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  • 1970-1974  (95)
  • 1971  (95)
  • Engineering General  (62)
  • Electron microscopy  (33)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 447-456 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Diphenyl-hydantoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination of Purkinje Cells was performed in sections from the cerebellum of three albino rats aged 4 1/2 month, intoxicated with diphenylhydantoin for 51 days. Three untreated albino rats served as controls. There were no difference between the substructure of the Purkinje cells from the two groups of animals. It was concluded that diphenylhydantoin in toxic but sublethal doses does not change the substructure of the Purkinje cells.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Neurone ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative electron microscopical observations have been made on the afferent synaptology of neurones in laminae V and VII of the cervical spinal cord of the cat. Both laminae contain large bouton-covered polydendritic neurones of the type seen in the brainstem reticular formation. Each lamina contains two other categories of neurone. One of these, in lamina V, is peculiar in having a very high proportion of afferent boutons filled with dense-core vesicles; similar neurones exist in lamina VII, but their presynaptic afferents do not contain unusual quantities of dense-core vesicles. The third type of neurone in laminae V and VII seems to be identical with an oligodendritic neurone type found in the brainstem reticular formation and parafascicular-centromedian complex.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 451-460 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Psychotropic drugs ; Rabbit hippocampus ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following administration of psychotropic drugs, the brains of rabbits were examined by electron microscopy, with special references to glycogen granules in the hippocampus, and were compared with the normal materials. After seven days' intramuscular injections of chlorpromazine (15 mg/kg/day) or trifluoperazine (10 mg/kg/day), glycogen granules appeared diffusely in the perikaryal cytoplasm of the pyramidal cells and small nerve cells and in the myelinated nerve fibers, and were accumulated in the dendrites of pyramidal cells and in the astrocytic cytoplasm. Those animals showed neuroleptic symptomes and extrapyramidal ones throughout the period. The administration of the drugs might inhibit the glycolytic metabolism in neurons and glial cells of the hippocampus.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Bone ; Matrix ; Apatite ; Nucleation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du collagène d'os compact de mouton est préparé par décalcification dans I'EDTA et à partir de tendons de queux de rats, par extraction dans l'acide acétique et reconstitution dans NaCl. Le dépôt d'apatite dans le collagène osseux de mouton dans une solution de calcification métastable est étudié chimiquement et par microscopie électronique. Le collagène osseux est un bon catalyseur de nucléation pour le dépôt minéral, alors que le collagène de tendons de rat ne l'est pas. Le dépôt minéral du collagène osseux se produit en deux phases cinétiques séparées, une phase rapide de nucléation et une croissance cristalline, donnant naissance à de petits ilots calcifiés et une seconde phase lente de croissance dans des régions ne comportant pas de zones catalytiques. La seconde phase de dépôt minéral paraît être le résultat d'une diffusion inhibée d'ions à travers les fibrilles collagènes alignées, laissant de larges régions de collagène sans minéral, bien que le tampon reste hautement sursaturé. La microscopie électronique permet de penser que les zones de catalyse pourraient avoir un rapport avec la périodicité de 640 Å de collagène, mais l'importance d'un matériel noncollagènique, lié au collagène, n'est pas à exclure. L'activité catalytique faible du collagène reconstitué n'est pas liée à la présence d'inhibiteurs faiblement liés, bien que des inhibiteurs puissent être intimement liés à ce type de collagène, qui pourrait être absent du collagène osseux. La différence d'activité catalytique pourrait intervenir dans la calcification physiologique. Une hypothèse plus générale pour la nucléation de la phase minérale dans les systémes biologiques est nécessaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen wurde aus kompaktem Schafsknochen mittels EDTA-Entkalkung und aus Rattenschwanzsehnen durch Essigsäureextraktion und Rekonstitution mit NaCl gewonnen. Die Apatitablagerung aus einer metastabilen Verkalkungslösung auf Schafsknochenkollagen wurde chemisch und im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß das Knochenkollagen ein guter Nukleationskatalysator für die Mineralablagerung ist, was beim Rattenschwanzkollagen nicht zutraf. Im Knochenkollagen erfolgte die Mineralablagerung in zwei getrennten kinetischen Phasen: einer raschen Phase der Nukleation und des Kristallwachstums, welche kleine verkalkte Inseln entstehen läßt, und einer zweiten langsamen Phase, welcher das Wachstum in Bezierken, die keine katalytischaktiven Stellen einschließen, zuzuschreiben ist. Diese zweite Phase der Mineralablagerung wird als Resultat einer verminderten Ionendiffusion durch die enganeinanderliegenden Kollagenfibrillen angesehen, wodurch weite Kollagenbereiche ohne Mineral bleiben, obwohl der Puffer stark übersättigt ist. Elektronenmikrographien ließen vermuten, daß die katalytischaktiven Stellen in einem gewissen Verhältnis zur 640 Å-Periodizität des Kollagens stehen; es konnte jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß nicht-kollagenhaltiges Material, welches an Kollagen gebunden ist, ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt. Die schlechte katalytische Aktivität des rekonstituierten Kollagens konnte nicht auf die Anwesenheit von schwachgebundenen Hemmstoffen zurückgeführt werden, obwohl Inhibitoren stark an dieses Kollagen gebunden sein könnten, die jedoch im Knochenkollagen nicht vorhanden sind. Die Unterschiede in der katalytischen Aktivität können mit der physiologischen Verkalkung in Beziehung stehen. Eine allgemeinere Hypothese für die Nukleation einer Mineralphase in biologischen Systemen wäre erforderlich.
    Notes: Abstract Collagen was prepared from compact sheep bone by decalcification with EDTA and from rat tail tendons by acetic acid extraction and reconstitution with NaCl. The deposition of apatite in sheep bone collagen in a metastable calcification solution was studied chemically and by electron microscopy. The bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst for mineral deposition, while rat tail collagen was a poor catalyst. Mineral deposition in bone collagen occured in two separate kinetic phases, a rapid phase of nucleation and crystal growth, giving rise to small calcified islands, and a second slow phase, ascribed to growth in regions not involving the catalytic sites. This second phase of mineral deposition is considered to be the result of impaired ion diffusion through the closely-aligned collagen fibrils, thus leaving large areas of the collagen free of mineral even though the buffer remains highly supersaturated. Electron micrographs suggested that the catalytic sites might be in some relationship to the 640 Å periodicity of collagen, but a role for non-collagenous material bound to the collagen has not been excluded. The poor catalytic activity of reconstituted collagen was not due to the presence of loosely-bound inhibitors, although inhibitors could be strongly bound to this type of collagen and be absent from bone collagen. The differences in catalytic activity may have a bearing on physiological calcification. A more general hypothesis for nucleation of a mineral phase in biological systems is required.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Ceramic ; Tetracycline ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un implant céramique non poreux est testé au niveau du fémur de rat en ce qui concerne son adhésivité à l'os. Un certain nombre de techniques morphologiques sont utilisées pour examiner le rapport entre l'implant et l'os néoformé. La microscopie électronique par transmission et la microscopie par fluorescence après marquage à la tétracycline ont donné les meilleurs résultats. Un rapport étroit entre l'os minéralisé et la céramique a été noté en microscopie électronique. Par marquage à la tétracycline, il semble que l'implant puisse stimuler la formation osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein unporöses keramisches Implantat in Rattenfemora wurde auf seine Fähigkeit geprüft, sich mit Knochen zu binden. Eine Anzahl morphologischer Techniken wurde verwendet, um die Beziehung zwischen den Oberflächen von Implantat und neuem Knochen zu untersuchen. Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie nach Tetracyclinmarkierung waren die erfolgreichsten Techniken. Eine enge Beziehung zwischen mineralisiertem Knochen und dem Keramikimplantat konnte mit der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Das Aussehen der Tetracyclinmarkierung im keramischen Implantat deutet darauf hin, daß dieses wahrscheinlich die Fähighkeit hat, Knochenbildung zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Abstract A nonporous ceramic implant in rat femora was evaluated as to its ability to bond to bone. A number of morphologic techniques were utilized to examine the interfacial relationship of the implant to new bone. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy after tetracycline labelling were the most successful techniques. An intimate relationship between mineralized bone and the ceramic was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of tetracycline labelling at the ceramic interface indicates that the implant may have capacity to enhance bone formation.