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  • 1975-1979  (6,343)
  • 1965-1969  (7,807)
  • 1890-1899  (2,322)
  • General Chemistry  (12,920)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 382 (1979), S. 51-55 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cerebellectomy ; Vestibuloocular reflex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of cerebellectomy on the semi-circular canal evoked responses recorded from individual vertical and oblique eye muscles were studied in cats anesthetized with Ketamine. The phase lag relative angular acceleration of the electromyographic response was consistantly smaller over the frequency range tested (0.02–1.0 Hz) in cerebellectomized than in intact animals. This finding indicates that the time constant of the central, neural integrator was shifted towards smaller values by the lesion. This was also suggested when the vertical eye movements generated by rotation about the pitch axis were recorded in the fully alert animal. In addition, the EOG data show that the phase of the VOR in the low frequency range was not altered following cerebellectomy suggesting that the macular influences were still present. When the EMG responses of the superior oblique (SO) and superior rectus (SR) muscles were studied in their presumed main mode, i.e. roll-canal and pitch-canal, respectively, no difference was noted in hemicerebellectomized animals when compared to intact control animals. However, when SO and SR were studied in pitch-canal and roll-canal rotation, respectively, dramatic changes in the response pattern were noted in lesioned animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 34 (1979), S. 241-261 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Locomotion ; Central generator ; Cat ; Deafferentation ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A central network of neurones in the spinal cord has been shown to produce a rhythmic motor output similar to locomotion after suppression of all afferent inflow. The experiments were performed mainly in acute spinal cats (th. 12), which had received DOPA i.v. and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor Nialamide. In some preparations all dorsal roots supplying the spinal cord were transected, in others phasic afferent activity was suppressed by curarization. The activity was recorded as neurograms from nerve filaments or as electromyograms. It is concluded that: 1. alternating activity between flexors and extensors of foot, ankle, knee, and hip of one limb can still occur 2. the duration of the flexor discharges vary less with the cycle duration than the extensor discharges 3. different flexor muscles may retain individual patterns 4. the activity at different joints can be dissociated 5. there is at least one network for each limb 6. the coordination between the two hindlimbs can be alternating as in walking or be more closely spaced as in galloping 7. alternating activity in the ankle remains even when only segments L6, L7 and S1 are intact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 155 (1979), S. 323-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Telencephalon ; Choroid plexus ; Lateral ventricle ; Blood vessels ; Micro Corrosion cast ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corrosion casts of the complete vascular network of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle in the cat brain were studied in SEM using the injection-replication method. The villi of this plexus are located only on its supero-anterior and infero-posterior parts, being most densely packed in the former region, close to the interventricular foramen. The capillaries of the villi display small nodular thickenings, which suggest the presence of small, sinusoidal dilatations. The main vessel supplying the plexus with blood is the anterior choroidal artery. The plexus is also characterized by a particularly rich venous network, which is drained by a prominent (main) choroid vein. The vascular organization of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle in cat is compared to that of the corresponding plexuses in other mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 37 (1979), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Autoradiography ; Abducens nucleus ; Primary vestibular fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary vestibular projections to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus were found in cats by injecting anterograde tracer substances (radioactive proline and fucose) into Scarpa's ganglion. Labelling was observed in the rostral and middle portion of the abducens nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 37 (1979), S. 405-416 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje Cells ; Splanchnic mechanoreceptors ; Cat ; Cervelet ; Cellules Purkinje ; Mécanorécepteurs splanchniques ; Chat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les activités simple et complexe de cellules de Purkinje du cervelet du Chat (zone vermienne des lobules V et VI) ont été enregistrées au moyen de microélectrodes extracellulaires. Ces réponses étaient obtenues par stimulation de différents types de mécanorécepteurs du tractus gastro-intestinal: récepteurs musculaires connectés à des fibres C, récepteurs péritonéaux de mouvement connectés à des fibres Aγδ ou B, corpuscules de Pacini connectés à des fibres Aβ. Les caractéristiques des fibres splanchniques projetant sur cette aire cérébelleuse ont été définies. Des convergences splanchno-somatiques, splanchno-viscérales et splanchno-corticales ont été mises en évidence.
    Notes: Summary Climbing and mossy fibre activity in Purkinje cells of cat cerebellum (vermis part of lobules V and VI) were recorded by means of extracellular microelectrodes. Responses were obtained by stimulation of different types of mechanoreceptors in the gastro-intestinal tract: muscular receptors connected with C fibres, peritoneal movement receptors connected with Aγδ or B fibres, Pacinian corpuscules connected with Aβ fibres. The characteristics of the splanchnic fibre projections on this cerebellar area were defined. Splanchno-somatic, splanchno-visceral, and splanchno-cortical convergences were demonstrated.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 34 (1979), S. 197-200 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Claustrum ; Visual cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Visual cortex, including areas 17, 18, and sometimes 19, was injected with tritiated leucine. Terminal labelling could be detected by autoradiography in the dorsocaudal part of the ipsilateral claustrum in all cases.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 63 (1979), S. 151-153 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Discriminative stimulus properties ; Psychomotor stimulants ; Cat ; d-Amphetamine ; Clozapine ; Cocaine ; Morphine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cats were trained to choose between two levers of an operant chamber using interoceptive cues provided by d-amphetamine or saline as the discriminative stimuli. Following training, stimulus generalization was observed to additional doses of d-amphetamine and cocaine, but not to morphine. Clozapine blocked the generalization of the drug discrimination response to d-amphetamine, but had no effect on generalization to cocaine. These data indicate that discriminative stimulus properties of psychomotor stimulants, previously described in rats, are similar in cats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 48 (1979), S. 55-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Lafora-like bodies ; Morphogenesis ; Glycogen metabolism ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lafora-like bodies in an 8-year-old cat were studied light and electron microscopically and histochemically. In addition to Lafora-like bodies composed of branching filaments, glycogen granules and electron-dense materials, abnormal accumulations of glycogen granules attracted attention. The most remarkable features were the developmental processes of the branching filaments originating directly from glycogen granules. Lafora-like bodies in the present study showed ultrastructural, histochemical, and enzymatic similarities to those described in the previous reports in Lafora's disease, glycogenosis and other cases. From these results, a certain disturbance of the glycogen metabolism is considered to be probably related to the productive mechanism of Lafora-like bodies.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 34 (1979), S. 273-286 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Stimulus velocity ; Single cell responses ; LGN ; Area 17 ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal responses to moving visual stimuli were recorded in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and area 17 of cats. Response duration (DE), number of spikes (NT), and mean frequency (FM) were estimated from the response histograms and analysed for their dependence on stimulus velocity. In the LGN, for about 2/3 of cells these response parameters changed monotonically with velocity up to about 100 °/s. In 1/3 of the cells, the response frequency was tuned to velocity. The speed at which individual cells reached a peak or plateau firing rate was correlated with their receptive field size. In area 17, most neurones were tuned to velocity. Nine out of 59 cells were insensitive to stimulus speed in that they responded equally well at stimulus velocities up to about 10 °/s. The results suggest that at higher levels in the nervous system information about velocity is represented in discrete groups of neurones. It is pointed out that different response parameters may be relevant for different perceptual phenomena associated with movement. The significance of integrational properties and lateral inhibition of nerve cells for the development of complex response properties is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thermoreceptors ; Gastro-intestinal tract ; Vagal nerve ; C Fibres ; Cat ; Thermorecepteurs ; Tractus gastro ; Intestinal ; Nerf vague ; Fibres amyéliniques ; Chat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez des chats anesthésiés, des décharges sensitives vagales ont été enregistrées dans le ganglion plexiforme à l'aide d'électrodes extracellulaires en verre. Nous avons trouvé au niveau de l'antre et du duodénum, des récepteurs toniques, activés par des solutions chaudes (38–51 ° C avec un optimum à 46–49 ° C) ou froides (36–10 ° C avec un optimum à 12–10 ° C). Ces récepteurs ne répondent ni aux stimulus mécaniques (compression et distension des viscères), ni aux stimulus chimiques (perfusion avec des solutions glucosées ou acides). Ces récepteurs n'appartiennent donc pas au groupe des récepteurs polymodaux, mais ils doivent être considérés comme de véritables thermorécepteurs spécifiquement sensibles au chaud ou au froid. Les thermorécepteurs de la région gastro-duodénale sont connectés à des fibres vagales amyéliniques (vitesse de conduction: 0,8–1,4 m/s). Par ailleurs, le rôle éventuel des thermorécepteurs vagaux de la région gastro-duodénale dans la régulation de la motilité digestive a été recherché. En dérivant simultanément l'EMG en plusieurs points du tractus gastro-duodénal, il a été possible de démontrer que les stimulations froides et chaudes du duodénum, qui mettent en jeu les thermorécepteurs, provoquent une inhibition de l'activité électrique de l'antre. Les modifications persistent apèrs bisplanchnectomie, mais disparaissent complètement après bivagotomie. A partir de ces faits, nous en avons conclu que les thermorécepteurs vagaux sont impliqués dans la régulation nerveuse de la motilité gastro-duodénale.
