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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (208)
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  • Electronic Resource  (208)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser vascular welding ; Tissue fusion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The central problem in microsurgery is the reconstruction of small vessels. The long operating time, foreign body granuloma formation around the suture material as well as aneurysmal alterations of the vessel wall after conventional suture technique make the search for alternatives indispensable. Some of these disadvantages can be avoided as demonstrated by our animal experiments and histological examinations in laser-assisted anastomosing. The aim of this study is to show these aspects in connection with laser application and compare them with conventional suture techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Ferritin ; Thalassemia ; Ferrihydrite ; Crystallinity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The cores of ferritins isolated from different organs of human subjects withβ-thalassemia/hemoglobin E (β-thal/HbE) disease have different size distributions and crystallinities depending on the source organ. These patients have not been treated by hypertransfusion regimen or iron chelation therapy.β-Thal/HbE spleens and livers yield ferritin cores which are less crystalline than those isolated from normal spleens and livers, reflecting the more rapid deposition of iron in the diseased state. Ferritins isolated from the hearts and pancreases ofβ-thal/HbE subjects were found to have larger, more crystalline cores than those from theβ-thal/HbE livers and spleens, possibly as a consequence of the role of the heart and pancreas as long-term iron deposition sites in this iron overload pathology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Neurenteric cyst ; Enterogenous cyst ; Cilia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Claw-like projections and related structures on cilium tips in neurenteric cyst epithelium are described. The ciliary claws are about 20 nm in length and just beneath them four parallel electron-dense areas or lines are discernible. Similar structures were also observed in another case of neurenteric cyst. These structures are very similar to those reported previously, and it is suggested that they are commonly present in various ciliated epithelia in Man.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Alveolar soft-part sarcoma ; Uterus ; Myometrium ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of alveolar soft-part sarcoma located in the uterine corpus is reported. It was an incidental finding in the hysterectomy specimen of a 40-year-old woman. Light and electron microscopic examination revealed periodic-acid-Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant, membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules and crystalloids. Tumour cells expressed immunoreactivity with vimentin, desmin, cytokeratins, NK1/C3 and HMB-45 antibodies. Four years postoperatively, the patient is still alive without evidence of disease. Differential diagnoses, immunocytochemistry and clinical management of uterine alveolar soft-part sarcoma are discussed and the literature reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Transgenic mice ; Glucagonomas ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic tumours of transgenic mice carrying a glucagon-promoted simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen oncogene have been analysed by histological, histochemical, ultrastructural and radioimmunological means. Seven transgenic mice were examined revealing dysplastic and neoplastic lesions in the endocrine pancreas. Four tumours were identified, one of which metastasized to periadrenal spaces and paravertebral lymph nodes. Benign tumours were composed of argyrophilic, endocrine cells reactive to a range of antibodies against neuroendocrine markers (neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5, chromogranin A, synaptophysin and protein 7B2) and different fragments of the proglucagon molecule (glucagon, glicentin, glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2). A few tumour cells expressed pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin or insulin. Conventional ultrastructural analysis and immunogold labelling revealed typical glucagon-immunoreactive alpha granules which co-stored glicentin and glucagon-like polypeptides 1 and 2. The malignant primary tumour and its metastases were composed mainly of cells which did not show immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers or peptides. Atypical, glucagon-immunogold labelled granules were detected at electron microscopy in differentiated tumour cells and C-type retroviral particles in the largest tumour population of degranulated cells. The transgene-encoded oncoprotein SV40 large T-antigen was detected in the nuclei of well-differentiated tumour cells and in alpha cells of some dysplastic islets. All tumour-bearing mice showed high levels of circulating glucagon-like immunoreactivity. Transgenic mice harbouring the glucagon-promoted SV40 T antigen oncogene may provide a model for human glucagonoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 418 (1991), S. 387-400 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Submandibular gland ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy ; Proliferating cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fragments of rat submandibular gland (organoids) which maintained the topological organization of the parent tissue were cultured in a three-dimensional collagen gel matrix for up to 30 days. At 48 h, vigorous peripheral outgrowth had occurred around each organoid. This was accompanied by central necrosis and the bridging of adjacent organoids. By day 5, large cyst-like spaces occupied the centre of many organoids. Bromodeoxyuridine labelling indicated that a considerable proportion of the lining cells were proliferating. Organoid growth peaked at between 5 and 10 days. Thereafter, the number of viable colonies and proliferating cells declined. Addition of isoproterenol after 24 h culture resulted in marked morphological alterations, with earlier and more prolific outgrowth and a greater tendency for organoids to flatten and grow out over the surface of the gel with squamous differentiation. Ultrastructurally, nuclear and cytoplasmic features of isoproterenol-treated and untreated cultures were similar. The secretory granules and extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum of terminal tubule cells, evident in organoids immediately after isolation, were infrequent after 24 h and absent by 48 h. Similar alterations occurred in the few acinar cells, so by 5 days the cultures were composed entirely of a uniform population of primitive, dedifferentiated cells. Further uses of this culture systems will include the study of diseases and disorders of the salivary glands as well as normal growth and differentiation pathways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Corticopontine tract degeneration ; Olivopontocerebellar atrophy ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nine cases of sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy [Déjérine-Thomas type, multisystemic atrophy (MSA)] were examined histologically and electron microscopically with special reference to the corticopontine tract. Five of nine cases showed degeneration of the myelinated nerve fibres in this tract. More severe degeneration of the fibres at the level of the pons than the crus cerebri indicates that degeneration of the fibres may start axodistally. Electron microscopy revealed selective involvement of large fibres in olivopontocerebellar atrophy, in contrast to unselective axonal atrophy in dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy. The problem whether the degeneration of the tract is primary or secondary due to the loss of the pontine neurons remains open. We believe the former to be most likely. Degeneration of the corticopontine fibres should be added to the list of neuropathological findings in sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Large cell anaplastic lymphoma ; Electron microscopy ; Immunophenotyping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven cases of large cell anaplastic lymphoma (T typen=5, B typen=4, 0 typen=2) were investigated using electron microscopy and immunophenotyping on formalin-fixed paraffin sections and frozen sections of fresh tissue, to determine whether morphological criteria exist for the discrimination of T, B, and 0 phenotypes. Tumour cell lineage could not be established from ultrastructural features. On paraffin material monoclonal B-cell markers Ki-B5 and L-26 served as reliable tools for recognizing the B phenotype of large cell anaplastic lymphomas (previously determined on fresh material), whereas monoclonal antibodies MT1 (CD43) and UCHL1 (CD45RO) were of limited value in lineage determination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Membranous lipodystrophy ; Nasu-Hakola disease ; Lipid and glyconconjugate ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to assess the lipid and glycoconjugate characteristics of membranous lipodystrophy, a 29-year-old male with this disease was studied using an ultrastructural cytochemical approach. The specific membranocystic lesions of the disease are composed of cystic spaces and the lining membranes. The membranes were observed to have a two-layered character: microtubular structures in the layer adjacent to the spaces and a central amorphous zone. Lipid staining and the lipase digestion test revealed triglycerides localized not only in the cystic spaces but also in the microtubular structures. Lectin histochemical examintion of carbohydrate components demonstrated thatMaclura pomifera agglutinin bound strongly to the membranes, whileGriffonia simplicifolia I,G. simplicifolia II,Concanavalia ensiformis andTriticum vulgaris agglutinin reacted weakly. Our results indicate the presence of triglycerides and carbohydrates with mainlyα-D-galactose residues in the distinctive membranocystic lesions, in particular in the microtubular structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Urological research 19 (1991), S. 353-356 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Bladder cancer ; Electron microscopy ; Photodynamic therapy ; Photosan ; Phototoxicity ; Tumor selectivity ; Video fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The uptake of photosan and the intracellular sites of photoradiation-induced damage were investigated in vitro in bladder carcinoma cells and in normal bladder cells. Cells were examined by phase contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy. The concentration of photosan, measured in μg/106 cells, showed a good correlation to the incubation time. At all incubation times, control cells showed a lower uptake when compared with tumor cells. Following photodynamic therapy (PDT), phase-contrast microscopy revealed marked changes in tumor cells, whereas only minor effects could be detected at the cell membrane of the control cells. Following PDT, most of the investigated cells showed onanges of the mitochondria and cytoplasma. These changes consisted of dissolution of the cristae, predominantly in the central part of the mitochondria. Twenty-four hours after PDT the shape of the mitochondria had changed markedly and the cristae were found to be completely destroyed. Moreover, the cystoplasma showed numerous vacuoles, and the number of mitochondria was decreased compared to non-treated cells.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Bunina body ; Clarke's nucleus ; Onuf's nucleus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report the autopsy findings of an 81-year-old patient with short-course sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis lasting approximately 5 months. Pathological findings were probably very early. Light microscopy showed abundant eosinophilic Bunina type inclusions widely distributed not only in the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem but also in neurons of the Onuf's and Clarke's nuclei. Fine structural study revealed that the inclusions seen in the Clarke's nuclei were identical to Bunina bodies observed in anterior horn cells. A direct connection between axonal swelling and perikaryon was often seen in the facial and hypoglossal nuclei and in the spinal cord. Ubiquitin-positive Lewy body-like inclusions and central chromatolysis-like changes were also found in the anterior horn cells.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pyramidal neurons ; Motor cortex ; Synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological characteristics and distribution of synapses on a small pyramidal neuron in layer III of the cat motor cortex have been studied by combining intracellular HRP staining and electron microscopic examination. The stained neuron showed spiny apical and basal dendritic profiles under the light microscope, and exhibited the morphological features of a pyramidal neuron. Ultrastructural analysis indicated that about 80% of the presynaptic terminals formed asymmetrical synapses with spines of distal apical and basal dendrites. On proximal apical dendrites, 64% of the synapses were found to make contact with spines, and 16.7% of the synapses were of symmetrical type and formed with dendritic shafts. Two types of terminal could be identified on the soma; they were alternately located and established symmetrical and asymmetrical synaptic contacts respectively. Possible functional implications are discussed.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 184 (1991), S. 337-343 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Costo-uterine muscle ; Innervation ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The costo-uterine muscle provides a skeletal attachment to the longitudinal myometrial layer of the uterine horn. In this study we investigated the possibility that the muscle is responsive to sex steroid hormones. In rats of 4 weeks of age, injected with oestradiol for 5 days, the cross-sectional area of nucleated muscle cell profiles was significantly increased. A significant increase in the sectional area of muscle cells was also demonstrated in the costo-uterine muscle of 16-week-old rats, on the 20th day of gestation, compared with nonpregnant rats in dioestrus and of the same age. In oestrogen-treated and in pregnant rats, there was also an increase in muscle cell length. As to the innervation of the costo-uterine muscle, in glyoxylic acid-treated whole-mount and cryostat preparations, we found not only perivascular nerve fibres, but also a few nerve fibres innervating the muscle proper. The pattern of innervation was unchanged after oestrogen treatment and during pregnancy. In the electron microscope, axonal varicosities were observed in the proximity of both vascular and non-vascular muscle cells.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Spinal nerves ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Nerve degeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in the gracile nucleus of the rat have been examined after peripheral nerve injury. The sciatic nerve of adult rats was transected at mid-thigh level, and after survival times ranging from 1 day to 32 weeks sections from the gracile nucleus were prepared for electron microscopic examination. Unoperated animals served as controls. Atypical profiles were regularly observed in the experimental cases at post-operative survival times from 3 days up to 32 weeks. It was sometimes not possible to classify these as pre-terminal axons or terminals, because synaptic contacts could not be identified. The two most common changes throughout the entire post-operative period were greatly expanded myelinated axons, or unmyelinated profiles containing numerous mitochondria, osmiophilic dense bodies and vacuoles. Atypical profiles were occasionally observed in unoperated control animals. The results clearly show that various types of degenerative changes occur in the gracile nucleus after peripheral nerve injury. These changes differ markedly from previously described transganglionic changes in other systems. It cannot be excluded that some of the changes reflect growth-related reactions, although the typical features of axon regeneration could not be found.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hirano bodies ; Unit lamellae ; Alzheimer's disease ; Rapid-freeze, deep-etch and replica ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To clarify the yet controversial fine structure of Hirano bodies, we made three-dimensional observations of the tissues from the right hippocampus obtained at autopsy of elderly patients by the quick-freeze, deep-etch and replica method. The basic structure of Hirano bodies was a unit lamella, a closely attached pair of sheets composed of parallel-running smooth filaments, 10 to 12 nm in diameter with 12-nm interspaces. In the unit lamella, filaments from each of the overlapping sheets crossed obliquely at acute or obtuse angles to form lattice-like meshworks. The unit lamellae were arranged in a folded, waved or concentric manner, and connected or supported by cross-linking filaments of the same width. The distance between these unit lamellae was about 50 nm. Occasionally the sheets were separated or fused making layers of one to three sheets. At the periphery of the bodies parallel filaments were dispersed into individual filaments of similar size or directly attached to the cytoplasmic membrane.