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amnion ; Human amniotic plaques ; Fetal membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of amniotic and amniotic-plaque epithelia has been studied from normal term pregnancies. The columnar/cuboidal amniotic epithelial cells usually have apical or central nuclei, some free ribosomes, patches of granular endoplasmic reticulum, juxtanuclear Golgi complexes, rod-shaped mitochondria, lipid droplets and some glycogen granules. They have short, blunt microvilli which frequently branch and bathe in the amniotic fluid. The lateral plasma membranes enclose tortuous intercellular spaces which are always interrupted by variously folded processes and desmosomes. The epithelial cells rest on a basal lamina and exhibit highly folded basal processes. The amniotic epithelial cells are neither distinctly Golgi and fibrillar types nor “light” and “dark” in appearance. Amnion from near the umbilical cord contains many microscopic and several large plaques. Similar structures are not found on the reflected amnion. The microscopic plaques are whitish and translucent, whereas the large ones are opaque. The large plaques vary between 1–3 mm in diameter, and are over 15 cell layers thick. Each large plaque has a main central region and edges continuous with either the microscopic plaque or the simple amniotic epithelium. The main region shows four zones, namely, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Such zones are not distinct at the edges. The fine structure of basal cells compares with the amniotic epithelial cells, but the cells of spinosum and granulosum layers possess variable amounts of tonofibrils, keratohyalin granules, free ribosomes and other cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions. The corneum cells are keratinized and are frequently separated by intercellular spaces. They slough into the amniotic cavity singly or as a sheet, and contribute towards the composition of the amniotic fluid. The plaques are of amniotic origin, and are not formed by adhesion of either squamous cells or fetal skin cells (masses of keratinized squames). The present observations suggest that the occurrence of amniotic plaques is normal. The presence of plaques may not be necessarily associated with fetal abnormality. However, increase in numbers of plaques may be caused by conditions of fluid imbalance. The homology and significance of plaques in eutherian mammals have been discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 156 (1971), S. 268-282 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Isolated rat kidney ; Na net transport ; Pluronic-F-108® ; Electron microscopy ; Oxygen deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Employing a non-ionic detergent as a colloidosmotically active substance 10 fully isolated rat kidneys were perfused for 60 min. A constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 1.0 ml × g−1 × min−1 and a mean Na+-net transport of about 92 μmol × g−1 × min−1 was obtained. The mean O2-consumption of 0.17 ml × g−1 × min−1 was rather high. However, addition of the decoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol led to an increase of the O2-consumption by 98%, thus speaking against spontaneous uncoupling. Glomerula, proximal and distal convoluted tubules of kidneys perfused with plasmaexpander-solutions were studied electronmicroscopically. The most striking morphological deviations were found in the proximal tubules of the Haemaccel®-perfused kidneys. In the Pluronic®-kidneys significantly less morphological alterations were found. These morphological changes were of a type which was previously described by other investigators after periods of hypoxia.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 401-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Intracerebral capillaries ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional electron miscroscope techniques, with particular emphasis on the relation of intracerebral blood vessels to other elements in the brain. The ganglion is permeated by a continuous network of channels which may be interpreted as invaginations of the ganglion surface. The afferent vessel (cerebral artery) is of mesodermal origin, but apparently terminates as an open-ended vessel soon after entering the brain, where it runs within the invaginated channels. The greater part of the cerebral vasculature, therefore, has no mesodermal endothelial lining. Tissue components in the diffusion path between blood and brain which could conceivably restrict diffusion, are the thick glial basement membrane, junctions between perivascular and between interstitial glia, and polymeric material in the extracellular space. However, apart from a barrier to large colloidal particles at the basement membrane, the present EM observations do not decisively pinpoint sites of diffusional restriction, nor can they be interpreted as evidence that such restriction exists.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 463-487 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiogenesis ; Cell Junctions ; Permeability ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Studies of cardiogenesis in the chick embryo focus attention upon the intercellular junctions of epicardial, myocardial, and endocardial cells, and the role they play in diffusion across the cardiac wall. Cell membranes of apposed epicardial cells approach as close together as 40 Å; those of the endocardium additionally form focal tight junctions. In the myocardium focal tight junctions are restricted to the apposed membranes of the superficial layer of cells. The majority of close appositions in all parts of the myocardium are 40 Å gap junctions. Desmosomes and fascia adherens are distributed throughout the myocardium. Diffusion of horseradish peroxidase through the epicardium and endocardium occurs primarily through the intercellular junctions. The width of the cleft between cells, 200–300 Å, also permits the diffusion between cells of the larger ferritin particles. Pinocytotic activity, responsible for ferritin transfer across mesothelial and endothelial cells in the adult, is not significant. Tracers injected into the pericardial cavity or vasculature can be observed passing through the heart in the direction of their respective diffusion gradients. Unlike the apical junctions of epithelial cells, to which they have been compared, membrane specializations of the superficial myocytes do not form a seal separating the pericardial cavity, or subepicardial space, from the extracellular spaces of the myocardium.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial body ; Calcitonin ; Turtle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultimobranchial body of fresh-water turtles,Pseudemys scripta andChrysemys picta, ultrastructurally and histochemically resembles the gland of other vertebrate groups and the homologous thyroid parafollicular cells of mammals. Characteristic features of all of these tissues are secretory granules measuring approximately 150–250 mμ, a distended endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi regions and large numbers of free ribosomes. Unusual features of the turtle ultimobranchial body are an abundance of large cytoplasmic bodies measuring 800–1000 mμ and a dense, homogenous material within the lumina of the ultimobranchial follicles. The large cytoplasmic bodies usually occur near the luminal portion of the cells and are of similar electron density to the luminal contents, suggesting a possible functional relationship of these two glandular components.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional histological and electronmicroscopic techniques. This study forms part of a comprehensive survey of the blood-brain interface, particularly interesting in this group, as decapod Crustacea are unusual among invertebrates in possessing an intracerebral blood supply. Apart from the intracerebral blood vessels, tissue organization is closely similar to that observed in insect central neural ganglia. The ganglion is surrounded by the neural lamella, an acellular connective tissue sheath, probably containing mucopolysaccharide and collagen. A layer of specialised glia, the perineurium, immediately underlies the neural lamella, and appears to contribute to its formation. Large glia occupying a conspicuous cortical zone below the perineurium may be involved in glycogen metabolism and storage. Further morphologically distinct glial types are observed associated with neurones and blood vessels, but all neuroglia within the ganglion are probably of common origin. Neurone cell bodies are generally situated peripherally in groups, and send axons into neuropil (synaptic) areas in the ganglion core. Large lacunae in the cortical region and narrower 20 nm clefts deeper in the ganglion, constitute the interstitial space, and contain deposits of fibrillar material. Possible physiological implications are discussed.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 153-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic myelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Secondary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic myelocyte from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental stage is characterized principally by the elaboration of secondary (specific) granules. In addition, there is a modest decrease in cell size, a decrease in the number and mean size of primary (azurophil) granules, a decrease in the number of polysomes, free ribosomes and mitochondria, a depletion of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in cytoplasmic glycogen, an increase in chromatin aggregations and a loss of nucleoli, and the formation of a markedly indented nucleus. The myelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary phases based upon morphological and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of secondary granulogenesis.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pterin layer ; Pigmentation ; Dermis ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the pterin layer was investigated in both wild type Rana pipiens and Rana pipiens homozygous for the speckle mutant gene. No difference in morphology of the layer was noted between the wild type and mutant. The layer lines the outer surface of the stratum compactum of the dermis and separates this stratum from the stratum spongiosum. The pterin layer consists of extra-cellular material and contains membrane-bounded granules filled with fine spicules. Many of the spicules are somewhat similar in appearance to the initial calcification loci present in developing membrane bone. The layer first appears in the tadpole at approximately stage 14 (Taylor and Kollros, 1946); subsequent developmental stages are described.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 553-557 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Albino rat ; Striatal neurons ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Dark cisternal fields ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung des Striatums einer Ratte wurden im Perikaryon einiger Neurone eigentümliche parallele Anordnungen von membranbegrenzten Zisternen gefunden, welche durch eine auffallend dichte cytoplasmatische Matrix voneinander getrennt waren. Ein mit dieser Beobachtung völlig übereinstimmender Befund ist unlängst von anderer Seite an Nervenzellen des Nucleus entopeduncularis und der orbitofrontalen Großhirnrinde der Katze erhoben worden. Bei den „dunklen Zisternenfeldern“ dürfte es sich um Bereiche des endoplasmatischen Retikulums handeln, die sich in einem besonderen Funktionszustand befinden. Sie kommen wahrscheinlich schon normalerweise bei verschiedenen Tierarten in bestimmten Regionen des ZNS vor.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic study of a rat's striatum has revealed peculiar parallel arrays of membrane-bound cisternae with a strikingly dense intercisternal cytoplasmic matrix in the perikarya of a few neurons. The finding corresponds exactly to the unique lamellar configurations recently described in nerve cells of the entopeduncular nucleus and orbitofrontal cortex of the cat. These “dark cisternal fields” are regarded as distinct districts of the endoplasmic reticulum in a special functional state. They seem to occur normally in certain regions of the CNS in different animal species.
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora cardiaca ; Neurosecretion ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les corpora cardiaca de l'adulte de Locusta migratoria sont formés de deux régions bien individualisées ce qui nous a permis de reconnaître la sécrétion propre des différents types de neurosécrétion. Dans la région nerveuse, nous distinguons par la taille des grains trois types de neurosécrétion dense classique et un quatrième type d'aspect clair. Dans la région »propre« non nerveuse, les cellules ont des caractères nettement endocriniens et sont mélangées à un seul type d'axones neurosécréteurs.