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized cats, sensory vagal units were recorded in the nodose ganglion by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. In the antrum and the duodenum we have found receptors tonically activated by warm (38–51 ° C with an optimum at 46–49 ° C) or cold (36–10 ° C with an optimum at 12–10 ° C) solutions. These receptors did not respond to mechanical stimuli (compression and distension of the viscera) and to chemical ones (perfusion with glucose and acid solutions). Thus they did not belong to polymodal type, but they must be considered as true thermoreceptors, specifically sensitive to warm or cold stimulations. The gastro-duodenal thermoreceptors were connected to non-medullated vagal fibres (conduction velocity: 0.8–1.4 m/s). On the other hand, the role of the gastro-duodenal vagal thermoreceptors in the regulation of the digestive motility was studied. By using several electromyographic recordings, it was possible to show that the cold and warm stimulations of the duodenum which elicited thermoreceptor responses, induced an inhibition of the electrical activity of the antrum. The changes persisted after bisplanchnectomy, but disappeared completely after bivagotomy. From these facts it was concluded that the vagal thermoreceptors were involved in the nervous regulations of the gastro-duodenal motility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cooling ; Ventrolateral thalamic nucleus ; Pyramidal system ; Reaction time ; Ballistic movement ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five cats were trained to perform a forelimb ballistic flexion on a reaction time paradigm including an upper limit of about 400 ms for reinforcement (food pellets). They were implanted with a cyrogenic probe thermically insulated, except at the tip, by a vacuum jacket (outer diameter, 1.1 mm). Four cats had the probe inserted into the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VL), contralateral to the moving limb. During cooling they showed increased reaction times, which remained constant throughout daily sessions performed during many weeks, independent of the foreperiod but varying from 25 to 100 ms according to the subject. The temperatures used to upset the reaction times varied from +10 ° C to −8 ° C, depending on the localisation of the probe and on the insulation of the silver tip used to prevent nervous tissue reaction, but for each subject the reaction times always increased when the temperature was lowered. The fifth cat, with a probe inserted between VL and the Centre Median, showed a decrease of reaction times on cooling to 0 ° C and an increase of the reaction times for a cooling at −10 ° C. For one of the four cats with a probe properly inserted into the VL, strain-gauges were stuck on the lever to measure the latency of the decrease of the pressure exerted by the subject when the subject initiated the forelimb flexion in response to the CS. Reaction times and latencies of pressure changes were closely correlated with the movement onset, and they were equally delayed during cooling. This result demonstrates that it is not by slowing down movement velocity that reaction times are upset during VL cooling but by delaying the movement onset.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retractor bulbi motoneurones ; Accessory abducens nucleus ; 6th nerve ; Oculomotricity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motoneurones innervating the retractor bulbi muscle in the cat have been identified by retrograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase, by intracellular recording and by intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase. Their somata are found in an accessory abducens nucleus, analogous to that described in some other species, which consists of a narrow column of cells situated in the lateral tegmental reticular field, above the superior olive and medial to the facial nerve. This column of cells extends over approximately 1.5 mm from P 5.5 to P 7. The retractor bulbi motoneurones number from 80 to 120 and have large, elongated somata which give rise to five or six major dendrites. Their axons cross the reticular formation in a dorso-medial direction to pass through the principal abducens nucleus before turning to leave the brain stem in the 6th nerve. Antidromic latencies ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 ms. Some retractor bulbi motoneurones could also be activated antidromically by stimulation of the lateral rectus muscle nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retinal ganglion cells ; Cat ; Contrast reversal stimulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A contrast reversal (alternating phase) stimulus was used to study the responses of 150 retinal ganglion cells from 15 adult cats. Because the majority of the cells did not show perfect linear spatial summation, a ratio of the firing rates at two time periods was used to express the degree of nonlinearity. Y-cells showed a high degree of nonlinearity, and their mean null ratio was significantly lower than that of X-cells. With the stimulus at the null position, X-cells had an unmodulated discharge rate which was significantly higher than maintained activity, while the firing rate of Y-cells was lower than maintained activity. With the stimulus placed at an eccentric position in the receptive field, X-cells responded in a sustained manner, while Y-cells respond transiently. Because of these observations, we conclude that X-cells correspond to the sustained cells, while Y-cells correspond to the transient cells.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 161-175 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Superior colliculus ; Cat ; Horseradish peroxidase method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retrograde labeling of cortical neurons with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the morphological features of neurons in various cortical areas projecting to the superior colliculus in the cat. Corticotectal cells were found to be labeled in layer V of the entire cerebral cortex. The number of labeled cells and their locations varied according to the sites of injections of HRP in the colliculus. Most of the Corticotectal cells identified in the present study were small (9–20 μm in diameter, 66%) and medium (20–40 urn, 30%) pyramidal neurons and only 4% of them were large (more than 40 μm). The labeled cells, 261 in total number, had somal diameters of 20.8±8.0 μm (mean and SD). The range of sizes of the labeled neurons was different in different cortical areas. For example, the labeled neurons in the Clare-Bishop area had a greater proportion of large diameter cells than in other areas. The present findings are largely in agreement with the previous data of anterograde degeneration methods with respect to the topographical correlation of the Corticotectal projections. However, in some cortical areas, e.g., the sensorimotor and the first visual (area 17) cortex of the lateral surface of the hemisphere, relatively small numbers of Corticotectal neurons appear to have been labeled by retrogradely transported HRP. The sparsity of the labeled neurons in certain cortical areas may reflect the existence of Corticotectal neurons with axon collaterals supplying brain structures other than the superior colliculus.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 269-285 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Pontine nuclei ; Cat ; Horseradish peroxidase method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in various portions of the cat pontine nuclei resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons in layer V of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. Corticopontine neurons, pyramidal in type, have been found to be labeled in the entire cortex, confirming the previous findings of anterograde degeneration studies. Most (91%) of the labeled cells were 14–26 μm in diameter (mean 19.4±4.5 μm SD). Small (10–20 μm) and medium (20–40 μm) cells represent 51.5% and 47.7%, respectively, of the total number of the labeled neurons. The populations of the neurons of various sizes were almost identical in different cortical areas, and were different from the populations of corticoreticular and corticospinal cells. Corticopontine cells were well labeled in experimental cases of 3-days' survival time, confirming the topographical organization established previously by degeneration studies for this projection system. However, in cases of shorter survival time (20–27 h), the number of labeled neurons was very small. The relative paucity of labeled Corticopontine neurons in the sigmoid and lateral gyri is discussed with reference to other cortical descending neurons (e.g., the corticotectal, corticoreticular and corticospinal) which have hitherto been identified morphologically as well as physiologically.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 395-406 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Spinal cord ; Phrenic motoneurons ; Neuron geometry ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cat phrenic motoneurons, labeled by intradiaphragmatic injection of horseradish peroxidase, formed a tight cluster in the most ventral portion of the ventral horn in lamina IX of the lower cervical cord. Cell counts were symmetrically distributed for 17 to 21 mm along the longitudinal axis of the cord with a unimodal peak at the junction of segments C5 and C6. The phrenic nucleus was bilaterally organized on either side of the cord with anatomical symmetry and in no case was there evidence for the crossing of phrenic axons in the cord. Assessment of cellular geometry and intercellular relationships demonstrated that phrenic cell diameters approximated a normal distribution with a single peak at 26 μm while longitudinal cell lengths averaged 76 μm. Cells of different size were mixed randomly at all levels of the nucleus. The minimum distance between cells was about 10 μm and the maximum cell packing density approached 2 cells per 106 μm3. The results confirm the location of the cat phrenic nucleus, extend the knowledge of phrenic motoneuronal geometry, and provide an anatomical basis for the understanding of recruitment and synchronization phenomena within the phrenic nucleus.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 465-477 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Monkey ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Visual nondominant suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the suppression of firing in single LGN cells of cat and monkey in response to visual stimulation of the nondominant eye. In the cat LGN most of the cells of each of the main laminae show this nondominat suppression. X cells having their dominant input from the ipsilateral eye were suppressed to a significantly greater degree than any other cell type in the cat LGN. In the monkey LGN nondominant suppression was absent in all 19 X-like cells studied, whereas 6 of 21 Y-like cells showed nondominant suppression. Thus nondominant suppression is present in the magnocellular laminae of the monkey LGN, where the Y-like cells are found, but appears to be absent from the parvocellular laminae, where the X-like cells are found.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 479-494 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thermosensitivity ; Lesions ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behavioural thermosensitivity of cat paws was examined before and/or after restricted uni- and/or bilateral lesions had been made in the spinal cord between the first and fifth cervical segments. Unilateral lesions of the lateral funiculus, which involved at least its whole width at the level of the central canal, reproducibly were found to interfere with the contralateral sensitivity for temperature increases and/or decreases. No corresponding thermosensory deficiencies were found after unilateral lesions involving the ventral spinal quadrant or the dorsal funiculus. Various bilateral and combined lesions were made, but no cat ever developed thermoanaesthesia. The bilateral lesions included bilateral transections of: the middle parts of the lateral funiculi, the dorsal halves of the lateral funiculi, the dorsal funiculi, and the ventral spinal half. Most of our knowledge about peripheral behavioural thermosensitivity after spinal cord injury is based on observations of human patients, especially after anterolateral chordotomies. The present finding of contralateral thermosensory deficiencies after lesions of the middle part of the lateral funiculus fits with some of the clinical reports. The present failure to cause thermoanaesthesia, on the other hand, is inconsistent with the theory of a single ascending spinal pathway for behavioural thermo-sensitivity, which has emanated mainly from the clinical observations.