicherung erbrachte einen signifikanten Unterschied mit einer Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit von 0,5‰.
    Notes: Summary Alterations in the ependyma of the third ventricle were caused by continuous intraperitoneal thiobarbiturate narcosis in14 male rats. In the region of the nucleus dorsomedialis and ventromedialis hypothalami two kinds of ependyma can be distinguished, 1. a simple cuboidal ependyma with a large rounded nucleus, and 2. a stratified squamous ependyma with a slender oval nucleus. The squamous ependyma shows the following changes. The depth of staining and the chromatin material of the nucleus increases, the membrane of the nucleus is folded, the nucleus shows the signs of shrinkage and pyknosos. The control group was treatened with Curare. The significant difference of the results encloses 0.5‰ probability of error.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 93-110 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Auditory evoked potentials ; Sleep ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Click-evoked potentials were recorded from the rat's auditory cortex (AC), medial geniculate body (MGB), reticular formation (RF), and hippocampus (HIPP) during natural sleep and waking. Various amplitude measurements made on sliding averages by a computer provided essentially continuous measurement of evoked responses in long experiments. Changes in AC responses were simplest in potentials recorded from a depth of 1.0–1.5 mm, all components of the average waveform being larger during slow-wave sleep (SS) than in waking (W) and low-voltage fast sleep (LVFS). More complex changes in cortical surface responses included increases in the first positive wave, in a second positive deflection, and in a late negative wave during drowsiness (D) and SS. The second positive wave remained large during LVFS, while the late negativity changed form and peaked earlier. Early components of both surface and deep responses were not consistently different in W and LVFS. The only clear change in MGB responses was a reduction in amplitude during LVFS. Late positive waves in RF and HIPP responses were large during SS and small during W and LVFS. In general, increases in the very late components of responses at all sites distinguished periods of cortical synchrony from periods of cortical activation. The first negative deflection and a succeeding positive wave in the HIPP response were markedly increased during arousal.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 392-410 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Subcellular fractionation ; Axons ; Synaptosomes ; Whole brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subfractionation of a standard “synaptosome” fraction from whole brain has yielded two lighter layers rich in axonal segments devoid of synaptosomes similar to those obtained from cerebellar homogenates. The heavier layers were found to contain both synaptosomes and axonal segments plus a significant population of synaptosomes with axons attached. Quantitative studies of the percent perimeter of external membrane contributed by the various elements within the subfractions showed that the major constituents in decreasing order were axonal segments, synaptosomes, membranes of undetermined origin and free mitochondria. These findings have revealed that “synaptosome” preparations are more heterogeneous than previously reported and at the same time have indicated the possibility of future studies on axonal preparations from whole brain. Correlated biochemical data strongly suggest chemical differences in fractions rich in axonal segments in contrast to those enriched in synaptosomes.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1970), S. 425-441 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Water Absorption ; Solute Absorption ; Jejunum ; Rat ; Darmdurchblutung ; Wasserresorption ; Salzresorption ; Jejunum ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The lumen of jejunal loops in rats anaesthetised with urethane were perfused with hypo-, iso- and hypertonic ringer, mannitol or glucose ringer solution. The blood flow (venous outflow), water, solute and glucose net flux were measured in the loop. 2. Lowering the blood flow from 1 ml/min/g wet tissue to 0.2–0.3 ml/min/g caused the solute and glucose net flux to decrease; the water net flux (positive or negative) was also decreased if non-isotonie solutions were used, but remained unchanged when isotonic solutions were perfused. 3. When the blood flow was raised from 0.2–0.3 ml/min/g to 1 ml/min/g the net flux of glucose, solute and water usually remained low. Using hypotonic solutions the water net flux changed to negative values, that is, fluid was passing into the lumen. 4. The influenee of intestinal blood flow on water, solute and glueose absorption can be referred to 3 factors: a) drainage by blood, b) inhibition of active transport mechanisms by anoxia during low blood flow, and c) damage to the villi as a result of insufficient blood flow.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1970), S. 474-475 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Trifluoroacetic Acid ; Trifluoroacetate ; Rat ; Liver Weight ; TrifluoressigsÄure ; Trifluoroacetat ; Ratte ; Lebergewicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA) and sodium trifluoroacetate (TFA) on the liver weight to body weight ratio was measured in rats by two methods. When TFA or TFAA were added to the drinking water at a concentrate of 1 Normal, rats became dehydrated and a slight increase in the ratio was noted after ten days. However, when these substances were administered to rats (1 ml per day) by gastric intubation no change in the ratio was noted after eight days.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 16 (1970), S. 369-374 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Noradrenaline ; Intraventricular Injection ; Rat ; Behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behavioural effects of NA injected without narcosis into the lateral brain ventricle of the rats were studied with two different techniques. Rats were classified according their normal level of exploratory activity into three groups: high, medium and low. It was shown that NA in a dose of 10 μg increased locomotor activity only in animals of low activity; a dose of 50 μg increased locomotor activity in all the animals; and a dose of 200 μg induced a complete abolition of locomotor activity and a stuporose syndrome lasting 2 hours. The evidence that NA in some experimental conditions increases locomotor activity of rats supports the hypothesis that NA regulates processes in the central nervous system which stimulate behaviour.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 17 (1970), S. 198-202 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ; Variable Interval Schedule ; Sidman Avoidance ; Sedative Effects ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) upon the response rates in variable interval and Sidman Avoidance schedules was studied in rats. Bar pressing on the variable interval reinforcement schedule was significantly reduced during the 15 min following the administration of 10 mg/kg i.p. and during the 60 min following the administration of 30 mg/kg NAD. Response rates on the Sidman Avoidance schedule were significantly reduced during the 60 min following the administration of 100 mg/kg NAD.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 18 (1970), S. 300-304 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Swimming Endurance ; Nicotine ; Tobacco Alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The swimming endurance of rats in a water tub was measured until the animals submerged for two seconds under the water surface. The total alkaloid fraction extracted from cigarette smoke produced deterioration of performance in doses of 0.05 to 0.2 mg/kg, whereas pure nicotine (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg), as well as nicotine pretreated analogously to the extraction process of the total alkaloids produced performance improvements.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 515-527 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual pathway ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following unilateral retinal destruction in rats the existence of a direct retinohypothalamic pathway was investigated using the Nauta and the Fink-Heimer methods. Critical analysis of the Fink-Heimer stained sections of the experimental animals suggests that fibres leaving the optic pathway pass to various hypothalamic nuclei: 1. Fibres from the dorsorostral part of the chiasm pass through the lamina terminalis and appear to end in the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic nuclei. 2. Fibres leaving the ventrocaudal border of the chiasm and optic tract pass to the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. 3. From the dorsocaudal part of the chiasm fibres pass to the suprachiasmatic and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. 4. From the caudal part of the inferior bundle of the accessory optic tract fibres pass to the premamillary ventral nucleus. The amount of apparently terminal degeneration in the preoptic, anterior hypothalamic, suprachiasmatic and premamillary nuclei was small. Heavier terminal degeneration appears to be present in the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 528-538 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual pathway ; Hypothalamus ; Arcuate nucleus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Degenerating nerve fibres and boutons were searched with the aid of the electron microscope in the arcuate nucleus of rats 2–7 days after bilateral destruction of the retina. In the arcuate nucleus of the control animals as well as in the operated animals, 4 types of boutons were distinguished on the basis of vesicular contents and glial ensheathment. In the operated animals changes interpreted as degenerating were found in small myelinated axons and boutons of type II (boutons containing both synaptic and granular vesicles). The changes were similar to those described in the literature as the “dark” type of degeneration in experimentally interrupted axons and boutons. Similar changes were not found in the unoperated animals. The conclusion is reached, that a small number of fibres of the optic tract reach the arcuate nucleus to terminate here.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 26 (1970), S. 203-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Mercury ; Enteral Absorption ; Neutron Activation Analysis ; Rat ; Quecksilber ; enterale Resorption ; Neutronenaktivierungs analyse ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse wird nachgewiesen, daß bei der Eatte von symptomlos vertragenem metallischem Quecksilber, oral zugeführt, ein geringer Anteil resorbiert wird, welcher zu einer Erhöhung der Queeksilberwerte in Blut und Niere auf reichlich das 10fache der Norm führt.
    Notes: Summary It was demonstrated by means of neutron activation analysis that a small portion of orally administered metallic mercury is absorbed by rats. The animals tolerated this without visible symptoms, yet it resulted in a 10-fold or greater increase above normal values of mercury in blood and kidneys.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renin ; Angiotensin ; Electrolytes ; Kidney Slices ; Rat ; Renin ; Angiotensin ; Elektrolyte ; Nierenschnitte ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nierenschnitte von Wistarratten wurden in NaCl-Lösungen oder in Ringer-Bicarbonat(bzw. Phosphat-)-Puffern mit 0,1 g Glucose/l für 2 Std bei 37° C aerob inkubiert. 0,1 ml Medium wurde mit 1,9 ml Rinder-Reninsubstratlösung in Anwesenheit von Diisopropylfluorophosphat und EDTA bei pH 5,7 und 37° C für 2 Std inkubiert. Der Angiotensingehalt des Inkubates wurde im Blutdrucktest der Ratte bestimmt. In verschieden konzentrierten NaCl-Lösungen nimmt die Reninabgabe von 150–67 m Val/l (Na+) kontinuierlich ab. Auch in Ringer-Lösungen mit abnehmender NaCl-Konzentration und konstanter Konzentration der übrigen Elektrolyte findet sich zwischen 120 und 50 m Val/l (Na+) ein steiler Abfall der Reninabgabe. Bei Konstanterhaltung der Osmolarität durch zunehmenden Ersatz des NaCl durch Cholinchlorid oder Mannit vermindert sich die Steilheit der (Na+)-Abhängigkeit der Reninabgabe. Ersatz des NaCl im Bicarbonatpuffer durch verschiedene Konzentrationen von NaBr ergibt die gleichen Befunde wie mit NaCl. Bei vollständigem Ersatz des NaCl im Puffer durch verschiedene Konzentrationen von Chlolinchorid oder Mannit ist die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Reninabgabe weniger deutlich, bei Ersatz durch KCl nicht mehr signifikant. Die (Na+)-Abhängigkeit der Reninabgabe aus Nierenschnitten scheint nicht vom aeroben Stoffwechsel abhängig zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Rat kidney slices were incubated in saline solutions or in Ringer-bicarbonate (resp. phosphate-)-buffers containing 0.1 g/l glucose for 2 hrs at 37° C. Subsequently, 0.1 ml of the medium was incubated with 1.9 ml of ox renin-substrate solution, pH 5.7, for 2 hrs at 37° C in the presence of diisopropylfluorophosphate and EDTA. The angiotensin formed was measured by rat blood pressure assay. Renin release from kidney slices decreases markedly in NaCl-solutions between Na+-concentrations of 150 meq/l and 67 meq/l. Renin release decreases likewise in modified Ringer-solutions containing decreasing amounts of NaCl or NaBr (between 120 meq/l and 50 meq/l Na+), when the concentrations of other electrolytes are held constant. The (Na+)-dependence of renin release is less marked when the osmolarity of the medium is held constant by stepwise substitution of NaCl cholinchloride. Complete substitution of NaCl by different concentrations of cholin-chloride or mannitol diminishes the dependence of renin release on the osmolarity of the medium. Variation of KCl-concentration in the absence of NaCl does not influence renin release significantly. The (Na+)-dependence of renin release does not seem to depend on aerobic conditions.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 17 (1970), S. 234-241 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Specific Inhibition of Amine Synthesis ; Brain ; DMI and RO 4-1284 Antagonism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of α-methyl tyrosine and diethyldithiocarbamate which specifically inhibit noradrenaline synthesis and the influence of p-chlorophenylalanine which inhibits 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in the brain on the antagonism between desmethylimipramine and RO 4-1284 was studied. It was shown that both substances which inhibit noradrenaline synthesis abolish the behavioural antagonism between DMI and RO 4-1284, and p-chlorophenylalanine is without effect on this antagonism. The evidence shows that DMI antagonises the action of a benzoquinolizine derivative by the participation of adrenergic mechanisms.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 17 (1970), S. 289-301 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Scopolamine ; Hippocampus ; Activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To test the hypothesis that the hippocampus may be an important site of action for anticholinergic drugs, scopolamine was administered to rats with hippocampal lesions produced by aspiration and to appropriate control groups, and their activity measured. The experimental design was a four-way analysis of variance with three lesion groups, three drug levels, eight measurements in a two-hour session, and four weeks. At the two higher drug doses (0.20 and 1.0 mg/kg), rats with hippocampal or cortical lesions had significantly greater activity than the sham operates (p〈0.01 and p〈0.05, respectively). A group of Ss with electrolytic hippocampal lesions tested at 0.20 mg/kg scopolamine had transitory activity increases. Therefore the hippocampus is not necessary for the motor activating effects of the drug nor is its ablation unique in producing increases in drug-induced activity.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Avoidance ; Extinction ; Nicotine ; Tobacco Alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of nicotine and total alkaloids extracted from smoke on the avoidance behavior of rats under extinction procedure has been measured in an experiment extended over a period of three months. There was no significant difference between the two substances, with both inhibiting the extinction of avoidance response to approximately the same degree. Significance against the control was achieved with all treatments, the effect being significantly greater with the dose of 0.2 mg/kg than with the two doses of 0.1 or 0.05 mg/kg.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 266 (1970), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Rat ; Testis ; Semen ; Ejaculation ; Pharmacological Tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Each of 12 rats was eleetroejaculated 15 times. The semen plug was liquefied in 1% alpha-chymotrypsin, enabling the spermatozoa to be counted. Spermatozoa counts averaged 7,700,000 per ejaculate with a wide range. In 5 of the animals the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles were surgically removed. After the removal of the glands the rats were electroejaculated 10 times. The still partly coagulated semen was dissolved in 1% alpha-chymotrypsin. The total ejaculate now showed a mean count of 18,600,000 spermatozoa with only a small range. By counting and comparing the number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate in treated and untreated rats with seminal vesicles and coagulating glands removed the effect of drugs on the testes can be examined.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle Spindles ; Different types of sensory endings ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Muskelspindel der Ratte, die an einer Serie alternierender Semidünn- und Ultradünnquerschnitte untersucht wurde, wurden zwei benachbart an „nuclear chain“-Fasern gelegene Nervenendformationen unterschiedlicher Bauweise festgestellt. Die beiden Endformationen sind mit ein und derselben Nervenfaser der Gruppe II verbunden und daher als Bestandteile einer sekundären sensorischen Endigung zu betrachten. Die Nervenendformation an einer der beiden „nuclear chain“-Fasern hat anulo-spirale Form. Die Nervenendformation an der anderen „nuclear chain“-Faser weist am Querschnittsbild eine Anzahl von Axonen auf, die zwischen Plasmalemm und Basalmembran der intrafusalen Muskelfaser eng aneinanderliegen. Nicht alle Axonquerschnitte stehen in direktem Kontakt mit der intrafusalen Faser. Das terminale Axon scheint sieh nach Eintritt unter die Basalmembran der intrafusalen Faser mehrfach in relativ dünne Äste unregelmäßigen Verlaufs zu teilen. Diese Form der Endigung könnte ein Korrelat der sog. „flower spray“-Endigung im Sinne Ruffinis (1898) darstellen. Die beiden morphologisch unterschiedlichen Endformationen innerhalb der sekundären Endigung gleichen einander und den Endformationen der primären Endigung bezüglich folgender Ultrastrukturmerkmale: 1. Es besteht synaptischer Kontakt zwischen Axon und intrafusaler Muskelfaser (synaptischer Spalt durchschnittlich 200 Å) ohne Zwischenlagerung von Basalmembranmaterial; 2. die terminalen Axonabschnitte liegen direkt unter der Basalmembran der intrafusalen Muskelfaser und sind nicht von Schwannschen Zellen bedeckt; 3. Mangel an synaptischen Bläschen; 4. desmosomenartige Verhaftungen zwischen Zellmembranen von Axon und intrafusaler Faser; 5. dyadenartige Anlagerungen des sarkoplasmatischen Retikulums an die Zellmembran der intrafusalen Faser im Bereich des synaptischen Spaltes. Nach unseren derzeitigen Vorstellungen sprechen diese Ultrastrukturmerkmale für eine rezeptorische Natur der beschriebenen Nervenendigungen.