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Bunina body ; Onuf's nucleus ; Ubiquitin ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined the Onufrowicz nucleus (Onuf's nucleus) of ten sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with light and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical methods. Neurons in the Onuf's nucleus of ALS patients were better preserved than those in anterior horn cells. However, some showed morphological changes in the nucleus, namely, central chromatolytic changes, Bunina bodies, ubiquitin-positive filaments and spheroids. The Onuf's neurons of ALS patients showed more argentophilia than those of non-ALS patients. Electron microscopic observations revealed that neurofilaments were relatively more numerous in the Onuf's neurons of ALS patients. Bunina bodies and degenerated neurites were also seen in the Onuf's nucleus. In conclusion, the Onuf's nucleus in sporadic ALS patients showed some morphological changes similar to those noted in anterior horn cells.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer-type dementia ; Senile plaques ; Amyloid β/A4 protein ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We compared the ultrastructure between diffuse and primitive plaques in the brains of senile dementia, using pairs of routine electron microscopic ultrathin sections and adjacent semithin sections, which were immunolabeled for β protein. In the frontal cortex, amyloid fibrils were rarely seen in a minority of diffuse plaques, suggesting an initial stage of the diffuse plaques. A majority of the diffuse plaques had electrondense material and/or amyloid fibrils between cell processes in part of but not the entire β/A4-immunoreactive areas. Small degenerating neurites were often seen with apparent amyloid fibrils in the diffuse plaques, and these were considered to be in an advanced stage. The size and number of degenerating neurites were proportional to the amount of amyloid. Bundles of amyloid fibrils were occasionally surrounded by astroglial processes forming gap junctions. Neurons were found within some diffuse plaques, but capillaries were rarely seen. In contrast, in the temporal cortex, the diffuse plaques were smaller, and even these small ones had apparent amyloid fibrils. The amount of amyloid correlated significantly with plaque size in the temporal cortices, but not in the frontal cortices. Most of the diffuse plaques of the frontal lobe remained as advanced diffuse plaques (apparent amyloid with occasional astroglia and some degenerating neurites) for a long time, and did not transformed into primitive plaques, whereas the temporal diffuse plaques tended to transform into primitive plaques.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 183 (1991), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Initial axon segment ; Microtubules ; Cross-bridges ; Golgi apparatus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The initial axon segments and the cell bodies of Purkinje cells were examined in electron microscopic serial sections and toluidine blue semithin sections of goldfish cerebellum. We observed two characteristic cytoplasmic features different from those of other vertebrate neurons. 1. The areas of Nissl substance and Golgi apparatus are sharply divided in the periphery and center of the cytoplasm. 2. Microtubules fasciculated by cross-bridges in the axon hillock and initial axon segment remain bundled in the perikaryon, pass near the eccentric nucleus, and enter into the Golgi area of the central cytoplasm, where they are surrounded by mitochondria. We suggest that the intracellular fasciculated microtubules may establish a prepared pathway for fast anterograde and retrograde transport to and from the Golgi area of the cell body.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 183 (1991), S. 475-481 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Elastic-like tissue ; Elasmobranch ; Glomerular capillary wall ; Kidney ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Elastic-like tissue composed of tubular microfibrils continuous with, and disappearing into, amorphous material is present in the connective tissue space of the glomerular capillary wall of the river ray (freshwater elasmobranch) kidney. The amorphous material is stained by tannic acid but not by uranyl acetate. Structures with similar morphology and staining characteristics are also found in the subendothelial connective tissue layer of renal arteries in this species. Comparative ultrastructural observations of kidneys from marine rays show elastic-like tissue in the arterial wall but not in the glomerular vessels.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Primitive neuroectodermal tumor ; Cytokeratin immunohistochemistry ; Double labelling ; Electron microscopy ; Immunoblotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) biopsies from infants under the age of 3 years were studied for the presence of various differentiation markers for neuroectodermal stem cells. Special emphasis was placed on the expression of cytokeratin proteins. The tumor cells expressed different cytokeratin proteins (CK8, CK13, CK18, CK19, KL1, AE1/AE3, MNF16) in 3 of 11 cases. These cases were furthermore characterized by a strong expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, S-100 protein and vimentin. Vimentin and cytokeratin proteins were co-expressed; cross-reactivity between these two intermediate filaments could be excluded by immunoblotting. It is noteworthy that the three positive tumors were all from infants in their 1st year. We assume that PNETs in early infancy are characterized by a particularly wide range of differentiation patterns. The presence of cytokeratin proteins in these cases seems to be associated with the expression of vimentin and must be regarded as an indicator of an early developmental stage of the tumor cells.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 283 (1991), S. 211-218 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Ichthyosis ; Histopathology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the hetereogeneous group of recessive congenital ichthyoses the disorder of desquamation seems to be a basic problem. Desquamation is strongly dependent on the normal lipid metabolism of the keratinocytes. We describe a group of patients who have a typical clinical picture of large scale ichthyosis and cholesterol clefts in the thickened corneal layer, evidencing a disturbance of the lipid metabolism of the skin. The corneocytes also show a thin or absent cornified envelope, which could indicate a disturbance of protein synthesis. These patients have a severe ichthyosis, but good general health and no associated symptoms. This disorder has recently been named ‘ichthyosis congenita type II’ by the Heidelberg group on the basis of electron microscopic findings. According to the present examination this group corresponds clinically to the currently used diagnosis ‘lamellar ichthyosis’.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 283 (1991), S. 377-381 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Savinase ; Proteolytic enzyme ; Human plantar skin ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of the proteolytic enzyme savinase on human plantar skin in vitro was examined by light and electron microscopy to elucidate the morphological involvement of activated savinase in human epidermis. Light microscopic examination of incubated skin fragments demonstrated that the histological changes produced by savinase in the epidermis, including the stratum corneum, depended upon pH value, enzyme concentration and incubation time. After incubation in 0.1% savinase in phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, for 2 h at 35
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticothalamic projection ; Somatosensory system ; Barrel ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; leucoagglutinin ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse ; Synaptic glomerulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of tracing with the lectin Phaseolusvulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), we examined in the thalamus of the mouse, the axon terminals of fibers originating in the barrel cortex. Vibratome sections of the brain were subjected to PHA-L immunocytochemistry and processed for light and electron microscopy. We observed small (0.5–0.8 μm in diameter) varicosities of labeled fibers in the nucleus ventrobasalis (VB) and the nucleus posterior (PO) as well as labeled giant terminals (3–5 μm in diameter) in PO. The analysis involved examination of serial sections and computer-aided reconstruction of several terminals. The small varicosities in VB appear to be small axon terminals forming distinct asymmetric synapses with small dendritic profiles. Some labeled terminals are apposed to, but not synaptically related with, the cell bodies of neurons in VB that are retrogradely labeled with PHA-L. The small varicosities seen with the light microscope in PO are terminals forming asymmetric synapses with dendritic shafts. The giant terminals in PO appear as large, vesicle-filled profiles forming part of synaptic glomeruli, i.e. complexes of one corticothalamic terminal engulfing several excrescences of a single dendrite. A giant terminal forms several asymmetric synapses (about 8) with these excrescences, as well as numerous (up to 15) puncta adhaerentia. The glomeruli are enveloped in glial lamellae, and they are often found at the bifurcations of primary dendritic segments. We suggest that the small terminals in VB are in the service of feedback signalling from the barrel cortex to its principal thalamic relay nucleus; the functional importance of this projection may reside in increased spatio-temporal discrimination. We interpret the giant terminals in PO as elements serving feed-forward processing, allowing the barrel cortex to influence, via PO, parts of the motor pathway modulating the animal's ongoing behavior.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Electron microscopy ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical methods have been combined with serial thin section analysis to study the synaptic organization of serotonin (5-HT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive terminals in the ventral posterior nucleus of the cat and monkey thalamus. One hundred 5-HT immunoreactive terminals from the cat and approximately forty 5-HT and TH immunoreactive terminals from the monkey were selected for analysis in serial thin sections. Only 7–10% of the immunoreactive terminals could be revealed to form conventional synaptic contacts. Most of these could be identified as the asymmetrical type. Dendritic shafts belonging to relay neurons were the major targets of these monoamine immunoreactive terminals. The remainder made intimate membrane associations with relay cell dendrites and somata or with presynaptic dendrites of interneurons, but no overt membrane specializations could be detected. The present results suggest that the modulation of thalamocortical relay function by brainstem monoamine pathways in the somatosensory thalamus may occur by release of transmitters at atypical contact sites.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Bis (tributyltin) oxide ; Corneal edema ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Comeal edema induced by bis (tributyltin) oxide (TBTO) was studied with an electron microscope and the accumulation sites of tin were determined with an X-ray microanalyzer. Male Wistar rats received an intramuscular injection of 0.5 ml/kg TBTO. After time intervals of 2,4, 6, 8, 10, 12 h after injection, corneas were isolated and provided for electron microscopy. Corneas from untreated rats served as controls. Marked swelling of mitochondria in the corneal endothelial cells occurred at 4 h after TBTO injection. The corneal edema appeared in the endothelial layer and the stroma at 6 h after injection. By X-ray microanalysis, Sn peaks were obtained from swollen mitochondria in the endothelial cells. At 12 h after TBTO injection, edematous swelling of the corneal tissue became more advanced. These results indicated that parenterally administered TBTO accumulated in the mitochondria of corneal endothelial cells. The direct toxic effects of TBTO on the mitochondria might cause the interference with active pump function of endothelial cells and induced the corneal edema.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: αNi3S2 ; βNiS ; Rat lymphocytes ; Electron microscopy ; Energy dispersive spectrometry ; Sulfur phosphorus shift ; Biological transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The uptake, the biological transformation and the interaction with cellular constituents of αNi3S2 and βNiS have been studied in vitro and in vivo on rat lymphocytes. βNiS crystals are phagocytized in vitro and no structural degradation is observed within the first 3 days of exposure. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) reveals a slight dissolution characterized by the loss of sulfur. αNi3S2 is degraded in the extracellular space to minute particles (50–100 nm) covering the cell membrane. Smaller intracellular particles (10–30 nm) are found selectively bound to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi vesicles, nuclear membranes, and the euchromatinic part of nuclei. EDS analyses reveal that the particles bound to cell membranes and euchromatin no longer contain sulfur but phosphorus and nickel as inorganic compounds. This observation suggests the formation of a Ni/P complex with the phosphate groups either of membranous phospholipids or of nuclear RNA or DNA. A similar uptake and transformation process of αNi3S2 is observed on lymphocytes after in vivo incubation. This leads us to consider lymphocytes as target cells, as compared with other cell types where the αNi3S2 uptake occurs only partially. The present findings show a difference of uptake and biological transformation between αNi3S2 and βNiS. The identical results obtained after in vitro and in vivo bioassays enhance the in vitro experiments, at least for this cell type.
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  • 27
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    Machine vision and applications 4 (1991), S. 271-285 
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; three-dimensional vision ; surface reconstruction ; stereo ; shape from shading ; dynamic programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The computational reconstruction of surface topographies from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images has been extensively investigated in the past, but fundamental image processing problems still exist. Since conventional approaches adapted from general-purpose image processing have not sufficiently met the requirements in terms of resolution and reliability, we have explored combining different methods to obtain better results. This paper presents a least-squares combination of conventional stereoscopy with “shape from shading” and a way of obtaining self-consistent surface profiles from stereoscopy and “stereo-intrinsic shape from shading” using dynamic programming techniques. Results are presented showing how this combined analysis of multi-sensorial data yields improvements of the reconstructed surface topography that cannot be obtained from individual sensor signals alone.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Soluble NAD-dependent hydrogenase ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Nocardia opaca ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The soluble NAD-dependent hydrogenase (hydrogen-NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.12.1.2), consisting of four non-identical subunits, was isolated from Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 and from Nocardia opaca 1b and analyzed by a HPLC gel permeation technique and electron microscopy. The tetrameric enzyme particles from both origins, as determined from negatively stained electron microscopic samples, were found to be elongated and very similar in shape and size. The A. eutrophus enzyme was measured in more detail. It exhibited dimensions of 12.7 nm by 5.5 nm (axial ratio 2.3:1). Dissociation into smaller particles and unspecific aggregation combined with partial inactivation were observed in the presence of the inhibitor NADH. Kept in buffer without added nickel, the enzyme was partially dissociated. Reassociation of tetramers without restored enzyme activity was achieved by addition of 0.5 mM NiCl2. A working model for the structural organization of the tetrameric enzyme particle is presented.