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 35 (1979), S. 495-510 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pretectal nuclei ; Superior colliculus ; Visual response pattern ; Retinal input types ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single unit recordings from 220 units were obtained from the nuclei praetectalis anterior (NPA) and posterior (NPP) of 30 immobilized, anesthetized cats. Quantitative analysis of pretectal (PT) visual activity was mainly based on recordings from the NPP. For comparison, 160 collicular (CS) neurons were studied. A strong sensitivity for moving objects was evident in both samples. The following main types of PT activity were categorized: (A) slow movement, direction-selective units (21%); (B) slow movement, nondirection-selective units (19%); (C) units nonselective for stimulus velocity and direction (24%); (D) jerk movement selective, nondirection-selective units (36%). Latency measurements following single shocks to optic chiasm (OX) and tract (OT) showed mainly slow conducting fiber input to the PT and CS which can be divided into two different groups by conduction properties and synaptic delay: direct W-input and delayed W-input. Fast Y-fiber input of both types, direct and indirect, was recorded at both sites, PT and CS.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 191-194 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hypercomplex cells ; Area 18 ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single unit recording has revealed the same orientation sensitive cell classes in cat area 18 as are to be found in area 17. These include particularly the various types of hypercomplex cell belonging to the S, C, and B cell families.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 285-300 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: VL nucleus ; Single units ; Reaction time ; Movement initiation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unrestrained cats performed ballistic forelimb flexion movements triggered by an auditory stimulus (CS) on a simple reaction time (RT) paradigm. During the variable foreperiod the subject was required to hold down a lever and to release it on presentation of the CS. The RTs ranged from 200 to 300 ms. The activity of single neurons of the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL) was recorded bilaterally. More than 40% of the 166 units recorded in the VL contralateral to the performing limb presented, after the CS, changes of activity with a latency less than 100 ms and were classified into three types: (1) Twenty-five units had a short latency transient increase of activity 10 to 30 ms after the CS, followed by a longer increase or decrease in activity. Short latency increase as well as subsequent increase of the firing rate were not correlated to the RTs. (2) Twenty-nine units showed a 40–60 ms latency increase of activity which lasted long enough to continue during the forelimb movement. These units displayed a correlation between the RTs and the mean firing rate measured in the 40–100 ms period after the CS. The more the cells were activated, the shorter the RTs. (3) Fifteen units presented a reciprocal pattern of discharge with respect to the type (2) units. The firing rate decreased with latencies ranging from 20 to 90 ms after the CS. Only 14,5% of the 96 units recorded in the VL ipsilateral to the performing limb presented changes of activity starting in the 100 ms period following the CS. Background firing levels as well as phasic activity were rather low compared to those observed contralaterally. Sixteen units showed burst activity while the cat was performing but burst pattern was not time-related to the task. In an unconditioned animal, a very low level of activity and an absence of modulations were observed in both VLs.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 37 (1979), S. 41-47 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Eye alignment ; Cat ; Visual experience ; Maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the developing kitten, the alignment of the pupils changes from strongly divergent to almost parallel. The visual axes, however, seem to stay almost parallel throughout this period. The influence of early visual experience on this development is examined in the present study. The results suggest that the development of eye alignment is not controlled by visual experience, but depends on maturational processes, and that normal visual input serves only to halt these processes at the appropriate time.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 37 (1979), S. 609-613 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Orientation subunits ; Visual cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The orientation domain in the cortical visual areas of anesthetized cats has been investigated by employing the 14C-Deoxyglucose technique (Sokoloff et al., 1977). Orientation subunits (OS) are seen in the first (V1), the second (V2) and the third visual area (V3) as well as in the visual areas of the suprasylvian sulcus. In the latter regions OS are less elaborated than in V1, V2, and V3. The OS are continuous through all cortical layers; in V1 however, only weak label is detected in layer 4C. In V1, V2, and V3 the width of the OS is about 0.4 mm and the average distance between two OS centers is 0.9 mm. The spatial pattern of the OS seems to be more regular in the visual field periphery than in regions representing the vertical meridian.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Cat ; electrical stimulation ; serotonin ; splanchnic nerves ; substance P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The blood levels of serotonin (5-HT) and substance P (SP) in the portal vein were studied after splanchnic nerve stimulation in the cat. The portal levels of both substances were studied before, during and after splanchnic nerve stimulation. There was a twofold increase in 5-HT during stimulation whilst the SP concentration remained unchanged. These results suggest that the nervous control of the amine release into the portal stream and the mechanism that regulates the release of the polypeptide is not the same.
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  • 25
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 222 (1979), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Brain-stem electric response (BSER) ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early auditory evoked responses have been studied in bilaterally hearing cats, and in animals with hereditary unilateral anacusis. Cross-over stimulation of the hearing ear occurs at an interaural attenuation of 50-50 dB, and all six waves of the responsare present at supra-threshold stimulus levels.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 175-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thalamo-cortical projection ; Anteroventral nucleus ; HRP retrograde transport ; Golgi impregnation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons displaying a thalamo-cortical projection were marked by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and the labeled elements were compared with neurons impregnated by the Golgi technique. Injections of HRP into the posterior area of the limbic cortex resulted in its uptake by various anterior thalamic nuclei, especially the anteroventral nucleus. HRP-positive cells are characterized by their position, dendritic orientation, and the shape and size of their somata. On the basis of the combined HRP- and Golgi-analysis three different types of thalamo-cortical relay neurons can be distinguished.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thalamus ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Golgi-impregnation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Afferent connections to the ventrobasal complex (VB) of the thalamus were studied by means of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and by the Golgi-method. After HRP-injection into the VB, peroxidase-positive cells were observed contralaterally in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN), in the trigeminal nuclei and in the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN), and ipsilaterally in the somatosensory I (SI) and II (SII) cortical areas. Labeled cells of different shape and size were compared with neurons impregnated by the Golgi-technique. On the basis of HRP-labeling it is concluded that cells projecting to the VB are different in size and shape even within one region and that they correspond to the relay or efferent neurons observed in the Golgimaterial.
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  • 28
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When certain molten thermoplastics containing glass fibers up to 20 mm in length are extruded through an orifice, the extrudate has a frothy texture and solidifies into an irregular open-cell structure. The effect is apparently caused by the recovery of the fibers from distortions arising in the region of converging flow near the entry to the orifice. The effect is particularly pronounced in systems with melt viscosities between 50 and 500 Ns/m2. Polypropylene, as an example, containing weight fractions of about 0.25 of glass fibers can be extruded through a zero-length die 2 mm in diameter to give “ropes” that can be readily formed into flat sheets or three-dimensional shapes because of adhesion between the still molten polymer in the newly extruded rope. Such sheets can then be bonded to other materials to make a variety of laminates. A range of bonding techniques is available and the rough surface texture of the ropes provides a useful mechanical key for bonding with grossly dissimilar materials. Fiber-foam is highly resistant to fracture and has a modulus in the range expected by a simple model for the foam.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 29
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 18-23 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The yield behavior during cold drawing of commercially spun poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filament yarn was investigated. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of inherent flaws within the spun filaments; these act as points for localized stress concentration. These inhomogeneities appear to be either internal cracks or crazes developed during the fiber melt spinning process. During elongation, stress magnification at these flaws results in shear band formation, indicating the onset of inhomogeneous yielding. At the yield bend in the load-elongation curve a circumferential crack propagates within these shear band regions. This yield crack develops into the classical neck geometry which further localizes additional plastic deformation within the sample at the neck.
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  • 30
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 40-44 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The methods of small systems thermodynamics have been applied to the calculation of the entropy barrier to the growth of polymer crystals. The height of this barrier at the equilibrium melting point of polyethylene molecules of typical lengths (X = 4,000 to 10,000 segments) is estimated to be of the order of 4 to 5 Kcal per molecule. This barrier increases linearly with ln X if the crystal is very large but retains the approximate values mentioned for crystals with the lamella thicknesses usually found. This entropy change causes the free energy to go through a maximum as in a nucleation phenomena but no new surface formation is involved. The existence of such a barrier explains why crystallization (or melting) never occurs at the equilibrium melting temperature.