    Notes: Summary In a rat muscle spindle transversally cut into a series of alternating semithin and ultrathin sections, two different forms of nerve terminations were found on two neighbouring nuclear chain fibres. The two nerve terminations were connected to the same group II nerve fibre and are consequently constituents of one particular secondary sensory ending. The nerve termination on one of the two nuclear chain fibres is of the anulo-spiral type. The nerve termination on the second nuclear chain fibre shows a number of axons lying closely together between plasma membrane and basement membrane of the intrafusal muscle fibre. Not all of these axons are in direct contact with the intrafusal fibre. The terminating nerve fibre seems to be divided into several branches of rather small diameters and irregular courses. It is suggested that this kind of termination could be a correlate of the so-called “flower spray” type of sensory endings in muscle spindles. The two morphologically different nerve terminations in the secondary ending have the following ultrastructural characteristics in common with those of the primary ending: 1) Synaptic contact between axon and intrafusal muscle fibre (synaptic gap about 200 Å) without interposition of basement membrane material; 2) terminal axons located beneath the basement membrane layer of intrafusal muscle fibres without covering by Schwann cells; 3) lack of synaptic vesicles; 4) desmosome-like structures between plasma membranes of axon and intrafusal muscle fibre, and 5) dyads of the sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the synaptic cleft. According to present knowledge these features indicate that all of these endings are sensory ones.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Vasopressin release ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le lobe postérieur de l'hypophyse a été examiné sur coupes ultrafines chez 45 rats (24 normaux, 17 déshydratés respectivement 1, 2 et 4 jours, et 4 anesthésiés à l'éther), après fixation au glutaraldéhyde ou selon la méthode de Karnovsky, post-fixation osmiée et double contraste à l'acétate d'uranyle et au citrate de plomb. Des fibres neurosécrétoires sombres et claires sont reconnaissables, mais les données manquent encore pour interpréter cette différence. Des densifications juxta-membranaires sont observées dans les terminaisons neurosécrétoires là où se trouvent des amas de microvésicules. Des fibres neurosécrétoires traversent parfois des pituicytes; il est aussi souvent observé des fibres, chargées de granules, libres dans un espace péricapillaire. Les espaces péricapillaires, ramifiés en tous sens loin des vaisseaux, développent une large surface de contact avec les extrémités nerveuses et les prolongements de pituicytes. Dans des conditions techniques bien contrôlées, la déshydratation n'entraîne pas de modifications appréciables des granules de neurosécrétat après 24 h. Ensuite les granules sont diminués en nombre, de façon très considérable le 4e jour; mais les granules restants ont un contenu dense normal; jamais il n'a été observé d'aspects de ≪granules vides ≫. Après anesthésie prolongée à l'éther, il n'y a aucune modification visible ni du nombre, ni de la densité des granules. Ces observations sont discutées quant au mécanisme de l'excrétion de vasopressine; elles sont en faveur de l'existence de deux pools hormonaux, l'un libre et rapidement disponible, l'autre plus fortement lié et certainement contenu dans les granules jouant le rôle de réserve. Toutefois un mécanisme d'exocytose granulaire ne peut être formellement exclu.
    Notes: Summary Hypophysial neural lobes of 45 rats (24 controls, 17 dehydrated resp. 1, 2 and 4 days, and 4 ether anesthetized) were fixed either with glutaraldehyde or according to Karnovsky and post-fixed in osmium tetroxyde; ultrathin sections were stained by uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Dark and clear neurosecretory fibres were observed, but sufficient data are still lacking for a valuable interpretation of these aspects. Juxta-membraneous densifications are visible in limited areas of neurosecretory terminals where clusters of microvesicles are present. Neurosecretory fibres happen to be completely encircled by pituioyte cytoplasm; fibres loaded with elementary granules are frequently encountered running free in a pericapillary space. Pericapillary spaces stretch out branching far away from vessels, resulting in a widespread contact with nerve terminals and pituicyte processes. In accurately controlled technical conditions, dehydratation does not result in any noticeable change of neurosecretory granules after 24 h. A decrease of the number of granules follows and is extremely conspicuous after 4 days; though, remaining granules keep a normal dense content, and aspects of “empty granules” have never been observed. After prolonged ether anesthesia, no visible change either in number or electron density of granules was observed. These findings are discussed in consideration of the mechanism of vasopressin release; they support the hypothesis of two hormonal pools, one of which would be free and rapidly available for release, the other being more tightly bound and certainly located in granules representing a storage site. Though granular exocytosis cannot be absolutely excluded.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 384-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart muscle cells ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative ; Asphyxia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Normale und hypoxische Herzmuskelzellen aus der Wand des linken Ventrikels der Ratte wurden quantitativ-morphologisch anhand von elektronenmikroskopischen Längsschnitten nach Perfusionsfixierung untersucht. In normalen Zellen waren alle Myofibrillen relaxiert, die mittlere Sarcomerlänge betrug 2,2 μm. Die Schnittfläche wurde zu 55% von Myofibrillen, zu 27% von Mitochondrien und zu 18% von Grundplasma und Reticulum eingenommen. Die zwischen den Myofibrillen liegenden Mitochondrien waren längsoval und im Mittel 2,3mal so lang wie breit. Es bestand kein Unterschied zwischen subendokardial und subepikardial gelegenen Zellen. 10 min nach Erstickung der Tiere waren in den sonst unauffälligen Muskelzellen die Glycogengranula vermindert. Nach 20 min führte die Hypoxie zu einer Zunahme der relativen Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien um etwa 16% und zu einer beginnenden Kontraktur der Myofibrillen (Sarcomerlänge 2,0 μm). 20 min Hypoxie in Hypothermie (25–30°C intrathorakal) veränderte die normale Zellstruktur dagegen kaum. Wenn die Herzen während der 20 min dauernden Hypoxie in Normothermie mit einer procainhaltigen sauerstoff- und glucosefreien Blutersatzlösung durchspült wurden, waren die Myofibrillen relaxiert, die Schwellung der Mitochondrien dagegen wurde nicht reduziert. 30 min nach Erstickung wurde die Kontraktur stärker (Sarcomerlänge 1,7 μm). Nach 60 min bildeten sich Superkontraktionsknoten, einzelne Myofibrillen waren in Höhe der I-Bänder unterbrochen. Die Cristae der Mitochondrien wichen auseinander, die Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien hatte um 27% zugenommen. Während in Normotherapie eine Asphyxie des Tieres bereits nach 10 min die Herzmuskelzellen funktionell schwer schädigt, ist die Schädigung morphologisch erst nach 20 min eindeutig. Das bedeutet, daß für die elektronenmikroskopische Präparation eine Hypoxie von unter 10 min bedeutungslos ist. Hinsichtlich der morphologischen Manifestationszeit für die Unterbrechung der Sauerstoffversorgung stimmen unsere Befunde an Herzmuskelzellen gut mit vergleichbaren Angaben an Leberzellen überein.
    Notes: Summary In heart muscle cells of the left ventricle of rats the distribution of cell organelles and their reaction to hypoxia were investigated by electron microscopy. In normal hearts fixed by perfusion with aldehydes, the mean sarcomere length was 2.2 μm. 27% of the longitudinal sectional area was occupied by mitochondria, 55% by myofibrils and 18% by sarcoplasmic reticulum and ground plasm. The mitochondria situated in rows between the fibrils were oval and measured 2.3 times more in length than in width. There was no difference between cells from subendocardial and subepicardial regions. 10 min hypoxia (complete occlusion of the trachea) did not affect the appearance of muscle cells but diminished the number of glycogen granules. After 20 minutes the area occupied by mitochondria was increased by 16%, the mitochondria between the myofibrils were more spherical and only 1.5 times longer than wide. The sarcomeres shortened to 2.0 μm. With hypothermia (25–30°C) hypoxia of 20 minutes duration did not affect the cell structure. Perfusion of the heart by a saline solution, which contained procaine but neither oxygen nor glucose, for 20 minutes prevented shortening of the sarcomeres but not swelling of the mitochondria. 30 minutes after occlusion of the trachea the myofibrils shortened to a sarcomere length of 1.7 μm. After 60 minutes irregularly and excessively contracted myofibrils appeared and some sarcomeres were interrupted at the level of the I-bands. In some of the swollen mitochondria the cristae were widely separated. The increase of the area occupied by mitochondria was 27%. Asphyxia affects heart muscle cells severely with respect to function within 10 min, but morphologically it takes 20 min before a definite effect can be noticed. As to the time after which lack of oxygen is manifested morphologically, our results are consistent with findings in liver cells.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 540-558 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Synapses ; Rat ; Postnatal differentiation ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of layers I and II of the motor cerebral cortex of rat brain has been studied at birth, 4, 7 and 14 days postnatal and in the adult. Compared with the adult, neonatal rat motor cortex exhibited a large extracellular space which decreases with increasing age. At all stages studied the neurons were seen to contain the organelles usually found in adult neurons. Growth cones were present in decreasing numbers up to 14 days old. Synapses were detectable at birth and there was an obvious increase in their number throughout the postnatal development. At the earliest stages studied there was a lack of specialization characteristic of the adult. Many synapses were either avesicular or relatively so and lacked the high degree of modification of adult pre- and postsynaptic membranes. By 7 days after birth many synapses existed which in all morphological respects resembled those of the adult, and by 14 days, the majority were of the adult type. These findings, particularly with reference to the postnatal development of synapses, have been discussed in relation to the known electrophysiological findings.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: C cells ; Thyroid ; Rat ; Ultimobranchial origin ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nos observations confirment l'origine ultimobranchiale des cellules C de la thyroïde du rat. L'évolution des corps ultimobranchiaux (C.U.B.) a été étudiée à partir du 16ème jour de gestation, stade où ils fusionnent avec l'ébauche thyroïdienne. Dès le 17ème jour, les premières cellules C se différencient dans le C.U.B. inclus dans la thyroïde. Au 18ème jour, elles sont plus nombreuses et commencent à se disperser dans les cordons thyroïdiens. La migration des cellules C est particulièrement importante au 19ème jour. A partir du 20ème jour, les signes d'activité sécrétoire s'intensifient très nettement. A la fin de la vie foetale, les cellules C sont comparables aux cellules C adultes. La differenciation des cellules parathyroïdiennes précède nettement celle des cellules C.