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  • 29
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    Child's nervous system 7 (1991), S. 442-447 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Acetazolamide ; Carbonic anhydrase activity ; Choroid plexus ; Electron microscopy ; Serotonin ; Tetrabenazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities in the choroid plexus of dogs were investigated by electron microscopy, and the effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) on them were examined to elucidate the participation of serotonin in the production of cerebrospinal fluid. The reaction products yielded by the method employed proved to be CA activity by elimination tests using acetazolamide (Diamox). Following administration of 5-HTP, the CA activities fell to 43.3% of the control value, that is, approximately 56% of the CA activities in the choroid plexus were affected by serotonin. When tetrabenazine (TBZ) was administered, the CA activities in the choroid plexus decreased to 22.4% of the control value. These results suggest that the CA activity in the choroid plexus is remarkably suppressed when nervous control of the choroid plexus is disturbed by the administration of a monoamine denervator such as TBZ. The present data indicate that the serotonergic inhibitory effect on the CA activity in the choroid plexus may be less predominant than that of TBZ and acetazolamide.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 517-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis ; Spermatids ; DNA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Bovine ; Mouse ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary DNA distribution in mouse, rabbit and bull spermatids was analyzed by electron microscopy, after using a Feulgen-like HCl-osmium ammine procedure, and after immunocytochemistry with anti-DNA antibodies. In addition, nucleic acids were visualized with the intercalating dye ethidium bromide and phosphotungstic acid. The parts of DNA displaying a beta helix configuration (possibly A-T rich parts) were identified by epifluorescence microscopy after staining with Hoechst 33258. In all 3 species, young spermatid nuclei were seen to have large areas poor in DNA, as well as DNA-rich areas, which were mostly concentrated into a peripheral layer close to the acrosome and into one or several masses, displaying species-specific locations. These DNA-rich areas were stained with Hoechst 33258. Elongating spermatid nuclei contained homogeneously distributed DNA, and this was evident following both immunocytochemistry and nucleic acid histochemistry in all 3 species. However, the distribution appeared more heterogeneous after the Feulgen-like procedure, and was accompanied by a disappearance of Hoechst-fluorescence. In fully elongated spermatids, all nuclear areas stained with Hoechst 33258, while the 3 other techniques labeled either all or species-specific parts of the condensed chromatin. The reasons for these variable reactions are discussed in terms of technique specificities, DNA configuration and nucleoprotein moiety replacements.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calbindin ; Neurohypophysis ; Development, ontogenetic ; Immunohistochemistry ; In-situ hybridization ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spot 35 protein is a Ca-binding protein originating from the rat cerebellum; it is now referred to spot 35-calbindin. This protein is expressed in immature pituicytes of the neurohypophyseal anlage in the E11–E18 rat embryo. The gene expression of spot 35-calbindin was detected by in-situ hybridization analysis only at stage E11–E12. Profiles of spot 35-positive nerve fibers of a neurosecretory nature were found in anlage at stage E16. At this stage, some immature pituicytes are partially immunopositive for spot 35-calbindin only in their peripheral cytoplasm; others are immunonegative. At birth and thereafter through adulthood, abundant nerve fibers are the sole structures immunoreactive for spot 35-calbindin; all the pituicytes are immunonegative, resulting in a light-microscopic appearance of numerous immunonegative round profiles, corresponding to pituicytes, and capillaries embedded in the granularly immunostained neurohypophysis. The present findings suggest that, during specific embryonic stages, immature pituicytes exert some as yet unidentified roles related to Ca-mediated functions involving the expression of spot 35-calbindin.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 563-578 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Xenografted human carcinomas ; Basal lamina ; Development, following heterotransplantation ; Electron microscopy ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Man ; Mouse (NMRI, nu/nu)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the basal lamina (BL), the key structure of the basement membrane (BM), was investigated in three xenografted human carcinomas of the sigmoid colon (CA 1), the lung (L 261), and the hypopharynx (H-Stg 1) following heterotransplantation to athymic mice. The study involved the use of electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence techniques employing highly specific antibodies against the intrinsic BL components, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, laminin and type-IV collagen. Following transplantation, the extracellular matrix material of the transplanted tumors decomposed and was phagocytozed by invading macrophages within 1 to 2 days. During this stage, no specific binding of the applied antibodies to BL components could be detected within the xenografts. Following the ingrowth of host-derived connective tissue between days 2 to 6, small fluorescence-positive granules appeared within the cytoplasm and around those tumor cells that were located close to the invaded strands of connective tissue. Ultrastructurally, typical secretory granules were detectable in the cytoplasm of many xenografted carcinoma cells. Thereafter, a tannic acid-positive, patchy material appeared in the extracellular space of CA 1 and L 261 and aggregated to form small fragments of a discontinuous BL. In the H-Stg 1 xenografts, this material assembled to form continuous mono-, bi- and multilayered structures. Large amounts of excess BL material remained accumulated in the L 261 and H-Stg 1 xenografts until the end of the observation period (day 24). These findings reveal that discontinuities of the BL occur independent of the active invasion processes of tumor cells, since xenografted human carcinomas neither grow invasively nor metastasize in nude mice. Moreover, they confirm that these discontinuities are not caused by a quantitatively insufficient production of BL material, but rather arise from qualitative imbalances of the composition of the synthesized BL material.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 311-324 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental root surface ; Periodontal fiber fringe ; Dentino-cemental junction ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) has never before been studied in human teeth. We have therefore examined the initiation of AEFC in the form of a collagenous fiber fringe and its attachment to the underlying dentinal matrix, in precisely selected, erupting human premolars with roots developed to 50%–60% of their final length. Freshly extracted teeth were prefixed in Karnovsky's fixative, decalcified in EDTA and subdivided into about 10 blocks each, cut from the mesial and distal root surfaces, vertical to and along the root axis. The blocks were postfixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Epon and cut for light- and electron-microscopic investigation. Starting at the advancing edge of the root, within a region extending about 1 mm coronal to this edge, fibroblast-like cells were seen closely covering the external root surface. Along the first 100 μm from the root edge, these cells extended cytoplasmic processes and contacted the dentinal collagen fibrils. Between these cells and the dentinal matrix, new collagen fibrils and very short collagen fibers gradually developed. Within the second 100 μm from the root edge, this resulted in the formation of a cell-fiber fringe network. Newly formed fibers of the fringe were directly attached to the non-mineralized matrix containing dentinal collagen fibrils and could be distinguished from the latter by differences in fibril orientation. During the process of dentin mineralization, the transitional zone between the fiber-fringe base and the dentinal matrix, i.e., the future dentino-cemental junction, also mineralized. It is suggested that this fiber fringe is the base of AEFC, which later increases in thickness by fiber extension and subsequent mineralization.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 325-336 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cementum ; Fiber fringe ; Periodontal ligament fibers ; Dentino-cemental junction ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study describes for the first time the development of early acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) until its establishment on human teeth. Precisely selected premolars with roots developed to 50%–100% of their final length were prefixed in Karnovsky's fixative and most of them were decalcified in EDTA. Their roots were subdivided into about 10 blocks each, cut from the mesial and distal root surfaces. Following osmication, these blocks were embedded in Epon and sectioned for light-and transmission electron microscopy. Some blocks were cut non-demineralized. From semithin stained sections, the density of the collagenous fiber fringe protruding from the root surface was measured by using the Videoplan-system. After initiation of this fiber fringe and its attachment to the dentinal root surface followed by mineralization, the fringe gradually increased in length and subsequently became mineralized. Fringe elongation and the advancement of the mineralization front appeared to progress proportionally. Thus, in all stages of AEFC development, a short fiber fringe covered the mineralized AEFC. Its density remained constant, irrespective of AEFC thickness. The latter gradually increased and reached an early maximum of 15–20 μm in the cervical region. At this stage, the AEFC fringe appeared to fuse with the future dentogingival or other collagen fibers of the tooth supporting apparatus. Mineralization of the fringe commenced with isolated, spherical or globular centers, which later fused with the mineralization front and became incorporated in AEFC.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Erythroblast ; Cytokinesis ; Cytoplasmic bridge ; Fetal liver ; Erythropoiesis ; Electron microscopy ; dd Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A unique cytoplasmic connection between erythroblasts was studied by electron microscopy in mouse hemopoietic tissues (fetal liver, fetal and neonatal spleen and adult bone marrow). Many pairs of interphase erythroblasts were connected by a “cytoplasmic bridge” that was very thin and sometimes long in comparison with telophase bridges. The stage of maturation of the cells in a pair was similar. Small numbers of microtubules ran along the cytoplasmic bridge; a mid-body was not seen. The plasma membrane at approximately the middle of the bridge bulged to form a ring-shaped ridge filled with dense amorphous substances; this was called a “bulging ring”. Thus, the cytoplasmic bridge between erythroblasts did not morphologically correspond to the telophase bridge in the usual cytokinesis. Cytoplasmic bridges were observed in various differentiating stages of erythroblasts, whereas other cell types of the hemopoietic lineage did not have such a bridge. The cytoplasmic bridge is unique to erythroblasts and provides an evidence for the atypical cytokinesis of the erythroblastic lineage.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes ; Meiosis ; Energy metabolism ; Protein synthesis ; Nuclear envelope ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse (Swiss)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the absence of a suitable energy source, mouse oocytes cultured in vitro resume, but fail to complete, meiotic maturation. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms leading to this meiotic failure. We utilized pyruvate-deficient medium to test for the role of pyruvate throughout the meiotic maturation process. Germinal vesicle-stage (GV) oocytes underwent germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), but failed to form a polar body when cultured continuously in pyruvate-free medium. However, when GV oocytes were preincubated for 4 h in pyruvate-free medium containing dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) and then cultured in pyruvate-free medium, GVBD was markedly inhibited. Preincubation of GV oocytes in dbcAMP and cycloheximide, followed by culture in cycloheximide only, also inhibited GVBD. A longer preincubation period was required in the cycloheximide-dbcAMP case (12 h) than in pyruvate-free-dbcAMP medium situation (4 h). Strikingly, reassembly of the nuclear membrane without polar body formation was observed following GVBD in oocytes continuously cultured in pyruvate-free medium. The reassembled nuclear membrane increased in size with continued culture, and it surrounded partially-decondensed chromatin. Nuclear membrane reassembly also occurred in oocytes which had undergone GVBD during continuous culture in medium containing only cycloheximide. Reformation of nuclear membranes after GVBD was confirmed by electron-microscopic analyses of oocytes cultured in pyruvate-free medium or in the presence of cycloheximide. We conclude that both pyruvate and protein synthesis are required for nuclear membrane disassembly, whereas lack of pyruvate or protein synthesis is associated with interruption of the metaphase state and reassembly of the nuclear membrane. The evidence suggests that assembly and maintenance of an intact nucleus and its disintegration are all amenable to regulation by pyruvate, possibly via mechanism(s) involving protein synthesis.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Glia ; Meninges ; Electron microscopy ; Skate, Raja erinacea (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report gives the results of the first electron-microscopic examination of the cell layers covering the outer brain surface and the inner surface of the cartilaginous skull in the skate, Raja erinacea. The perivascular glial blood-brain barrier — a characteristic of elasmobranchs — extends to the outer surface of the brain. This outer barrier layer is surrounded, in turn, by a subarachnoid compartment (depth: 30–40 μm), containing loose connective tissue and blood vessels; by an arachnoid-like epithelium (10–15 cell layers), impermeable to horseradish peroxidase; and, by perimeningeal fluid, a fluid with a slow turnover rate and a protein composition different from plasma. The inside of the skull, facing the perimeningeal fluid, is covered by a multilayered (10–15 layers) cuboidal epithelium, also impermeable to horseradish peroxidase. Closely apposed cells in the luminal layer of this epithelium have apical microvilli and numerous vesicular profiles, containing material of moderate electron density. These observations may explain, in terms of structure, the regulated protein content of perimeningeal fluid and the restricted exchange of solutes between brain and perimeningeal fluid in elasmobranchs.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 266 (1991), S. 11-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Basement membrane ; Proximal tubule ; Hydraulic pressure ; Mechanical stress ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the basement membrane of the rat proximal tubule was observed by transmission electron microscopy after the use of a cold dehydration technique. The basement membrane of the P1 segment is thick and possesses several structural specializations that are rare in other basement membranes; these include intraepithelial ridges, dense bars, and basement membrane vesicles. The intraepithelial ridges are found in the intercellular spaces between interdigitating processes of the proximal tubule cells. The ridges and the interdigitating processes run circumferentially around the tubule. The dense bars are frequently found in the intraepithelial ridges. They are especially prominent on the concave side of the tubular bends and to a lesser extent near sites where intracellular actin filaments anchor onto the basal cell membranes. The basement membrane vesicles are bounded by unit membranes; they are variable in both their electron density and their size. They are usually found in association with dense bars, and the grade of their accumulation is positively correlated with the development of the dense bars. These three specializations have no topographical relationship with the interstitial structures, such as fibrobalasts and collagen fibrils. The specializations are best developed on the concave side of tubular bends where the circumferential stresses caused by the intraluminal hydraulic pressure are presumably the largest; we therefore propose that they are an adaptation to, or a manifestation of, the increased wall stress in the proximal tubule.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 263 (1991), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Islets of Langerhans ; Immunocytochemistry ; Endocrine cells four types ; Electron microscopy ; Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine pancreas of the Australian fattailed dunnart, Sminthopsis crassicaudata, was investigated by means of electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry using the protein A-gold technique on London resin (LR) white-embedded tissue. The primary antibodies used were raised against insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. The morphology of the secretory granules differed in the four cell types. The insulin cells are pleomorphic, and the secretory granules composed of an electron-dense core surrounded by an electron-lucen halo. The glucago cells possess granules with an electron-dense core usually surrounded by a halo of less dense granular material. Somatostatin cells have large, less dense secretory granules. The pancreatic polypeptide cells show small, dense secretory granules. In order for an ultrastructural study to be considered reliable for the definite identification of endocrine cell types, it is essential that it be corroborated by immunocytochemical data at the light-or preferably electron-microscopic level. Recent developments in immuno-electron-microscopic techniques have contributed to a better knowledge of cells responsible for the secretion of a wide variety of hormones, as in this study.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transverse (T-) tubules ; Muscle, cardiac ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rabbit (Lagomorpha)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The goal of the present investigation was to compare quantitatively the distribution of T-tubules between regions of the myocardium. The volume fraction and surface density of T-tubules in rabbit right atrial free wall, left atrial free wall, right ventricular free wall, left ventricular free wall, right ventricular papillary muscle, and left ventricular papillary muscle were measured using established, electron-microscopic, morphometric techniques. T-tubules were delineated using wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase as a tracer. No significant differences were found in the morphometric parameters between any two ventricular samples or between atrial samples. Furthermore, little difference between T-tubule volume fraction or surface density was found between individual animals for any given site. Both volume fraction and surface density of ventricular T-tubules were more than ten-times their values in atrial tissue (volume fraction: 3.43%±0.35 vs. 0.20±0.09; surface density: 2.46 μm2/μm3±0.11 vs 0.10±0.04). Measurements show that there is greater variation of T-tubule volume fraction and surface density within atrial samples than within ventricular samples. This suggests greater inhomogeneity in T-tubule distribution in atrial myocardium than in ventricular myocardium. Morphometric data also indicate that the mean diameter of atrial T-tubules is greater than that of ventricular T-tubules while qualitative observations show that atrial T-tubules are distributed less regularly and have a larger longitudinal component to their organization than those in the ventricular myocardium.