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  • 31
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 45-50 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Statistical mechanical methods can be used to relate not only structure and thermodynamics but also structure and kinetics. Methods are developed for calculating the crystal growth rate kinetic models. When the usual macroscopic thermodynamics are applied, the resulting surface energies, σ and σe extracted from the experimental growth rates are quite comparable to those obtained from kinetic models. However, when one applies small system thermodynamics, a substantially smaller σ is obtained. This latter assumption has the advantage of explaining why extended chain seed crystals do not promote crystal growth and why folded chain crystals grow on such seeds. The statistical mechanical methods in both of these cases predict the observed decrease in the rate constant, Kg with decreasing molecular length without the necessity of a separate theory for varying σe with molecular length.
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  • 32
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 65-65 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 33
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 77-81 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tensile creep measurements at constant load on nonoriented polyethylene have shown a marked transition at a certain stress level from a neck formation followed by instantaneous fracture to the formation of a neck which resists fracture for a considerable time. The transition, which shifts towards shorter time and higher nominal stress with increasing molecular weight, has been studied for 16 polyethylenes of different molecular weights, degrees of branching and crystalline structures. The marked. transition has only been observed for high density polyethylene of high molecular weight. Deformation measurements show a more distinct necking for the high density than for the medium density polyethylenes. This is consistent with current molecular deformation theories. A hypothesis for the transition is proposed based on the distinctness of the neck process in the high density polyethylene and the large difference in strength between the spherulitic structure and the fibrillar structure. The dependence of the transition on molecular weight is expected since the number of tic chains incrcrtses with increasing molecular weight.
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  • 34
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 95-98 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glassy crosslinked networks were prepared by copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with up to 4.7 mole-percent ethylene dimethacrylate. These networks were degraded by exposure to γ-rays and the solubilized fraction estimated by benzene extraction using the analysis of A. R. Schultz. The efficiency of the Crosslinking agent was found to be 0.5 and this value was used to calculate the molecular weight between crosslinks. The molecular weight of the primary molecules in the network, M, was estimatfrom the radiation dose using the known fact that one fracture requires an energy deposition of 59 ev. Crosslinking was found to have little influence on the tensile strength of networks of primary molecular weight 〉 105. In contrast. crosslinking raised, the strength of polymers of M 〈 105 to, a value approaching that of a high molecular weight linear polymer (ca. 70MN/m2). Crosslinking was found to have only a small influence on the gross morphology of fracture surfaces.
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  • 35
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 36
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method has been developed for analyzing the vinyl chloride desorption rate data from poly(vinyl chloride) resins. This technique, based on Fickean diffusion kinetics already demonstrated for this system, yields fundamental internal particle morphology information, which is in agreement with that determined by other methods. The approach detailed in this manuscript can be applied to other particle-penetrant systems for which the nature of the diffusion kinetics is known.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 198-202 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Improved properties of thermoplastic pipes may be achieved by rotating the core of the extrusion die, to produce orientation in the tangential direction. It has been suggested that a further advantage of mandrel rotation is an increased output rate for a given power input. The flow of a “power law” fluid through a rotating die is analyzed, and the power consumption and throughput are investigated. Experimental results for polypropylene melt are presented, which illustrate the effect of rotation on the die characteristics. It is found that the output is increased, but the savings are minimal in view of the power which must be introduced via the rotating mandrel.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 337-341 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Finite element analyses were performed to investigate theoretically the effects of in-plane and out-of-plane eccentricities, bending or twisting, and thickness nonuniformity on the axial stress and strain variations across the width of off-axis specimens. The results are compared with measured data and are also used to assess the effects of these eccentricities on the fracture stress of off-axis fiber composites. Guidelines for detecting and minimizing the presence of eccentricities are described.
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  • 39
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 329-336 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In contrast to metallic corrosion where electrochemical corrosion mechanisms are dominant, a variety of mechanisms play a role in degradation of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) structures. Attack may occur by physical or chemical means or by a combination of both. Although some actions of particular attacking species may be quite specific, there are a number of general corrosion mechanisms and broad guidelines that can be established in order to choose a resin suitable for a particular service. Corrosion mechanisms are illustrated by interactions of environments with vinyl ester resins. Attack in non-aqueous media is often related to chemical similarity between attacking specie and the resin. Among chemically similar resins, the extent of this type of attack is often influenced by the crosslink density of the resin. It is shown that the solubility parameter of the attacking specie is useful in predicting suitability of a resin for service, if the resin has been evaluated by a test sequence in organic media of varying solubility parameters. In aqueous media it is found that physical attack can occur by means of an osmotic permeation of the resin by water. Degradation by pure water is often more severe than that caused by ionic solutions. Such physical attack can cause delamination and blistering of laminates and must be regarded as a potentially serious corrosive mechanism, although not primarily chemical in nature. In addition to physical attack, chemical attack can occur. Saponification by sodium hydroxide and oxidation by sodium hypochlorite are discussed in some detail as examples. It is shown that in both these cases the chemical corrosive process may be inhibited by controlling the physical corrosion process due to water.
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  • 40
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 190-197 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Free-radical copolymerizations were studied under nonisothermal conditions with emphasis on their thermal runaway and ignition behavior. Computational models are presented in generalized form and compared with experiments on the system styrene-acrylonitrile. A new, useful method is proposed for the evaluation of runaway parameters from scant kinetic data.
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  • 41
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 203-209 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A finite element method is presented for the analysis of isothermal non-Newtonian polymer melt flow in narrow channels of complex shape. The particular application considered is flow in cable-covering crossheads. The geometric flexibility of the finite element method allows a mesh of triangular elements to be constructed to suit the shape of the flow channel. Computed results obtainable from the analysis include the distribution of polymer layer thickness on the finished cable, together with the extrusion pressure required to maintain a given flow rate of melt. Some typical thickness distribution results are presented as an introduction to experimental verification of the method and its application to crosshead design.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method was proposed for a scientific description of processability of raw elastomers involving a master curve representing deformation behavior and a failure envelope representing the ultimate properties. When a specific machine is given, the mechanical and environmental conditions may be defined from the geometry and operating condition of the machine. Matching these conditions, specific information on processability may be extracted from the master curve and failure envelope. In constructing the master curve, we have proposed to use the strain-time correspondence principle including the behavior at both small and large deformation. The necessary measurements may be considerably simplified; for example, the Rheovibron and the Mooney rheometer provide necessary data over the entire range of the rubbery behavior. The latter instrument may be operated at a slow speed, i.e., 0.05 RPM and the torque-rise curve is used. With the rotational viscometer, the stress often reaches a maximum before reaching steady state, particularly with rubbers. We have shown that the curve leading to the peak is the shear stress-strain curve. The maximum was found to correspond to the failure point in the tensile deformation. The stress-time correspondence principle is not applicable to some rubbers. In these cases, the same calculation may still be conducted to evaluate the deviation from the master curve. Then, the extent of deviation may be used to represent the degree of long chain branching.
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  • 43
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 254-259 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some polymer networks show an anomalous increase in the modulus or reduced stress at very high elongations. This behavior has now been investigated definitively by determining stress-strain isotherms for both crystallizable and noncrystallizable networks, prepared using several curing techniques (carried out so as to yield a wide range in degree of cross-linking). The networks were studied unfilled at a number of temperatures, and at several degrees of swelling. The results clearly implicate strain-induced crystallization as the origin of the upturn in the modulus, and thus demonstrate that the wide spread interpretation of this upturn in terms of limited chain extensibility is incorrect.
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  • 44
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 625-637 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A procedure is described which permits the classification of solvents according to their effect on polycarbonate (PC):Class I - dissolve amorphous or crystalline PCClass II - dissolve only amorphous PCClass III - convert amorphous PC to crystalline PCClass IV - none of the above.This classification is achieved by comparing solvents to CH2Cl2 with respect to the exotherm and rate of crystallization observed when the solvents are brought into contact with PC under controlled conditions.
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  • 45
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 661-661 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 46
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 664-675 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The early history of the use of the torsion pendulum in the investigation of polymers is described together with the development of dynamic mechanical testing at TNO. Examples are listed of studies of structure-property relationships by means of the torsion pendulum. Techniques using supported. Samples are compared with those using unsupported samples, particular attention being paid to the advantages and restrictions of torsional braid analysis (TBA). The comprehensive application of TBA by Professor Gillham is reviewed; a few TBA results are compared with our torsion pendulum measurements. A rheologist's view on the so-called liquid-liquid transition (Tn) in polymer melts, as observed by TBA, is presented.