    Notes: Summary Our observations confirm the ultimobranchial origin of the C cells of the rat thyroid. We studied the development of the ultimobranchial body from the 16th day of pregnancy, when there is fusion with the thyroidian anlage, onwards. As early as the 17th day, the first C cells differentiate in the ultimobranchial body which is included into the thyroid. On the 18th day, they are more numerous and start to scatter throughout the thyroidian cords. The migration of the C cells is especially obvious on the 19th day. From the 20th day onwards, there is marked increase in secretory activity. At the end of the foetal life, the C cells resemble those of the adult. The differentiation of the parathyroid cells significantly precedes that of the C cells.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 447-453 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Trypsin-dissociation ; ACTH stimulation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron micrographs of trypsin-dissociated rat adrenal showed predominantly intact rounded cells without internal damage. The population contained cells from the glomerular, intermediary and fascicular zones with cells from the zona fasciculata predominant. The presence or absence of cells from the reticular zone could not be determined. Cells from the medullary zone were absent. The addition of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to the cellular suspension for 2 hours produced corticosterone. However, these stimulated cells did not display any significant ultrastructural change.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 487-500 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Residual lumen ; Epithelial cells ; Fine structure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histology, enzyme histochemistry, and electron microscopy of the epithelium covering the rat pituitary residual lumen was studied. The anterior and posterior epithelium have similar histological and histochemical appearance, although the posterior epithelium shows stronger enzyme reactions for an esterase and many dehydrogenases. Electron microscopic studies reveal that both epithelia form a continuous lining. Anterior epithelium is in immediate contact with the interstitial spaces of the anterior lobe, while the posterior epithelium is separated from the intermediate lobe by a continuous basement lamina. The cytological features of both epithelia are also remarkably similar with scanty rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, inconspicuous Golgi apparatus, round or oval mitochondria, and moderate number of lysosomal bodies. The apical surface of these cells is covered by microvilli and in some, especially posterior epithelial cells, by numerous cilia. Anterior epithelial cells and the apical portions of the posterior epithelial cells contain a number of large vacuoles with material possibly related to the colloid within the residual lumen. Electron microscopic findings suggest that both epithelia are possibly active in transfer and/or disposal of the colloid material rather than being secretory themselves. Enzyme histochemical findings support the hypothesis of an active role of these cells in metabolic processes related to phagocytosis. Based on these observations the colloid seems to be the product of the anterior lobe function.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 559-568 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Rat ; Synapses ; Postnatal ; Quantitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitation of synapses at different postnatal ages has been undertaken in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In this study axial ratios of presynaptic bags, proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags and numbers of synapses per unit volume of cortex have been estimated. Observations on synaptic vesicle packing densities have also been made. Synaptic bags become increasingly spherical up to 7 days of age and become more elongated thereafter. The proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags increases rapidly up to 7 days of age and then at a decelerated rate up to maturity. The number of synapses per unit volume increases slowly over the first four days after which there is a rapid increase to 14 days, followed by a decelerated rate. The average presynaptic bag shows marked changes in volume with increasing age which indicate the probability of two stages of synaptic development. This two stage development is further reflected in the estimates on vesicle packing densities. The implications of the results are discussed in relationship to changes in functional activity of the cortex during postnatal development.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 569-587 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subtotal Pancreatectomy ; Rat ; Islet Regeneration ; Excretory Duct System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Männliche Ratten wurden bei einem Gewicht von 80–100 g subtotal pankreatektomiert (5% Rest) und zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach der Operation abgetötet. Bei diesen wie bei unbehandelten Kontrolltieren wurde die Neubildung von Inselgewebe aus dem exkretorischen Gangsystem elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. — Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Inselneubildung von Gangzellen ausgeht, welche ein auffallend helles Zytoplasma besitzen und samt ihren Kernen größer und abgerundeter sind als ihre Nachbarzellen. Diese Zellen wandern vom Lumen ab, wobei die entstehende Lücke zum Lumen zu jeweils durch eine seitliche Ausdehnung des Zytoplasmas benachbarter Gangzellen geschlossen wird. Die abgewanderten hellen Zellen, die mit den lichtmikroskopisch beschriebenen „trüben Zellen“ identisch sein dürften, haben die Fähigkeit, sich zu Alpha-oder Beta-Zellen zu differenzieren. Dabei werden sie größer und das Zytoplasma dunkler. Sie behalten aber gleichzeitig einige Besonderheiten, die auf ihre Herkunft hinweisen. Die Regeneration des Inselgewebes, die vorwiegend von den zentroacinären Zellen ausgeht, setzt bald nach der Operation stark ein, schwächt sich dann aber kontinuierlich ab. In den immer ineffektiver werdenden Regenerationsvorgang werden zunehmend größere Gangabschnitte einbezogen. Die weitgehende Erschöpfung der Regenerationsfähigkeit fällt mit dem Auftreten eines manifesten Diabetes zwischen dem 40. und 60. Tag p.op. zusammen.
    Notes: Summary Male rats were subtotally pancreatectomized at a weight of 80–100 g according to the method of Foglia (5% of the total pancreas remaining). The animals were killed at different intervals after. In these rats, as well as in healthy controls, the new formation of islets out of the excretory duct system was studied by electron microscopy. Obviously the new formation of islets takes origin from certain cells of the ductular system which show a light cytoplasm and are larger and rounder than their neighbouring cells. The latter goes for their nuclei, too, even to a larger degree. These light cells migrate away from the ductular lumen and the gaps resulting from this are closed by long and thin processes of the cytoplasm of their neighbouring duct cells coming in contact with each other. The cells having migrated away seem to have an ability to differentiate into alphaor beta-cells. Most probably they are identical with the “trübe Zellen” described by light-microscopists. The higher the degree of differentiation in these cells is, the darker becomes their cytoplasm. But they still keep for some time morphological aspects indicating their origin from ductular cells. An intense regeneration of islet tissue starts soon after the operation from the centroacinar cells but it decreases continuously after. As the process of islet regeneration becomes more and more ineffective, an increasing number of larger excretory ducts are involved in it. The exhaustion of the ability for regeneration is correlated exactly in time with the onset of a manifest diabetes between the 40 th and 60 th day after operation.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 364-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Oocyte maturation ; in vitro studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After cultivation in a modified Trowell-system (organ ciilture) oocytes of 12- to 40-day-old rats were studied under the light and electron microscope. The cultivation period was 72 hrs. Egg cells from primary and early secondary follicles which are characterized by the lack of a zona pellucida and by one or at most two very large Golgi's complexes located near the nucleus do not show any alterations. The other egg cells are characterized by membrane packages which can otherwise only be observed in mature egg cells right before or after the ovulation. Meiotic processes or the formation of polar bodies are only seldom to be seen. These egg cells are surrounded by a thick zona pellucida. From these findings the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In organ cultures meiotic processes are prevented by the inhibitory influence of follicle cells (Foote and Thibault, 1969). 2. A cytoplasmic maturation proceeds independently. 3. In-vivo an inhibitory factor influences the cytoplasmic maturation. This inhibition is not observed in the organ culture. Thus we can be sure that it develops outside the ovary. 4. The synthesis of the zona pellucida continues in-vitro.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 572-581 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Cellular Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamus of male and female rats, given 0.3 μg/100 g body weight of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β and killed 1 hour after the injection, was examined by autoradiography in order to 1) localize the areas and the cells involved in the uptake of the hormone, and 2) study the intracellular localization of the labelled material. Only nerve cells contained radioactive material while glial and ependymal cells were not significantly labelled. In the anterior hypothalamus, labelled nerve cells were concentrated in areas corresponding to nucleus preopticus medialis and nucleus preopticus, pars suprachiasmatica. The nucleus supraopticus was unlabelled. In the medial basal hypothalamus, neurons corresponding to the nucleus arcuatus and the lateral part of the nucleus ventromedialis showed marked labelling. No significant labelling was observed in the nucleus paraventricularis, pars magnocellularis. Although the individual nerve cells varied in their extent of labelling, the major proportion of the silver grains were consistently concentrated over the nuclei. Castration was not found to influence the results. The findings were essentially the same in male and female rats and appear to suggest that oestradiol exerts a direct effect on nerve cells in certain hypothalamic areas.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 582-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior hypophysis ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Uptake of 3H-Oestradiol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus of male and female rats given 3H-oestradiol were examined with regard to 1) the kinetics of the uptake of the radioactive material, 2) the chemical nature of the labelled material, and 3) the influence of non-labelled oestradiol-17β, oestradiol-17α and testosterone on the uptake of 3H-oestradiol. The anterior hypophysis was found to concentrate and retain oestradiol in basically the same manner in male and female rats. The pattern of the uptake was similar to that of the uterus and vagina, with a concentration peak 2 hours after the injection. Non-target tissues such as cerebral cortex, liver and blood attained their maximum uptake already 15 minutes after the injection. Thereafter the concentration gradually decreased. The ratio between the concentration of labelled material in the anterior hypophysis and brain cortex gradually increased until a peak was reached at 8 hours in both sexes. In the female, the concentration of labelled material in the anterior hypophysis was then 106.3 times greater than in the brain cortex, while in the male the ratio was 63.2. In the hypothalamus the uptake followed a pattern similar to that of the brain cortex. However, in the former the concentration of labelled material was consistently greater than in the latter. At maximum uptake, registered 4 hours after the injection, the concentration was about two times greater in the hypothalamus than in the cerebral cortex. The neurohypophysis contained, on an average, 1/6 of the amount of radioactive material registered in the anterior lobe one hour after the injection, but it was about two times greater than in the brain cortex. Isolation and identification of the radioactive material in the anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus showed that in both sexes nearly all of it was chemically unchanged oestradiol. Graded doses of non-labelled oestradiol-17β were found to decrease the uptake of 3H-oestradiol in the anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus almost linearly, while the concentration of labelled material in the brain was unaltered. Oestradiol-17α and testosterone were without significant effect on both the pituitary and hypothalamic accumulation of 3H-oestradiol. Therefore, a limited number of binding sites, with a high degree of specificity for oestradiol, appear to exist in both tissues. The results were essentially the same in male and female rats.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 1-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Deafferentation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report concerns a light and electron microscopic investigation of the median eminence and dorsal infundibular stem of the rat following surgical isolation (deafferentation). Using a modification of the Halász technique, the basal hypothalamus, including the arcuate nucleus and median eminence were surgically isolated from surrounding structures. Special attention was directed to the contact (external) zone of the median eminence and rostral infundibulum where tuberohypophyseal axons as well as ependymal cell processes abut upon the abluminal basement membrane of the portal perivascular space. The results of this study to date suggest that 9, 20, and 40 days following surgical isolation, there is a distinct increase in the population of tuberohypophyseal dense core vesicles. It is suggested that deafferentation abolishes inhibitory and excitatory input that serves to modify the cellular dynamics of tuberohypophyseal neurosecretory elements. Comments are also made on the presence of cistern-like structures in the lateral median eminence; the presence of vesicle-like inclusions in terminal ependymal processes is discussed in relationship to the role that ependyma may play in linking the third ventricle with the adenohypophysis.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 597-614 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Rat ; Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pituitaries of male and female rats given 0.3 μg of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β per 100 g body weight were examined by autoradiography in order to 1) identify the cells responsible for the uptake of the hormone, 2) determine the intracellular distribution of the hormone and quantify the proportions localized within the cytoplasm and nucleus by silver grain counting, and 3) see if sex differences existed in the cellular and intracellular distribution of the hormone. The animals were killed at intervals varying from 1 minute to 8 hours following intravenous or intramuscular injection. A large proportion of pituitary cells having the morphologic characteristics of acidophils, basophils and chromophobes contained radioactive material. Castration cells and acidophils of gonadectomized and lactating rats showed marked labelling. In male and female rats killed 10 minutes after intravenous injection, 84.4 and 83.6 per cent of the cells were labelled. One hour after intramuscular injection, 86.6 and 76.1 per cent of the cells were labelled in males and females, respectively. Thus, a small proportion of the cells remained unlabelled. Labelled cells showed silver grains both in the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei, but the major proportion of the radioactive material was invariably associated with the cell nuclei in all cell types and at all time intervals. About 65 per cent of the radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei in animals killed five minutes or one hour after intravenous or intramuscular injection of the hormone. The silver grains appeared to be randomly distributed in both the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei. In the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, only sparse labelling with random distribution was observed. At the border between the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, labelling of single cells or clusters of cells similar to those in the adenohypophysis was found. The results, which were essentially the same in male and female rats, appear to indicate a direct effect of oestradiol at the pituitary level.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 541-556 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Monoamine fluorescence ; Output of pars distalis hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of monoamines in the median eminence of foetal, neonatal and adult rats has been studied with the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique in preparations in which the hypothalamus and pituitary gland were in continuity. In adult rats monoamine fluorescence is present throughout the median eminence, including the anatomical stem. In foetal rats a few sagittally-directed varicose fluorescent fibres are seen in the median eminence. In neonatal rats palisade layer fluorescence in appreciable amounts is first seen on the fourth day in the region of the anatomical stem. By the eighth day it has spread throughout the palisade layer of the entire median eminence, and by the end of the third week it has attained adult intensity. The appearance of monoamines in the median eminence, the development of a functional hypophysial portal system, and a changing pattern of development of function in both the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axes thus all appear to be contemporaneous events. It is suggested that the monoamines of the median eminence represent part of a neural system influencing the output of pars distalis hormones, in particular of ACTH and TSH secretion.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 138-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Histochemical pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Makrophagen und entodermale Retikulumzellen samt Ausläufern lassen sich im Thymus der Wistar-Ratte durch den histochemischen Nachweis der sauren Phosphatase und der unspezifischen Esterase selektiv darstellen, während die Lymphozyten nicht reagieren. Häufigkeit und Verteilung der Retikulumzellen und Makrophagen lassen altersabhängige Unterschiede erkennen: Auf Kosten der Retikulumzellen nimmt die Zahl der Makrophagen mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter zu. Bei geschlechtsreifen Tieren bilden sie einen Wall an der Mark-Rinden-Grenze. Die Bedeutung der sauren Phosphatase in entodermalen Retikulumzellen wird unter der Annahme diskutiert, daß es sich um lysosomengebundenes Ferment handelt. Lysosomen sind im involvierenden Thymus wahrscheinlich an autolytischen oder phagozytotischen Prozessen beteiligt. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob Lysosomen in entodermalen Retikulumzellen des Thymus neugeborener Tiere in die Abgabe einer humoral wirksamen Substanz eingreifen können.
    Notes: Summary Macrophages and entodermal reticulum cells in the thymus of Wistar rats contrast by their rich contents of acid phosphatase and unspecific esterase activity with the negativ reacting lymphocytes. Frequency and distribution of the cells vary according to different stages of age: at cost of the entodermal reticular cells the number of macrophages increases with progressive age. In sexually mature animals they form a typical layer at the corticomedullary junction. The functional meaning of acid phosphatase in the entodermal reticulum cells is discussed under the assumption that this enzyme is lysosomebound. In the involuting thymus lysosomes are involved in autolytic or phagocytic processes. The question arises wether lysosomes in entodermal reticulum cells in the thymus of newborn animals can take part in the control of an humoral function of the thymus.
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  • 35
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 104-111 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of FluoromethyldialkylaminesFluoromethyldialkylamines (3a-f) are prepared from N,N-acetals (aminals) by cleavage with carboxylic acid fluorides or l-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. They are low-boiling liquids and are characterized by a covalent carbon-halogen bond. Their reactivity is similar to that of the analogous carbimonium chlorides, bromides and iodides.
    Notes: Fluormethyl-dialkyl-amine (3a-f) werden durch Spaltung von Aminalen mit Carbonsäurefluoriden oder l-Fluor-2.4-dinitro-benzol gewonnen. Sie sind niedrigsiedende, durch eine kovalente Kohlenstoff-Halogen-Bindung charakterisierte Flüssigkeiten und zeigen ähnliche Reaktionsfähigkeit wie die analogen Carbimoniumchloride, -bromide oder -jodide.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 133-146 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterosubstituted Fulvenes, IV In the 5-Membered Ring Unsubstituted 6,6-DiaminofulvenesAlkylation of tetrasubstituted thioureas with methyl iodide leads to S-methyl isothiuronium iodides 3, which have been transformed to 6,6-diaminofulvenes 1 by condensation with cyclopentadienyl sodium. Some compounds of type 1 are also obtainable from the reaction between cyclopentadiene and chloroformamidinium chlorides 4 in the presence of triethylamine. I.r., u.v., and n.m.r. spectra of 1 and 3 are discussed.