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 321-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tooth pulp ; NGF receptor ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Substance P ; Neuropeptide Y ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of nerve growth factor receptor (NGF receptor)-like immunoreactivity in pulps of developing primary and mature permanent cat canine teeth was examined, by use of a monoclonal antibody against NGF receptor detected by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and pre-embedding immunocytochemical light- and electron microscopy. Both primary and permanent pulps contained a vast number of NGF receptor-like immunoreactive nerves. Immunolabelling appeared to be localized both to axons and Schwann cells. In addition, many blood vessel walls in immature primary tooth pulps showed NGF receptor-like immunoreactivity, in contrast to permanent pulps where blood vessels rarely were NGF receptor-immunoreactive. Double-labelling immunofluorescence experiments revealed that in the permanent pulp a majority of the NGF receptor-positive nerves also showed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity, and many showed substance P-like immunoreactivity. However, nerve fibers with neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity lacked NGF receptor-like immunoreactivity. In developing primary tooth pulps fewer NGF receptor-positive nerves were CGRP-like immunoreactive or substance P-like immunoreactive, as compared to the permanent pulp. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive nerve fibers were not detected in the primary tooth pulp. The results suggest a role for nerve growth factor in both developing and mature sensory nerves of the tooth pulp.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal autotransplants ; Sodium restriction ; Mineralocorticoid hormones ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Regenerated adrenocortical nodules were obtained by implanting fragments of the capsular tissue of excised adrenal glands into the musculus gracilis of rats (Belloni et al. 1990). Five months after the operation, operated rats showed a normal basal blood level of corticosterone, but a very low concentration of circulating aldosterone associated with a slightly increased plasma renin activity (PRA). Regenerated nodules were well encapsulated and some septa extended into the parenchyma from the connective-tissue capsule. The majority of parenchymal cells were similar to those of the zonae fasciculata and reticularis of the normal adrenal gland, while zona glomerulosa-like cells were exclusively located around septa (juxta-septal zone; JZ). In vitro studies demonstrated that nodules were functioning as far as glucocorticoid production was concerned, while mineralocorticoid yield was very low. Prolonged sodium restriction significantly increased PRA and plasma aldosterone concentration, and provoked a marked hypertrophy of JZ, which was due to increases in both the number and average volume of JZ cells. Accordingly, the in vitro basal production of aldosterone and other 18-hydroxylated steroids was notably enhanced. The plasma level of corticosterone, as well as zona fasciculata/reticularis-like cells and in vitro production of glucocorticoids by regenerated nodules were not affected. These findings, indicating that autotransplanted adrenocortical nodules respond to a prolonged sodium restriction similar to the normal adrenal glands, suggest that the relative deficit in mineralocorticoid production is not due to an intrinsic defect of the zona glomerulosa-like JZ, but is probably caused by the impairment of its adequate stimulation under basal conditions. The hypothesis is advanced that the lack of splanchnic nerve supply and chromaffin medullary tissue in regenerated nodules may be the cause of such an impairment.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 265 (1991), S. 261-273 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Immunization ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Electron microscopy ; Rabbit (Chinchilla, Ch: b Ch)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An active or passive immunization against hormones and the subsequent neutralization of hormones by circulating antibodies is a valuable tool for the identification of hormonal action. To recognize presumed local (autocrine, paracrine) effects exerted by pancreatic hormones, the endocrine pancreas of rabbits was investigated electron-microscopically after long-term immunization against glucagon or somatostatin. Glucagon immunization resulted in hyperplasia and hypertrophy of glucagon- (A-) cells and in their increased metabolic activities: They showed prominent nucleoli, increased amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi areas, and mitochondria. These changes were paralleled by alterations in secretion granules (increased size, decreased hormonal content), increased numbers of lysosomes (crinophagic bodies), and an increment of the filamentous system. Basically, these findings point to an autocrine regulation of A-cells. Following somatostatin immunization, somatostatin- (D-) cells were hyperplastic but unchanged in their metabolic state. Instead, insulin-(B-) cells and A-cells exhibited equivalents of increased cellular activities (parameters, see above). This stimulation most probably is caused by cancelled paracrine (inhibitory) effects of somatostatin. The changes observed after both immunizations were differently expressed in morphologically heterogeneous islet types (size, angioarchitecture, cellular composition, microtopology of the various cell types). It is concluded, therefore, that the regulation of islets is not uniform. Autocrine and paracrine effects exerted by islet hormones are of different significance in individual islets, or they interfere differently with other regulatory signals.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Lectin-gold particles ; Cytology ; Glycoproteins ; Imaginal discs ; Tissue culture ; Plodia interpunctella (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Indian meal-moth cell line, IAL-PID2, established from larval wing discs was examined from the 250th to the 300th passages. The cultured cells retain various structural and functional qualities of epidermal cells. Under hormone-free conditions PID2 cells grow as a monolayer of round or spindle-shaped cells. They appear as weakly active epidermal cells. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are poorly developed and secretory activity is reduced. Culture conditions resulted in considerable cellular expansions, abundance of storage products (glycogen, lipids), and hypertrophy of the lysosomal system. The PID2 cell line retains the ability to respond to ecdysteroids; 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment (2×10-6 M) triggered morphogenetic and secretory processes. Cells formed pseudoepithelial aggregates interconnected and linked by desmosome-like structures. The hormone-stimulated cells are involved in the biosynthesis of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-rich glycoproteins. The glycosylation sites were located, by use of WGA-gold particles, on cellular expansions and all along the plasma membrane. The possible significance of these glycoproteins is discussed.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Isolated heart ; Extended perfusion ; Oxygen-carrying solutions ; Electron microscopy ; Preservation and edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a comparative study, we investigated whether or not removed and non-beating hearts could be preserved in vitro by continuous perfusion with oxygen-carrying solutions (blood, perfluoro-carbon emulsion) and simultaneous substitution with specific substrates. We used 18 mongrel dogs subdivided into 2 groups (1st group: perfluorocarbon emulsion; 2nd group: blood); the perfusion time was 9 h. In addition to parameters to control the medium of the perfusion solution, we measured parameters that would allow us to assess the success of the extended perfusion. These parameters were high-energy phosphates and, in particular, electron optical analysis. At the end of the perfusion period, electron optical analysis revealed a mild and reversible ischemic reaction by the myocardial cells in both groups. However, statistical analysis showed (1) a significant increase in the ischemic reaction for both groups over the perfusion period (P=0.02), and (2) a significant, even more pronounced ischemic reaction in the subendocardial myocardium (P=0.025). It should be noted that distinctly interstitial edema developed during the perfusion period and that this would appear to be a fairly critical problem with extended continuous isolated heart perfusion.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adiantum capillus veneris ; Meristematic root cells ; Microtubule organization ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The interphase meristematic root cells ofAdiantum capillus venerispossess a well developed cytoskeleton of cortical microtubules (Mts), which disappear at prophase. The preprophase-prophase cells display a well organized preprophase microtubule band (PMB) and a perinuclear Mt system. The observations favour the suggestion that the cell edges included in the PMB cortical zone possess a Mt organizing capacity and thus play an important role in PMB formation. The perinuclear Mts are probably organized on the nuclear surface. The preprophase-prophase nuclei often form protrusions towards the PMB cortical zone and the spindle poles, assuming a conical or rhomboid shape. Mts may be involved in this nuclear shaping. Reinstallation of cortical Mts in dividing cells begins about the middle of cytokinesis with the reappearance of short Mts on the cell surface. When cytokinesis terminates, numerous Mts line the postcytokinetic daughter wall. Many of them converge or form clusters in the cytoplasm occupying the junctions of the new and the old walls. In the examined fern, the cortical Mt arrays seem to be initiated in the cortex of post-cytokinetic root cells. A transitory radial perinuclear Mt array, comparable to that found in post-telophase root cells of flowering plants, was not observed inA. capillus veneris.
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  • 47
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 228 (1991), S. 335-344 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA interstrand cross-links ; DNA repair ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The repair of interstrand cross-links induced by 8-methoxypsoralen plus UVA (365 nm) radiation DNA was analyzed in diploid strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The strains employed were the wild-type D7 and derivatives homozygous for the rad18-1 or the rad3-12 mutation. Alkaline step-elution and electron microscopy were performed to follow the process of induction and removal of photoinduced crosslinks. In accordance with previous reports, the D7 rad3-12 strain failed to remove the induced lesions and could not incise cross-links. The strain D7 rad18-1 was nearly as efficient in the removal of 8-MOP photoadducts after 2 h of post-treatment incubation as the D7 RAD+ wild-type strain. However, as demonstrated by alkaline step-elution and electron microscopic analysis, the first incision step at DNA cross-links was three times more effective in D7 rad18-1 than in D7 RAD+. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the RAD18 gene product is involved in the filling of gaps resulting from persistent non-informational DNA lesions generated by the endonucleolytic processing of DNA cross-links. Absence of this gene product may lead to extensive strand breakage and decreased recognition of such lesions by structural repair systems.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Electron microscopy ; Myelinated axon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the ultrastructural pathology of myelinated axons in mice infected experimentally with the Fujisaki strain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Initially the myelin sheath was separated into several concentric bands, and cellular processes penetrated between layers of myelin and lifted away the outermost lamella. Then a complicated labyrinth of the concentric cellular processes, clearly belonging to either astrocytes or macrophages, invested myelinated axons. In terminal stages axons completely denuded of myelin were seen in the center of concentric networks of cellular processes. Myelin remnants were seen within astrocytes and macrophages. We conclude that the mechanism(s) of damage to myelinated axons in CID may be similar to that operating in immunologically mediated demyelinating disorders.
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  • 49
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 248 (1991), S. 436-441 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Merkel cell carcinoma ; Neuroendocrine carcinoma ; Bowen's disease ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Merkel cell carcinoma occurs primarily in the skin of the head and neck, and develops in the dermis with a trabecular growth pattern. Immunohistochemistry reveals positive staining for neuron-specific enolase, neurofilaments, cytokeratin and chromogranin A. Electron microscopically, the tumor cells contain dense-core granules, spinous cytoplasmic processes, desmosomes, zonulae adherentes and paranuclear filament aggregates besides frequent mitoses, focal necroses and lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltrates. The Merkel cell carcinoma is often co-existent with other malignancies such as squamous cell carcinoma or, as in the present study, with Bowen's disease. The definite diagnosis of the Merkel cell carcinoma can be effected only by electron microscopic examination of the tumor.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 17 (1991), S. 459-466 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Vesicle ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Size distributions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The most common electron microscopic technique for obtaining information on size distributions of uncollapsed membrane vesicles is based on the method of van Venetie (1980). This technique involves the sizing of only those vesicles that were freeze fractured at their equatorial planes. As a result, only a small number of images can be used to generate size distributions. Further, the technique is susceptible to systematic error. An alternate approach is to consider the complete distribution of image sizes and use this distribution to determine the average size and distribution of the vesicles. It is shown that the mean vesicle size is 4/π times the mean image size. As well, a parameter, m, which can be determined from the image distribution, can be used to characterize the vesicle distribution. The advantage of this new approach is that images of all vesicles are used, leading to a statistically better determination of vesicle sizes.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 18 (1991), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Biocytin ; Electron microscopy ; Diaminobenzidine ; Hippocampus ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Spines ; Varicosities ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Studies of labeled neurons at the light-microscopic level often pinpoint a substructure of particular interest, i.e., a synapse or a spine. An ultrastructural investigation would explain a lot about how these structures arose, how they function, and how they are regulated. Finding a small region in a large block can require constant checking during sectioning, until past the structure. In our pursuit of the synaptic structure of varicosities on the axons of neurons identified physiologically and morphologically at the light level, we have combined confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) with conventional and high-voltage electron microscopy (EM). CSLM images were collected in the reflection mode to view neurons filled with horseradish peroxidase and stained with nickel-intensified diaminobenzidine, which is compatible with EM. The CSLM optical sections provided a record of what one should expect to see at regular intervals throughout the depth of the tissue block. We have shown that the CSLM greatly simplified the task of localizing small structures in brain tissue prepared for EM.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: BrdU incorporation ; Cultured cells DNA replication ; Electron microscopy ; EM immunocytochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In the present study, we have optimized an immunocytochemical ultrastructural approach for in situ localization of newly synthesized DNA in unsynchronized as well as in synchronized human HeLa cells and in exponentially growing mouse P815 cells, which had incorporated bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) during short pulses varying from 1 to 20 minues. The incorporated BrdU was detected in hydrolyzed ultrathin cryosections or Lowicryl sections by means of a monoclonal antibody, revealed by secondary colloidal gold-labeled probes. The results demonstrate our ability to study, with high resolution and reproducibility, DNA replication during consecutive periods of the S-phase, which is monitored by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine. In addition, this approach allows one to perform a concomitant mapping of replicated DNA and various enzymes of the replisome.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 19 (1991), S. 215-240 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; Sertoli cells ; Leydig cells ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ultrastructural features of the human testis are reviewed with emphasis upon the process of spermatogenesis and the cytology of the Leydig cells. The seminiferous epithelium is structurally partitioned by the Sertoli cells into basal and adluminal compartments via the specialized tight junctions between the Sertoli cells. Spermatogonia reside in the basal compartment, and, via a series of cell divisions, produce the primary spermatocytes, which at the commencement of their development move into the adluminal compartment, and thus the lengthy process of meiotic maturation is initiated. The fine structure of primary spermatocytes is described together with the complex transformation of the spermatids into spermatozoa during the process of spermiogenesis. Earlier studies of the organization of the human seminiferous epithelium showed that germ cells at different developmental stages formed identifiable collections termed cell associations or stages, but since several stages were seen in a single tubule cross-section, this gave the impression of an extremely irregular pattern of spermatogenic development. When the topographic arrangement of germ cells was re-examined with the aid of computer modelling, a highly ordered distribution was revealed, conforming to a helical pattern based on the geometry of spirals. Thus spermatogenesis in the human testis is subjected to a precise regulation in keeping with the ordered arrangement of the germ cells seen in other mammalian species. The intertubular tissue of the human testis is composed of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, occasional lymph capillaries, macro-phages, mast cells, and the Leydig cells which occur either as single cells or form small clusters. The Leydig cell cytoplasm contains an abundant supply of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubular cristae, both features being characteristic of steroidogenic cells. Human Leydig cells contain large Reinke crystalloids of variable size and number, but their function remains obscure. The frequent occurrence of paracrystalline inclusions within the cytoplasm of the human Leydig cell suggests that these elements are precursors of the Reinke crystalloids.