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  • 47
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Factors affecting the formation of hard elastic polypropylene and nylon 6,6 are described. In the case of polypropylene, it is shown that the morphology of the stress spin-oriented fibers depends on the molecular weight, the molecular weight distribution, and the cooling rate. Narrow molecular weight distribution and/or fast cooling rate can lead to a smectic, essentially fibrillar morphology in contrast to the normally observed crystalline, essentially lamellar structure. Hard elastic nylon 6,6 fibers are produced by drawing regularly spun nylon 6,6 yarn to draw ratios in the range of 1.6-3 and annealing the resulting fibers in phenol solutions (cone. 1-5 percent). By this method, a highly increased crystalline order is created, simultaneously transforming the original morphology to a lamellare one or superimposing a lamellar morphology on the poorly organized fibrillar base. Some tensile and elastic characteristics of polypropylene and nylon 6,6 yarns as. functions of spinning and annealing variables are presented.
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  • 48
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 436-440 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization kinetics of hydrogenated monodisperse polybutadienes have been measured using hot-stage microscopy, and the data have been analyzed in terms of crystallization half-time and Avrami exponent. Results obtained from hydrogenated polybutadienes having M̄w's in the range 5,100 to 340,000 were compared with what was obtained from several commercial polyethylenes. A four-branch star hydrogenated polybutadiene was also included in this study. Crystallization half-time at constant undercooling was found to go through a minimum when expressed as a function of M̄w; such behavior is consistent with polyethylene data already reported in the literature. It was found that crystallization half-times for all polyethylene homopolymers studied (hydrogenated polybutadienes as well as commercial polyethylenes with their broad molecular weight distributions) exhibit similar exponential dependences on undercooling.
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  • 49
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 482-487 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper examines the important dimensionless numbers that control emulsion polymerization in a tubular reactor. It was found that the activation energy of polymerization was of major importance, while the role of monomer diffusion was not very significant. By selecting certain combinations of the dimensionless numbers, changes occurring during scaleup from a small tubular diameter to a larger diameter can be approximated.
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  • 50
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 493-499 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A comparison of experimental data for zero strain Young's modulus of uniform density thermoplastic foam for short times has been made with several theoretical and empirical correlations. An analysis of the variance of the data with the predicted values from the many models indicated that the simplistic density squared relationship adequately described the modulus of the foam for basic engineering calculations.
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  • 51
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 512-518 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rate of fatigue crack propagation in graphite fiber reinforced nylon 66 was measured. A model of the form å = β [Kmax1-γ ΔKγ]r was used to correlate the rate of crack propagation å with the maximum stress intensity Kmax and the amplitude of the stress intensity ΔK experienced by the notched specimen during the fatigue test. The quantities β, γ and r were constant at fixed temperature and frequency of the test. It was also found that there exists both an upper and a lower threshold of stress intensity for the slow ropagation of damage during fatigue. The mechanism of crack propagation in the short graphite fiber reinforced nylon was found to be similar to the growth and fracture of crazes in thermoplastics. The propagation of damage at the crack tip is controlled by matrix deformation, cavitation, fiber breakage and fiber pullout. Damage can propagate in the absence of crack growth until a critical point is reached at which time the material fractures catastrophically.
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  • 52
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 519-524 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical behavior of compatible glassy polyblends based upon poly(2.6-dimethyl- 1,4-phe nylene oxide) (PPO) was investigated. In particular, the influence of composition, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution upon the tensile modulus of the blend was assessed. Various possible correlations between the experimentally determined moduli and theory are considered. Included are correlations with density, packing density, composite theory, and lattice fluid theory. The modeling of the properties of mixtures via Simplex lattice design is also presented. Finally, attention is given to the development of compatibility criteria based upon tensile modulus and density measurements.
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  • 53
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 525-529 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper arose from a study of the use of polymeric materials to protect humidity-sensitive items from damp ambient conditions. A one-dimensional model for the Fickian diffusion of moisture through a permeable wall into a volume of air is considered. The humidity in the airspace asymptotically approaches equilibrium with the exterior, and the time constant is defined as the time to reach 1-1/e of its ultimate value. Exact and approximate solutions are considered. Depending on the system geometry and properties, the time constant is either permeability-controlled or diffusivity-controlled, or somewhere in between. Under certain conditions, there exists an optimum combination of airspace depth and wall thickness that maximizes the time constant.
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  • 54
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 545-551 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fiber reinforced composite structures have gained a significant position as materials of construction for the aerospace industry. It thus follows that large expenditures of funds and human lives are dependent on the reliability of these products. An important step in gaining confidence in a part is knowing that the starting prepreg has the same chemical formulation in each lot of material and that each lot has been processed in the same manner. This can be accomplished by physiochemical characterization. The techniques described herein were developed for 177°C (350°F) epoxy matrix systems. However, the methods form a basis for developing similar procedures for other types of matrices.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 55
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ultimate properties of injection-molded thermoplastics articles are controlled to a large extent by flow and heat transfer phenomena that take place during the injection-molding process. In fact, the thermo-mechanical history of the melt during the molding process leads to a non-uniform distribution of many of the critical properties of the molding. Birefringence has been employed as an indirect measure of the distribution of frozen stresses or strains in amorphous polymers. The present study employs birefringence to study the development of frozen stresses in injection-molded polystyrene. In general, orientation in the flow direction is much greater than the orientation in the transverse direction of the moldings. In the vicinity, of the gate, where mold filling is characterized by spreading radial flow of the melt, the hoop stresses (planar deformation) at the melt front give rise to high orientation in the transverse direction. It appears that relaxation phenomena are not very important during the filling stage; however, they become more, important in the packing and pressure holding stages. With the aid of the appropriate rheo-optical relationship, it is shown that the distribution of frozen-in orientation in injection-molded polystyrene may be estimated on the basis of data relating to pressure variations during the filling stage.
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  • 56
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 716-721 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The cellulose blotter/torsion pendulum technique used for the determination of relaxations that occur in low molecular weight compounds, oligomeric materials, and amorphous polymers is discussed. The glass transition temperature of a number of aliphatic alcohols and hydrocarbons have been determined and correlated with a method proposed by Gorskii in 1934. The glass transition temperature and molecular weight of these compounds follow the relationship Tg = BMa rather than Tg = Tg(∞) - K/M. Although differences exist between the primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, they appear to follow a similar general pattern. In contrast, the hydrocarbons investigated have markedly different behavior.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 761-773 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The changes in structure and mechanical properties of melt spun polypropylene filaments were determined as the filaments were successively (i) drawn, (ii) twisted, (iii) annealed, and (iv) untwisted. Filaments spun to two different melt draw down levels were studied. The effects of draw temperature and draw ratio, extent of twist, annealing temperature, and the extent of untwisting were examined. Melt spun and twisted filaments (draw ratio of 1) were also considered. Structural characterization techniques used in this study include wide angle (WAXS) and small angle (SAXS) diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), birefringence and density measurement. Drawing increased crystalline orientation and at low temperatures disrupted the monoclinic unit. cell existing in the melt spun fibers. The drawing produced considerable fibrillation under all conditions even when carried out at 120°C. The fibrillation quid void formation due to low temperature drawing was more pronounced. The variation of WAXS patterns and mechanical properties of twisted drawn filaments was interpreted by presuming that the fibrils act in a manner analogous to that of the filaments in a continuous filament twisted yarn. In the case of incompletely drawn filaments the effect of additional drawing occurring during twistin must be considered. Twisted fibers annealed at 150°C sowed a drastic reduction in tensile properties, while those annealed at 125°C did not set the twist and caused the fibers to tend to untwist. Annealing at 140°C appeared to give satisfactory heat setting. Annealing of cold drawn and cold drawn and twisted fibers increased the density, removed many defects and reformed a well defined monoclinic crystal structure and a lamellar morphology. Untwisting of heat set filaments tended to give back the properties of hot drawn fibers. In some cases, however, the opening of cracks was noted.
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  • 58
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 805-809 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method and apparatus for determining the oxidative stability of molten polymers, especially polyolefins, is described. The apparatus consists of a laboratory scale mixer modified to allow for the continuous determination of the oxygen absorbed by the polymer. The oxygen uptake curve observed for polyolefins is of the type normally associated with the autocatalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons and yields an induction period - a traditional measure of stability. Typical results from experiments concerning the antioxidant type, antioxidant level and temperature on polyethylene stabilization are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the technique in both quality control and research applications.
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  • 59
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 815-817 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measured melt viscosities and primary normal stress coefficients are presented for a well-characterized, rubbermodified polystyrene as a function of shear rate and mineral oil diluent concentration. The logarithmic blending relationship accurately predicts the observed data. Melt relaxation times and shear compliance data are also calculated. The compliance numbers are consistent with molecular models based on a simple dumbbell (appropriately modified for rubber and mineral oil addition).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 60
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 841-844 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemiluminescence of an incompatible mixture of polystyrene and cis-1, 4-polybutadiene was studied. The luminescence characteristics of the component polymers are preserved in the incompatible blend and the intensity for the blend can be represented as the surface-area-average of the individual intensities.