    Notes: Tetrasubstituierte Thioharnstoffe lassen sich mit Methyljodid in die S-Methyl-isothiuroniumjodide 3 überführen, die ihrerseits mit Cyclopentadienylnatrium die 6.6-Diamino-fulvene 1 bilden. Einzelne Vertreter von 1 sind auch aus Cyclopentadien und Chlorformamidinium-chloriden 4 in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin zugänglich. Die IR-, UV- und NMR-Spektren von 1 und 3 werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: VinylsulfonylmethylidsThe preparation of dimethylsulfonio-(vinylsulfonylphenylsulfonylmethanide) (5), triphenyl-phosphonio-(vinylsulfonylphenylsulfonylmethanide) (6) and triphenylphosphonio-(vinyl-sulfonylbenzoylmethanide) (8) is described. The u. v. spectra of 5 and 6 are similar to the u.v. spectrum of the bis(phenylsulfonyl)methane anion (9). Because of the interaction of the SO2-groups with the ylide carbanions, the SO2-stretching frequencies compared to those of vinylsulfonylphenylsulfonylmethane (4) are shifted 20 -30/cm to lower wave numbers. This interaction causes a higher electron density in the vinyl groups of the ylids compared to 4, as shown by n. m. r. measurements. The mass spectra of 5, 6 and 8 are discussed.
    Notes: Die Synthese von Dimethylsulfonio-[vinylsulfonyl-phenylsulfonyl-methanid] (5), Triphenyl-phosphonio-[vinylsulfonyl-phenylsulfonyl-methanid] (6)undTriphenylphosphonio-[vinyl-sulfonyl-benzoyl-methanid] (8) wird beschrieben. Die Elektronenspektren von 5 und 6 sind mit dem UV-Spektrum des Bis-phenylsulfonyl-methan-Anions (9) vergleichbar. Durch Wechselwirkung der SO2Gruppen mit den Ylidcarbanionen werden die SO2-Valenzschwingungsfrequenzen im Vergleich zu Vinylsulfonyl-phenylsulfonyl-methan (4) um 20 - 30/cm zu kleineren Wellenzahlen verschoben. Diese Wechselwirkung bedingt eine höhere Elektronendichte in den Vinylgruppen der Ylide als bei 4, was NMR-spektroskopisch nachweisbar ist. Die Massenspektren von 5, 6 und 8 werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Cyclopentadienones with Aliphatic Diazo Compounds, 6 Experiments with „Indanocyclone“„Indanocyclone“ 3, prepared from ninhydrin (1) and dibenzylketone (2), reacts with an ethereal diazomethane solution to form an 1 :1-adduct 4a and two isomeric 1 : 2-adducts, presumably 12 and 13. Elimination of N2 from 4a leads to the formation of the cyclopropane 7, the fluorenone 6 and, by way of phenyl migration, the new cyclone 8a; elimination of N2 from 12 and 13 leads to undefined products. 5 is converted via its hydrazone into the diazo compound 10. Ring enlargement of 6 with diazomethane produces the phenanthrene 9.Reaction of diazoethane with 3 gives the instable 1 :1-adduct 4b, which yields the new cyclone 8b by N2-elimination and phenyl migration. 8b also forms an 1 :1-adduct (11?). Phenyl diazomethane adds to 3 giving a rather stable 1 :1-adduct 14, the isomeric 16 and the epoxide 15. Elimination of N2 from 14 yields the fluorenone derivative 17, which upon treatment with excess diazomethane undergoes ring enlargement to form the phenanthrene derivative 18.
    Notes: Das aus Ninhydrin(l)und Dibenzylketon(2) erhältliche, Indanocyclon‘ 3 gibt mit ätherischer Diazomethanlösung ein 1 :1-Addukt 4a und zwei isomere 1 : 2-Addukte, vermutlich 12 und 13. 4a zerfällt unter N2-Abspaltung zum Cyclopropanderivat 7, zum Fluorenonderivat 6 und unter Phenylwanderung zum neuen Cyclon 8a; 12 und 13 geben bei der N2-Abspaltung keine definierten Produkte. Aus 5 wird über sein Hydrazon die Diazoverbindung 10 und mit Diazomethan unter Ringerweiterung das Phenanthrenderivat 9 erhalten.Mit Diazoäthan entsteht aus 3 das instabile I :1-Addukt 4b, das bei der N2-Abspaltung unter Phenylwanderung das Cyclon 8b bildet; dieses gibt erneut ein Diazoathan-Addukt (11?).Mit Phenyldiazomethan liefert 3 ein ziemlich stabiles 1 :1-Addukt 14 und sein Isomeres 16 sowie das Epoxid 15. Bei der N2-Abspaltung entsteht aus 14 das Fluorenonderivat 17, das mit Diazomethan zum Phenanthrenderivat 18 ringerweitert wird.
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  • 39
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 222-235 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Orthoamides, X: Reaction of Vinylogous Amide Acetals, Aminalesters and Amide AminalsDerivates of vinylogous orthoformic acid amides react with Grignard compounds to give l,3-bis(dimethylamino)-l-alkenes (4-7), with methylene active compounds to give derivates of N.N-disubstituted 4-amino-l,3-butadienes (17  - 29) and with primary aromatic amines to form vinylogous, N,N,N′-trisubstituted amidines (31-36, 38-40).
    Notes: Vinyloge Orthoameisensäureamid-Derivate geben mit Grignard-Verbindungen 1.3-Bis - dimethylamino-alkene-(l) (4-7), mit methylenaktiven Verbindungen N.N-disubstituierte 4 - Amino-butadien-(l.3)-Derivate (17-29) und mit primären aromatischen Aminen vinyloge N.N.N′-trisubstituierte Amidine (31-36, 38-40).
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 41
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 17-22 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pyrimidines, VIII Synthesis and Properties of Uracil-4-carbaldehyde Hydrazone. The First Inner Orbital Complex of a Pyrimidine with CopperUracil-4-carbaldehyde (1) reacts with stoechiometric amounts of hydrazine to yield the azine 2. Under mild conditions (30 per cent hydrazine, room temperature) the azine is cleaved to uracil-4-carbaldehyde hydrazone (3). This cleavage by hydrazine is typical for the azomethine group in position 4 of the uracil ring. In aqueous or aqueous-alcoholic solution 3 reacts readily with aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes to form mixed azines in good yield. With copper(II)-acetate 3 yields in aqueous solution a new type of symmetrical inner orbital complex in which the ratio of pyrimidine to copper is 2 :1. The crystalline and insoluble paramagnetic complex 13 presumably has a planar structure. Substitution of the amino group, even with a methyl group, prevents complex formation. 13 is decomposed by mineral acids to the respective copper salt and azine 2. In analogy to 1 2-thiouracil-4-carb-aldehyde forms the corresponding hydrazone 12.
    Notes: Uracil-carbaldehyd-(4) (1) liefert mit stöchiometrischer Menge Hydrazin das symmetrische Azin 2, welches unter milden Bedingungen (30proz. Hydrazin, Raumtemperatur) zum Uracil-carbaldehyd-(4)-hydrazon (3) gespalten wird. Die schonende Hydrazinolyse ist spezifisch für die Azomethingruppe in 4-Stellung des Uracilrings. 3 liefert in wäßriger bzw. Wäßrig-alkoholischer Lösung mit aliphatischen, aromatischen und heterocyclischen Aldehyden in guter Ausbeute gemischte Azine. Mit Kupfer(II)-acetat bildet 3 einen neuartigen symmetrischen Innerkomplex der Art Pyrimidin : Kupfer = 2:1. Analog zu Uracil-carb-aldehyd-(4) (1) erhält man aus 2-Thio-uracil-carbaldehyd-(4) mit Hydrazin das entsprechende Hydrazon 12.
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  • 42
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 46-49 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal Structure of l,2,3,4,4a,9a-hexahydro-4a,9-propanocarbazolium HydrobromideThe crystal structure of the title compound has been determined by X-ray structure analysis. From these results a twist angle of 64.5° of the orbital of the nitrogen is derived.
    Notes: Auf röntgenographischem Weg wurde die Kristallstruktur der Titel-Verbindung bestimmt. Aus den so erhaltenen Ergebnissen resultiert ein Verdrillungswinkel des Orbitals am Stickstoff von ϕpH = 64.5°.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 43
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 76-81 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Enthalpy of Formation of Tungsten Hexafluoride and Tungsten PentafluorideThe heat evolved on combustion of tungsten and tungsten pentafluorid in fluorine was measured in a bomb calorimeter. The enthalpies of formation calculated from these values were found to be ΔH°298(WF6, g) = -411.7 ± 0.5 kcal mol-1 and ΔH°298 (WF5, c) -346.1 ± 2.6 kcal mol-1.
    Notes: Die Verbrennungswärmen von Wolfram und Wolframpentafluorid in Fluor wurden in einem Bombenkalorimeter gemessen. Die aus den Meßdaten errechneten Bildungsenthalpien betragen ΔH°298(WF6, gas) -411.7 ± 0.5 kcal Mol-1 und ΔH°298(WF5, fest) -346.1 ± +2.6-1.0 kcal Mol1.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 44
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Inorganic Small Ring Compounds, III Cyclic Silyl-alkylidene PhosphoranesA simple method has been deviced for the synthesis of silyl-substituted alkylidene phosphoranes of the type F. Two members of this series, [(CH3)3PCSi(CH3)2]2 (1) and [( PCSi(CH3)2]2 (2), were prepared from methylene trimethyl and methylene tri-n-butyl phosphorane, resp., and dimethyl dichlorsilane and characterized by means of chemical analysis and n. m. r. spectroscopy. The pathway of the reactions is discussed and a possible mechanism confirmed by an independent preparation of the most likely intermediates. Among these the difunctional open-chain ylid 4, (CH3)3P= CH=Si(CH3)2=CH = P(CH3)3, is of special interest.
    Notes: Ein einfaches Darstellungsverfahren ermöglicht die Synthese von Silyl-alkylidenphosphoranen mit viergliedrigem Ringsystem des Typs F. Zwei Vertreter dieser Reihe, [(CH3)3PCSi(CH3)2]2 (1) und [(n-C4H9)3PCSi(CH3)2]2 (2), wurden aus Trimethyl-methylen- bzw. Tri-n-butyl-methylen-phosphoran und Dimethyldichlorsilan in guten Ausbeuten erstmals hergestellt und analytisch und NMR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Der Reaktionsablauf der Synthese wird diskutiert und durch die getrennte Darstellung möglicher Zwischenprodukte belegt. Unter letzteren ist das offenkettige difunktionelle Ylid 4, (CH3)3P=CH  -  Si(CH3)2  -  CH - P-(CH3)3, von Bedeutung.
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  • 45
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterosubstituted Fulvenes, V 6,6-Diaminofulvenes with Electronegative Substituents in the 5-Membered RingCondensation of tetramethyl chloroformamidinium chloride (5) with methoxycarbonyl-, bis(methoxycarbonyl)-, and cyanocyclopentadienyl salts leads to the correspondingly substituted 6,6-bis(dimethylamino)fulvenes 6, 7 and 8. Vilsmeier formylation of 6,6-bis(dimethyl-amino)fulvene yields the diformyl derivatives 9 and 11. Structure elucidation of the fulvenes obtained is based on spektroscopic data; the temperature dependence of the n.m.r. spectra is discussed.
    Notes: Tetramethyl-chlorformamidinium-chlorid (5) bildet mit Methoxycarbonyl-, Bis-methoxy-carbonyl- und Cyan-cyclopentadienylsalzen die im 5-Ring entsprechend substituierten 6.6-Bis-dimethylamino-fulvene 6, 7 und 8; Vilsmeier-Formylierung des 6.6-Bis-dimethylamino-fulvens liefert zwei Diformyl-Derivate 9 und 11. Die Strukturzuordnung der erhaltenen Fulvene erfolgt spektroskopisch; die Temperaturabhängigkeit der NMR-Spektren wird diskutiert.
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  • 46
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 205-209 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Compounds with Urotropin Structure, XLVI Synthesis of the 6-Thia-l,3-diazaadamantane Ring System.A synthesis of the hitherto unknown 6-thia-l,3-diazaadamantane ring system starting from N-benzenesulfonyl-diallylamine (1), is described. The first stage of the synthesis is the sulfurdichloride addition to 1, resulting in Nbenzenesulfonyl-2,6-bis(chloromethyl)thiomorpho-line (2).2 was converted with alkali into N-benzenesulfonyl-2,6-dimethylenethiomorpholine (6) and subsequently oxidized to the sulfone 7. Addition of benzylamine followed by removal of the benzyl and the benzenesulfonyl groups yielded 9-thia-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.l]nonane 9,9-dioxide (11), which reacted with formaldehyde to produce 6-thia-l,3-diazaadamantane 6,6-di-oxide (12).
    Notes: Ausgehend von Benzolsulfonsäure-diallylamid (1) wird das bisher noch unbekannte 6-Thia-1.3-diaza-adamantan-Ringsystem synthetisiert, wobei im ersten Schritt die Schwefeldichlorid-Addition an 1 zu 4-Benzolsulfonyl-2.6-bis-chlormethyl-thiomorpholin (2) erfolgt. 2 wurde mit Alkali in 4-Benzolsulfonyl-2.6-dimethylen-thiomorpholin (6) und durch anschließende Oxydation in das Sulfon 7 übergeführt. Benzylamin-Addition an 7 und anschließende Abspaltung des Benzyl- und Benzolsulfonyl-Restes führte zum 9-Thia-3.7-diaza-bicyclo[3.3.1]-nonan-9.9-dioxid (11), das mit Formaldehyd das 6-Thia-s-l.3-diaza-adamantan-6.6-dioxid (12) lieferte.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Orthoamides, XII: Synthesis of Acyl Isocyanate O,N- or -N,N-Acetals from Amide Acetals or from an Aminal tert-Butylester and N-Halogencarbonamides, Halogen Ureas and N-ChlorourethanesDimethylformamide dialkylacetals (2) and aminal-tert-butylester 5 [bis(dimethylamino)-tert-butoxymethane] react with N-halogen carboxylic acid amides, halogen ureas and N-chlorourethanes to give acyl isocyanate-O,N -or -N,N-acetals (isoureas 3 or guanidines 6, respectively).