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 18 (1991), S. 262-268 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Collagen ; Mineral ; Calcification ; Tendon ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Turkey leg tendons at an early stage of mineralization have been thin sectioned and imaged by electron microscopy. At this stage collagen-associated mineral apatite was found to be present within both the gap and overlap zones. The earliest apatite occurs in a microcrystalline form which gives a rather generalized and characteristic density to both the gap and overlap zones; with subsequent development larger defined apatite crystals arise which span gap/overlap zones. Fourier transformation of such images revealed the major 67 nm axial repeat of the gap/overlap zone plus four other maxima corresponding to repeat spacings of 22, 16, 13, and 11 nm respectively. Computer imaging techniques were used to reconstruct images by using selected spatial frequencies from such transforms. In this manner the subperiodic distributions of mineral were visually enhanced. These subperiodicities are positioned in an asymmetric fashion over the entire D unit repeat aligning with the molecular orientation of the fibril. Analyses of both negatively stained collagen and computer-generated maps of collagen hydrophobicity were compared to the mineral distribution of collagen. Densitometric comparisons showed a positional correlation between the axial banding patterns of mineralized fibrils and those of negatively stained non-mineralized fibrils. Comparable spatial frequencies were also present in transforms between hydrophobic maps and mineral distribution of collagen. These results suggest that the lateral clusterings of hydrophobic residues which span the fibril at specific sites in both the gap and overlap zones serve to prohibit early mineral deposition. This observed hydrophobic influence in combination with the gap space appear as contributing factors in the observed axial distribution of mineral within collagen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Lowicryl ; Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The influence of fixation and enzymatic digestions on the ability of a denatured double-stranded DNA probe to bind specifically to related sequences of RNA and DNA in sections of Lowicryl embedded cells was investigated. Specificity of the hybridization was assessed using a biotinylated cloned subgenomic herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA fragment to localize viral nucleic acids in sections of infected cells. The probe was detected by anti-biotin antibodies and indirect immunogold labeling. Controls indicated that protease digestion of proteins from the section eliminated non-specific binding of the probe and labeling of endogenous biotin.Both formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde fixation retained viral RNA in protease digested sections. Its labeling was randomly and sparsely distributed over the fibrillo-granular network of the infected nucleus and over the ribosome-rich regions of cytoplasm.Labeling of single-stranded portions of viral DNA in protease-RNase digested sections was infrequent. It was located precisely over nucleoids of a few viral nucleocapsids whatever their location in the cell and their stage of maturation.Labeling of double-stranded viral DNA by denaturation of the DNA in the sections of Lowicryl embedded cells was possible after fixation with formaldehyde but not glutaraldehyde. Among several denaturation protocols, 0.5 N NaOH treatment was best for hybridization of both nonencapsidated and encapsidated viral DNA in protease-RNase digested sections. Free viral genomes were detected exclusively within the virus-replicating region of infected nuclei. Labeling of viral nucleoids was independent of their location in the cell. The high percentage of labeled viral nucleoids suggests that the related viral DNA sequence is not aggregated in the nucleoid but is extended and therefore numerous portions of this defined DNA sequence are accessible at the surface of the section for the binding of the probe.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 19 (1991), S. 429-438 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Myocardium ; Blood vessels ; Electron microscopy ; Fixation ; Methods ; Ischaemia ; Reperfusion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This paper reviews various methods involving electron microscopy that have been used to investigate the ultrastructure of the vasculature of the normal and diseased heart. Whereas scanning electron microscopy is more commonly employed to record surface topography, it can be used to examine freeze-fracture planes within the myocardium and, using heavy-metal staining and back-scattered electron imaging, to examine large 2-μ-thick resin-embedded sections through the heart. The latter technique allows the comparison of structural alterations across the wall of the heart and thus accurate definition of the transmural progression of pathological processes. Transmission electron microscopy can then be used to provide more detailed information from precisely localised regions. Human myocardium can be usefully studied up to 12 hours post-mortem provided that suitable control material is included. Intravascular tracers including low-viscosity resin and nuclear track emulsion can be used to determine whether or not particular vessels allow flow at the time of fixation, and thus changes in the pattern of flow through the microvasculature due to ischaemia and reperfusion can be quantified and defined. Particular care is required in the fixation of ischaemic tissues because oxygen dissolved in the fixative can lead to the rapid formation of oxygen-free radicals on contact with the tissue. This produces artefactual reoxygenation damage characterised by membrane disruption and cell and organelle swelling, which has previously been attributed to ischaemic injury per se. Bubbling glutaraldehyde with nitrogen substantially reduces this artefact.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 19 (1991), S. 64-79 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; In situ hybridization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The present review examines ultrastructural studies of pituitary tumors in laboratory animals. Such studies have been facilitated by the development of newer techniques such as immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Using these methods it has been possible to correlate morphological features with function by characterizing specific pituitary hormones in secretory granules and analyzing the messenger ribonucleic acids produced by specific cell types. Analyses of spontaneous and experimentally induced tumors have provided a great deal of insight into the function and ultrastructure of these neoplasms. The description of tumor cells producing more than one hormone has been facilitated by immunocytochemical analyses. Studies of transgenic models of pituitary hyperplasia and tumor development are expanding our knowledge about the ultrastructure and about other aspects of pituitary tumors in a more controlled experimental setting. The production of various hormones by the same pituitary tumors and even the same tumor cells indicates that complex regulatory mechanisms must be analyzed by a combination of ultrastructural and other techniques to learn more about growth and hormone secretion in pituitary neoplasms.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 19 (1991), S. 305-315 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Endothelium ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Lectins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A number of recently developed localization techniques are beginning to be applied in the study of endothelial cells and their structural components. In this article we will review a number of these cytochemical approaches as well as their advantages and disadvantages and their applications. The methods will be presented for processing tissues for either L.R. White embedding or semi-thin and thin frozen sections followed by subsequent lectin and immunolabeling for fluorescence and electron microscopic examination. These techniques are easily applied in the localization of perfused exogenous proteins and of endogenous endothelial-associated proteins. The results that can be obtained from such studies are presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 17 (1991), S. 456-458 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Flat embedding ; Cell culture monolayers ; Ultramicrotomy section plane ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Partial polymerization of LR White resin blocks is a frequently encountered problem if oxygen is present during the polymerization reaction. Instructions are given for a simple method to embed cell culture monolayer in LR White acrylic resin, which is suitable for immunocytochemistry. The advantage of this method is that it is easy and reliable. It also ensures accurate orientation of the cell monolayer in relation to the desired plane of sectioning.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Spirolactone ; Aldosterone ; Zona glomerulosa ; Electron microscopy ; Spirolacton ; Aldosteron ; Zona glomerulosa ; Ultrastruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Spirolacton auf die Zona glomerulosa des Hundes wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die an Kontroll- und Versuchstieren erhobenen Befunde werden miteinander verglichen. 1. Lichtmikroskopisch werden bei Kontroll- und Versuchstieren zwei unterschiedlich stark anfärbbare Zelltypen beobachtet. Bereits nach 10tägiger Behandlung mit Spirolacton läßt sich eine beträchtliche Dickenzunahme der Zona glomerulosa nachweisen. Mit den angewandten Färbemethoden lassen sich in den beiden Zelltypen keine den „Spironolacton-Körpern“ ähnliche Einschlüsse darstellen. 2. Elektronenmikroskopisch zeigen die beiden Zelltypen deutliche Unterschiede in der Feinstruktur; wegen ihrer unterschiedlichen elektronenoptischen Dichte werden sie als helle und dunkle Zellen bezeichnet. Im Cytoplasma der dunklen Zellen kommen 1–4 lamelläre Körper vor, die jedoch nicht den beim Menschen beobachteten „Spironolacton-Körpern“ ähnlich sind. Nach Behandlung mit Spirolacton weisen die hellen und die dunklen Zellen (einschließlich ihrer lamellären Körper) gegenüber Kontrolltieren keine feinstrukturellen Unterschiede auf. Es wird diskutiert, ob die hellen und dunklen Zellen in der Zona glomerulosa unterschiedliche Aktivitätszustände ein und derselben Zellart darstellen. Ebenso wird die mögliche Funktion der lamellären Körper im Vergleich zu den Ergebnissen anderer Autoren erörtert.
    Notes: Summary The effect of spirolactone on the zona glomerulosa was studied in dogs by light and electron microscopy. Results of untreated animals are compared with those pretreated with spirolactone for several days. Light microscopy in control as well as in experimental animals disclosed two different types of cells as far as their staining properties were concerned. With the staining techniques utilized in this study cellular inclusions, so-called spironolactone bodies as previously reported by others, were not seen. The width of the zona glomerulosa, however, was found to be significantly increased in treated animals. Electron microscopy revealed the two respective cell types to be definitely different. Due to their electron density they are referred to her as light and dark cells. Within the cytoplasm of the dark cells laminated inclusions were seen, ranging in size from 1 to 4 µm. These inclusions are thought to be not identical with socalled spironolactone bodies. Spirolactone did not affect the ultrastructural appearance of either light or dark cells, when compared with control, this is also true for the laminated inclusions. It is suggested that the light and dark cells represent the same type of cell at different activity levels. Finally, the functional significance of the laminated inclusions is discussed in view of findings reported elsewhere.
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  • 61
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    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 55-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Heart ; Endothelial cushion ; Fusion ; Cell interaction ; Electron microscopy ; Chick embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an investigation concerning the so-called “fusion” of the atrioventricular endocardial cushions in the heart of the chick embryo the following facts were established: 1. The endocardial cushions in the chick embryo do really fuse. However, the region of fusion is less extensive than is generally accepted. 2. No regressive cellular changes were observed in the fusing endothelia with light or electron microscopy. On the contrary, mitotic activity and possibly even erythroblastic transformation were observed in the endothelium as well as in the subendothelial mesenchyme. 3. Under the light microscope, the process of fusion is characterized by interdigitation of the endothelial cells. In later stages the endothelial character of these cells disappears in such a way as to give rise to one single mesenchymal cushion mass. 4. Under the electron microscope the fusing endothelial cells form extremely long tonguelike cytoplasmic processes which protrude freely into the lumen where they may fuse with similar processes from other endothelial cells of the same side. In this way small compartments become segregated from the lumen. the plasma membrane of the processes may also fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell from which they originate. Alternating persistence and disappearance of the plasma membrane gives rise to many membrane-lined intracellular vesicles. 5. The numerous myelin figures found in and between the endothelial surfaces appear to represent the blind and empty membranous linings stripped off from cytoplasmic processes. The intracellular myelin figures are probably incorporated into the cells in the same way as described above. Apart from this form of endocytosis, signs of conventional micropinocytotic activity are present. 6. The density of endoplasmic reticulum suggests intensified protein synthetic activity, in which membrane-bound as well as free ribosomes and polysomes seem to participate. Moreover, increased mitochondrial density in the cells in the fusion region is evident. 7. Specialized junctional complexes between the plasma membranes in the form of desmosome-like junctions are relatively scarce. 8. Fusion of cytoplasmic tongues of endothelial cells with adjacent endothelial cells of the same side or of the opposite side is responsible for the exchange of large quantities of cytoplasma between endothelial cells and, as a consequence, for displacement of cell boundaries without loss of cell individuality.
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  • 62
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    Anatomy and embryology 141 (1973), S. 251-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Closure of neural tube ; Cell necrosis ; Normal mouse embryos ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous cell death in the developing brain of 8.5–9 day old mouse embryos has been investigated with the electron microscope. Before closure of the neural tube, areas of cell death are found at the neuro-somatic junction. After closure of the neural tube degenerating cells are found in the dorsal midline of the prospective diencephalon. Ultrastructurally, cell degeneration is marked by chromatin condensation, increase in electron density of the structures in the cytoplasm and, in later stages, by a marked pycnosis of the dying cell. After fragmentation, the necrotic material as well as entire pycnotic cells are phagocytized and digested by cells of the neuroepithelium. An invasion of macrophages has not been observed. The significance of cell necrosis is discussed in relation to the normal formation of the neural tube and to the occurrence of certain induced malformations (exencephalies).
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  • 63
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    Anatomy and embryology 142 (1973), S. 341-358 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Glycoproteid containing cells ; Microglia ; Brain development ; Chicken ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Zeit der embryonalen und fetalen Entwicklung des Hühnchens treten vorübergehend runde, vacuolisierte, freie Zellen auf, die sich durch starken Gehalt und Glykoproteiden auszeichnen. Nachweis mit der Perjodsäure-Bisulfit-Aldehydthionin-Methode nach Specht (1970). Der Vergleich von Entwicklungsstadien zwischen dem 4. und dem 17. Bebrütungstag zeigt, daß die Zellen im Mesenchym entstehen und mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit sowohl über das Ventrikelsystem als auch über die äußere Hirnoberfläche in das Gehirn einwandern. Die Zellen werden hauptsächlich in aufgelockerten, flüssigkeitsreichen Hirngebieten gefunden. Vermutlich geht die vorübergehende Auflockerung dieser Hirngebiete, die als Reservevolumen für nachfolgende histogenetische Wachstumsprozesse (Axonwachstum, Myelinisierung) verstanden wird, auf die Träger der PBA-positiven Zellen zurück (Ausschleusung von Glykoproteiden aus den PBA-positiven Zellen). Im gleichen Zeitraum bilden auch Ependymzellen Glykoproteide.
    Notes: Summary Round, vacuolated amoeboid cells with a high content of glycoproteids appear temporarily during the embryonic development of the chicken's brain. The cells were identified by the periodic-acid-bisulfit-aldehydthionine-method (Specht, 1970). A comparison of the developmental stages (4.–17. day of incubation) of the cells show that they originate in the mesenchym and probably immigrate by way of the ventricles as well as from the outer brain surface. The cells are mainly found in brain areas containing large, loosely structured extracellular spaces. The large extracellular gaps of these areas are probably developed in response to glycoproteid secretion by PBA-positive cells, as a preparatory measure for subsequent histogenetic growth processes (axon growth with myelinisation). At the same time glycoproteids are also produced by ependymal cells.
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  • 64
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    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1973), S. 81-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Mechanoreceptors ; Skin ; Reptiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lamellierte Receptoren in der Haut von Reptilien werden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch beschrieben. Rekonstruktionen aus Schnittserien haben gezeigt, daß sie 1. als freie lamellierte Endigungen, 2. als lamellierte eingekapselte Endigungen und 3. als lamellierte eingekapselte Endigungen mit Kapselraum vorkommen. Sie haben eine Spindelform und können bis zu 0,5 mm lang sein. Die innere Lamellierung des eingekapselten Receptors mit Kapselraum vom Kaiman zeigt strukturelle Ähnlichkeiten zur inneren Hülle des Vater-Pacinischen Körperchens. Das Lamellensystem der Receptoren von Natter und Waran zeigt Parallelen zum Bau des inner core des Herbstschen Körperchens der Vögel. Die lamellierten Receptoren bilden einen regelmäßigen Bestandteil der sensiblen Innervation von Tastpunkten der Reptilienhaut.
    Notes: Summary Lamellated receptors in the skin of reptiles were studied with the light and electron microscope. As revealed by reconstructions of serial sections, there are three types of lamellated receptors: 1. lamellated free endings, 2. lamellated encapsulated endings and 3. lamellated encapsulated endings with a “fluid-filled” capsule space (outer core). The spindle shaped endings have a length of up to 0.5 mm. In Caiman, the lamellae (inner core) of the encapsulated receptor with a capsule space have a structure similar to that of the inner core of the Vater-Pacinian corpuscle. The lamellation (inner core) of the terminals of Natrix and Varan shows similarities with the inner core of the Herbst corpuscle. Lamellated receptors usually form an element of the sensory innervation of touch papillae in the reptile skin.
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  • 65
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    Anatomy and embryology 140 (1973), S. 11-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Cross-striated fibers ; Rootlets ; Midpiece ; Fish spermatozoa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the 45 μ long midpiece of the spermatozoon of Pantodon buchholzi nine helical, cross-striated fibers run from one end to the other and parallel nine helical mitochondrial threads; both fibers and mitochondrial threads surrounding the axoneme. The fibers have a major period about 750–900 Å and are very similar to ciliary rootlets and other cross-striated structures in terms of which they are discussed.