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  • 61
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 845-848 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recent equation of state data are analyzed in terms of the hole theory of polymer melts. The good agreement between experimental and theoretical volume-temperature curves at atmospheric pressure, observed previously for a number of amorphous and crystallizable polymers, is again confirmed. Similarly, satisfactory theoretical results for the isotherms ensue, with deviations however becoming noticeable at elevated pressures and low temperatures. The linearity of the isochores observed experimentally is confirmed by the theory, however with somewhat different slopes. Departures of maximally 10 percent from the thermal pressure coefficients derived from the experimental PVT data are noted. Significant differences between theory and experiment apper only in the third derivatives of the partition function, as has also been observed with other pollymers. The characteristic scaling parameters of volume, temperature and pressure show the expected similarity with hevea rubber. Earlier correlations for scaling entropy and segmental volume with scaling temperature are found to be valid within the scatter of these relations. Finally, the applicability of the empirical Tait equation in the form applied to the equation of state in other polymer melts is confirmed. Although the resulting thermal pressure coefficient exhibits an explicit even if smal dependence on temperature, in disagreement with experiment or theory, the Tait equation remains a useful relation for the representation of PVT information.
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  • 62
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 893-899 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper stresses the importance of cavity temperature in the injection molding process of thermoplastics. From the study of the temperature field in the mold, it follows that there is no such thing as a uniform mold temperature. The heat balance equation for the injection mold is discussed in detail. It shows that the sum of the heat exchanges during the cycle equals zero. There is an extensive explanation of the heat transfer from the melt to the mold, the heat exchange with the environment, and between the heat exchange medium and the mold. New criteria are given for the cavity material selections. The cavity temperature is a complex function of static and dynamic parameters and should be kept constant in the equal parts of the cycle. This demands a new way of regulating the temperature.
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  • 63
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 910-916 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A one-dimensional model of unsteady state heat conduction has been applied to the cooling and solidification of a polymer in a blow molding process. The approach includes a temperature-dependent specific heat term to account for latent heat effects during the phase change. The model is used to predict temperature profiles in a thick-walled component of high-density polyethylene. These profiles lead to a clearer understanding of the heat transfer process. It is further shown that these temperature distributions can be used to study the influence of the major process variables upon the cooling of the molded component.
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  • 64
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 940-945 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of a commercial nylon-epoxy resin have been studied using a sensitive creep apparatus which employs a frictionless levitation magnetic bearing. Isothermal creep measurements over a temperature range of 30-170°C and covering a time scale of five decades were made on the wet and dry state of the material. Following the usual time-temperature reduction scheme, master curves for each state were constructed from the experimental data. The effect of moisture was found to be more than that of a simple plasticizer. The steepness of the reduced curves in the transition region was determined and the distribution function of retardation times of the two states of the sample were calculated. The problem of predicting the physical state of the bulk adhesive at higher temperatures was found to be complicated, possibly due to the presence of nylon crystallites.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic x-ray diffraction is employed to scrutinize the structural origin of the α mechanical dispersion of a highdensity polyethylene having preferentially oriented rownucleated cylindritic texture around the machine direction (MD). Results indicate that the α1 dispersion is associated with two kinds of orientation processes of crystallites: (1) the orientation process involving the rotation of crystallites around the crystal b-axis (lamellar axis) dominates in the MD specimen; (2) the other process accompanying the rotation of crystallites or lamellar segments around their crystal a-axis dominates in the TD (transverse direction) specimen. The complex apparent crystal lattice compliances show no frequency dependence in the real component and no appreciable value in the imaginary component, indicating that the α1 process is definitely associated with the intercrystalline process, but not relavent to the intracrystal process. However, at elevated temperatures, the complex lattice compliances exhibit a remarkable frequency dependence, suggesting that the α2 dispersion concomitant to intracrystalline nature takes place in this time scale. The α2 dispersion was found to be more pronounced upon stretching along the lamellar axis (TD) than normal to it (MD).
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  • 66
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 966-974 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of polymers are influenced strongly by the structure of the noncrystalline regions. The different methods for characterization of these regions are reported and the results obtained on polyethylene terephthalate, are discussed. The orientation function of the noncrystalline chains can be determined by measurements of the X-ray scattering and the birefringence. The fraction of taut noncrystalline chains is obtained from NMR measurements combined with a determination of the degree of crystallinity. For a further evaluation of the results it is also necessary to use calculations of the NMR- line-width and the birefringence of chains with fixeu ends. With help of such calculations the end-to-end distance of the taut and mobile non-crystalline chains can be determined, It is also possible to distinguish between tie molecules and loops. With increasing orientation, the amount of taut noncrystalline chains increases. The taut chains are tie molecule rather than taut loops. The end-to-end distances increase with increasing crystallization temperature.
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  • 67
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 1017-1022 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this study we investigate the effect of crystallization rate on the extensibility (draw ratio) of spherulitic polyethylene film uniaxially deformed at room temperature. Draw ratios for deformed films increased with increasing crystallization temperature. Transmission electron microscopy of the microfibrillar structures revealed and interconnected network of fibrils. The degree of connectivity between microfibrils was found to decrease with increasing-crystallization temperature. A model of the deformation process is developed in which inter- and intra-link (extended chain fibers formed during crystallization) distribute the applied stress, initiate the micronecking process and influence the amount of chain unfolding during drawing.
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  • 68
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 1023-1028 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylenes have relaxation processes separately assignable to the crystal and amorphous components. The possibility thus presents itself for studying the interaction between the two phases by investigating the anisotropy of the separate relaxation processes induced by overall orientation of the material. Such a study was carried out here by the dielectric method on samples rendered dielectrically active by the introduction of a few carbonyl groups by oxidation. In addition to the usual advantage of ease of frequency variation, the dielectric method in this case has a very great advantage in interpretation resulting from the similarity of dielectric constants of the two phases. In specimens oriented by solid-state extrusion, it was found that the crystalline relaxation process (α) develops the expected anisotropy resulting from dipoles normal to C-axis alignment in the extrusion direction. In branched polyethylene (BPE) no accompanying anisotropy of the amorphous β and γ processes was observed. Since the extrusion was carried out well above the glass temperature of the amorphous component, this indicates that constraints from the crystal phase are not sufficient to prevent dissipation of amorphous orientation by segmental motion. However in linear polyethylene (LPE) (where there is no well-developed β process) some anisotropy of the γ process was observed. It is proposed that a higher degree of constraint of the amorphous component by the crystals in LPE results in suppression of the glass-rubber (β) relaxation and permits amorphous orientation to accompany crystal orientation.
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  • 69
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 66-76 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The failure behavior of uniaxially-oriented isotactic polypropylene films has been examined over a wide range of rates and temperatures. Above the glass transition temperature the failure behavior is observed to be a direct function of the initial noncrystalline orientation state of the film. Below the glass transition temperature (-80°C, -196°C), both the crystalline and noncrystalline regions contribute to the failure.
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  • 70
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 104-107 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on a continuum model, a point of instability is predicted for the uniaxial creep of high density polyethylene. From dead load experiments it has been found that the instability occurs for linear polyethylene at around 10-12 percent strain, depending upon molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. It is shown that in the range of applied stresses for which the specimens neck during uniaxial creep, the time required to reach the critical point is related by a constant factor to the time at which the neck appears. A synopsis of theoretical considerations, as well as experimental work in support of this idea, is given.
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  • 71
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 112-113 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical fracture of nylon 6 produces free radicals as a direct result of bond-breaking; these initial free radicals rapidly decay into secondary free radicals at room temperature. Aromatic nitro-compounds react with the initial, but not the secondary, free radicals. The rate of reaction is sufficiently fast to compete with the usual initial radical decay process, even at room temperature. Considerations involved in applying high speed (microsecond) electron spin resonance techniques are discussed.
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  • 72
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based on asymtotic techniques which have been recently developed for the mechanics of linear continuous media containing slender inclusions, a theory is presented for the nonlinear problem of interfacial failure in a fiber-reinforced composite. Based on the lowest order slender-body theory, and a correspondingly simple model of interfacial slip or plastic yielding, a constitutive equation is, derived for unidirectional, dilute-fiber composites. This equation provides a tensile stress-strain relation which exhibits microscopic, ductile yield arising from the microscopic failure process. Approximate formulae are proposed to account for fiber interactions among closely-spaced parallel fibers and for interfacial slip with sliding friction. It is shown that all the results can be represented in terms of a “reduced-variable” plot, which suggests that experirniental data for various fiber aspect ratios and concentrations might he reducible to a single curve, depending only on tine mode of interfacial failure.