    Notes: Summary The corpora cardiaca of adult Locusta migratoria consist of two well separated areas, a fact which permits the differentiation between intrinsic and extrinsic neurosecretory material. In the neural area three types of electron dense “classical” neurosecretory granules, and a fourth more lucent type can be distinguished according to size. In the non-neural “glandular” area typical endocrine cells mingle with only one type of neurosecretory axons.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Receptor cells ; Amines ; Lumbricus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Receptor cells in the epithelium and the basiepithelial nerve net of the prostomium of Lumbricus terrestris were investigated with electron microscope with special regard to the presence of monoamines. The receptor cells are found in groups of about 40 intermingled with supportive cells. After pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline and fixation with potassium permanganate a few receptor cells in each group and some nerve fibres in the basiepithelial nerve net contain small granular vesicles (about400 Å) characteristic for monoaminergic neurons. The distribution and relative number of these receptor cells and nerve fibres coincide well with previous reports on fluorescent receptor cells and varicose fibres. That the monoamine-storing small granular vesicles not are visualized until pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline is in accordance with recent microspectrofluorometric analysis, which shows that dopamine is the only primary monoamine present in the epithelium. In the epithelium there are occasional receptor cells and nerve fibres containing large vesicles (1000–1800 Å) which resemble the neurosecretory vesicles in the central nervous system. Photoreceptor cells having an intracellular cavity with microvilli and cilia have infrequently been observed at the base of the epithelium. No synapses on the mucous cells have been noticed. Nor have any synaptic specializations been observed in the basiepithelial nerve net. The morphological conditions necessary for the existence of possible axo-axonal synapses are briefly discussed.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 576-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eye ; Frontal organs ; Crustacea ; Anostraca ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Mittelauge (MA) und das ventrale Frontalorgan (FO) von Artemia salina L. (erwachsene Tiere) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. 1. Das MA ist ein inverses Becherauge. Ein Pigmentbecher aus zwei Pigmentzellen umschließt drei Sehzellgruppen. Die Sehzellen bilden verzweigte Rhabdome vom geschlossenen Typ. Ihr Zytoplasma enthält zahlreiche Vesikel, tubuläre Mitochondrien, kleine Golgiapparate, Mikrotubuli, variable multivesicular und lamellated bodies und Lipideinschlüsse, die von endoplasmatischem Retikulum spiralig umgeben werden. 2. Die Pigmentzellen enthalten dicht gepackte Pigmentkörner, einen gelappten Kern, Mitochondrien vom Cristatyp, wenig endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Mikrotubuli, lamellated und vesicular bodies. Gegenüber den rhahdombildenden Anteilen der Sehzellen ist ihre Zelloberfläche glatt, im übrigen bilden sie lange fingerförmige Ausstülpungen. 3. Artemia salina besitzt zwei Arten von Frontalorganen. Die „dorsalen PO“ sind möglicherweise neurosekretorische X-Organe. Das ventrale FO wird als Sehorgan gedeutet. Es besteht aus zwei Gruppen von Sehzellen ventral vom MA, die eigene Nervenfortsätze zum Protocerebrum senden. Die optische Achse ist der des ventralen Augenbechers entgegengesetzt. Zwischen MA und FO verläuft ein Nerv, der wahrscheinlich dem MA angehört. 4. Übereinstimmungen der Feinstruktur von MA, FO und den Retinulazellen der Komplexaugen betreffen insbesondere die Binnenstruktur der Rhabdommikrovilli und Äquivalente unterschiedlicher Funktionszustände (Hell-Dunkel-Adaptation) hinsichtlich der Ausbildung von perirhabdomalen Vakuolen und des Ausmaßes von pinocytotischen Vorgängen an der Basis der Rhabdome.
    Notes: Summary The median eye (MA) and the ventral frontal organ (FO) of Artemia salina L. (adult specimens) have been investigated with the electron microscope. 1. The MA is an inverse cup-shaped eye. A pigment cup, consisting of two pigment cells, surrounds three groups of photosensory cells, which form ramified rhabdoms of the closed type. Their cytoplasm contains numerous vesicles, tubular mitochondria, small Golgi fields, microtubules, variable multivesicular and lamellated bodies and lipid inclusions, which are surrounded by spirals of endoplasmic reticulum. 2. The pigment cells contain densely packed pigment granules, an indented nucleus, crested mitochondria, small amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, lamellated and vesicular bodies. Opposite the rhabdomeric surface of the visual cells their cellular surface is smooth, otherwise it bears long fingershaped projections. 3. Artemia salina possesses two types of frontal organs. The “dorsal FOs” are possibly neurosecretory X-organs. The ventral FO is interpreted to represent a photosensory organ. It consists of two groups of sensory cells located ventrally of the MA, which possess own nerve-processes leading to the Protocerebrum. Their optical axis is opposite the one of the ventral eye cup. Between MA and FO a nerve occurs, which presumably belongs to the MA. 4. Considerable finestructural similarities between MA, PO and the retinula cells of the compound eyes exist as far as the internal structure of the rhabdomeric microvilli and the equivalents of different functional stages (Light-Dark-Adaption) are concerned, namely perirhabdomeric vacuoles and the degree of pinocytotic processes at the base of the rhabdoms.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 97-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stratum corneum ; Man ; Non-fixed ; Non-dehydrated ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is an electron microscopic study of non-fixed and non-dehydrated normal human stratum corneum from the lumbar region. Non-stained sections have a low contrast. In sections examined 3 days after skin biopsy the cytoplasm of the cells shows a uniform contrast or exhibits dark and light areas. A single layer delimits the cytoplasm from the intercellular space. The latter is partly filled out with substance. In sections stained 2 to 4 days after skin biopsy the fibrils are distinct. On the basis of the variations in their opacity and ultrastructure three types of horny cells are clearly distinguishable. In cells of type 1 intensely stained keratohyalin and less opaque fibrillar substance occur. A distinct keratin pattern is not found. In cells of type 2 the fibrils show areas with distinct kerytohyalin and keratin pattern and transitional phases between these two stages of fibrillar differentiation. The keratin pattern representing the final stage of the fibrillar differentiation process is visualized through a successive “discoloration” of the filaments, whereas the interfilamentous substance retains the opacity of the keratohyalin. In cells of type 3 the entire fibrillar substance exhibits a keratin pattern. This consists of less opaque filaments with a diameter of 74 Å. The septa representing the interfilamentous substance are estimated as 30 Å at their thinnest points. These observations of the fibrils are completely comparable to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. In sections stained particularly more than 18 days after skin biopsy the fibrils exhibit pronounced changes in their staining properties with concomitant decrease in distinctness or a complete extinction of the keratin pattern. The observations of the modified plasma membrane and the intercellular space in stained sections correspond to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. The modified plasma membrane and the structures in the intercellular space appear with equal distinctness, whether the sections are stained 2 to 4, 6 to 12 or 14 to 21 days after skin biopsy.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 483-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hermaphroditic Gonad ; Gastropoda ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Spitzenbereichen der Zwittergonadenacini fertiler Tiere der Pulmonatenspezies Planorbarius corneus sind drei Zelltypen stets gleichzeitig anzutreffen: Oocyten, Spermatiden und Begleitzellen. Die Abgrenzung der Acinusspitze gegen das interacinäre Gewebe hin bildet die Basalmembran des wandständigen Begleitzellepithels. Die Oocyten werden follikelartig von den ineinander verzahnten und durch Desmosomen verknüpften Begleitzellen umgeben. Nur in der Acinuskuppe liegen sie der hier stark verdickten Basalmembran unmittelbar auf. Die Spermatiden sitzen nur mit ihrem anterioren Zellpol den Begleitzellen apikal auf und sind durch Desmosomen mit ihnen verknüpft. Veränderungen der Ultrastruktur der Spermatiden während der Spermiohistogenese werden an drei gegeneinander abgrenzbaren Spermiohistogenesestadien aufgezeigt. Dabei finden die Kernstruktur, das Auftreten von Tubulikörpern und das Abstreifen des Restplasmas vom Mittelstück besondere Beachtung. Den recht uneinheitlich strukturierten Begleitzellen kommen für Oocyten und Spermatiden Ernährungs- und Transportfunktionen zu. Sie phagocytieren überfällige Geschlechtszellen. Es können jedoch trotz ihrer heteromorphen Struktur keine prinzipiell verschiedenen Begleitzelltypen mit jeweils nur einer spezifischen Funktion unterschieden werden. Das in früheren lichtmikroskopischen Arbeiten als Begleitzellprodukt beschriebene „Kinoplasma“ erweist sich als kernwärts wanderndes Restplasma der Spermatiden.