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  • 66
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    Anatomy and embryology 139 (1973), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Caudal neurosecretory system ; Ontogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Teleost fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogenesis of the urophysial system (caudal neurosecretory system) in the roach (Leuciscus rutilus) was ultrastructurally analyzed. In newly hatched spawns the urophysial components are differentiated in the form of neurosecretory perikarya, axons and terminals and display the characteristics of a functional system although the neurohemal area is not developed. It is assumed that the system is active simultaneously with the preopticohypophysial system during ontogenesis. On the contrary, organogenesis of the urophysis is late, and only at the 14 mm stage do the neurosecretory axons first penetrate the meninx to participate in the formation of the organ. Assumed aminergic cell types associated with the urophysial system are differentiated at the time of hatching, thus indicating a functional relationship. A secretory ependyma releasing its granules into the central canal is described.
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  • 67
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    Anatomy and embryology 142 (1973), S. 91-101 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Myotendinous junction ; Myxine and rat ; Lamina densa ; Plasma membrane ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Myotendinous junctions in the parietal muscle of the Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa, L.) and in the diaphragm of rat were studied with the electron microscope. The ends of muscle fibers posses deep tube-like invaginations and also finger-like processes. Terminal I-filaments of the myofibrils attach to the plasma membrane of the invaginations. Collagen fibrils of the tendon attach to the external aspect of the lamina densa. The lamina densa and also collagen fibrils continue into the invaginations. Specializations are present in the zone between the plasma membrane and the lamina densa of the invaginations, being most conspicuous in Myxine. These consist of 60 Å wide spine-like or thread-like profiles 150 Å apart, connecting with both the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and the lamina densa. Spatially, they form parallel circular ridges oriented transversely in stacks along the invaginations. Similar spine-like profiles are also discernible in the invaginations of rat muscle fibers. In rat, however, their spatial arrangement (ridges or fibrils) remains unknown. These specializations may serve to attach the lamina densa to the plasma membrane, and may be important for the transmission of force from muscle fibers to tendon.
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  • 68
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    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1973), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junction ; Development ; Cholinesterases ; Muscle ; Immobilization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immobilization of the tibialis anterior muscle of the newborn rat was caused by amputation of the hind limb at the talocrural joint. Subsequent muscular atrophy was measured by weighing the muscle and the myoneural morphogenesis in the disused muscle was studied in light and electron microscope. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C.3.1.1.7) and nonspecific cholinesterase (Ns. ChE; E.C.3.1.1.8) activity at the myoneural junction was followed histochemically. It was observed that the myoneural morphogenesis proceeded normally in the immobilized and atrophied muscle. Cholinesterase activities at the developing myoneural junction were identical on both the immobilized and the contralateral control side. The myoneural morphogenesis may be solely controlled by the nerve since, at the light of the present observations, the abnormally diminished function of the muscle seems to have no effect on the myoneural development.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Phenylketonuria ; Seizures ; Isoniazid ; Jaundice ; Electron microscopy ; Degeneration of organelles in liver cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einem jordanischen Kleinkind, das wegen einer Phenylketonurie mit cerebralen Krampfanfällen seit 1 Jahr mit Primidon und Ospolot behandelt und seit 7 Monaten mit einer phenylalaninarmen Diät unter Zusatz eines Aminosäurengemisches ernährt wurde, entwickelte sich nach 3 monatiger INH-Medikation ein hepatocellulärer Arzneimittelikterus. Dieser erwies sich klinisch und histologisch als reine Form einer toxischen Hepatose ohne entzündliche Symptome. Die elektronemmikroskopische Untersuchung von Leberbiopsiematerial 2 Wochen nach dem Höhepunkt des Ikterus (28 mg% Gesamtbilirubin im Serum) erlaubte den Nachweis eines intracellulären Transportdefektes des bereits konjugierten Bilirubins in den Leberepithelien. Das Pigment wurde analog dem Dubin-Johnson-Syndrom in peribiliären Lysosomen gespeichert. Weitere für die Pathogenese aufschlußreiche Befunde wurden an den Organellen der Hepatocyten erhoben: Hydropische Schwellung des hypertrophierten glatten endoplasmatischen Reticulums bei gleichzeitiger Reduktion des rauhen endoplasmatischen Reticulums, Glykogenschwund und Degeneration der Mitochondrien. Bei der Kontrollbiopsie nach 1/2 Jahr waren alle Befunde bis auf die lysosomale Speicherung normalisiert.
    Notes: Abstract After being treated with isonicotinic acid hydrazine (INH) for 3 months a 3-year-old Jordanian boy with phenylketonuria developed severe hepatocellular jaundice. In addition to INH the patient had received Primidone and Ospolot® for 1 year and a PKU diet for 7 months without any side effects. The liver biopsy 2 weeks after the peak of jaundice revealed no signs of hepatitis on light microscopy. An electron microscope investigation showed a defect in the intracellular transport system of bilirubin; bile pigment was stored in peribiliar lysosomes in the same way as in the Dubin-Johnson Syndrome. The smooth endoplasmatic reticulum was increased and vacuolized, whereas rough endoplasmatic reticulum, mitochondria, and glycogen were reduced. In a control biopsy nearly 6 months after the jaundice the morphologic alterations of the liver had normalized with the exception of the lysosomal changes.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Lampetra ; Physiological biliary atresia ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A morphologic and histochemical study was carried out on the liver of larval and adult lampreys at the optical and electron microscopic level. In the larva the liver is composed of blind ending single cell thick tubules of hepatocytes. The tubular lumina provided with microvilli are morphologically comparable with the canalicular lumens of the higher species of animals. The cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contains numerous inclusions with heterogeneous appearance and crystalline material. The biliary system is composed of numerous bile ductules and ducts. In the adult lamprey, the biliary system has disappeared. The hepatocytes loose their tubular arrangement and the characteristic differentiation of their biliary pole. In contrast to previous reports in the literature the presence of bile pigment in the adult lamprey liver could not be demonstrated with any histochemical technique.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interstitial cells, genesis ; Hen's ovary ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Zwischenzellen des Hühnerovars gibt es embryonal und post-embryonal bindegewebige und epitheliale Quellen. Die bindegewebigen Mutterzellen sind Mesenchymzellen und Fibrozyten, die epithelialen Mutterzellen sind Wandepithelzellen der Markstranglakunen und Epoophorontubuli. Kriterien zur Unterscheidung dieser vierfachen Abstammungsmöglichkeiten der Zwischenzellen werden angegeben.
    Notes: Summary The interstitial cells of the hen's ovary have two sources: connective tissue mother cells, which are mesenchymal cells or fibrocytes, and epithelial mother cells, which are wall epithelial cells of the medullary cord lacunae or of the tubuli of the epophoron. Criteria are provided for differentiating this fourfold genesis of the interstitial cells.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 101-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Infundibulum ; Rat ; Neuro-glial synapses ; Neuro-Vascular contacts ; Corticotropin-Releasing Factor ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Gefäßfortsätze von ependymalen und subependymalen Zellen bilden in der subependymalen Zone und in der Zona interna des Ratteninfundibulum mit Nervenfasern kompakte neuro-gliöse Faserbündel, die sich in der Zona externa aufzweigen. 2. In allen Zonen des Infundibulum kommen zwischen den Nervenfasern und den Gefäßfortsätzen zahlreiche neuro-gliöse Synapsen vor. In den Gefäßfortsätzen fällt die hohe Zahl an Mikrotubuli sowie die zahlreichen, vielgestaltigen Einschlüsse auf. 3. In der subependymalen Zone sind die Interzellularspalten an bestimmten Stellen außerordentlich weit. Sie haben eine kanalartige Beschaffenheit und enthalten feine Bündel von Nervenfasern. 4. Von den lateralen Anteilen des Infundibulum her erreichen Dendriten von Ganglienzellen des Nucleus infundibularis die Mitte des Infundibulum. In dieser Region sind axodendritische Synapsen anzutreffen. 5. Morphometrische Analysen der Nervenfaserendigungen der Zona externa von Normaltieren zeigen, daß die prozentuale Verteilung der nach Granulagröße differenzierten Nervenfaserklassen für Mitte und Seite der Zona externa etwa gleich ist. Zwischen der Größe der Elementargranula und der Anschnittfläche der zugehörigen Nervenfasern besteht eine direkte Beziehung. 6. Die Nervenfaserendigungen erreichen die Basalmembran des perikapillären Raumes fast ausschließlich im Bereich von gefäßwärts gerichteten Vorwölbungen der Zona externa. Das Ausmaß, in dem Nervenfasern im Vergleich zu den Gefäßfortsätzen von Ependymund Gliazellen den perivaskulären Raum erreichen, ist medial weitaus größer als lateral. 7. Bei bilateral adrenalektomierten Ratten nimmt in bestimmten, vorwiegend lateral gelegenen Nervenfasern die Zahl und Größe der Elementargranula in Abhängigkeit von der Überlebensdauer zu. Dies dürfte auf eine verstärkte Synthese und Speicherung von Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in diesen Nervenfasern zurückzuführen sein. Gegenüber dem Normalbefund ist die neurohämale Kontaktfläche erheblich vergrößert. Der perivaskuläre Raum enthält zerfallene Nervenfaserteile, die durch Bindegewebszellen phagocytiert werden. Diese Veränderungen dürften durch eine unter Versuchsbedingungen verstärkte Wachstumstendenz der Nervenfasern in Richtung auf die Blutgefäße und durch eine Abschnürung der Nerven-faserendigungen ausgelöst werden.
    Notes: Summary 1. In the subependymal and internal zones of the rat median eminence nerve fibres and vascular processes of ependymal and subependymal cells form neuro-glial bundles. They branch in the external zone. 2. In all these three zones of the infundibulum numerous neuro-glial synapses are found between nerve fibres and vascular processes of glial cells. The vascular processes contain a high number of microtubules as well as polymorphous granular inclusions. 3. In certain regions of the subependymal layer the intercellular spaces are enlarged. They form channel-like spaces containing small bundles of delicate nerve fibres. 4. Nerve cells of the infundibular nucleus located in the lateral parts of the infundibulum send dendrites to the medial parts of the infundibulum. In this area axo-dendritic synapses are found. 5. For morphometric analysis, the nerve fibres of the external zone were classified according to the diameter of their granules. It is shown that in the different regions of the external zone the distribution of the various types of nerve fibre is similar. Moreover it can be seen that a direct correlation exists between the size of the sectional plane of a given nerve fibre and the size of the granules it comprises. 6. Nerve fibre endings abutting on the basement membrane of the pericapillary space are mostly found in bulb-like protrusions of the external zone. The extent to which nerve fibres reach the perivascular space—as compared with the vascular processes of ependymal and glial cells—is higher in the medial than in the lateral parts of the infundibulum. 7. In bilaterally adrenalectomized rats the number and diameter of elementary granules increases in nerve fibres located laterally. This increase is directly related to the survival time and may be due to an enhanced synthesis and storage of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in these nerve fibres. Compared with the findings in untreated animals the neurohemal contact area is significantly enlarged. The perivascular space contains degenerating nerve fibres which are undergoing phagocytosis by connective tissue cells. It is assumed that these alterations are due to the increased growth of nerve fibres towards the vessels of the “Mantelplexus”, and that, following adrenalectomy, this excessive growth leads to a pinching off of nerve fibres.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Invertebrate ganglia ; Spisula solida ; ynapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An examination using the electron microscope was carried out on the visceral ganglion of the marine bivalve mollusc Spisula solida. A range of fixation, block staining and section staining technique was used to study the structure of chemical synapses. Phosphotungstic acid employed as a block stain specifically stained pre- and post-synaptic structures associated with the membrane at synapses as well as one class of granular vesicle. The specialised contacts were however shown to be rare and in many parts completely absent. Many axons, containing several types of vesicle, were shown to be varicose and it is proposed that they may function in a similar way to the unspecialised varicose terminals of vertebrate autonomic neurons. The role of membrane specialisations in intercellular adhesion is discussed. This study concludes that many synapses may be morphologically unidentified using present criteria.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 171-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tooth germs ; Organ culture ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tooth germs from foetal rats of 17 days post-insemination were maintained in vitro for 12 days. Odontoblasts and ameloblasts differentiated and secreted their respective matrices in which mineralization occurred. The ultrastructure of the cells was qualitatively similar to that observed in normal development. Odontoblasts contained more lysosome-like bodies and were found to degenerate in some sites. Mantle dentine was formed but few von Korff fibres were observed. Calcospherites were rarely seen and the mineralizing front of dentine was predominantly linear, associated with numerous small early foci of mineral formation. Enamel showed prism formation associated with the Tomes' process of the ameloblast but some local disturbances in the pattern of enamel formation were observed.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 273-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleoli ; Type ; Influence of histone ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The frequency of various types of nucleoli was investigated in tissue cultures of human embryonal lung and HeLa cells cultured in the presence of calf thymus histone. The nucleolar morphology and the frequency of various nucleolar types were dependent on the concentration of histone in the tissue cultures of the human embryonal lung cells. HeLa cells required longer cultivation with histone to manifest some effect on nucleoli. In both cases, the observed nucleolar changes suggest the depression of nucleolar RNA synthesis.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 261-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Extrarenal blood vessels ; Rat ; Adrenergic nerves ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation of the extrarenal blood vessels of the rat left kidney was investigated by fluorescence histochemistry and by electron microscopy. The trunk of the renal artery proximal to the aorta is elastic and appears to be very sparsely innervated. In contrast, near the kidney the renal artery—which divides into 3 to 4 large branches of the muscular type possesses a dense adrenergic innervation. The adrenergic terminal axons are situated in the adventitia close to the external elastic lamella, but only rarely in close contact with smooth muscle cells. In most instances several terminal axons are grouped and enclosed by a Schwann cell, single axons being rare. All terminal axons are able to take up and to store 5-hydroxydopamine which strongly suggests that they are adrenergic. The innervation of the renal vein is more sparse than that of the muscular arteries but somewhat denser than that of the elastic artery. In addition, close to the origin of the renal artery the presence of “small intensively fluorescent” (SIF) cells as well as of some adrenergic ganglion cells is noted. The latter are situated in the adrenergic nonterminal axon bundles, which run parallel to the blood vessels. It is concluded that the uneven adrenergic innervation along the artery as well as individual variations in the branching of the artery are the main causes of the unusually high individual variations of the NA content of this organ such as used in pharmacological experiments.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cornea epithelium ; Precorneal film ; Domestic fowl ; Ruthenium red ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das vordere Corneaepithel des Haushuhnes besteht aus 5 Schichten. Die oberflächlichste Lage hat einen Zottenbesatz. Die 0,2 μ langen Mikrovilli haben eine Dicke von 0,04–0,05 μ und einen Abstand von höchstens 0,1 μ voneinander. Auf der freien Oberfläche liegt ein mit Rutheniumrot anfärbbarer Film von Glykosaminoglykanen von 0,26–0,3 μ Dicke. Die Mikrovilli ragen in diesen Film hinein. Dieser Film ist für den spiegelnden Glanz der Cornea verantwortlich. Die Tränensekretion kann sehr gering sein, weil ein Teil der Flüssigkeit an die sauren Mukopolysaccharide gebunden ist. Die Moleküle dieses Films werden wahrscheinlich in der oberen Zellage synthetisiert.