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  • 73
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 140-144 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electron spin resonance and infrared spectroscopy investigations of the deformation of oriented polymers have given insight into the loading and rupture of chain segments. Whereas there is agreement on the phenomenology of chain scission, fiber deformation, and stress relaxation, quite controversial interpretations have been given of the observed phenomena. Particularly disputed have been the extent of interfibrillar slip, the effect of chain scission on macroscopic stress-strain behavior, and the cause of microcrack formation. Dealing with polyamide-6 fibers it is shown that the microfibrils do not unload through slippage and that the lateral rigidity of the crystal blocks within the sandwich-structured microfibrils must be large enough so as to permit the build-up of large stress concentrations. The extent of molecular stress concentration is calculated. The qualitative agreement between the slopes of stress-strain and free radical-strain curves is analyzed. Unless this agreement is coincidental, it can be sought in an amplification effect accompanying the rapid release of stored elastic energy. The ensuing local temperature rise will facilitate the extension of kinked chains tinder annihilation of kinks. This is practically equivalent to unloading those chains without breaking them. The formation of submicrocracks is not related to the breakage of chains. The direct influence of submicrocracks as potential stress concentrators is weak and ineffective with regard to accelerating chain scission.
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  • 74
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 108-111 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A discussion is given of three types of experimental techniques which make use of polymers for the verification of theoretical solutions to three-dimensional linear fracture mechanics problems. The three techniques discussed are designated as the fatigue method, the photoelastic stress-freezing method and the static fracture method. These techniques employ poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets which are cut into appropriate fracture mechanics specimen geometries or castable epoxies which may be cast into flat plates or other appropriate shapes for investigation. The suitability of these materials for linear fracture mechanics testing is discussed and the quality of results obtained is described.
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  • 75
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 118-124 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As a rule, the large increase of elastic modulus with increasing draw ratio obtainable in highly-drawn or extruded semicrystalline polymers is not reflected in a similarly large increase of strength. This is closely connected with the wellknown fact that with increasing plastic deformation one obtains fibrous material with decreasing strain to break. The axial elastic modulus is mainly caused by the taut tie molecules which bridge the amorphous layers between consecutive crystal blocks and thus provide an efficient axial force transmission through the sample. The defects at the ends of microfibrils interrupt this transmission because they contain few if any taut tie molecules connecting the end of microfibril with adjacent fibrillar elements. As a consequence of the small number of such ends, they only marginally reduce the elastic modulus. But as the mechanically weakest areas of the fibrous material, they drastically depress the strength. They fail as soon as the strain concentration upon them reaches their strain to break. The growth and coalescence of resulting microcracks finally lead to bulk fracture as the growing crack reaches critical dimensions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 136-139 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As part of an investigation of the compressive mechanical behavior of high density polyethylene between room temperature and the crystalline melting temperature, the strain-to-failure as a function of temperature and strain rate was studied. The two resins studied in applied-strain-rate tests were found prone to fail, as judged by decreased strain-to-failure, at temperatures from 70 to 88°C. The strain-to-failure decreased as the temperature was increased or as the strain rate was decreased. This behavior is opposite to that observed in tension at lower temperatures. At temperatures just below melting, the strain-to-failure apparently began to increase again. By analogy to the results of tearing experiments on polyethylene and other thermoplastics, the findings are explained in terms of the influence of the α relaxation in polyethylene. Differences in the behavior of the two polyethylene resins were also examined.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 145-150 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is well established that both molecular weight (M) and its distribution (MD) affect many polymer properties such as mechanical behavior. Thus studies have shown that fatigue life is enhanced by increases in M. Research here has shown that with notched specimens fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rates are dramatically decreased by increasing M, even when the M is high enough that the static fraeture energy has essentially reached its asymptotic limit. In this study, specimens of poly(methyl methacrylate) containing either high- or low-M tails were prepared and characterized. The earlier finding that FCP rates are inversely related to average M was confirmed, but specific effects of M distribution were observed. At constant Mn, a low-M tail had little effect on FCP resistance, while a high-M tail improved FCP resistance of polymers whose average M was too low for effective entanglements. Thus with high-M tails, it was possible to test specimens whose average M's were too low to permit machining. It is proposed that the effects noted are due to relative stabilization or destabilization of crazes ahead of the crack.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 79
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 24-29 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermochemical and flammability properties of some thermally stable polymers considered for use in aircraft interiors are described. The properties studied include: (a) thermomechanical properties such as glass transition and melt temperature; (b) dynamic thermogravimetric analysis in anaerobic environment; (c) flammability properties such as oxygen index, flame spread and smoke evolution; and (d) selected physical properties. The thermoplastic polymers evaluated included polyphenylene sulfide, polyaryl sulfone, 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-fluorene polycarbonate-poly(dimethylsiloxane) and polyether sulfone. The thermoset polymers evaluated included epoxy, bismaleimide, a modified phenolic and polyaromatic melamine resin. These resins were primarily used in the fabrication of glass reinforced prepregs for the construction of experimental panels. Test results and relative rankings of some of the flammability parameters are presented and the relationship of the molecular structure, char yield, and flammability properties of these polymers are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 210-214 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work is concerned with the change of viscoelastic properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plastisol during heating. The system changes from a suspension of solid particles in a liquid medium to a swollen gel and further to a fused state as the temperature is raised. The Rheometrics mechanical spectrometer was used in the oscillatory mode at 0.1 Hz. The temperature of the sample was raised in a controlled manner to 195°C. During gelation, the viscosity increased rapidly about three decades. There was a similar increase of the elastic modulus. After reaching a maximum, both viscosity and elastic modulus decreased rapidly with the progress of fusion. The viscoelastic properties depended somewhat on the heating rate. At 170-195°C, it took a few minutes for the moduli to reach steady values. Continued heating, for several minutes at 195°C, did not change the moduli any further. The temperature range of the decomposition of a blowing agent in the plastisol foam formulation was determined. Over this temperature range, the viscoelastic properties change very rapidly. Quantitative estimates were made for the decrease of moduli during this period.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 81
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Radical generation during tensile deformation of poly-p-(2-hydroxyethoxy) benzoic acid (PEOB) fibers was studied by electron spin resonance techniques under various stretching conditions. Primary phenoxy radicals were detected at room temperature, indicating main-chain rupture during mechanical loading. The kinetics of phenoxy radical formation were observed at constant strain, constant load, constant strain-rate, and in constant load rate experiments. The effect of strain rate on the radical formation was found to be larger in this sample than was observed in Nylon 6. These results coupled with other experimental observations have yielded information on a basic structural model and improved insight into the basic molecular mechanism responsible for deformation and fracture.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 99-103 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that under conditions of uniaxial creep the fracture of high density polyethylene can be categorized as one of three types, depending upon the magnitude of the applied load, molecular architecture, and environment. When subjected to relatively large loads, the specimens neck and then fracture almost immediately. At the other extreme of very small initial loadings, the specimens fracture in a brittle fashion through crack formation and growth. In the intermediate range of loadings the specimens neck and, depending upon the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, may then elongate substantially before fracture. It is shown that the uniaxial creep behavior for the region where drawing occurs, when plotted in terms of isochrones, represents a type of phase diagram, one boundary of which describes the fracture enelope. In addition, experiments employing different constant rate of loading histories are described and an additivity of damage criterion used to predict the time to failure under constant load conditions, and visa versa.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 114-117 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An analytical, numerical and experimental program is described which establishes the basic fracture mechanics properties of an adhesive joint. A finite element analysis of a homogeneous finite tapered double cantilever beam is first presented and the results compared with elasticity and strength of materials solutions. Using analytical results developed in another paper, a finite bond line thickness correction factor is introduced to determine the crack tip stress intensity factor as a function of crack length. An experimental program is described wherein the crack tip stress intensity factor for the cantilever beam adhesive joint is measured by the compliance method and the results compared with those obtained by analytical and numerical methods. Finally, the critical value of the adhesive crack tip stress intensity factor is determined using the analytical and experimental techniques presented.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 84