    Notes: Summary Three species of cells always coexist in the tips of hermaphroditic gonad-acini of fertile Planorbarius corneus: oocytes, spermatids and auxiliary cells. The basement membrane of the auxiliary cell epithelium separates the acinus tips from the interacinary tissue. Like follicles the oocytes are enclosed by interlocked and desmosomically attached auxiliary cells. Only in the utmost tips of the acinus the oocytes are in direct contact with the here dilated basement membrane. The spermatids are attached to the auxiliary cells only with their anterior cell-pole and connected with these by desmosomes. Alterations of the spermatid-ultrastructure during the spermiohistogenesis can be studied in three separate stages of the spermiohistogenesis. Particular attention is given to the nuclear structure, the tubular bodies and the shedding of residual plasma from the middle-piece. The rather irregularly structured cells serve oocytes and spermatids as mediators for nutrition and transport. Occasionally occurs phagocytosis of germ-cells. Basically, even though their structures vary, auxiliary cells are not restricted to one specific function. The “Kinoplasma”-described in previous light microscopic studies as a product of the auxiliary cells, proves to be spermatidic residual plasma moving towards the nucleus.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Umbilical vessels ; Guinea-pig ; Innervation ; Intermuscular contacts ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Umbilical vessels of guinea-pig fetuses were studied shortly before birth. In all umbilical cords investigated an innervation of the umbilical vessels is lacking. The intrafetal parts of the umbilical vessels on the other hand are richly innervated. A marked difference in the amount of nerve fibres and the pattern of innervation is found between artery and vein. The artery is supplied by a dense nerve plexus which spins around the media and which originates from nerve bundles within the outer adventitial layers. The comparatively scanty innervation of the vein exhibits a more coarsely meshed net pattern. The nerve bundles in the vein exhibit a close affinity to the vasa vasorum. Number and type of the close contacts between the muscle cells are different in the various sections of the umbilical vessels. Similar to the distribution of nerves they are almost absent in the vessels of the umbilical cord, numerously, however, in the intrafetal parts. Contrary to the innervation, the close contacts in the vein are developed more numerously and more broadly than in the corresponding artery.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Freeze Fracture ; Microvasculature (chick) ; Ground substance ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissues of the young chick and chick embryo were prepared in a relatively unaltered condition by the freeze-fracture technique. The ultrastructure of the microvasculature and surrounding interstitial region is compared with that seen in conventional thin-sectioned material. In the undifferentiated vessels of the 3-day chick embryo, no distinct basement lamina can be distinguished in either type of preparation. In the 3-week chick, a continuous basement lamina is present beneath the endothelium only in chemically fixed and sectioned tissue; it cannot be distinguished from the remaining interstitial substance in freeze-fracture preparations. Blood-tissue exchange may depend on permeability characteristics of the entire interstitial region rather than on the basement lamina alone.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Rabbit ; Pinocytosis ; Enzymes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of the occurrence, at the light microscopic level, of alkaline and acid phosphatases, the pigment epithelium covering the posterior surface of the iris in the albino rabbit can be divided into two zones not previously described, viz. a central zone close to the pupil, approximately corresponding to the area occupied by the iridic sphincter muscle, and a peripheral zone extending to the ciliary body. The central zone which is in intimate relation with the lens was found to have a high content of both phosphatases. At the fine structural level it exhibits a marked pinocytotic activity in the epithelium at the interdigitations between adjacent cells. Electron microscopy revealed that acid phosphatase is localized to the walls of the pinocytotic vesicles. Alkaline phosphatase is in evidence at the surface membrane folds and at microvillous processes between the epithelial cells and the adjoining muscle cells. Unlike the distribution of the acid phosphatase, that of the alkaline phosphatase does not differ fundamentally in the two zones at the fine structural level. In a series of dehydrogenases studied, staining with a view to succinic-, isocitric- and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases revealed an evenly distributed content of enzyme throughout the epithelium. As to the lactic- and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases, contents seem to be lower in the pupillary than in the peripheral zone.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 396-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human pineal organ ; Development ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation is concerned with pineal organs of human embryos 60 to 150 days old. At every stage central nerve fibres enter the pineal organ by way of the habenular commissure, but are restricted to the pineal's proximal part. On about the 60th day of the development the sympathetic nervus conarii grows into the distal pole of the pineal organ from a dorso-caudal direction and plays the predominant part in the innervation of the pineal organ. After penetrating, it soon branches out and forms a network in the pineal tissue. Much later, not until the 5th embryonic month, sympathetic nerves appear accompanying the supplying vessels in the perivascular spaces. After a short time these nerves pierce the outer limiting basement membrane and penetrate the parenchyma. Towards the end of the 5th embryonic month the axons of the sympathetic nerves form varicosities containing clear and dense core vesicles. At this point large amounts of laminated granules appear primarily in cell processes, probably of pinealocytes. Isolated granules also occur in the varicosities of axons. The granules encountered here are most likely secretory granules.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 136-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; ACTH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nebennierenrinde von 178 Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurde elektronenmikroskopisch von der 1.–12. Lebenswoche unter Normalbedingungen sowie nach s.c. Injektion von 3 IE ACTH/100 g Körpergewicht innerhalb von 2 min — 24 Std untersucht. Ab der 5. Lebenswoche unterscheiden sich die Nebennieren von Weibchen im Bereich der äußeren Zona fasciculata durch Kernvergrößerung, größere Mitochondrien und kleindisperse Liposomen von denen der Männchen. Zyklusbedingte Schwankungen in der Ultrastruktur der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde bestehen nicht. Nach ACTH-Applikation nähert sich das Nebennierenbild des Männchen innerhalb von 30 min dem des unbehandelten Weibchens. Außerdem kommt es bei beiden Geschlechtern durch ACTH zu einer Dispersion und Reduktion der Liposomen, Vergrößerung des Golgiapparates und der Zellkerne, Ausweitung des endoplasmatischen Retikulums und Vermehrung der Mikrovilli. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus wird funktionell erklärt.
    Notes: Summary 178 Sprague-Dawley-rats were studied by electron microscopy from the 1st to the 12th week of life under normal conditions and after s. c. injection of 3 I. U. ACTH/100 gbodyweight from 2 min to 24 hours. Beginning with the 5th week of life females differ from males by small dispersed liposomes and enlarged nuclei and mitochondria in the outer z. fasciculata. There is no change in the ultrastructure of the female adrenal cortex depending on the sexual cycle. After application of ACTH the adrenal cortex of males assimilates to the untreated females within 30 min. After ACTH-application both sexes show dispersion and reduction of liposomes, dilation of endoplasmatic reticulum, increasement of microvilli and enlargement of the Golgi apparatus. The sex-dimorphism is interpreted by functional differences.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 516-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Chicken ; Prenatal development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the developing chicken liver has been reexamined on specimens fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde. This fixation technique gives a preservation of ultrastructural detail superior to that of earlier investigations. Among others the following observations may be pointed out: 1. Bile canaliculi with well-developed microvilli and adjacent tight junctions are present already at the 4-day-old stage and then remain essentially unchanged during development. 2. A subendothelial space of Disse is not present until about 16 days of incubation. 3. The Golgi apparatus does not assume its adult appearance until about 8 days of incubation. 4. Glycogen is first observed in the 6-day-old specimens and then continuously increases throughout development. Glycogen particles often accumulate in membranelimited bodies reminding of the glycogen-filled lysosomes found in a certain type of glycogenosis (Pompe's disease). 5. The mitochondria increase in size and number during development with a conspicuous change from rounded towards more rodshaped and elongated forms.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human testis ; Gonocyte ; Spermatogonium ; Germ cell degeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic examination of the human fetal testis between 10 and 20 weeks gestation reveals the presence of two distinct cell types within the tubules: Sertoli cells and germ cells. The latter are distinguished by their spherical shape, smooth nuclear membranes, globular mitochondria and paucity of cytoplasmic organelles. The gonocytes, or primitive germ cells, occur as single cells in the central portions of the tubules. Their chromatin is finely granular and evenly dispersed. Nucleoli are centrally placed and of uniform electron density. Various stages in the migration of gonocytes to the tubular periphery are indicated by the extension of cytoplasmic processes toward the basal lamina. Bands of microtubules are present within the processes. Spermatogonia are arranged in pairs and groups at the tubular periphery. They lack the nucleolar and mitochondrial characteristics of adult spermatogonia. Except for slight changes in chromatin density and nucleolar structure, the fetal spermatogonia retain the ultrastructural characteristics of gonocytes. Intercellular bridges connect adjacent spermatogonia. Degeneration affecting large numbers of germ cells, but primarily gonocytes, begins with nuclear infolding and chromatin condensation and eventually involves both nuclear and cytoplasmic structures. The degenerated cells are removed by phagocytosis by adjacent Sertoli cells. Large phagosomes are present in the cytoplasm of many of the Sertoli cells.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 120-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red muscle ; Fibre types ; Small mammals ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Fasern des roten und langsamen M. soleus von Ratte, Kaninchen und Katze und des roten, jedoch schnellen, M. vocalis des Kaninchens wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit den verschiedenen Fasertypen aus dem M. tibialis anterior der Ratte und dem M. gastrocnemius des Kaninchens und der Katze verglichen. M. soleus und M. vocalis (einschließlich M. thyreoarytenoideus) enthalten nur einen mitochondrienreichen Fasertyp. Im schnellen M. vocalis ist der Z-Streifen schmal (50–60 nm), das sarcoplasmatische Reticulum ist gut entwickelt. Die Anordnung von Reticulum und Mitochondrion ist ähnlich wie in Herzmuskelzellen. Wie auch in anderen langsamen Muskeln verschiedener Tiere ist im M. soleus der Z-Streifen breit (100–120 nm), Triaden und Reticulum sind selten, und die Filamente bilden unregelmäßige Areale anstelle von Fibrillen. Hierin gleichen die Fasern des M. soleus den (mitochondrienreichen) C-Fasern eines entsprechenden gemischten Muskels; dagegen zeigen die Zwischentyp-(B-)Fasern schmale Z-Linien (50–70 nm), isodiametrische Fibrillen und mehr Triaden als die C-Fasern. Entgegen der bisherigen Vermutung, die auf der histochemischen Zuordnung der SoleusFasern zum Typ B und der Vocalis-Fasern zum Typ C beruht, ist daher anzunehmen, daß die langsamen motorischen Einheiten eines gemischten Muskels aus C- und nicht aus B-Fasern bestehen. In einigen Muskeln sind die Sarcomere der C-Fasern länger als die der B-(und A-) Fasern. Im M. tibialis anterior der Ratte verschwindet der Unterschied von 8,5% bei 2,6 μm Sarcomerlänge bei der Dehnung auf 2,8 μm mittlere Sarcomerlänge; vermutlich weil die Ruhedehnungskurve zunehmend steiler wird. Die isometrische Extraspannung im Tetanus ist bei 120% der Ruhelänge, d.h. bei 2,7 μm Sarcomerlänge. am größten. Daher muß bei 2,6 μm mittlerer Sarcomerlänge die Kraft der C-Fasern die der B-Fasern übertreffen. Rote Muskeln sind besser vaskularisiert als weiße Muskeln. Für die Mm. soleus und gastrocnemius der Katze verhalten sich die Kapillardichten (Kapillaren/mm2 Muskelfaserquerschnitt) wie 2,7∶:1. Dieser Wert entspricht dem Verhältnis zwischen den Größen für die Durchblutung (ml/min × 100 g) in Ruhe und bei maximaler Gefäßerweiterung.