    Notes: Summary The anterior cornea epithelium of the house-hen consists of 5 layers. The outermost layer has a villus border. The 0.2 μ long microvilli are 0.04–0.05 μ thick and are not more than 0.1 μ apart. A film of ruthenium red stainable glycosamine Glycans of 0.26–0.3 μ thickness lies on the free surface. The microvilli protrude into this film. This film is responsible for the reflecting shine of the cornea. The tear secretion can be kept at a low level as a part of the fluid is bound to the acid mucopolysaccharides. The molecules for this film are probably synthesized in the outermost cell layer.
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    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 345-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axonal migration ; Catecholamines ; Sciatic nerve ; Radioautography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The radioautographic technique has been used to study the axonal migration of catecholamines in sympathetic fibres of the sciatic nerve of rats after ligature. A first series of experiments aimed at ascertaining the capacity of the proximal portion of adrenergic fibres to take up and store exogenous tritiated catecholamines (3H-DOPA; 3H-DA and 3H-NA) 3 to 22 hours after ligation. The results are qualitatively similar in rats pretreated and non-pretreated with IMAO, but the intensity of the radioautographic reaction is lower in the latter cases. Most of the labeled axons are filled mainly with vesicular and tubular profiles of endoplasmic reticular origin, large dense bodies (probably lysosomes) and/or mitochondria. The silver grains are generally superimposed on the vesicular and/or the tubular profiles, but in some cases on the large dense bodies, suggesting that exogenous catecholamines can be stored in lysosomes. The question whether SGV specifically store catecholamines also in the modified adrenergic fibres has been investigated in KMnO4 fixed material. These results show that beside a large number of fibres in which there is a strict correlation between labeling and SGV, some fibres containing SGV do not retain the 3H-NA. Conversely some fibres which contain mainly agranular vesicles display radioautographic reaction. Therefore, in case of ligated fibres, SGV cannot be considered the specific organelles for storage of catecholamines. The axonal migration of labeled catecholamines has been studied in animals pretreated with IMAO. A moderate, but selective, labeling is present in the proximal portion of sciatic fibres of rats in which administration of labeled catecholamine preceeded of 2 hours the ligature and this was performed 22 hours before fixation. From these combined types of experiments, it is concluded that despite the presence of all the structures necessary for the storage of a high amount of catecholamines in the modified adrenergic fibres, only a small fraction of catecholamines accumulated above the ligature has been transported by axonal migration. Therefore, the axonal migration of catecholamines appears as an epiphenomenon related to the distal migration of enzymatic and storage proteins from the perikaryon.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 447-460 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatids (rat) ; Manchette ; Microtubules ; Influence of Colcemid ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Links unusual for their length and variable morphology have been described between manchette microtubules in late stages of rat spermiogenesis. In earlier stages of rat spermiogenesis obvious links longer than ∼160 Å are rare, the majority being ∼80 or ∼120 Å in length. The most easily discernible geometric pattern in cross-sections of assemblies of manchette microtubules in intermediate stages of rat spermiogenesis is that of linear arrays sometimes resulting in long and irregularly folded chains of closely linked microtubules. Colcemid disrupts these arrays and is responsible for the formation of more complex geometric patterns. Six hours after drug administration the manchette is dramatically reduced in length. Sheet-like links of variable dimensions and 〉160 Å in length interconnect not only microtubules but C-type microtubules as well as other links. These links are similar in morphology to those found in later stages of rat spermiogenesis. It is suggested that the formation of these links may perhaps be dependent upon aspects of microtubule disassembly.
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    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gallbladder (Human) ; Mucus secretion ; Reverse pinocytosis ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mucous secretory activity of the human gallbladder epithelium was investigated by light and electron microscopy and with histochemical techniques. There are two types of granules in the supranuclear region of the epithelial cells. The one low in density contains a fine filamentous material and gives a strongly positive silver methenamine reaction. The other is dense and only faintly positive. The granules of the former are considered to be mucous secretory granules and the granules of the latter may be lysosomes. PAS positive granules correspond presumably to both types of granules mentioned above. The mucous secretory granules are considered to be synthesized by the Golgi apparatus and the granular endoplasmic reticulum as has been confirmed in other mucous secretory cells. Their content is released from the cell by reverse pinocytosis. Typical goblet cells occur frequently in the fetal epithelium, but cannot be observed in the adult specimens.
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 421-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Giant mitochondria ; Transitional epithelium ; Urinary bladder (mole) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Harnblasenepithel des Maulwurfs wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Bei bestimmten Tieren finden sich in den Intermediärzellen „matrixreiche“ Riesenmitochondrien. Diese Riesenmitochondrien scheinen aus normalen Mitochondrien hervorzugehen und enthalten verschieden geformte Einschlüsse. Andere Organe und Zellen bei Maulwürfen mit Riesenmitochondrien in den Intermediärzellen des Harnblasenepithels weisen normale Mitochondrien auf. Es handelt sich demnach hier um eine sog. „Mitochondriose der Intermediärzellen“. Bedeutung, Bildung und Abbau der Riesenmitochondrien werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Giant mitochondria containing an enormous matrix volume were found in the intermediary cells of the urinary bladder transitional epithelium of the mole. Regularly shaped mitochondria develop club-like protrusions forming giant mitochondria that contain several types of inclusions. Various other tissues were examined, but we could state that giant mitochondria exist only in the intermediary cells of the urinary bladder epithelium. Thus a peculiar “intermediary cell mitochondriosis” is described in this paper, not regularly occurring in the mole. The functional significance of the giant mitochondria is discussed.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Annulate lamellae ; Annelidae ; Oogenesis ; Endocrinology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'évolution en l'absence d'hormone cérébrale provoque, dans les ovocytes de N. diversicolor, la formation de lamelles annelées cytoplasmiques (L.A.). Le processus débute par l'apparition de lames de réticulum à proximité du noyau (15 jours d'évolution à 15° C). Les lames se rapprochent ensuite du noyau et des pores apparaissent, situés le plus souvent face à ceux de l'enveloppe nucléaire (20ème jour). La différenciation des lames du réticulum en L.A. progresse ensuite depuis les éléments les plus proches du noyau vers les plus externes. Dans le cytoplasme des ovocytes ayant évolué à la température de 20° C, on assiste en outre à la formation d'empilements de citernes ergastoplasmiques. Ces citernes, non situées à proximité du noyau, subissent également une transformation progressive en L.A. L'étude cytochimique effectuée par digestion enzymatique a montré que la pepsine dégrade fortement le matériel dense des lamelles annelées. Ce matériel semble donc renfermer une teneur élevée en protéines auxquelles pourrait se trouver associé du RNA.
    Notes: Summary Experimental elimination of brain activity leads to the formation of cytoplasmic annulate lamellae (L.A.) in oocytes of N. diversicolor. This process begins with the appearance of cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum in the vicinity of the nucleus (15 days of development at 15° C). Then, the cisternae move closer to the nucleus and pores appear, often facing the pores of the nuclear envelope (20th day). The differentiation of endoplasmic reticulum into L.A. progresses from the elements closest to the nucleus to the more peripheral ones. In the cytoplasm of oocytes which developed at 20° C, stacks of cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum have been observed. These cisternae, which are not localized near the nucleus, also undergo a progressive transformation into annulate lamellae. A cytochemical study, based on enzymatic digestion, shows that pepsin strongly digests the dense material of L.A. This material, therefore, seems to contain a high amount of proteins, perhaps associated with RNA.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 137 (1973), S. 553-561 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung (frog) ; Alveolar epithelium ; Cytosomes ; Alveolar lining layer surfactant ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Alveolarepithel der Froschlunge weist nur einen einzigen Zelltyp auf. Die Zellkörper sitzen in den Nischen zwischen den Kapillaren, die sie mit Zytoplasmaausläufern überdecken. Die Epithelzellen enthalten große Zytosomen mit osmiophilen Lamellen mit einer Periode von 40–42 Å. Sie sind den Typ II-Pneumozyten der Säugerlunge vergleichbar. Das Alveolarepithel der Froschlunge ist mit einer Grenzschicht bedeckt, die in Abhängigkeit von der Fixierung eine 40–42 Å-Periode aufweist oder aus einer oder mehreren Doppelmembranen zusammengesetzt ist. Gittermuster und Myelinfiguren sind vorhanden. Das bedeutet, daß Surfactant in der Froschlunge in gleicher Weise wie in der Säugerlunge dargestellt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary The alveolar epithelium of the frog exhibits only one type of cells. The cell-bodies are situated in the spaces among the capillaries, which they cover with cytoplasmic extensions. The epithelial cells contain large bodies (cytosomes) with osmiophilic lamellae having a period of 40–42 Å. The alveolar cells are considered to be similar to the type II-pneumocytes of mammalian lungs. The alveolar epithelium of the lung of the frog is covered with a lining layer, which depending on the method of fixation consists of periods of 40–42 Å or of one or more double membranes. Lattice formations and myelin figures are seen. This means that the surfactant in the lung of the frog can be demonstrated in the same way as in mammalian lungs.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 140 (1973), S. 481-496 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptosomes ; Dense projections ; Complex vesicles ; Serial sections ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptosomes and synaptic junctions have been examined employing serial sections, with emphasis placed on four areas of investigation. 1. Starting from unequivocal synaptosomal profiles and tracing them through consecutive sections to the periphery of the synaptosomes, it is clear that vesicles are the one constant feature of the presynaptic terminal. In no instance was it possible to identify an empty membranous profile as synaptosomal. 2. Following a similar procedure it was found that the criteria required to predict the existence of a junctional region within a synaptosomal profile are: the accumulation of synaptic vesicles at one locus within its presynaptic component, and the presence of a postsynaptic profile characterized by two or more junctional features. 3. Serial sections of non-osmicated, PTA stained synaptic junctions confirm the regularity and orderliness of dense projection distribution along the length of the junction. 4. Complex vesicles can usually be followed in two and sometimes three adjacent sections, appearing either as intact vesicles or empty shells. Further observations confirmed that the latter profiles may be sections through the periphery of intact vesicles or through isolated shell fragments. They are more common in the latter form in unbuffered material.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 255-283 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandula harderiana ; Anatidae ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hardersche Drüse von Anser anser, Anas platyrhynchos und Cygnus olor wurde cytochemisch, licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Vergleichend-anatomisch ergibt sich für die drei Species derselbe Drüsenaufbau. Sie bestehen aus Läppchen bzw. kurzen Tubuli, die von einem einschichtigen, hochprismatischen Epithel ausgekleidet sind, das sich auf die in die Tubuli hineinragenden Leisten bzw. Zotten fortsetzt. Es müssen zentrale und periphere Drüsenabschnitte unterschieden werden. Nur die zentralen Zellen enthalten neutrale und saure Mukosubstanzen. In Semidünnschnitten (Richardson) erweisen sich die peripheren Drüsenzellen als stark vakuolisiert. Zentralwärts nimmt die Vakuolisierung ab, die basale Basophilie nimmt zu. In den Harderschen Drüsen von Gänsen und Enten wurden neben Hydrolasen eine Reihe von Oxydo-Reduktasen aus der Glykolysekette, dem Citratzyklus und der Atmungskette sowie die Enzyme G-6-PDH, GDH, β-HBDH und GLuDH nachgewiesen. Die zentralen Drüsenabschnitte sind mit hohen Aktivitäten der glykolytischen Oxydo-Reduktasen und der NADPH2-liefernden Enzyme ausgestattet. Hydrolytische lysosomale Enzyme, Esterasen und Phosphatasen sind in der Harderschen Drüse nur in geringer Menge vorhanden. Stets können cholinerge Nerven nachgewiesen werden. — Elektronenmikroskopie: Alle Drüsenzellen werden an den apikalen seitlichen Kontaktflächen durch ein differenziertes Schlußleistennetz (Zonulae occludentes, Zonulae adhaerentes, Desmosomen) verbunden. An den zentralen Drüsenzellen lassen sich eine Basalzone (Zellkern, ER), eine ausgedehnte Golgi-Zone und ein apikales Zell-areal unterscheiden. Die Sekretvakuolen entstehen durch Membranabknospung aus dem Golgi-Apparat, ihr Sekret wird durch Ruptur des apikalen Plasmalemms extrudiert. Die peripheren Drüsenzellen weisen strukturelle Merkmale von Becherzellen auf. Ein schmaler basaler Cytoplasmabezirk enthält den komprimierten Kern, der übrige Zellraum überwiegend leere Vakuolen, Membranreste, Lamellenkörper und Lysosomen. Terminale Nervenfasern mit bekannter Innenstruktur durchbrechen die Basalmembran und lagern sich den Drüsenzellen eng an, teilweise in Vertiefungen ihrer basalen und basolateralen Oberfläche eingebettet. Diese terminalen Axone enthalten massenhaft synaptische Vesikel, vereinzelt Bläschen mit einem massendichten Granulum und Mitochondrien. Spezialisierte prae- und postsynaptische Membranen kommen nicht vor.