    Notes: Dimethylformamid-dialkylacetale (2) und Aminal-tert.-butylester 5 (Bis-dimethylamino-tert.-butyloxy-methan) bilden mit N-Halogen-carbonsäureamiden, Halogenharnstoffen und N-Chlor-urethan Acylisocyanat-O.N- bzw. -N.N-acetale (Isoharnstoffe 3 bzw. Guanidine 6).
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  • 48
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 256-264 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Orthoamides, XIII Studies on the Mechanism of Electrophilic Substitution of the Formyl-H Atom in Ortho Formic Acid AmidesOrtho formic acid amides and N-halogen carboxylic acid amides, halogen ureas or N-chloro urethanes primarily react to give adducts; these form ylides in the presence of bases. The ylides react by an intramolecular SE1- or SNi-mechanism to give O,N-acetals of the corresponding acyl isocyanates (isoureas).
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Orthoamiden mit N-Halogen-carbonsäureamiden, -harnstoffen und N-Chlor-urethan wurden Primär-Addukte nachgewiesen. Diese bilden in Gegenwart von Basen Ylide, welche über einen intramolekularen SE1- oder SNi-Mechanismus C-N-Knüpfung eingehen unter Bildung von O.N-Acetalen der entsprechenden Acylisocyanate (Isoharnstoffe).
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  • 49
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 281-288 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Boron Azides, X Aminoazidoboranes and AlkoxyazidoboranesThe bis(dialkylamino)azidoboranes l a and 1b, the dialkylaminodiazidoboranes 2a and 2 b, diethylaminoazidophenylborane (3), and the dialkoxyazidoboranes 4 a and 4 b are formed from chloroboranes, chlorine being substituted by the N3-group with LiN3 or Bu3SiN3, respectively, as substitution agents. The monoazidoboranes 1, 3, and 4 are decomposed in a kinetically controlled manner at a noticeable rate only beyond 250° C; hydrolysis of the polymeric material gives the amines Et2NNH2 (from 1b), PhNH2 (from 3) and CH3ONH2 (from 4 a), respectively, indicating a rearrangement process during the thermolysis. The saltlike compounds (NH4N4 and (Et2NH2)N3, respectively, are the main products from the decomposition of the diazidoboranes 2a and 2b at 210°. The thermal decomposition of la in cyclohexene yields under participation of the solvent the diazadiborete derivative 6. From the photolytic decomposition of 1a and 1b, respectively, trisaminoboranes (as dismutation products) and the tetraaminodiazadiboretes 10 a and 10 b (as rearrangement products) are isolated.
    Notes: Die Bis(dialkylamino)azidoborane l a und l b, die Dialkylaminodiazidoborane 2 a und 2 b, Diäthylaminoazidophenylboran (3) und die Dialkoxyazidoborane 4 a und 4 b erhält man aus den entsprechenden Chlorboranen durch Azidierung mit LiN3 bzw. (im Falle von 4a) mit Bu3SiN3. Die Monoazidoborane 1, 3 und 4 zerfallen in kinetisch kontrollierbarer Weise mit nennenswerter Geschwindigkeit erst oberhalb 250°; neben N2 erhält man harzige Produkte, aus denen sich durch Verseifung die aus einer Umlagerungsreaktion hervorgegangenen Amine Ät2NNH2 (aus l b), PhNH2 (aus 3) bzw. CH3ONH2 (aus 4a) freimachen lassen. Der thermische Zerfall der Diazidoborane 2a und 2b bei 210° liefert neben N2 die salzartigen Azide (NH4)N3 bzw. (Nät2H2)N3. Der thermische Zerfall von l a in Cyclohexen führt unter Beteiligung des Lösungsmittels zum Diazadiboret-Derivat 6. Tetraaminodiazadiborete 10 a und 10 b sind neben Trisaminoboranen die Hauptprodukte des photolytischen Zerfalls von l a und l b.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Wir berichteten vor einiger Zeit über die Pyrolyse von Silbertetrafluorphthalat (1) und äußerten die Vermutung, daß als Hauptprodukt isolierte Octafluorbiphenylen seine Bildung dem intermediären Auftreten des Tetrafluorbenz-ins verdankte. Um diese Vermutung zu bestätigen, wurde die Pyrolyse von 1 in Gegenwart eines potentiellen Benz-in-Abfängers durchgeführt. In Anlehnung an McNelis setzten wir dafür Tetraphenylcyclopentadienon (Tetracyclon) (2) ein.
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  • 51
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 322-324 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 52
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 788-798 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Method for Synthesis of Peptides: Activation of the Carboxyl Group with Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide using 1-hydroxybenzotriazoles as Additives1-Hydroxybenzotriazole and a number of substituted 1-Hydroxybenzotriazoles are suitable additives in the synthesis of peptides using the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide method1). The glc-racemisation test described by Weygand and coworkers2) was used to determine the influence of these additives on the racemisation during peptide synthesis. The newly employed additives decrease racemisation, prohibit the formation of N-acylurea and afford peptides in excellent yield and a high state of purity.
    Notes: 1-Hydroxy-benzotriazol sowie verschiedene kernsubstituierte 1-Hydroxy-benzotriazole eignen sich als Zusätze bei der Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid-Methode zur Synthese von Peptiden. Ihr Einfluß auf die Racemisierung bei Peptidsynthesen wurde unter Anwendung des gaschromatographischen Racemisierungstests von Weygand u. Mitarbb.2) untersucht. Die neuen Zusätze senken die Racemisierung, verhindern die N-Acyl-harnstoffbildung und führen in hoher Ausbeute zu sehr reinen Peptiden.
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 426-439 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Stereochemistry of Sigmatropic 1,5-Hydrogen ShiftsAt 250° (S)-cis,trans-3-methyl-7-deutero-octa-4,6-diene (5) rearranges by a non-catalysed first order reaction to a mixture of (R)-trans,cis-3-methyl-7-deutero-octa-3,5-diene (3) and (S)-cis,cis-3-methyl-7-deutero-octa-3,5-diene (4). Therefore the sigmatropic 1,5-hydrogen shift proceeds in this system preferentially by way of a suprafacial transition state, which is at least 8 kcal/mol lower in energy than the antarafacial one.
    Notes: (S)-cis,trans-3-Methyl-7-deutero-octadien-(4.6) (5) lagert sich bei 250° in einer nichtkatalysierten Reaktion erster Ordnung in ein Gemisch aus (R)-trans,cis-3-Methyl-7-deutero-octadien-(3.5) (3) und (S)-cis,cis-3-Methyl-7-deutero-octadien-(3.5) (4) um. In diesem System durchläuft die sigmatrope 1.5-Wasserstoffverschiebung damit bevorzugt einen suprafacialen Übergangszustand, der um mindestens 8 kcal/Mol gegenüber dem antarafacialen Übergangszustand begünstigt ist.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 855-862 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Catalytic Hydroalumination of 1,5-HexadieneThe hydroalumination of 1,5-hexadiene normally yields (cyclopentylmethyl)dialkylaluminium instead of the expected dimetallated hexane derivative. Titanium tetrabutoxide catalyses the reaction and favours the formation of the dimetallated product. - When the reaction is carried out in the absence of a catalyst but in the presence of electron donors such as ethers or tertiary amines, the two-fold hydroaluminated product is also formed exclusively. In such cases the reaction velocity is, however, drastically reduced. Titanium tetrabutoxide has now been found to act as an extraordinarily effective catalyst for this reaction, even in the presence of complex-forming agents. Certain amines or tetrahydrothiophene even intensify the catalytic activity of the titanium (IV) compound.
    Notes: Die Hydroaluminierung von Hexadien-(1.5) führt normalerweise nicht zu dem erwarteten dimetallierten Hexanderivat, sondern zum Cyclopentylmethyl-dialkyl-aluminium. Titantetrabutylat katalysiert die Reaktion und lenkt sie in Richtung des dimetallierten Produktes. Bei Durchführung der Reaktion ohne Katalysator, jedoch in Gegenwart von Elektronendonatoren wie Äthern oder tertiären Aminen wird ebenfalls ausschließlich das zweifach hydroaluminierte Reaktionsprodukt gebildet. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit wird dabei allerdings drastisch vermindert. Titantetrabutylat katalysiert nun die Reaktion auch bei Anwesenheit der Komplexbildner außerordentlich wirksam. Durch einige tertiäre Amine oder auch durch Tetrahydrothiophen wird die katalytische Aktivität der Titan (IV)-Verbindung sogar noch verstärkt.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 55
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 486-495 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrazine Reactions, X Studies on Inversion-isomeric 1-Chloro-and 1-Aminoaziridines. Dependence of the 1H-C-14N-Coupling on the Konformation of the free Electron PairThe 1H-C-14N coupling depends on the conformation of the nitrogen lone-pair electrons. In 1-chloroaziridine for protons „cis“ to the nitrogen lone-pair electrons great values were found and for „trans“ protons smaller ones. The AA' BB'-system in the n.m.r. spectrum of 1-chloroaziridine is unsymmetrical. Irradiating of 14N frequency gives decoupling of 14N from other nuclei and the spectrum becomes symmetrical. In 1-amino-2-phenylaziridine the isomer with phenyl and amino group in „trans“ position is favoured. The variation of chemical shift in benzene solution of 1-amino- and 1-chloroaziridines are discussed.
    Notes: Die 1H-C-14N-Kopplung ist von der Konformation des freien Elektronenpaares abhängig und besitzt im 1-Chlor-aziridin für zum freien Elektronenpaar„cis“-ständige Protonen große, für „trans“-ständige kleine Werte. Das AA' BB'-System des NMR-Spektrums von 1-Chloraziridin ist daher unsymmetrisch und zeigt erst beim Einstrahlen der 14N-Frequenz infolge Spinentkopplung Symmetrie. 1-Amino-2-phenyl-aziridin liegt bevorzugt als das Inversionsisomere vor, in dem Phenyl- und Aminogruppe „trans“ zueinander stehen. Die Signalverschiebungen von 1-Amino-und 1-Chlor-aziridinen in Benzol werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 56
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 534-538 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Structure of SphaerophysineSphaerophysine-formerly described as 1 or 2- is shown by n.m.r. and mass spectrometry to have structure 3 (N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-guanidine). Dihydro-3 (7) has been synthesised.
    Notes: Sphaerophysin wurde bisher als 1-Isopentenylamino-4-guanidino-butan 1 oder 2 angesehen. Wir zeigen anhand von NMR- und Massenspektren sowie durch Synthese der Dihydro-verbindung, daß es die Struktur 3 eines N[4-Amino-butyl]-N-[3-methyl-buten-(2)-yl]-guanidins hat.
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  • 57
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 564-572 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterosubstituted Acetylenes, XXV Chain-Extension of Aldehydes and Ketones by two Carbon Atoms with Ynamines: Synthesis of Substituted AcrylamidesThe addition of ynamines to carbonyl groups, especially of aldehydes and ketones, leads to derivatives of acrylamides by reduction of which with lithiumaluminiumhydride and hydrogenation amines are available. The stereochemistry of the condensation has been investigated. cis- acrylamides are stereospecifically obtained by a kinetically controlled reaction from aldehydes.
    Notes: Die Addition von Inaminen an Carbonylverbindungen, insbesondere Aldehyde und Ketone. Führt zu Acrylamidderivaten, aus denen mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid und durch Hydrierung Amine erhältlich sind. Die Stereochemie der Addition wurde untersucht: Aus Aldehyden entsteht kinetisch gesteuert und stereospezifisch das cis-Acrylamid.
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  • 58
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 648-651 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 59
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 659-662 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polycyclic Hydrocarbons by Cycli-alkylation, IV. Cycli-alkylations of Benzene and Partially Hydrogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with 1.2-Bis(bromomethyl)cyclohexaneThe reactions of benzene and partially hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as tetrahydronaphthalene and symm. octahydrophenanthrene with a mixture of cis- and trans 1.2-Bis (bromomethyl)cyclohexane in the presence of aluminiumchloride lead to the partially hydrogenated polycyclic hydrocarbons 2-6; the dehydrogenation with Pd/C yields the corresponding aromatic compounds.
    Notes: Die Reaktionen von Benzol and teilhydrierten Aromaten, wie Tetrahydronaphthalin und symm. Octahydrophenanthren, mit einem Gemisch aus cis- und trans-1.2-Bis-brommethyl-cyclohexan in Gegenwart von Aluminiumchlorid führen zu den partiell hydrierten polycyclischen Kohlenwasserstoffen 2-6, deren Dehydrierung mit Pd/C die entsprechenden Aromaten ergibt.
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  • 60
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 685-693 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Alkylidenetriphenylphosphoranes, XXV. A New Synthesis of α.β-Unsaturated Carboxylic AcidsThe reaction between alkylidenetriphenylphosphoranes (1) and α-bromo-or α-iodocarboxylic esters (2) (ratio 2:1) gives rise to the formation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic esters (4), triphenylphosphine and phosphonium salts. The mechanism and the sterochemistry of this reaction are discussed.
    Notes: Triphenylphosphinalkylene (1) reagieren mit α-Brom-oder α-Jod-carbonsäureestern (2) im Molverhältnis 2:1 zu α.β-ungesättigten Carbonsäureestern (4), Triphenylphosphin und Phosphoniumsalzen. Der Mechanismus und die Stereochemie dieser Reaktion werden diskutiert.
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  • 61
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1463-1476 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rearrangement Reactions, V. A Kinetic Study on the Mechanism of the Wolff-RearrangementFor the thermal Wolff-rearrangement in the presence of nucleophiles such as alcohols or amines, the nitrogen evolution is measured as a function of the nucleophile concentration. With triphenylacetyldiazomethane and diacyldiazomethanes no influence of benzyl alcohol or aniline on the decomposition constants was found, whereas with phenylbenzoyldiazomethane, 2-oxo-1-diazocyclohexane and -dodecane a linear increase with the nucleophile concentration is observed. Benzyl alcohol, aniline and N-methylaniline are more active than pyridine, benzylamine or polar compounds such as nitrobenzene or bromobenzene. This acceleration is evidently a consequence of proton activity of the nucleophiles and not of an addition according to 2 → 3. The same effect is also observed with diazo compounds which cannot undergo the Wolff-rearrangement.