    Notes: Summary Muscle fibres of the red and slow contracting soleus of rat, rabbit and cat and of the red however fast contracting thyreoarytenoid of rabbit are compared with different fibre types in the anterior tibial muscle of rat and in the gastrocnemius of rabbit and cat. With respect to fibre types soleus and thyreoarytenoid (including m. vocalis) are homogeneous and both being rich in mitochondria. The fast thyreoarytenoid shows a narrow Z-line (50–60 nm) and a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The pattern of reticulum and mitochondria resembles more that of heart muscle cells than of skeletal muscle fibres. Like many slow contracting muscles of different animals the soleus fibres display a wide Z-line (100–120 nm), few triads, little reticulum and irregularly shaped areas of myofilaments instead of fibrils. In that soleus fibres equal fibres of type C (rich in mitochondria) in a corresponding heterogeneous muscle, whereas intermediate (type B) fibres reveal narrow Z-lines (50–70 nm), isodiametrically shaped myofibrils and more triads than C-fibres. Therefore it is far more likely that the slow motor units of a mixed muscle consist of C-fibres than of B-fibres. This is at variance with the histochemical designation of soleus fibres as type B and thyreoarytenoid fibres as type C. In some muscles in C-fibres the sarcomeres are longer than in B-(and A-)fibres. In the anterior tibial muscle of rat this difference is 8.5% at a mean sarcomere length of 2.6 μm, and disappears at a mean length of 2.8 μm, probably due to the steeper slope of the length tension diagram at rest. Since the isometric extratension in a tetanus is highest at 120% resting length (corresponding to about 2.7 μm sarcomere length), the force of C-fibres exceeds that of B-fibres at 2.6 μm but not at 2.8 μm sarcomere length. Red and white muscle differ with respect to vascularisation. The relation between the densities of capillaries in soleus and gastrocnemius of cat is 2.7∶:1 and equals the relation between the blood flows through these muscles during rest and maximum vasodilatation.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Reticulum-Cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Entodermale Thymus-Retikulumzellen neugeborener Wistar-Ratten enthalten häufig helle Vesikel mit enger räumlicher Beziehung zum Golgi-Apparat. Bei 13 Monate alten Ratten fehlen diese Vesikel. 2. Die Tatsache, daß die Häufigkeit heller Vesikel mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter abnimmt, findet ihre Parallele in der von anderer Seite getroffenen Feststellung, daß die Bildung eines humoralen Faktors im Thymus im Laufe der Zeit eingeschränkt wird. 3. Diese Koinzidenz läßt an die Möglichkeit denken, die hellen Vesikel könnten ein morphologisches Äquivalent der Bildung eines Thymuswirkstoffes sein. 4. In entodermalen Thymus-Retikulumzellen 13 Monate alter Ratten finden sich große Vakuolen mit granulärem Inhalt. Ihre Bildung beginnt schon vor der Thymusinvolution. Sie entstehen wahrscheinlich durch Phagozytose oder Aufnahme zelleigenen Materials, das nicht weiter abbaufähig ist. 5. Da diese Einschlüsse mit fortgesetzem Alter an Zahl und Größe zunehmen, scheinen sie als Ausdruck einer Beeinträchtigung der Stoffwechselvorgänge im Zytoplasma ein erstes morphologisch faßbares Symptom der frühzeitigen physiologischen Involution des Thymus zu sein.
    Notes: Summary 1. Entodermal reticulum cells of new born Wistar rats frequently contain clear vesicles with close connection to the Golgifield. These vesicles do not occur in reticulum cells of 13 months old rats. 2. The frequency of these clear vesicles decreases with advancing age obviously in the same way as the production of a humoral thymic factor reported by several investigators. 3. This observation agrees with the hypothesis that the clear vesicles are the morphological equivalent of the production of a humoral thymus factor. 4. Entodermal reticulum cells of 13 months old Wistar rats contain large vacuoles filled with electron dense, granulated materials. The formation of these vacuoles starts already before the beginning of the thymus involution. Possibly they are produced by phagocytosis or necrobiosis and contain deposits of material that cannot undergo further degradation. 5. The increase of these vacuoles in number and size with advancing age may be considered as equivalent of the deterioration of metabolism responsible for early involution of the thymus.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 394-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Portal Vein ; Innervation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die V. portae der weißen Ratte wurde licht-, fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopisch auf ihre Innervation untersucht. 1. Paraldehydbedampfte Venenpräparate und Häutchenpräparate der gesamten Wandung (Falcksche Fluoreszenzmethode) lassen einen überwiegend längsorientierten äuβeren Nervenplexus erkennen, der den äußersten Muskelzellen aufliegt. Er ist leberseitig weitmaschig, darmseitig sehr engmaschig. Ein subendothelial gelegener innerer Plexus ist vorwiegend zirkulär orientiert. Er entspringt dem äußeren Plexus der darmseitigen Gefäßpartien. 2. Der Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Gomori-Methode) bringt lichtmikroskopisch einige Nervenbündel in der bindegewebigen Adventitia zur Darstellung. Im übrigen findet sich die Aktivität des Enzyms nur in den interzellulären Spalten der Muskelschicht. Der elektronenmikroskopische Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Karnovsky-Methode) läßt aber erkennen, daß sich die Enzymaktivität auf die Muskelzellmembranen beschränkt. 3. Die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung bestätigt den fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Befund. a) Lebernah finden sich nur vereinzelte Axonbündel, die der äußeren Muskellage aufgelagert sind. Die Einzelaxone sind vollständig von den Schwannschen Zellen umgeben. Nur wenige, den Muskelzellen benachbarte Axone enthalten agranuläre Vesikel. Sehr selten sind Ausfaltungen der vesikelhaltigen Axone zu sehen, deren Abstand zur Muskelzelle aber immer noch 1000–2000 Å beträgt. b) Auf über eintausend Dünnschnitten wurde kein Axon innerhalb der dicken Muskelschicht gefunden. c) Subendothelial verlaufende Axone (innerer Plexus) sind teilweise oder völlig aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet. Sie sind dicht besetzt mit leeren Vesikeln (300–650 Å) und enthalten wenige kernhaltige Vesikel in der Größenordnung 800–1600 Å. Synaptische Endigungen werden nicht beobachtet. d) Eine dichte Häufung vesikelhaltiger Axone, die teils völlig, teils nur an der muskelzellnahen Seite aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet sind, finden sich am Übergang der V. mesenterica superior zum Pfortaderstamm, deren einschichtiger Muskellage angelagert. Von diesen Bündeln stammende kleinere Bündel und Einzelaxone ziehen zwischen den Muskelzellen hindurch und erreichen das Endothel. Typische Synapsen werden nicht beobachtet. Kein vesikelhaltiges Axon nähert sich mehr als 1000 Å den Muskelzellen. 4. Die ausgefalteten vesikelbesetzten Axone werden als vegetative Überträgerstrecken angesehen. Die Erregung der Effektorstrukturen durch Transmittersubstanzen wird im Zusammenhang mit der postmortalen autonomen Gefäßkontraktilität diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the portal vein of the white rat was examined with light-, fluorescence-, and electronmicroscopic techniques. The results are as follows: 1. Paraldehyde treated vein preparations (Falck's fluorescence method) demonstrate a predominantly longitudinally orientated external nerve plexus, being situated on the outermost muscle cells. Near the liver the nerve net is characterized by broad meshes, near the intestinal tract by narrow ones. The circular subendothelial inner plexus originates in the outer plexus of the intestinal vascular bed. 2. Nerve bundles in the fibrous adventitia were demonstrated with Gomori's Acethylcholinesterase method. In other respects, the enzyme activity was only observed in the intercellular spaces of the muscle layer. The electronmicroscopic demonstration of Acetylcholinesterase (Karnovsky's method) further showed that the enzyme activity is restricted to the muscle cell membrane. 3. The electronmicroscopic examination verified the results obtained with fluorescence microscopic techniques. a) In the proximity of the liver, only isolated nerve bundles occur on the outer muscle layer. The individual nerves are entirely surrounded by Schwann cells. Only a few of the axons in the vicinity to the muscle cell have agranular vesicles. Evaginations of the vesicular axons occur infrequently. Their distance from the muscle cell amounts to 1000–2000 Å. b) In more than one thousand thin sections, no axons were found inside the thick muscular layer. c) Subendothelial axons (inner plexus) are either partially or totally evaginated from the Schwann cells. They are densely filled with empty vesicles (350–650 Å) and contain a few dense core vesicles of 800–1600 Å in diameter. Synaptic endings were not observed. d) A dense collection of vesicle-containing axons, that were partially in their entirety and partially only from the muscle cell proximal side evaginated from the Schwann cells, were observed in the single muscle layer at the junction of the superior mesenteric and the portal vein. From these bundles, smaller bundles and individual axons pass between the muscle cells and reach the endothelium. Typical synapses were not observed. No vesiclecontaining axon was nearer than 1000 Å to the muscle cell. 4. Those axons possessing vesicles and being evaginated are considered to be vegetative conducting pathways. The excitation of the effector structures by transmitter substances is discussed in connection with the post mortem autonomic vascular contractility.