    Notes: Summary The Harderian gland of Anser anser, Anas platyrhynchos and Cygnus olor has been investigated cytochemically, light microscopically and ultrastructurally. Comparison of these glands within the three species reveals identical structures. The surface of the short glandular tubules carries a single-layered, cylindrical epithelium, which continuously covers all the villi protruding into the tubular lumen. There is evidence for a significant difference between the central and peripheral parts of the glandular tubules. Cytochemical reactions for neutral and acid mucosubstances are positive only in central glandular parts. The semi-thin sections (Richardson staining) show highly vacuolated glandular cells within the peripheral areas. This vacuolisation decreases the more centrally the cells are situated, but conversely their basal basophilic staining increases towards the center. Within the Harderian gland of geese and ducks we have localized by histochemical means several hydrolases and oxydoreductases which reflect enzyme activities of the glycolytic pathway, the citrate cycle, and related metabolic pathways. The activities of glycolytic oxydoreductases and the pentose phosphate pathway enzymes are remarkably high within the central glandular parts. Lysosomal hydrolases, esterases and phosphatases are only to be demonstrated in very moderate degree of activity. All specimens of the Harderian gland contain cholinergic nerves. The ultrastructural analysis reveals highly differentiated apical cellular contacts (zonulae adhaerentes, desmosomes). There are only small intercellular spaces. The centrally located glandular cells can be divided into three compartments, a basal zone containing the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi zone and an apical zone containing abundant secretory vacuoles, which emerge from the Golgi apparatus. The secretory products are extruded by rupture of the apical cellular membrane. — The peripheral glandular cells show many similarities to goblet cells. There is only a small basal cytoplasmic are which contains a compressed nucleus, whereas the whole cell is filled with mostly empty vacuoles, membranes, lamellar bodies and lysosomes. — Terminal nerve fibres penetrate the basal lamina and make contact with the glandular cells. The terminal axons contain abundantly synaptic vesicles, sporadic dense cored vesicles and mitochondria. Until now, we could not find any specialized presynaptic or postsynaptic membranes.
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  • 86
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 401-412 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pulmonary epithelium ; Human fetus ; Endocrine cells ; APUD cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic investigations of the pulmonary epithelium of human foetuses reveal the occurrence of cells exhibiting fine-structural characteristics of polypeptide hormone producing APUD cells. Three types of cells were identified mainly on basis of the morphology of their secretory granules. Cells of type 1 have the appearance of monoamine storing cells and the dense core of vesiculated granules of these cells are reactive to argentaffine reaction performed directly on ultra-thin sections. Cells of type 2 contain granules of uniform shape and size and of rather homogeneous appearance. Besides in larger bronchial tubules these cells are localized in the epithelium of developing alveoli. Cells of type 3 with large osmiophilic granules tightly bound by a membrane are few and scattered. These cells are observed in larger bronchial tubuli only.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 413-425 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminiferous tubules, human ; Lamina propria ; Contractile cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules was analyzed in normal specimens and compared to biopsies showing great thickenning of this area in light microscopy. The contractile cells are stellate in shape, the intercellular gaps between their branchings being less than 150 Å. The cytoplasmic features of these cells are similar to those described by Ross and Long (1966) and do not differ significantly in the pathological cases examined. The intercellular components, namely collagen fibers, microfibrils and an incomplete basement membrane-like coating of the contractile cells, are strikingly increased in the thickenned lamina propria, although the number of layers making up this structure needs not be increased. Occasionally, the intercellular space is occupied by only one of these materials. The distribution of collagen permits identification of two main patterns in the thickenned lamina propria: a) one where the basement membrane of the seminiferous epithelium is separated from the first layer of contractile cells by a wide collagen zone, and b) another case where the layer displaying greater thickness because of increased collagen deposition is located further away from the germinal epithelium. The functional activity of the contractile cells, the physiological implication of structural alterations of the lamina propria and the necessity to correlate these observations to andrological findings, are discussed.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 459-468 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell adhesion ; Morphogenesis ; Chick Embryo ; Cell membrane ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The unincubated chick blastoderm, which consists of a complete upper epithelial layer of one cell thickness (epiblast) and an incomplete lower layer (hypoblast), was examined with the electron microscope in order to define the types of cell contact present. The terminal contacts between the cells of the epiblast invariably involved several focal tight junctions, but only occasionally involved tight junctions. Desmosomes were not observed in these areas, but were encountered in various phases of development in the deeper contact regions between epiblast cells. This deeper region also showed sporadic focal tight junctions and frequent micropapillae. These micropapillae were also common on the surfaces of hypoblast cells. Intercellular spaces between epiblast and hypoblast cells and within the hypoblast were often wide, narrowing to occasional focal tight junctions. Tight junctions and desmosomes were not observed in association with hypoblast cells. Gap junctions were not observed in any region of the embryo. These observations are discussed in relation to the morphogenetic movements occurring in the forming hypoblast and also the influence of this layer on the subsequent development of the embryo. Comparisons are drawn between the contact morphology in the unincubated blastoderm and that in later stages of development.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 479-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Malpighian tubule ; Carausius morosus ; Water balance ; Diuretic hormone ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Carausius morosus starved and deprived of water lose about 30% of their body weight in 4 days, mainly due to water loss. Isolated inferior tubules from starved dehydrated insects secrete urine at 0.041 nl·mm−1·min−1 compared with 0.118 nl·mm−1·min−1 in those from fed hydrated insects. This difference is due partly to the level of a diuretic (and perhaps also an antidiuretic) hormone in the haemolymph acting directly on the urine-secreting mechanism and partly to changes in the intrinsic capacity of the tubule cells for urine secretion. This latter change is accompanied by structural changes in the tubules. During starvation and dehydration the lumen becomes packed with white granules, the height of the type 1 cells is reduced, their basal infoldings and brush border become shorter and their mitochondrial volume is reduced.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 529-544 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Parathyroid hormone ; Lysosomes ; Bone resorption ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Young rats were treated with high doses of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Osteoclasts from these animals revealed characteristic alterations in comparison to control cells: a) The cytoplasm contained large vacuoles with phagocytosed cells, some of which resembled osteoblasts or osteocytes. The vacuoles were interpreted as lysosomes because the engulfed cells often appeared partly digested and the vacuoles contained acid phosphatase as demonstrated histochemically, b) lipid droplets were present in the cytoplasm and usually located close to the endoplasmic reticulum and/or in regions with many free ribosomes, c) the Golgi complex was more frequently separated from the nuclei than in control cells, d) small coated cytoplasmic bodies were numerous in the peripheral cytoplasm, e) the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were fused in some places, f) cytoplasmic regions with numerous free ribosomes were frequent, g) large ring-shaped granules occurred in some mitochondria. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of these granules provided evidence that they contained calcium and probably phosphorus, h) in some osteoclasts the mitochondria were enlarged. — The findings are consistent with an increased activity of osteoclasts and in particular a stimulation of the lysosomal system in these cells.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paracrystals ; Reinke crystals ; Leydig cells ; Normal human testis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary One of two types of paracrystalline inclusions, other than Reinke crystals, was encountered in the Leydig cells of the normal mature testes of 9 out of 10 patients. The basic ultrastructure of these formations was that of parallel arrays of fine filaments (8 cases) or tubules (1 case). The filamentous structures, designated as type A paracrystals, consisted of fascicles of parallel rows of 4 or 5 dense fibrils. The latter typically contained dense granules or banded striations spaced at regular intervals. In 4 cases the inclusions were found in the cytoplasm while in 4 others they were confined to the nuclei. The tubular type of paracrystal, type B, was observed in only one patient. Here, groups of closely packed tubular inclusions occupied large portions of cytoplasm. The tubular walls were composed of closely applied, small, circular profiles. In no instance were paracrystals and Reinke crystals encountered in the same cell. A possible role of the former as precursors of the latter is discussed but there is no strong supporting evidence for this despite certain suggestive similarities in unit and subunit measurements.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence (Rabbit) ; Dense-core vesicles depletion ; Releasing factors ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of mating on the depletion of osmiophilic material from dense-core vesicles (DCV) within the external layer of the rabbit median eminence (ME) were investigated. Two different populations of DCV were demonstrated within the ME external layer of the non-mated control animals. A plot of the diameters of these vesicles showed two peaks, one at 90–100 nm, and the other at 120–130 nm. These two populations of DCV were found in separate axons and axon terminals in contact with, or near the perivascular spaces of, portal capillaries. Within these axons and terminals an occasional membrane profile or “vesicle ghost” was also observed. The same two populations of DCV were evident in the ME external layer of animals that were sacrificed at 10 minutes post-coitus. In these experimental animals, the number and size of the smaller population of DCV were the same as those of the none-mated controls. However, there was an obvious decrease in the number of the large (120–130nm) DCV, together with a simultaneous marked increase in the number of “vesicle ghosts”. These ghosts had a mean diameter of 137±14 nm. On the basis of their size, it is suggested that the “vesicle ghosts” represent large DCV that have been depleted of their content following mating. Ultrastructural evidence for the depletion of osmiophilic material from the large DCV of mated animals is provided. According to previous writers the smaller DCV within the ME are aminergic, whereas the larger DCV may contain releasing factors (RF). Our findings provide further morphological evidence to support this hypothesis. Furthermore, RF and biogenic amines appear to be contained within separate nerve terminals in the rabbit ME.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 63-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Snail ; Regeneration of eye ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distal half of the posterior tentacle of adult Helix aspersa and Cryptomphallus aspersa was removed and the proximal half was studied with light and electron microscopy after different intervals. The tentacle itself does not regenerate, but the receptor organs at the distal end of the normal tentacle differentiate at the level of the section. The newly formed eye is smaller than the control; however, its components and subcellular characteristics resemble those of the normal eye.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Integument ; Hirudinea ; Sensory organs ; Nerves ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le tégument de Glossiphonia complanata comprend, outre les cellules épithéliales banales, de nombreux organes particuliers ou organes de Bayer, regroupés essentiellement sur la face dorsale de l'animal. Ils sont formés par une cellule apicale saillante enchassée dans une cellule musculaire en anneau. L'ensemble de ces formations est étudié du point de vue ultrastructural. Des cellules épithéliales partent des fibres nerveuses afférentes, sans doute vecteur des perceptions de stimuli mécaniques de pression au niveau du tégument; la réponse se faisant sans doute par la contraction de la cellule basale de chaque organe de Bayer, innervée par des fibres nerveuses efférentes, entrainant la saillie de la cellule apicale. Le hérissement de ces nombreuses papilles du tégument dorsal pourrait être un signal perçu par le partenaire sexuel, chez cette Hirudinée à fécondation hypodermique.
    Notes: Summary The integument of Glossiphonia complanata, built up by epithelial cells, contains numerous particular organs (Bayer organs), mainly on the dorsal side of the animal. They consist of a protuberant apical cell, which is surrounded by a ring-shaped muscle cell. All the integumentary formations are studied from an ultrastructural point of view. From the epithelial cells issue afferent nerve fibres, considered as vectors of the perception of mechanical stimuli of pressure at the level of the integument; the response no doubt operating by the contraction of the basal muscle cell of each Bayer organ, innervated by efferent nerve fibres, bringing forth the protrusion of the apical cell. The erection of these numerous papillae of the dorsal integument might be a signal perceived by the sexual partner, fecundation occurring in this group of leeches under the integument.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 505-515 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Paracervical ganglion (Rat) ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two new types of structure of the cytoplasm of an autonomic neuron were described: (1) Inclusions of the rough ergastoplasmic reticulum, which were named “ergastosomes”, contain finely granular material with moderately electron opaque staining with both glutaraldehyde-OsO4 and KMnO4 fixations. A short comment was made on the nature of the contents of the ergastosomes. (2) Tubular formations of endoplasmic reticulum were found in the axons and/or dendrites of the paracervical ganglion.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Stick insect ; Blood-brain barrier ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fat body sheath which surrounds the ventral nerve cord of the adult stick insect, Carausius morosus, is absent in the hatchling. Since the haemolymph sodium ion compositions of the two stages are similar, it is suggested that the fat body sheath is not a site of a blood-brain barrier dealing with extra-axonal regulation of sodium. Similarities of ultrastructure in connectives of adults and hatchlings are demonstrated, and tight junctions are shown to occur in perineural cells of both stages. The possible significance of this to the blood-brain barrier of this insect is discussed.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 363-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Monkey ; A-V node and bundle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The atrio-ventricular (A-V) node of the monkey heart is located in the focus of converging atrial muscle. Three main atrial muscle strands, coming from the atrio-ventricular ring, the dorsal wall of the atria, and the ventral part of the atrial septum, converge in the nodal region where they overlap and are interconnected. The junctional type of fibers establishing interconnection between the atrial muscle and the nodal tissue are not strictly localized at the periphery of the node, but may be traced further, along the A-V ring and coronary sinus. The A-V node consists of a loose peripheral and a compact distal part. In the former, typical nodal fibers were found, while the compact part shows an important individual variation in structure and cell-types. In some monkey hearts, the nodal fibers gradually become broader bundle fibers, while in other specimens the junctional fibers surround the compact part and than penetrate the nodal-His (N-H) region. These junctional fibers become nodal fibers or are in terminal contact with large clear cells up to 50 μ in diameter. Clear cells of various diameters are often intercalated between the cell rows of the nodal and His-bundle fibers and may form a distinct cellular gate between the node and the His-bundle.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Striated muscle ; Chick ; Sarcomere formation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sarcomere assemblage in striated muscle of the early developing chick embryo was studied with the electron microscope. In myogenic chick somites, non-striated myofibrils are seen with the electron microscope, prior to striated ones. These crude myofibrils are traversed at regular periodic intervals by a tubular system which is associated with dense Z-line material shortly after its appearance. Longer sarcomeres as well as banding patterns similar to those found in mature striated muscle follow and possibly depend on prior Z-line formation.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 191-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Monkey (Macaca mulatta) ; Conducting system ; Atrium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the sino-atrial (S-A) node of the monkey heart two types of muscle cells occur: 1. typical nodal cells which are the predominant cells and form the nodal fibers. 2. “Intercalated clear cells” with various diameters (4 to 12 μm) and containing poorly developed myofibrils, rich in glycogen and demonstrating poor staining properties. These latter cells are dispersed, few in number, and never form discrete fibers of themselves, but are intercalated between the cell rows of the typical nodal fibers. Such intercalated clear cells become more numerous at the periphery of the node. Interconnection between the S-A node and the conventional atrial muscle is established by a progressive transformation of nodal fibers into atrial fibers producing an intermediate (or junctional) type of fiber at the nodal periphery. However, in addition, few nodal fibers make direct contact with the atrial cardiocytes. Our light and EM studies have failed to prove the existence of truly specialized internodal pathways. Nevertheless intercalated clear cells, nodal-like cells, junctional or intermediate type of cells are relatively frequent in valvular regions (Thebesian, Eustachian, A-V, fossa ovalis) and less frequent in other regions of the atrial wall.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 459-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars tuberalis ; Rana temporaria ; Seasonal changes of ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pars tuberalis of the hypophysis of Rana temporaria, which shows the ultrastructural characteristics of a polypeptide hormone secreting endocrine gland, seasonal changes of the ultrastructure are described. In accordance with the literature, these seasonal changes of ultrastructure are interpreted as the morphological expression of seasonal changes of endocrine activity of the pars tuberalis.
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