    Notes: Für die thermische Wolff-Umlagerung in Gegenwart von Nucleophilen (Alkohole, Amine) wird die Geschwindigkeit der Stickstoffentwicklung in Abhängigkeit von der Nucleophil-Konzentration gemessen. Bei Triphenylacetyl-diazomethan (7) sowie Diacyl-diazomethanen wird kein Einfluß von Benzylalkohol oder Anilin auf die Zersetzungskonstanten beobachtet, bei Phenyl-benzoyl-diazomethan, 2-Oxo-1-diazo-cyclohexan und -dodecan dagegen ein linearer Anstieg mit der Nucleophil-Konzentration. Benzylalkohol, Anilin und N-Methyl-anilin sind wirksamer als Pyridin, Benzylamin oder rein polare Zusätze wie Nitro- und Brombenzol. Diese Beschleunigung ist offenbar eine Folge der Protonaktivität der Nucleophile und nicht einer Einlagerung gemäß 2 → 3. Sie tritt auch bei Diazoverbindungen auf, die zur Wolff-Umlagerung nicht befähigt sind.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1512-1521 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Aromatic Erythrina-Alkaloids, XIII. A Direct Course to cis-15,16-Dimethoxyerythrinane-1,8-dioneThe enollactam 5 is obtained from ethyl dihydroresorcinol-2-acetate via the diketalamide 16. Cyclisation by heating with phosphoric acid yields the ketolactam 6; the overall yield of the five steps synthesis is 20%.
    Notes: Aus Dihydroresorcin-2-essigester wird über das Diketalamid 16 die Cyclisierungsvorstufe 5 gewonnen. Sie liefert beim Erhitzen mit Phosphorsäure das Ketolactam 6 mit einer Ausbeute von 20% über 5 Stufen.
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  • 63
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1168-1173 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Arylidene Isophorones Preparation and Properties of a Halochromic Polymethine SystemIsophorone (1) and araldehydes condense to give aryliden-isophorones 2-19. The yellow ary-dien-one systems of 2-19 form red polymethine cations like 21. Compounds of vinylogous carbonic acid structure yield red polymethine anions like 22. Differences between cation and anion are spectroscopically small with 6 relative to benzaurin (20).
    Notes: Aus Isophoron (1) und Araldehyden erhält man die Arylidenisophorone 2-19. Das gelbe Aryl-dien-on-System in 2-19 addiert leicht Protonen zu roten Polymethin-Kationen wie 21; vinyloge Carbonsäuren wie 6 bilden durch Dissoziation rote Polymethin-Anionen (22).Kation und Anion von z. B. 6 sind einander spektroskopisch ähnlicher als die analogen Salze des Benzaurins (20).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1216-1224 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterosubstituted Acetylenes, XXX1). A new Mechanism of Nucleophilic Halogen Substitution at Acetylene Triple BondsThe combination of nucleophilic and directiospecific addition in β-position to halogen 1) (except fluorine) with subsequent onium rearrangement is proposed as a new mechanism of nucleophilic halogen substitution at the acetylene triple bond. The reactions of chloro-tertbutyl-acetylene (1) with phenolate and thiophenolate are described as examples. The β-adducts 2,5 und 6 are formed directiospecifically. 5 and 6 give rise photochemically and thermally to the thermodynamically more stable isomer 8 in which the chlorine atom and the thioether residue have migrated and changed their C-atoms. All thioether isomers produce the tert-butylethinyl-thioether 10 upon elimination of HCl.
    Notes: Die Kombination von nucleophiler directiospezifischer Addition in β-Stellung zum Halogen1) (außer Fluor) mit anschließender Onium-Umlagerung 2) und Halogen-Anion-α-Eliminierung wird als neuer Mechanismus der nucleophilen Halogensubstitution an der Acetylendreifachbindung vorgeschlagen. Als Beispiel für diese Reaktionsschritte werden die Umsetzungen von Chlor-tert.-butyl-acetylen (1) mit Phenolat und mit Thiophenolat beschrieben. Directiospezifisch entstehen die β-Addukte 2,5 und 6. Thermisch und photochemisch bildet sich aus 5 und 6 das thermodynamisch stabilere Isomere 8, in welchem Chlor und der Thioätherrest unter Vertauschung der C-Atome gewandert sind. Alle Thioäther-Isomeren liefern bei der HCl-Abspaltung den tert.-Butyläthiny-thioäther 10.
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  • 65
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1273-1278 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Carbene Complexes, XIX. Synthesis of Cyclopropane Derivatives with Transition Metal Carbonyl Carbene ComplexesPhenyllmethoxycarbenepentacarbonylchromium(0) (1b) reacts on warming with trans-methyl crotonate (2) stereospecifically to give the isomeric methyl 2-methoxy-3-methyl-2-phenycyclopropane-1-carboxylates (3a, b) via transfer of the carbene ligand. The configuration of the isomers was determined by analysis of the 1H n.m.r. spectra.
    Notes: Phenylmethoxycarben-pentacarbonyl-chrom(0) (1b) reagiert bei erhöhter Temperatur unter Übertragung des Carbenrestes mit trans- Crotonsäure-methylester (2) stereospezifisch zu den isomeren 2-Methoxy-3-methyl-2-phenyl-cyclopropan-carbonsäure-(1)-methylestern (3a, b). Die Konfiguration der Isomeren wurde durch Analyse der 1H-NMR-Spektren bestimmt.
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  • 66
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1306-1306 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 67
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 68
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1334-1346 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photochemistry of Small Rings, 19. Photolysis of Spiro-pyrazoles to Cyclopropabenzenes and their ReactionsPhotolysis of cyclopentadiene-spiro-pyrazoles (9) in benzene yields 1 H-cyclopropabenzenes (10) in a novel reaction. The latter compounds can be rearranged thermally to benzofuranes (11). Degradation reactions of diphenylcyclopropabenzene 10c to give 2′-p-terphenylylacetic acid (14c) together with the spectroscopic data prove the structure of the cyclopropabenzenes.  -  The formation of 10 from 9 involves n→π*-excitation, followed by ring enlargement to indazoles (24) which eliminate nitrogen in a familiar manner. The excited states of 9 and 24 are triplets.
    Notes: Die Photolyse von Cyclopentadien-spiro-pyrazolen (9) in Benzol liefert in einer neuartigen Reaktion 1 H-Cyclopropabenzole (10). Diese können thermisch in Benzofurane (11) umgelagert werden. Abbaureaktionen des Diphenyl-cyclopropabenzols 10c zu p-Terphenylyl-(2′)-essigsäure (14c) zusammen mit den spektroskopischen Daten beweisen die Struktur der Bicyclen 10.  -  Die Bildung von 10 aus 9 verläuft über eine n→π*-Anregung, gefolgt von einer Ringerweiterung zu Indazolen (24), die in bekannter Weise Stickstoff eliminieren. Die Anregungszustände von 9 und 24 sind Tripletts.
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    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Short-Life Radicals, VII. The Stereochemical Route of Free-Radical Additions to Conjugated Dienes: Hydrostannation and Isomerization of Penta-1,3-dieneThe radical addition of Me3SnH and Et3SnH to both of the pure stereoisomers of penta-1,3-diene proceeds by a highly stereospecific mechanism, whereby an extremely high configurational stability of the intermediate allyl radicals 9 is indicated. Besides 1,2- and 1,4-adducts small amounts of 4,1-adducts are formed: altogether 6 of the 8 possible isomers 1-8 are obtained. At 80° the cis-diene reacts 2.6 or 2.9 times faster than the trans-isomer. At 20° and 40° only the transoid conformation is involved in the reaction of cis-isomer, whereas in the case of the trans-diene both cisoid and transoid configurations are involved. The attack of organotin radicals at C-4 (that is, at the internal C=C double bond) is much more readily reversible than that at C-l and leads (primarily) to cis-trans-isomerization of the diene; this is highly dependent on the molar ratio of diene to hydride. By means of capillary gas chromatography it was possible to observe each stage of the addition and isomerization processes.
    Notes: Die beiden Stereoisomeren von Pentadien-(1.3) addieren (CH3)3SnH und (C2H5)3SnH radikalisch hochgradig stereospezifisch, woraus eine beträchtliche Konfigurationsstabilität der intermediär auftretenden Allylradikale 9 folgt. Neben 1.2- und 1.4- entstehen wenig 4.1-Addukte, insgesamt 6 der 8 möglichen Isomeren 1-8. Das cis-Dien reagiert bei 80° 2.6 bzw. 2.9 mal schneller als das trans-Isomere. Bei 20° und 40° ist nur die transoide Konformation des cis-Isomeren beteiligt, beim trans-Dien dagegen sowohl cisoide als auch transoide. Der Angriff von Stannylradikalen an C-4, also an der mittelständigen C=C-Gruppe, ist weit stärker reversibel als derjenige am endständigen C-l und bedingt so (hauptsächlich) eine cis-trans-Isomerisierung des Diens. Diese hängt stark vom Molverhältnis Dien : Hydrid ab. Mittels Kapillar-GC konnten Additionen und Isomerisierung in jedem Stadium verfolgt werden.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1412-1419 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Identification and Preparation of Metalated NitroarenesPhenyllithium is unable to metalate nitrobenzene in THF, but instead is oxidized quantitatively to phenol at low temperatures. With 2-bromo-1-nitrobenzene and its methyl homologues a bromo-lithium exchange is effected to give high yields of the deeply coloured title compounds. They are stable only below -100° and are trapped as carboxylic acids with carbon dioxide. The halogen-metal exchange competes with the reduction of the nitro group, the latter reaction being favoured at higher temperatures and in solvents of low polarity. The redox reactions at the nitro group predominate with 3-and 4-bromo-1-nitrobenzene even under optimum conditions.
    Notes: Nitrobenzol wird durch Lithiumorganyle nicht metalliert. Dagegen oxydiert es Phenyllithium in Tetrahydrofuran(THF) schon bei tiefer Temperatur quantitativ zu Phenol. Der Brom-Lithium-Austausch an 2-Brom-1-intro-benzol und seinen Methylhomologen führt in hohen Ausbeuten zu den unterhalb von -100° stabilen, tieffarbigen Titelverbindungen, die man durch Carboxylierung nachweist. Die mit dem Halogen-Metall-Austausch konkurrierende Reduktion der Nitrogruppe tritt bei höherer Temperatur und in weniger polaren Lösungsmitteln stärker hervor; sie überwiegt bei 3- und 4-Brom-1-nitro-benzol auch unter optimalen Bedingungen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1477-1485 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on Diazo Compounds, VII. Comparative Kinetic Investigations on the Thermal Stability of Aliphatic Diazo CompoundsThe thermal stabilities of 16 aryl-, carbonyl-, sulfonyl-, phosphinyl- and phosphono-substituted diazomethanes are compared. From kinetic measurements on the decomposition of the diazo compounds in mesitylene the comparison values τ100, T 0.1 and k100 as well as the activation energy Ea of the N2-elimination were determined (see table 1). The following series of substituents with increasing stabilizing effect was derived:C6H5 〈 C6H5CO 〈 CH3CO 〈 Aryl-SO2 〈 (C6H5)2PO 〈 C2H5OCO 〈 (C2H5O)2PO 〈 H Carbonyl diazo compounds are thermally less stable than their PO-analogs (see figure 1), because of the mesomerism C ↔ D resulting from the interaction of the CO- and CN2-groups.
    Notes: Die thermischen Stabilitäten von 16 aryl-, carbonyl-, sulfonyl-, phosphinyl- und phosphono-substituierten Diazomethanen werden verglichen. Aus der Zersetzungskinetik in Mesitylen werden die Vergleichsgrößen τ100, T0.1 bzw. k100 sowie die Aktivierungsenergie Ea der N2-Abspaltung bestimmt. (s. Tab. 1). Eine Stabilisierungsreihe für die folgenden Substituenten wird abgeleitet: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm h}_{\rm 5} {\rm 〈 C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5}{\rm CO 〈 CH}_{\rm 3} {\rm CO 〈 Aryl - SO}_{\rm 2} {\rm 〈 (C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm)}_{\rm 2} {\rm PO 〈 C}_{\rm 2} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm OCO 〈 (C}_{\rm 2} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm O)}_{\rm 2} {\rm PO 〈 H} $$\end{document}Carbonyl-diazoverbindungen sind thermisch instabiler als ihre PO-Analogen (s. Abbild.), bedingt durch mesomere Wechselwirkungen zwischen CO- und CN2-Gruppe gemäß C↔D.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 72
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1522-1535 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Aromatic Erythrina-Alkaloids, XIV. Application of the Glyoxylester Synthesis to DihydroresorcinolThe monocycloketal 7 of dihydroresorcinol yields, via glyoxylester synthesis, the condensation product 10. On treatment with dilute phosphoric acid, 10 hydrolyses to give the partially hydrogenated ketoisatin derivative 14a which is stabilised by conjugation and cannot be cyclised. In the presence of crystalline phosphoric acid 10 forms a violet cation, Pictet-Spengler cyclisation of which leads to a mixture of stereoisomeric spiroisoquinolines (22). From the mixture two racemates are isolated, the n. m. r. analysis of which permits the assignment of cis- and trans-configurations according to the formulae 22A and 22B.
    Notes: Aus dem Monocycloketal 7 des Dihydroresorcins wird auf dem Weg der Glyoxylestersynthese die Cyclisierungsvorstufe 10 gewonnen. Sie hydrolysiert unter der Einwirkung von verdünnter phosphorsäure zu dem Partiell hydrierten Ketoisatin-Derivat 14a, das durch Konjugation stabilisiert und nicht cyclisierbar ist. Mit kristalliner Phosphorsäure entsteht aus 10 ein violettes Kation, das durch Ringschluß nach Pictet-Spengler zu einem Gemisch stereoisomerer Spiroisochinoline 22 abreagiert. Nach Auftrennung in zwei Racemate wird durch NMR-Analyse die sterische Zuordnung zur cis- und trans-Reihe entsprechend den Formulierungen 22A und 22B ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 73
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1572-1577 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of 2,2′-Bisoxazolyls and 2,2′ -Bisthiazolyls, of Arylene-bis-2-oxazolyl and Arylenebis-2-thiazolyl DerivativesThe reaction of desylamine hydrochloride with carboxylic acid chlorides and dicarboxylic acid chlorides yields ms- (acylamino) desoxybezoins (2a, b) and amides of N, N′ -bis-desyldicarboxylic acids (2c,-f), respectively. These compounds are converted by condensation with phosphorus pentachloride to derivatives of oxazole (3) and by condensation with phosphorus pentasulfide to derivatives of thaizole(4).