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 467-481 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic promyelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Primary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic promyelocytes from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental phase is characterized by the elaboration of primary (azurophillysosomal) granules and the entire intracellular machinery is directed principally toward this goal. The promyelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary stages based upon morphological, histochemical and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of primary granulogenesis.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 565-578 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Reptiles ; Sertoli cells ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules de Sertoli du testicule de Lacerta vivipara ont été étudiées en microscopie électronique chez des animaux récoltés entre le printemps et l'automne pendant deux années et chez des animaux hypophysectomisés en automne. Ces cellules contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries de petite taille à crêtes lamellaires, des ribosomes libres, un reticulum endoplasmique lisse moyennement développé, plusieurs petits dictyosomes formant l'appareil de Golgi, des liposomes et des microtubules. Elles renferment aussi de nombreux corps denses de grande taille qui paraissent être de nature lysosomiale. Le glycogène a été particulièrement étudié. Il est formé de particules β dispersées au hasard dans le hyaloplasme. Des variations saisonnières dans la teneur en glycogène ont été notées. Chez les hypophysectomisés, les cellules de Sertoli contiennent de grandes quantités de ce métabolite dont les particules sont concentrées dans des petites plages, souvent autour des liposomes. Les rôles possibles des cellules de Sertoli sont discutés: soutien et apport de nourriture aux cellules germinales, production d'hormones et phagocytose des corps résiduels. Les variations de la teneur en glycogène sont également discutées.
    Notes: Summary Sertoli cells of the testis of Lacerta vivipara have been studied electron microscopically in animals obtained between spring and autumn during two years and in animals hypophysectomized in autumn. These cells contain numerous small mitochondria with lamellar cristae, free ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum moderately developed, several small dictyosomes forming the Golgi complex, lipid droplets and microtubules. There are numerous dense bodies of large size with an heterogeneous content which seem to be of lysosomial nature. Glycogen consists of β particles dispersed at random in the hyaloplasm. Seasonal variations in the content of glycogen are noted. In hypophysectomized animals Sertoli cells contain large amounts of that metabolite whose particles are concentrated in small areas often around the lipid droplets. Possible role of the Sertoli cells concerning mechanical support and nutrition of the germinal cells, production of hormones and phagocytosis of residual bodies are discussed. The variations in the glycogen content are also discussed.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 463-475 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow ; Leukocytes ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of peroxidase activity has been studied in the cells of normal human bone marrow using the diaminobenzidine peroxidase technique. Peroxidase activity has been localized within the primary (azurophil) granules of the neutrophilic series as well as in the cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes. Peroxidase activity appears within the cisternal system (nuclear envelope, Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum) of these cells during the period of peroxidase-containing lysosome production. With the cessation of granulogenesis, peroxidase activity disappears from the cisternal system and does not reappear in subsequent developmental stages. In cells incubated in peroxide-free media, staining of granular components, but not of cisternae, is reduced. The inclusion of catalase in peroxide-free media eliminates all staining. This indicates that an endogenous peroxide is present within the cisternae and granules of these cell types.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 575-586 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A quadratic thick shell element derived from a three-dimensional isoparametric element was first introduced by Ahmad and co-workers in 1968. This element was noted, however, to be relatively inefficient in representing bending deformations in thin shell or thin plate applications. The present paper outlines a selective integration scheme for evaluating the stiffness matrix of the element, in which each component of the strain energy is evaluated separately using a different Gaussian integration grid for each contribution. By this procedure, the excessive bending stiffness of the element, which results from the use of me quadratic interpolation functions, is avoided.The improved performance of this element, as compared with the original thick shell element, is demonstrated by analyses of a variety of thin and thick shell problems. Editors' note: A similar development was outlined by O. C. Zienkiewicz and co-workers in lnt. J. num. Meth. Engng, 3, 275-290 (1971). Some important details differ between the two papers which are thus complementary.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 591-591 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 591-592 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 36
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 38
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 39
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 5-11 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It has long been recognized that permeability, compressibility and viscosity vary during the consolidation of soil. However, the introduction of these variations into consolidation theory leads to formidable difficulties due to their rendering the equations highly non-linear. Numerical methods are given herein which enable the governing equation to be solved for a variety of different non-linear laws.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 13-24 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The simultaneous iteration method of obtaining eigenvalues and eigenvectors is employed for the solution of undamped vibration problems. This method is of significance when a few of the dominant eigenvalues and eigenvectors are required from a large matrix, and hence is particularly suitable for vibration problems involving a large number of degrees of freedom. It is shown that advantage may be taken of both the symmetry and the band form of the mass and stiffness matrices, thus making it feasible to process on a computer larger order vibration problems than can be processed using transformation methods. A method of allowing for body freedom is given and some numerical tests are discussed.
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The general eigenvalue problem Ax = λBx as arising from vibration problems tackled by the finite element method is often solved by the economization method in which the two matrices are reduced to a more manageable size and approximate answers are obtained.This paper analyses the method in a more mathematical way than previous accounts and leads to a definition of the optimum set of variables to be retained during the reduction. An extension to the method is suggested which allows the approximate eigenvalue to be improved and bounds are obtained on the eigenvalues of the full problem before reduction.An estimate is made of the calculation involved in the method and it is concluded, by reference to examples, that the extended method leads to a more efficient algorithm.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A technique is described for solving the compressible flow equations in subsonic flow. The general quasi-linear equation ∇.g∇v = 0 is considered with g a function of ∇v. ∇v, and iterations of the form ∇.gn∇vn+1 = 0 are analysed, where g0 is suitably chosen and gn defined from vn for n≥1. This approach is applied to the compressible flow equations in terms of a velocity potential ø: monotonic convergence is predicted and at each iteration the error is multiplied by a factor less than the square of the greatest Mach number in the solution.Reliable convergence has been obtained in practice solving the linear equation for øn+1 by a finite difference method. The alternative of working in terms of the stream function ψ is discussed, and also discretization by the finite element method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A solution is presented for the computation of the transient thermoelastic stresses in a hollow cylinder with temperature boundary conditions given as a circumferential variation of surface heat transfer coefficient. The temperature distribution is solved explicitly. The problem is set up using the Airy stress function which leads to the biharmonic equation. This approach requires the satisfaction of three Michell integrals at the inner boundary in order to ensure single-valued displacements and rotation. An iterative method is described in which these integrals are all simultaneously satisfied and thus provide the necessary non-zero boundary conditions for the solution of the biharmonic equation which is rapidly solved by Gaussian elimination. Results are presented for the general case where the temperature is a function of r and θ. The computer program is checked by assuming a constant value of the surface heat transfer coefficients. In this case a closed form solution is obtained.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 103-117 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The application of the finite element rank force method for the dynamic analysis of redundant structures is presented. The applied loading consists of discrete and distributed loads. Both forced and free vibrations are considered, the latter yielding latent vectors corresponding to dynamic redundancies.It is shown that the dynamic properties of an element are given by a static flexibility matrix, an inverse mass matrix, a damping parameter and a displacement vector representing the effect of the applied distributed loading.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A stiffness matrix for a finite element having the planform of an annular segment is derived using the displacement approach. Numerical problems involved in the derivation are discussed and rapid convergence to exact solutions is demonstrated on three sample problems. It is concluded that the new element will be of great value to engineers concerned with the analysis of slabs of bridge decks curved in plan.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 145-147 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method of solving a set of simultaneous linear equations requires an estimate of the spectral radius of the matrix. Dividing each equation by the corresponding row sum of moduli of the elements of the matrix gives a convenient upper bound of unity to this. This note shows that the DR method then gives a faster asymptotic rate of the convergence than the degenerate Chebyshev method which it closely resembles.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 149-149 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 48
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 151-151 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 49
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The conventional central finite difference equations for the plane stress extension of flat plates are derived as a localized Ritz process. A dual differential-variational discretization of this type enables common classification of the finite difference and finite element methods. Also, it provides alternative methods of establishing sufficiency conditions and relative rates of convergence for discrete systems derived from a localized Ritz process, and the existence of solution bounds for discrete systems derived using difference procedures.