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 342-349 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of the thermal-oxidative stability of several commercially available carbon fibers. Significant differences in the weight loss behavior were observed in air aging studies run on the bare fibers at 600°F (589 K). The stability of high temperature laminates, such as those based on NR-150 polyimide precursor solutions, was found to be directly affected by the stability of the reinforcing carbon fibers. In studies carried out to determine the reasons for carbon fiber instability, residual sodium sulfate was found to be the principle destabilizing factor. A mechanism whereby the sodium sulfate promotes the oxidation of carbon in the presence of air is proposed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 350-352 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A test method has been developed to evaluate resin-glass composite materials for their resistance to environmental, thermal and hydrolytic stresses, humidity, radiation, and immersion in aggressive fluids. The advantages this method offers are ease of specimen preparation, small specimen size, and maximum exposure of resin, glass and interface to the test environment.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 353-358 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of the origin of unexpected moisture effects on crack extension in fiberglass laminates. Water immersion has been found to greatly reduce the rate of crack growth under constant loading while increasing the rate under cyclic loading, the latter effect being the expected one. Observations were made of the extension of the stable damage zone at the tip of precut notches in wet and dry environments. The damage zone size is postulated as a critical element in the relaxation of high stress concentrations in composites, such as those at notch or crack tips. Under constant load, moisture is shown to greatly expand the interply delamination region in the damage zone, thus reducing the local fiber stresses and increasing crack resistance. Under cyclic loading moisture has little effect on the delamination region, which is large even for dry environments, and the only effect is weakening of the material and acceleration of cracks. Severe hygrothermal conditions can so weaken the material that the crack resistance is reduced under constant loading as well.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 359-364 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental investigation is described of the effects of moisture and a polar solvent upon the changes in the axial dimensions of composite tubes fabricated with S-glass and an epoxy resin. Test parameters included different axial stress levels, sorption variations, and changes in the short-beam shear strength with moisture variations. Several wetting and drying cycles were used to establish the reproducibility and reversible characteristics of the observed dimensional changes. Test results are compared and discussed with findings reported by other investigators.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 365-372 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of nylon-6 reinforced with particulate filler, short glass fibers, and long-to-continuous glass fibers was measured between -30 and 170°C. As the reinforcement level, the reinforcement aspect ratio, or degree of orientation increases, the linear CTE decreases. The Tg range for the composite system is equal to the Tg for the pure nylon-6 matrix. An unexpected result is observed when the nylon-6 is reinforced with long or continuous glass fibers in random planar orientation and the weight fraction of reinforcement exceeds 10 percent. In this case, the longitudinal linear CTE (parallel to the plane of the fibers) above the Tg is lower than the longitudinal linear CTE below the Tg. Analysis of the mathematical descriptions of composite thermal behavior indicates that an extremely low composite modulus in the transverse direction above the Tg may be a cause for this low CTE. The differences in CTE between short fiber and long fiber reinforced compositions indicate that the critical fiber length for thermal stress transfer may be higher than the critical fiber length for mechanical stress transfer.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 373-376 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This report describes an ultrasonic-acoustic technique used to measure a “stress wave factor” in order to nondestructively assess the quality of composite structures. In a prior study this factor was found effective in evaluating the interlaminar shear strength of fiber-reinforced composites. Details of the method used to measure the stress wave factor are described. In addition, frequency spectra of the stress waves are analyzed in order to indicate the nature of the wave phenomena involved. The stress wave factor can be measured with simple contact probes requiring only one-side access to a part. This is beneficial in nondestructive evaluations because the waves can run parallel to fiber directions and thus, in many cases, measure material properties in directions assumed by actual loads. Moreover, the technique can be applied where conventional through transmission techniques are impractical or where more quantitative data are required. The stress wave factor was measured for a series of graphite polyimide composite panels and results obtained are compared with through transmission immersion ultrasonic scans.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 91
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 377-382 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The optimization of end product properties of fiberglass reinforced engineering thermoplastics must be based upon knowledge of the constituents, including the fiber length distribution. This paper presents the techniques developed for the recovery, dispersal and length distribution analysis of glass fibers recovered from filled engineering resins. An automatic image analyzing computer system is used for the determination. The tedious manual method of measurement from optical photomicrographs is replaced by a rapid, quantitative and reproducible analysis.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adaptation of a cylindrical geometry fracture toughness test specimen to testing of polymeric dental biomaterials is demonstrated. The specimen configuration facilitates the fabrication of small specimens and simplifies the experimental study of environmental effects on properties of dental biomaterials. The test method is used to measure critical stress intensity factor, KIC for poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), particulate composite restorative materials, and dental polymers. Values obtained are in agreement with data reported for other specimen configurations.
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  • 93
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 450-455 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Extrusion experiments on thirteen polymers in our laboratory and extrusion and forging studies on nine polymers in other laboratories reveal that solid-state extrusion and malleability occur in semi-crystalline polymers that have a crystalline relaxation, αc at the temperature Tαc, and do not occur in semicrystalline polymers devoid of αc. The solid-state extrusion takes place in the temperature range of Tαc ≤ T 〈 Tm with Tm being the melting point. In this temperature, range, the polymeric crystals show a measure of disorder, observed by several techniques and by small heats and entropies of fusion. A survey of the literature indicates that, in general, polymers which have a αc and are solid-state extrudable have shallow and broad bottoms to the energy-wells describing their most stable crystalline conformations, and polymers showing no αc have steep-walled energy-wells for the same conformations.
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  • 94
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 722-727 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical relaxation of macromolecules is found to be very sensitive to the presence of water which is strongly associated with the macromolecule. Polymers with the amide group exhibit a characteristic loss process (β or β2) in the region of 200K which is associated with the amide-water complex. Changes in the relaxation parameters with water content permit the stoichiometry of the interaction to be determined. Polymers with ionic groups on the side chain exhibit a higher temperature relaxation (β1) associated with side chain motion. This relaxation is also affected by the presence of water. Analysis of the effect of water on the loss parameters of the β2 and β1 processes has provided insight into the nature of the interaction of water with complex biological macromolecules.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 749-755 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Investigation of the Tu (〉Tg) relaxation in amorphous polymers of styrene by the technique of torsional braid analysis is reviewed. For the most part the relaxation behaves like the glass transition (Tg) in its dependence on molecular weight, on average molecular weight in binary polystyrene blends, and on composition in a polystyrene homogeneously plasticized throughout the range of composition. Diblock and triblock copolymers also display a T 〉 Tg relaxation above the Tg, of the polystyrene phase. Two results in particular suggest that the Tu relaxation is molecularly based. (1) The Tu temperature is determined by the number average molecular weight for binary blends of polystyrene when both components have molecular weights below Mc. (the critical molecular weight for chain entanglements). (2) Homopolymers, and diblock and triblock copolymers of styrene, have a T 〉 Tg relaxation at approximately the same temperature when the molecular weight of the styrene block is equal to that of the homopolymer.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 774-778 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the major factors of concern in compression molding of fiber-reinforced thermosets is the mold cycle time which directly affects the processing cost. An ideal system would be the one which cures in a relatively short time resulting in excellent mechanical and physical properties. However, in practice, a compromise has to be made between the mold cycle time and ultimate property requirements. The effects of cure cycle time, temperature, preheating and post-cooling on mechanical properties of continuous as well as chopped glass fiber reinforced polyester and vinyl ester systems involving 1/4 to 1 in thick sections have been studied. Mold cycle time is strongly influenced by the part thickness and mold temperature. Internal heat generation due to curing reaction causes high thermal gradients across the thickness. Preheating offers advantages of reducing both the mold cycle time and the thermal gradient. The flexural and interlaminar shear strengths are strongly dependent or, the mold cycle time. Maximum strengths are obtained when the mold is opened at the instant when there is no thermal gradient across the thickness.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 795-799 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The viscoelastic nature of polymer concrete was investigated utilizing an epichlorohydrin/bisphenol A-type epoxy resinaggregate system. Compression specimens were tested for linearity of viscoelastic behavior, the effect of size of mass on creep, and for determination of the specific creep compliance and the associated elastic modulus. The creep compliance was determined by least squares curve fitting of the experimental creep data. Collocation, a numerical Laplace transform inversion routine, was used to develop the equation for the relaxation modulus.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 469-473 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Considerable effort has been expended recently by a number of researchers to develop methods of simulating the flow of polymers in injection molding dies. The computer models developed by these researchers provide the mold designer with useful quantitative information concerning the predicted effect of design parameters on mold, filling characteristics. This paper will describe some recent work which is aimed at increasing the usefulness of these models by more accurately describing the flow behavior of those polymers, such as polycarbonate resins, which exhibit a strong effect of pressure on viscosity.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 835-840 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The change in temperature and conversion during the curing of a thermosetting resin in a slab-shaped heated mold is analyzed theoretically. Results show that there is a critical value of β = AL2/k, for which the maximum center exotherm takes place (A = Arrhenius pre-exponential factor, L = slab thickness, k = thermal conductivity). Beyond this value, increasing β decreases the center exotherm. The temperature rise at the slab center may be substantially greater than under adiabatic conditions. Wall temperature has a great effect on the process behavior, implying the need of an adequate control system. A description of the temperature profiles and conversion rates is provided and some criteria for the process design are stated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 19 (1979), S. 858-863 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A chemical group contribution technique, based on the principle of additivity of molar attraction constants for groups in a molecule, has been used for determining the solubility parameters for several polyesters, polyethers and a few other types of polymers. The solubility parameter for a polymer is calculated by using the contributions for chemical groups reported in the literature with the resultant values found to compare favorably. For geometrical isomers of polymers, the calculated solubility parameters are identical but differ for positional substitution.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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