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von Desylaminhydrochlorid mit Carbonsäurechloriden bzw. mit Dicarbonsäuredichloriden gelangt man zu ms-Acyalmino -desoxybenzoinen (2a, b) bzw. zu N. N′-Bis-desyl- dicarbonsäurediamiden (2c-f). Diese lassen sich mit Phosphorpentachlorid zu Oxazolderivaten 3, mit Phosphorpentasulfid zu Thiazolderivaten 4 kondensieren.
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  • 74
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1631-1636 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Monosaccharides Containing Nitrogen in the Ring, XXVIII. Synthesis and Dimerization of 5-Benzylamino-1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-deoxy-L-ido-hexodialdo-1,4(β)-3,6(α,β)-difuranoseSelective hemihydrogenation of 5-benzylamino-1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-deoxy-β-L-idofuranuronic acid nitrile (1) yields 5-benzylamino-1,2-O-isopropylidene-5-deoxy-L-ido-hexodialdo-1,4(β)-3,6(α,β)-difuranose (2), which can be dimerized to 5. 5 represents a symmetrical heptacyclic system of five- and six-membered rings containing a central piperazine ring.
    Notes: Selektive Halbhydrierung des 5-Benzylamino-1.2-O-isopropyliden-5-desoxy-β-L-idofuranuron-säurenitrils (1) liefert 5-Benzylamino-1.2-O-isopropyliden-5-desoxy-L-ido-hexodialdo-1.4(β)-3.6(α, β)-difuranose (2), die zu 5 dimerisiert werden kann. In 5 liegt ein symmetrisches heptacyclisches Ringsystem mit zentralem Piperazinring vor.
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  • 75
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1621-1630 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Monosaccharides Containing Nitrogen in the Ring, XXVII. Pyrolytic Rearrangement of 4-Amino-4-deoxy-L-xylose to 4-Amino-4-deoxy-L-lyxosePyrolysis of the periodate degradation product 2 results in the rearrangement of the L-xylo-to the L-lyxo-configuration and the formation of 4-amino-4-N, 5-O-carbonyl-2,3-O-isopropy-liden-4-deoxy-α-L-lyxofuranose (5). Free 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-lyxose is formed from 5 via the bisulfite adduct 13, which exists as an equilibrium mixture of the pyrrolidine-forms 14 ⇋ 15 ⇋ 18 The bis-pyrrolidine-form 18 predominates under anhydrous conditions. The dimeric structure of 18 is established by mass spectra of the pentaacetate 16 and the TMS-ether 17.
    Notes: Durch Pyrolyse des Perjodat-Spaltproduktes 2 erfolgt Umlagerung der L-xylo-in die L-lyxo-Konfiguration, und es wird 4-Amino-4-N.5-O-carbonyl-2.3-O-isopropyliden-4-desoxy-α-L-lyxofuranose (5) erhalten. Aus 5 ist über das Schwefligsäure-Addukt 13 freie 4-Amino-4-desoxy-L-lyxose darstellbar, die im Gleichgewicht der Pyrrolidin-Formen 14 ⇋ 15 ⇋ 18 vorliegt. Die Bis-Pyrrolidin-Form 18 überwiegt stark in der wasserfreien Substanz. Die dimere Struktur von 18 ergibt sich aus den Massenspektren des Pentaacetats 16 und des TMS-Äthers 17.
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  • 76
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 77
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1664-1673 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with N-Halogenphosphoranyliden-thiophosphoryldihalogenide AmidesThe reaction of S=PX2N=PF3 (X=F, Cl) with Si—N-compounds afforded the new compounds 1-11. It was proved that substitutions occurred only at the -N=PF3 group and that isomeric compounds were not formed. The reaction of S=PCl2N=PF3 and S=PFClN=PF3 with excess PF3Cl2 resulted in the formation of S=PCl2N=PFCl2 (12). The compounds 1, 2 are cleaved with water-free HBr at the P—N-bond to form the compounds 13, 14. The reaction of SPF2N=PF3 with amines yielded various products. The compounds 1-12 are much more stable towards hydrolysis than the starting compounds. 1H-, 19F-n.m.r., i.r., and mass spectra are reported and partially discussed.
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von S=PX2N=PF3 (X=F, Cl) mit Si-N-Verbindungen erhielten wir die neuen Verbindungen 1-11. Wir konnten wahrscheinlich machen, daß die Substitutionen an der - N = PF3-Gruppe erfolgen und daß die isomeren Verbindungen dabei nicht ent-stehen. Die Reaktion von S=PCl2N=PF3 oder S=PFClN = PF3 mit überschüssigem PF3Cl2 führt zu S=PCl2N=PFCl2 (12). Die Verbindungen 1, 2 lassen sich mit wasserfreiem HBr an der P —N-Bindung spalten, wobei die Verbindungen 13, 14 entstehen. Die Umsetzung von S=PF2N=PF3 mit Aminen ergibt verschiedene Produkte. Die Verbindungen 1-12 sind gegen Hydrolyse stabiler als die Ausgangsverbindungen. 1H-, 19F-NMR-, IR- und Massenspektren werden mitgeteilt und teilweise diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1792-1796 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Glycosides of Amino Sugars, II. Synthesis of 2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosidesThe synthesis of glycosides and disaccharides of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose has been explored using trifluoroacetyl as the N-blocking group. Because of its high tendency for neighboring group participation only β-D-glycosides were formed. The corresponding α-disaccharide could be obtained as the main product when employing 2.4-dinitrophenyl as the N-protecting group.
    Notes: Die N-Trifluoracetyl-Schutzgruppe wurde zur Synthese von Glykosiden und Disacchariden der 2-Amino-2-desoxy-D-glucose benutzt. Sie zeigte eine hohe Tendenz zur Nachbargruppen-beteiligung unter Bildung von -β-D-Glykosiden. Das entsprechende α-Disaccharid wurde als Hauptprodukt bei Verwendung der N-2.4-Dinitrophenyl-Schutzgruppe erhalten.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Isolation, Structure, and Synthesis of 5,6,7,4′-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone (Batatifoline), a new Flavone from Mikania batatifolia D.C.The flavone batatifoline has been isolated from Mikania batatifolia D. C. (Compositae). Its structure has been confirmed as 5,6,7,4′-tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone (1) by synthesis of the isomers 1 and 5,6,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (5, Pedalitine).
    Notes: Aus Mikania batatifolia D. C. (Compositae) wurde das Flavon Batatifolin isoliert und ihm durch Synthese der Isomeren 5.6.7.4′-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxy-flavon (1) und 5.6.3′.4′-Tetra-hydroxy-7-methoxy-flavon (5, Pedalitin) die Struktur 1 zugeordnet.
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  • 80
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 1886-1893 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyacetylenic Compounds, 175. Synthesis and Biogenesis of Anthemis-thioethersThe configurations of four isomeric naturally occuring thioethers are established by synthesis and a detailed analysis of the n. m. r. spectra. By feeding of 3H-labelled 1-4 the biogenesis of a phenylthioether is further confirmed.
    Notes: Die Konfigurationen von vier natürlich vorkommenden Thioäthern werden durch Synthese und eine eingehende Analyse der NMR-Spektren sichergestellt. Durch Verfütterung von 3H-markierten 1-4 wird die Biogenese eines Phenylderivates weiter gesichert.
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2024-2033 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Racemization in Peptide SynthesesVarious gaschromatographic racemization tests indicate, that 3-hydroxy-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1,2,3-benzotriazine as additive to DCCD decreases racemization in the DCCD-method to a minimum, compared with a series of N-hydroxy-compounds. It is also possible to prepare the intermediate activated esters without racemization. Addition of weak tertiary bases has a favourable effect on the yield and racemization in the preparation of N-acylpeptide-N-hydroxysuccinimide esters by the DCCD-method.
    Notes: Durch Anwendung mehrerer gaschromatographischer Racemisierungstests wurde gefunden, daß bei der DCCD-Methode1) aus einer Reihe von N-Hydroxyverbindungen als Zusatz zum DCCD das 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-3.4-dihydro-1.2.3-benzotriazin die Racemisierung am wirkungsvollsten senkt. Auch eine racemisierungsfreie Voraktivierung ist mit dieser Verbindung möglich. Bei der Herstellung von N-Acyl-peptid-[N-hydroxy-succinimidestern] nach der DCCD-Methode wirkt sich ein Zusatz schwacher tert. Basen günstig auf Ausbeute und Racemisierung aus.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 82
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2077-2083 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ions, II. Wittig Olefination with Phosphonium FluoridesPhosphonium fluorides are available by ion exchange and can be used for the Wittig reaction without an auxiliary base.
    Notes: Phosphoniumfluoride sind durch Ionenaustausch zugänglich und gehen ohne Hilfsbase die Wittig-Reaktion ein.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 83
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organic Phosphorus Compounds, 65. The Selective Elimination of Allyl Groups from Allylphosphonium, -arsonium and -sulfonium Salts and from Allyl sulfones by CyanolysisKCN cleaves allylphosphonium, -arsonium, and -sulfonium salts to give methacrylonitrile and tertiary phosphines, tertiary arsines or thioethers, respectively. Phosphonium and arsonium salts with four different ligands can be built up by alternate cyanolysis and quaternization. Allylammonium salts do not undergo the reaction, nor do allylphosphine oxides and dialkyl allylphosphonates. On the other hand, ally sulfones react with KCN to afford good yields of methacrylonitrile and sulfinic acids.
    Notes: KCN spaltet Allylphosphonium-, -arsonium- und -sulfoniumsalze in Methacrylnitril und tertiäre Phosphine, tertiäre Arsine und Thioäther auf. Durch alternierende Cyanolyse und Quartärisierung können Phosphonium- und Arsoniumsalze mit vier verschiedenen Liganden aufgebaut werden. Allylammoniumsalze, Allylphosphinoxide und -phosphonsäureester können nicht gespalten werden. Dagegen liefern Allylsulfone mit KCN in guten Ausbeuten Methacrylnitril und Sulfinsäuren.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 84
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2768-2774 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry and Solvolysis of some 3,4-Disubstituted ChromansReduction of 3-bromachromanone-(4) and of 3-bromo-2,6- dimethylchromanone-(4) yields the cis-3-bromo-4- hydroxychromans 1 and 2 which we converted to the trans-3,4-dihalogenochromans 8-11. Hydrolysis of 8-11 produces the trans-3-bromo-4-hydroxychromans 3 and 4; Solvolysis with alkohols yields the trans -3-bromo-4-alkoxychromans 5-7; by reaction with phenol we got the 3-bromo-4-arylchroman 12.
    Notes: Reduktion von 3-Brom-chromanon-(4) und 3-Brom-2.6 - dimethyl-chromanon-(4) liefert die 3c-Brom-4r -hydroxy-chromane 1 und 2, welche in die 3t.4r-Dihalogen-chromane 8-11 umgewandelt wurden. Die Hydrolyse von 8-11 ergibt die 3t-Brom- 4r-hydroxy-chromane 3 und 4; die Solvolyse mit Alkoholen führt zu den 3t- Brom-4r-alkoxy-chromanen 5-7; bei der Umsetzung mit Phenol haben wir dagegen das 3-Brom-4-aryl-chroman 12 erhalten.
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  • 85
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2784-2793 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hindered Rotation about the Arsenic and Antimony Nitrogen BondProton n. m. r. of aminoarsines and aminostibines of the type [(CH3)3C]2El-N[M(CH3)3]2 (El = As, Sb; M = Si, Ge) has been measured as a function of temperature. At 35° 4a, 4d, and 6c possess gauche-configuration with hindered rotation about the El—N bond. The corresponding ΔG≠ -values are 〉 23.2 kcal/Mol for 4a, 22.8 kcal/Mol for 4d and 19.6 kcal/ Mol for 6c. Comparison of 4a, 4d, and 6c with 6a, 6b, 7, and 8 supports the hypothesis that steric interactions and not (p→d)π-bonds between the El-N bond cause this hindered rotation. The proton n. m. r. spectra of 4b, 4c, 4e, and 5 give evidence that in the case of 4b, 4c, and 4e rotamers with different population are formed at 35°, whereas in the case of 5 only one rotamer is formed at 35°.
    Notes: Temperaturabhängige 1 H-NMR-Untersuchungen an Aminoarsinen und Aminostibinen des Typs [(CH3)3C]2El-N[M(CH3)3]2(El = As, Sb; M = Si, Ge) zeigen, daß 4a, 4d und 6c bei 35° in der gauche-Form mit rotationsgehinderter El-N-Bindung vorliegen. Die entsprechenden ΔG≠-Werte betragen für 4a 〉 23.2 kcal/Mol, für 4d 22.8 kcal/Mol und für 6c 19.6 kcal/Mol. Die Hypothese, daß diese Rotationsbehinderung auf sterische und nicht auf (p→d)π-Wechselwirkung zurückzuführen ist, wird durch die Vergleichssubstanzen 6a, 6b, 7 und 8 erhärtet. Für 4b, 4c, 4e und 5 geben die 1H-NMR-Spektren einen Hinweis darauf, daß 4b, 4c und 4e bei 35° Rotamere unterschiedlicher Population, 5 ausschließlich ein Rotameres bildet.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2836-2844 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Substituted Rheniumcarbonyl Chlorides with Ligands Containing OxygenPolymeric [Re(CO)3Cl]x is extremely reactive even toward very weak ligands containing oxygen. Thus monomeric and dimeric compounds have been obtained with aliphatic alcohols. The resulting complexes contain sp3-hybridized oxygen-metal bonds. Compounds of the same type are also form ed with ethers such as diisopropylether and dioxane. With monodentate ketones predominantly complexes of the dimeric type [Re(CO)3LKetCl]2 have been obtained. Only with acetone has a monomeric compound Re(CO)3L2Cl been isolated. 1,2- and 1,3- diketones generally act as bidentate ligands yielding stable 5- or 6-membered ring complexes, which, however, are not innercomplexes, as they contain only Re-O-π-bonds. -The Structure of the compounds has been elucidated by i. r. and mass spectra as well as by molecular weight measurements.