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  • 50
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 161-179 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the development of consistent discrete models, via the concept of finite elements, of linear and non-linear electrothermomechanical behaviour of continuous bodies. In the development, general energy balances are utilized to derive equations governing electromagnetic fields over an element and coupled equations of motion and heat conduction of a typical element of the continuum. These equations make it possible to study a general class of field problems involving arbitrary geometries and boundary conditions. Sample problems are included.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 199-213 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of the biharmonic equation in a rectangular domain is presented in the context of continuous dynamic programming techniques. The equations are specialized to the solution of elastic rectangular plates. A suitable approximate expression of a certain functional equation containing derivatives only in one direction is used to derive equations for the stiffness and flexibility matrices of the plate. It is shown that those matrices satisfy matrix Riccati equations subject to suitable initial conditions. It is also shown that the condition of optimality in the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation directly expresses a classical variational principle, i.e. the principle of complementary energy. Some numerical examples are finally presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 181-198 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The dynamic finite element technique, which is referred to in the literature as ‘computer-analysis’, is applied to wave propagation problems occurring in finite and semi-infinite linearly elastic membranes of revolution. Both semi-infinite and finite versions of cylindrical and conical membranes are considered, and a finite membrane having a meridional curve which is parabolic is solved. The source of excitation is generally a constant velocity motion of one end of the membranes, but the results for a stress-pulse input at one end of a semi-infinite cylindrical membrane are also given. The results for the finite membranes are new, and the results for the semi-infinite problems are discussed with respect to previously published results. The two-dimensional state of stress in the membrane requires careful ordering of the calculations, and the boundary conditions for finite membranes are shown to follow logically from this ordering of the calculations. The difference in the solutions resulting from prescribing an axial or a tangential velocity excitation at the end of a conical membrane is presented, and the mesh size necessary for convergence to the solution is indicated. The graphs of the results clearly indicate regions in space and time where the membrane model should be replaced by the shell formulation to represent a realistic structure. The technique is shown to be self-contained and independent of any formal method such as the method of characteristics.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 215-232 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents an analysis of the response of plastic spherical and cylindrical shells subjected to loads applied through a rigid boss. Special emphasis is placed on following the load-deflection behaviour of these structures after the application of the yield-point load in order to predict the appearance of any snapping action.The method of analysis assumes that upper bound calculations are applicable and that the associated velocity fields can be represented by a series of piecewise continuous polynomials. The internal dissipation of energy for the structures are then written in terms of the coefficients of these polynomials and the values appropriate to the solution are found by using a non-linear programming routine.The results of this analysis are correlated with a non-dimensional boss size parameter p and compared with the results of experimental investigations. Mention is also made of the possible effects of initial imperfections.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 233-248 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element technique is used to determine the natural frequencies and the mode shapes of a cantilever plate mounted on the periphery of a rotating disc. The plane of the plate is assumed to make any arbitrary angle with the plane of rotation of the disc. The distributed centrifugal force is resolved into two components - one acting in the plane of the plate and the other normal to the plate. The stresses produced in the middle surface of the plate due to the in-plane forces are first determined. The increase in the bending stiffness of the plate elements due to these in-plane stresses is obtained in a manner similar to that used in the stability analysis of plates. The component of the distributed centrifugal force normal to the plate surface is added to the inertia force.From the results of computations carried out for various values of the aspect ratio, the speed of rotation, the disc radius and the setting angle, empirical formulae are derived giving the effect of these parameters on the natural frequencies. These empirical formulae are observed to be in agreement with the corresponding known formulae for rotating cantilever beams, when the aspect ratio is high.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a search procedure for finding the unconstrained maximum or minimum of a function of many independent variables. If this function represents the volume, cost, stiffness, etc. of a structure and each of the independent variables is associated with a parameter governing the geometry of the structure then designs of optimum geometry may be made in certain cases with the assistance of this search procedure. The procedure consists of steepest gradient calculations used in conjunction with a reverse Fibonacci location process. A ridge-following technique is included to speed convergence in addition to localized exploration in the region of an optimum.The search procedure has been programmed for computer use and an outline of its structural design applications is presented together with an example of its efficiency in a specific case.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 261-273 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A study of bending of plates for small deformations by applying the finite element method is presented in this paper.A new class of displacement functions has been developed for rectangular bending elements. For the first time a method is proposed for the derivation of displacement functions in which trigonometric expressions that had apparently failed to yield satisfactory results in earlier attempts can be used along with polynomial terms.The derivation leads to conforming type of displacement functions which satisfy the convergence criterion. The approach also demonstrates how many more new displacement functions can be found.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 275-290 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The solution of plate and shell problems by an independent specification of slopes and middle surface displacements is attractive due to its simplicity and ability of reproducing shear deformation. Unfortunately elements of this type are much too stiff when thickness is reduced.In an earlier paper a derivation of such an element was presented1 which proved very successful in ‘thick’ situations. Here a very simple extension is made which allows the element to be economically used in all situations.The improved flexibility is achieved simply by reducing the order of numerical integration applied to certain terms without sacrificing convergence properties. The process is of very wide applicability in improvement of element properties.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 291-292 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 59
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 293-294 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 60
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
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  • 61
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 295-296 
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  • 62
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 317-325 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The theory of conjugate approximations1 is used to obtain consistent approximations of stress fields in finite element approximations based on displacement assumptions. These consistent stresses are continuous across interelement boundaries and involve less mean error than those computed by the conventional approach.
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  • 63
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 299-315 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A system of finite element shell analysis codes, called SABOR/DRASTIC, is used to analyse a complex two-layered shell of revolution under static and dynamic asymmetric loads. The dynamic analysis is compared with experimentally measured response. In this linear elastic analysis, emphasis is placed on the inherent flexibility of the finite element method in modelling the complex structural geometry of a given test specimen. Static studies, which involve variations in important shell parameters, and dynamic studies, which provide a successful correlation with experiment, are used to illustrate both the detail and the generality with which shell analyses may now be performed with confidence.
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  • 64
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 327-347 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Many of the known finite elements are based on a variational procedure in a functional basis of monomials. The present paper attempts to formulate completely a finite element procedure which is non-variational on a functional basis which is left to the choice of the user.
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  • 65
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 349-360 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computer program is described for the analysis of plates in extension using the equivalent plane-framework idealization. The conjugate gradient method is adopted to solve the resulting large number of simultaneous equations. Performance figures are quoted for the program when used on an ICL KDF9 machine with a restriction of 18K on the available core store. The method is generally shown to provide a satisfactory solution to a heavy computational task and thus permits the solution of very large structural systems on a small computer.
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  • 66
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 379-388 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A very simple equation solver of very large capacity is developed. The method described here does not require a very large in-core memory; however, a fast random access device like a magnetic disk drive is required.
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  • 67
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 445-446 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 68
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 447-448 
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  • 69
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 509-517 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper considers methods of solution of the relevant equations based on the Newton-Raphson process. Expressions are derived for calculation with both good and very poor initial guesses and for calculation of pressure, volume and temperature during an equilibrium process. A method of programming the calculations is outlined. Variations and modifications to suit specific situations are discussed.
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  • 70
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 519-528 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computer orientated method is presented which generates meshes of triangular elements in plane and curved surfaces. Depending on geometrical and material variations, the region to be discretized is divided into a number of four sided zones. By using curvi-linear co-ordinate systems, nodes within and on the boundary of each zone are automatically positioned and referenced to a global Cartesian co-ordinate system. Elements are automatically assembled from these nodes. Input data is required to specify the positions and material properties of each zone and how they are connected. Examples are given which illustrate the range of meshes that can be generated. Extension of the method to generate three-dimensional tetrahedral elements is indicated.
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  • 71
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 529-552 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The discrete element displacement method is used to analyse the finite-deflection behaviour of shallow arches. The arches are idealized as assemblies of shallow curved elements and the necessary properties of the displacement patterns in these elements are discussed. Numerical solutions of the geometrically non-linear problem are obtained by directly minimizing the total potential energy of the system.
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  • 72
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 553-563 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: For a hierarchy of polynomials on the triangle there is derived an algorithm for computing the stiffness matrix of the plate bending element. The algorithm is easy to program and means a considerable saving of the computing time. The same approach can be used for any elliptic equation with constant coefficients.
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  • 73
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 565-574 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Finite element procedures usually require more degrees of freedom for a specified accuracy than does a classical Ritz procedure if suitable coordinate functions are available. This paper develops a combined global and local dependent variable representation which couples the conventional and finite element Ritz methods. This hybrid method preserves much of the flexibility of the finite element method while increasing the solution accuracy for a specified system order. The method is illustrated by examination of a beam and a plate vibration problem.
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  • 74
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 63-87 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element method is applied to the stability analysis of structural systems subject to non-conservative forces. The development of the method is general, but the specific application considered here is the stability of thin-walled members subject to follower forces. The method predicts the type of instability, whether it be buckling or flutter. Example problems, for which exact solutions are known, illustrate the accuracy and convergence characteristic of the finite element formulation.
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  • 75
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 89-101 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The point matching numerical method and its generalization, the method of boundary point least squares, have been successfully applied to numerous boundary value and eigenvalue problems. The present paper demonstrates the application of these techniques to problems in the micromechanics of fibrous composite materials, i.e. determination of elastic moduli and stress concentrations for parallel-fibre materials which are loaded transversely with respect to the fibres. The solution technique utilizes exact solutions of the governing equations of plane elasticity for each component fibre and its surrounding matrix material in a typical repeating section of the composite material. The continuity conditions for stresses and displacements between fibre and matrix and the repeatability conditions at the boundary of the repeating section are satisfied approximately in a pointwise manner. Some special numerical techniques which were found to be particularly useful in applying the point matching method to these problems are delineated. The method is demonstrated for composite materials having circular, elliptical and square fibres in regular, staggered arrays. Numerical results are given which show the accuracy of the method as well as stress concentration and composite elastic moduli data.
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  • 76
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 131-144 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses the mathematical foundations of a technique that has been used extensively in structural optimization.1-6 Two basic problems are considered. The first of these is the concave programming problem which consists of finding the global minimum of ‘piece-wise concave functions’ on ‘piece-wise concave sets’. Since any function can be approximated by a piece-wise concave function, this method could in principle be used to find the global minimum in non-convex optimization problems. The second one is the piece-wise linear programming problem in which the objective function is convex and piece-wise linear. The iterative method outlined for handling this problem is shown to be much more efficient than the standard simplex method of linear programming.
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  • 77
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 78
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 154-154 
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  • 79
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 361-377 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The equations governing the axisymmetric dynamic deformation of an elastic solid are considered as a symmetric hyperbolic system of linear first-order partial differential equations. The characteristic properties of the system are determined and a numerical method for obtaining the solution of mixed initial and boundary value problems in elastodynamics is presented. Two examples are considered.
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  • 80
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 405-413 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In convection heat transfer problems, it is convenient to solve the governing differential equations by using straightforward marching techniques for numerical integration. However, the boundary layer equations in these heat transfer problems are not of the initial value type even though they are parabolic equations. Consequently marching techniques are not successful until correct initial values are known. A means of determining these initial values is presented herein. Selected optimization methods are utilized in conjunction with marching integration techniques to solve third- and fourth-order ordinary differential equations which have three unknown initial boundary conditions. Two optimization methods, one deterministic and the other non-deterministic in nature, are used both independently and in combination as determined by the particular circumstances. Two applications are used to demonstrate the technique and comparison is made with existing solutions.
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  • 81
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 443-444 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 82
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 444-445 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 83
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 485-493 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The convergence of nodal displacements obtained by the finite element method is investigated for special element patterns in plane elasticity with the aid of the differential equation derived from the equilibrium condition at each node. The convergence of strains is also discussed. It is shown that averaging is an effective tool for obtaining approximations to strain for some kinds of mesh arrangement. It is also shown that the approach becomes inaccurate along force boundaries.
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  • 84
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 495-508 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A refined axisymmetric curved finite element for the analysis of thin elastic-plastic shells of revolution is described in the paper. The improved element is obtained by employing cubic polynomials in terms of local Cartesian co-ordinates for the assumed in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. This introduces into the solution two internal degrees of freedom in the cord direction of each element. These internal degrees of freedom are removed by static condensation before assembling the individual element stiffness matrices, and are subsequently recovered after the nodal displacements are obtained. On comparison with the previous formulation, this procedure greatly improves the accuracy of the solution especially with regards to in-plane stress-resultants at discontinuities in the meridional curvature and interelement equilibrium of forces. The latter fact makes it possible to analyse shells with a discontinuous meridional slope. In using this element, improvement in the convergence of the elastic-plastic solutions has also been observed.Several examples illustrate the quality of solutions. The reported study is limited to axisymmetric loadings cum boundary conditions.
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  • 85
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 587-588 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 86
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 588-591 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 87
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 45-51 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method of analysis is presented for two structures which have connections with clearance. It is assumed that the behaviour of the structures is described, by the movement of discrete nodes and that as the load on the structure changes, clearances open or close between corresponding nodes on the structures; each time this occurs the stiffness of the combined structure changes because its configuration has changed. Between these changes, the structure will behave linearly and the overall behaviour can be described as piecewise linear. Applications include diesel engine crankshafts with bearing clearances and the wrap-around problem in pin-and-eye connections.
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  • 88
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 389-403 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An important limitation of finite element analysis, namely, the need for a large number of small elements in regions of finite or infinite stress concentrations and the difficulties of convergence in such cases, is well known. Rao1 suggested a possibility of overcoming this by developing hybrid techniques combining continuum and finite element concepts. In such techniques, each region of stress concentration is covered by one large ‘primary element’ whose description includes term(s) identifying the type and order of concentration, while the remaining structure is split into a few ‘secondary elements’ which are conventional finite elements. In this paper a procedure incorporating this concept is developed and its effectiveness is clearly demonstrated by successful application to two important examples, one of them with stress singularities. The concept, in fact, can be applied equally well to other two- and three-dimensional problems of continua with discontinuities and concentrations.
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  • 89
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 415-423 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The analysis is aimed at determination of displacements in elastic-perfectly plastic frames, in the case of monotonically increasing loads. Spread of partial plasticity from hinges and change of geometry on the conditions of equilibrium are not included. Extremum energy principles and linear programming methods are employed to solve the problem. Both the kinematic and the static formulations of the problem are presented. The mathematical models of the formulations constitute a dual pair of linear programming problems.
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  • 90
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 425-441 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A unified network-topological approach to the formulation and solution of the analysis and minimum weight design of rigid-plastic structural systems is presented. It is shown that both analysis and design can be formulated using network concepts, but that, in contrast to elastic networks, the formulation results in a mathematical programming problem. Formulations based both on the static and kinematic theorems of plasticity are presented, and it is shown that duality guarantees that the two types of formulation yield identical results. The problem is first formulated on the basis of a simple definition of yielding, and is then generalized to the case where yielding is defined in terms of a yield surface.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 446-446 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 92
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 93
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 463-483 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Dynamic relaxation, an iterative method for use with digital computers, is described and is shown to be suitable for the solution of a system of linear equations and in particular for such problems derived from structural frame analysis. It is further shown that the method may be modified to include non-linear equations relating to these problems.Some specific examples of linear and non-linear solutions are given and comparisons are made with another computer method which performs the same tasks.
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  • 94
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 3 (1971), S. 451-462 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Using the finite element method, a detailed study of the deformations and stresses produced in an elastic-perfectly plastic half-space indented by a rigid sphere was done. The analysis covers the transition region from the maximum elastic contact load to a state where this load has been increased one hundredfold. Experimental results available in the literature are in good agreement with the analysis. In solving repeatedly the large number of linear equations involved in the solution of the problem, it was found profitable, in order to save computer time, to modify the direct elimination method. This technique is described in some details in the paper.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Scanning probe microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Electron spectroscopy ; Surface analysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The topography and the composition of a surface are in many cases of equal importance (catalysis, electroplating, pretreatment of foils and sheet metal, corrosion, passivation, adsorption, coating of fibers, etc.), and this explains the great interest in methods of investigation that reveal both. If the demands on the resolving power, the analytical possibilities, and the thickness of the surface layer are not too exacting, combined devices like the scanning electron microscope and its analytical accessories can be used. When it is necessary to avoid the compromises involved in simultaneous imaging and analysis, the investigations must be carried out with separate equipment. As an example of a method for the analysis of surfaces we consider briefly photo- and Auger electron spectroscopy (ESCA).
    Additional Material: 44 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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