    Notes: Polymeres [Re(CO)3Cl]x ist selbst gegenüber sehr schwachen sauerstoffhaltigen Liganden äußerst reaktiv. So wurden mit aliphatischen Alkoholen ein- und zweikernige Verbindungen, z. B. Re(CO)3L′AlCl (L′Al = HOC2H4OH) bzw. [Re(CO)3LAlCl]2 (LAl = i-C3H7OH, i-C4H9OH), erhalten. Die Bindung erfolgt über sp3-hybridisierten Sauerstoff an das Metall. Komplexe des gleichen Typs entstehen auch mit äthern, wie Diisopropyläther und Dioxan. Mit monofunktionellen Ketonen wurden vorwiegend Komplexe vom zweikernigen Typ [Re(CO)3LKetCl]2 mit „ylid“-artiger Bindung der Liganden an das Metallatom gebildet. Lediglich mit Aceton wurde eine einkernige Verbindung Re(CO)3L2Cl isoliert. 1.2- und 1.3- Diketone fungieren im allgemeinen als zweizählige Liganden unter Ausbildung stabiler Fünf-bzw. Sechsring-Chelatkomplexe, die jedoch nicht Innerkomplexe sind, d. h. nur Re-O-π-Bindungen enthalten. -Die Struktur der Verbindungen wurde durch IR-Spektren, Massenspektren und Molgewichtsbestimmungen sichergestellt.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2873-2876 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ketosylamine Rearrangement of D-threo-Pentulose (D-Xylulose) with α-Amino Acids1)D-threo-Pentulose (1) reacts with glycin (2a), L-α-alanine (2b) or L-valine (2c) to give mixtures of the D-xylose-and D-lycxose-amino acids, from which the D-xylose-amino acids (4a-c) can be obtained pure by chromatography. 2-L-α-alanino-2-desoxy-D-lyxose (5b) and 2-D-valino-2-deoxy-D-lyxose (5c) are obtained by crystallization. The reaction of D-xylulose and glycine is investigated quantitatively.
    Notes: D-threo-Pentulose (1) reagiert mit Glycin (2a), L-α-Alanin (2b) oder L-Valin (2c) zum Gemisch der D-Xylose-und D-Lycxose-Aminosäuren, aus dem sich durch Säulenchromatographie die D-Xylose-aminosäuren (4a-c) rein gewinnen lassen. 2-L-α-Alanino-2-desoxy-D-lyxose (5b) und 2-L-Valino-2-desoxy-D-lyxose (5c) werden durch Kristallisation erhalten. Die Reaktion der D-Xylulose (1) mit Glycin (2a) wird quantitativ verfolgt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2894-2901 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Direct Photolysis of Carbonyl Sulfide in Alcohols and Acetonitrile in the Presence of Olefins. Reactions of Triplet Sulfur Atoms with Norbornene in Ethanol and 1, 4-DioxanePhotolysis of COS in methanol as well as in acetonitrile in the presence of cyclohexene or 1-octene gives rise to the formation of the corresponding episulfides due to the addition of triplet sulfur atoms, S(3P). With norbornene, however, episulfide formation ist not observed; only diastereomeric dinorbornyl sulfides 1a and 1b are obtained if the reaction is carried out in ethanol, whereas norbornyl 1,4-dioxanyl sulfide (5) is produced in addition to 1 a and 1 b, if 1,4-dioxane is used as solvent. The mode of formation of these compounds is discussed.
    Notes: Die COS-Photolyse führt in Methanol wie auch in Acetonitril in Gegenwart von Cyclohexen bzw. Octen-(1) zur Bildung der Episulfide durch Reaktion von S(3P)-Atomen mit den Olefinen. Mit Norbornen dagegen wird keine Episulfidbildung beobachtet; die COS-Photolyse in äthanol liefert ausschließlich die beiden diastereomeren Dinorbornylsulfide 1a und 1 b, während in 1.4-Dioxan außerdem noch [Norbornyl-(2)]-[1.4-dioxanyl]-sulfid (5) entsteht. Die Bildungsweisen dieser Verbindungen werden diskutiert.
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  • 89
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2984-2986 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 90
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2245-2251 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyacetylenic Compounds, 178. Constituents of Grindelia SpeciesThe investigation of further Grindelia species shows the presence of some new C10-acetylenic compounds (1-3, 8, 9, 13, 14, 22, 23) representing biogenetical relationships in this genus. Feeding experiments furnish more details of the biogenesis of the C10-compounds.
    Notes: In weiteren Grindelia-Arten werden einige neue C10-Acetylenverbindungen (1-3, 8, 9, 13, 14, 22, 23) nachgewiesen, die die biogenetische Beziehung in dieser Gattung aufzeigen. Fütterungsversuche zeigen weitere Einzelheiten über die Biogenese der C10-Verbindungen.
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  • 91
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 3028-3033 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Chemistry of Silicon and Germanium, XI. Preparation and Investigation of New Iodine Derivatives of Disilane, Trisilane, and n-TetrasilaneDisilane (Si2H6), trisilane (Si3H8), and n-tetrasilane (n-Si4H10) react with elementary iodine in solution to give partially iodated silanes. The isomer-free compounds have been isolated by gaschromatography in preparative amounts and have been examined by n.m.r. spectroscopy.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von Disilan (Si2H6), Trisilan (Si3H8) und n-Tetrasilan (n-Si4H10) mit elementarem Jod in einem Lösungsmittel wurden teiljodierte Silane gewonnen. Isomerenreine Produkte wurden gaschromatographisch in präparativen Mengen isoliert und NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 3050-3057 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Synthesis of Belleau's TetrahydroerythrinaneCyclisation of Belleau's ketoamide 6 by polyphosphoric acid yields a mixture of the spiro-lactams 17 and 18, the ratio being 3:1 at 100° and 1 :3 at 150°. Lithium aluminium hydride reduction of the 3 :1 mixture affords the cis-base 12 as Mayn product which has previously been prepared by Boekelheide from the spirolactam 10. Correspondingly, from the 1:3 mixture the base is isolated which Belleau has described and characterized by its picrate (m. p. 178 to 179°). The base contains two more hydrogen atoms than so far assumed. It has, therefore, to be formulated as hexahydro-cis-erythrinane 20 and has to be eliminated from the series of trans-erythrinanes.
    Notes: Die Cyclisierung des Ketoamids 6 von Belleau mit Polyphosphorsäure liefert bei 100° ein Gemisch der Spirolactame 17 + 18 im Verhältnis 3 :1 und bei 150° im Verhältnis 1 :3. Durch Reduktion des 3 :1-Gemisches mit Lithiumalanat entsteht als Hauptprodukt die cis-Base 12, die Boekelheide auch aus dem Spirolactam 10 dargestellt hat. Entsprechend wird aus dem 1 :3-Gemisch die von Belleau beschriebene Base mit dem Pikrat vom Schmp. 178-179° isoliert, die entgegen der bisherigen Annahme 2 H-Atome mehr besitzt. Die Base ist als Hexahydro-cis-erythrinan 20 zu formulieren und scheidet damit aus der Reihe der trans-Erythrinane aus.
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  • 93
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2288-2301 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photochemical Transformations, 33Upon direct photoexcitation the three 7-azabenzonorbornadienes 12a, b, c are isomerized to the 3-benzazepines 22a, b, c. At temperatures above -40° the azaquadricyclanes 19a, b, c, postulated as intermediates, cannot be found. The sensitized reaction of 12a yields the 6-aminobenzofulvenes 23a and 24a preferentially.
    Notes: Durch direkte Lichtanregung werden die drei 7-Aza-benzonorbornadiene 12a, b, c in die 3-Benzazepine 22a, b, c isomerisiert. Oberhalb -40° lassen sich die als Zwischenprodukte postulierten Azaquadricyclane 19a, b, c nicht nachweisen. Bei der sensibilisierten Anregung von 12a werden die 6-Amino-2.3-benzo-fulvene 23a, 24a bevorzugt gebildet.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 95
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2336-2343 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Proanthocyanidins, XV. Rotational Hindrance at the C(sp2)—C(sp3) Linkage of the 4-Aryl-substituted PolymethoxyflavansThe 4-aryl-substituted polymethoxyflavans 2 and 3 are prepared as model substances for the natural C30H26O12-procyanidins 1. It is shown on the basis of the temperature dependence of the n. m. r. spectra that for the rotational hindrance at the C(sp2)—C(sp3) linkage of the ring C (attached at C-atom 4): 1. two substituents in the ortho-position of the joined nuclei C and 2. a substituent at C-3 or C-5 of the flavonoid unit are necessary. Both conditions are fulfilled by the natural procyanidins 1, so that, as a result of the large “lower” half of the molecule, conformational isomers of 1 may be found in nature.
    Notes: Als Modellsubstanzen für die natürlichen C30H26O12-Procyanidine 1 werden die 4-arylsubstituierten Polymethoxyflavane 2 und 3 hergestellt. Durch die Temperaturabhängigkeit ihrer NMR-Spektren wird bewiesen, daß für die Rotationsbehinderung an der C(sp2) — C(sp3)-Bindung des am C-Atom 4 stehenden Ringes C notwendig sind: 1. zwei Substituenten in ortho-Position des angegliederten Kerns C und 2. ein Substituent an C-3 oder C-5 der Flavonoid-Einheit. Beide Bedingungen sind bei den natürlichen Procyanidinen 1 erfüllt, so daß durch die große “unter” Molekülhälfte Konformationsisomere von 1 in der Natur auftreten können.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2424-2427 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Di- and Polyamino Sugars, XV. XIV. Mitteil.: W. Meyer zu Reckendorf, Tetrahedron Letters [London] 1970, 287. Synthese der 2.4-Diamino-1.6-anhydro-2.4-dideoxy-D-talose. Synthesis of 2,4-Diamino-1,6-anhydro-2,4-dideoxy-D-taloseDehydrogenation of the amino reductone 1 with iodine yields a triulose which is isolated as the phenylhydrazone-phenylazo derivative 2. Spontaneous cyclization of 2 forms the 1.6-anhydro compound 3. On hydrogenation 2as well as 3are transformed into the title compound.
    Notes: Die durch Dehydrierung des Aminoreduktons 1 mit Jod entstehende Triulose wird als Bis-phenylhydrazon 2 isoliert, das die Konstitution eines Phenylhydrazon-benzolazo-Derivates besitzt. 2 cyclisiert leicht zur 1.6-Anhydro-Verbindung 3, die, wie auch 2, bei der katalytischen Hydrierung die Titelverbindung liefert.
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  • 97
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 3363-3369 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of Chloropentacyanobenzene1, 3, 5-Trichloro-2,4,6-tricyanobenzene (2a) reacts with the sodium salts of β-ketoesters by exchange of two chlorine atoms to give the compounds 6a-c. Of these 6c, by partial saponification and decarboxylation, yields diethyl 6-chloro-1,3,5-tricyanobenzene-2,4-diacetate (9), which reacts with ethyl nitrite in dimethylformamide to give the dioxime 10. By Beckmann fragmentation of 10 with phosphorus pentachloride chloropentacyanobenzene (5) is obtained.
    Notes: 1. 3. 5-Trichlor-2.4.6-tricyan-benzol (2a) reagiert mit den Natriumsalzen von β-Ketoestern unter Austausch von zwei Chloratomen, wobei die Verbindungen 6a-c entstehen. Von diesen ergibt, 6c durch partielle Verseifung und Decarboxylierung 6-Chlor-1.3.5-tricyan-benzoldiessigsäure-(2.4)-diäthylester (9), der mit Äthylnitrit in Dimethylformamid zum Dioxim 10 reagiert. Aus 10 wird mit Phosphorpentachlorid durch Beckmann-Fragmentierung das Chlorpentacyanbenzol (5) erhalten.
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  • 98
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 3414-3418 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Synthesis of Quercetine-3-β-rutinoside-7-β-D-glucosidePartial benzylation of rutin-decaacetate (2) gave 7-O-benzylrutin nonaacetate (3). Catalytic debenzylation followed by coupling with acetobromoglucose afforded after saponification crystalline quercetine-3-β-rutinoside-7-β-D-glucoside (1), identical with a sample of 1 isolated from Evonymus lanceifolia.
    Notes: Partielle Benzylierung von Rutin-decaacetat (2) ergab 7-O-Benzyl-rutin-nonaacetat (3). Katalytisches Entbenzylieren und nachfolgende Kupplung mit Acetobromglucose führte nach Verseifung zu kristallinem Quercetin-3-β-rutinosid-7-β-D-glucosid (1), das mit dem aus Evonymus lanceifolia isolierten 1 identisch war.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2729-2743 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Revision of the Structure of NarciprimineNarciprimine is not identical with the synthetic phenanthridone derivative 2. It must, therefore, have the alternative structure 15.
    Notes: Narciprimin ist mit dem synthetisch dargestellten Phenanthridonderivat 2 nicht identisch, seine Struktur muß der alternativen Formulierung 15 entsprechen.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 100
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 103 (1970), S. 2760-2767 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 3-Azapyrylium Salts, VI. Alkylidene-1.3-oxazines and AlkylidenepyrimidinesThe alkyl substituted 3-azapyrylium salts 3a-c and the pyrimidinium salt 9a are transformed into the iso-π-electronic heteroanalogues of heptafulvene 4a-c and 10 (alkylidene-1.3-oxazines and alkylidenepyrimidines) by treatment with bases. Benzo-substituted heteroanalogues of heptafulvene 19a-d (alkylidene-1.3-benzoxazines) are available by the reaction of the alkyl o-hydrophenyl ketimines 17a and b with orthoesters.
    Notes: Die alkylsubstituierten 3-Aza-pyryliumsalze 3a-c und das Pyrimidiniumsalz 9 a wurden durch Einwirkung von Basen in die iso-π-elektronischen Heteroanalogen des Heptafulvens 4a-c und 10 (Alkyliden-1.3-oxazine und Alkyliden-pyrimidine) übergeführt. Benzo-substituierte Heteroanaloge des Heptafulvens 19a-d (Alkyliden-1.3-benzoxazine) sind durch Umsetzung der Alkyl-[o-hydroxy-phenyl]-ketimine 17a und b mit Orthoestern zugänglich.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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