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  • Digitale Medien  (570)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (348)
  • 1965-1969  (222)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1860-1869
  • 2022
  • 1981  (348)
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  • Digitale Medien  (570)
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (348)
  • 1965-1969  (222)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1860-1869
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of early monocular deprivation on development of cortico-geniculate projections in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 451-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Monocular deprivation ; Cortico-geniculate projections ; Visual cortex ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In 16 cats monocularly deprived from 2 to 3 weeks of age, we studied 53 striate cortical cells which were identified as projecting to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) on the basis of antidromic activation from LGN and of histological localization within cortical layer VI. As in the normal cat, these cortico-geniculate cells could be classified as slow, intermediate or fast, according to their axonal conduction velocities. The sampling ratio of the slow cells (mostly unresponsive to visual stimuli) was much higher than normal. On the other hand, the ratio of the intermediate (one half were simple cells) and fast cells (all except one were complex cells) was significantly lower than the norm. Also, the average axonal conduction velocities of the complex and simple cells were significantly slower than normal. These results suggest that normal maturation of cortico-geniculate cells, particularly fast and intermediate ones, is retarded or arrested by monocular visual deprivation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238390
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The eye movements of the dark-reared cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 41-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Eye movements ; Dark-rearing ; Cat ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cats reared in total darkness to adulthood have abnormal eye movements. A spontaneous nystagmus is found in the dark before any visual experience. The eye movements evoked by vestibular or optokinetic stimulation are less effective at compensation than for a normal cat. The vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) has a low gain (around 0.3) and a frequency dependent phase relation. The efficiency of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is poorer than for a normal cat, except for downwards stimulus movement which is followed better than normal. OKN is poorest in response to a stimulus viewed monocularly moving in the nasal to temporal direction. Neither VOR nor OKN of a dark-reared cat recover in efficiency within 5 months of the animal being brought into the light. A normal cat put into the dark for 135 days shows none of these abnormalities except an occasional spontaneous nystagmus.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238748
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of unilateral superior colliculus ablation on oculomotor and vestibulo-ocular responses in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Superior colliculus ; Vestibulo-ocular responses ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Unilateral lesions of the superior colliculus were made in normal cats. Following the operation, animals exhibited a typical neglect for contralateral visual space and forced circling toward the ipsilateral side. Optokinetic nystagmus was decreased for a stimulus moving toward the ipsilateral side, particularly in the temporal-to-nasal direction when the eye contralateral to the lesion was stimulated alone. — 2. When tested in the dark, animals exhibited a strong imbalance of their vestibulo-ocular responses (VOR) to velocity steps or to sinusoidal oscillations. Rotation of the animal toward the ipsilateral side produced a VOR with a higher gain, and a shorter phase-lead than in pre-operative controls. VOR was decreased in the opposite direction to a smaller extent, however. The overall asymmetry between the two sides at the post-operative stage was about 40%. — 3. In two animals, spontaneous nystagmus was present in the dark with the fast phase toward the ipsilateral side. — 4. Visual suppression of VOR was abolished during ipsiversive rotation and was still present during contraversive rotation. — 5. The effects of unilateral colliculectomy on VOR were transient. Spontaneous nystagmus disappeared in 3 days. VOR asymmetry in the dark was no longer present after 2–3 weeks. Loss of visual VOR suppression persisted for a few more days. — 6. Superior colliculus exerts a tonic control on static and dynamic components of VOR. This control may mediate part of VOR visual modulation and provide a substitutive input for compensation of pathological VOR asymmetry.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235731
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Some comparative quantitative data on the different (Relay and associative) thalamic nuclei in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 162 (1981), S. 363-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Thalamus ; Ultrastructure ; Cat ; Quantitative analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the ventrobasal complex (VB) of the cat thalamus was investigated in order to compare the data with those obtained in other thalamic nuclei. New data are described regarding the identification of Golgi II type neurons and several forms of axo-somatic synapses. By means of a quantitative analysis the number of different profiles, distribution of interprofile contacts, synaptic densities and degree of synaptic input of the two main cell-types were defined. The quantitative data obtained in the VB complex were compared with values for the lateral geniculate body (CGL), nucleus anterior ventralis (AV-non-sensory relay thalamic nucleus) and nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex (LP-PU-associative thalamic nucleus). The quantitative data reveal that: 1. The occurrence of RL terminals is equal in the two relay nuclei (VB and AV) and three-fold higher than in the LP-PU. 2. The percentage ratio of specific terminals (RL) in the total surface area in the relay nuclei is three-fold higher than in the LP-PU. 3. The RL→D synapses are twice as numerous in the relay nuclei as in the associative nucleus. 4. The density of synaptic RS profiles in VB is half of that found in LP-Pu. 5. In the thalamic relay nuclei the number of synaptic contacts on Golgi II type neurons is one-third of the synaptic supply of relay neurons; in the LP-Pu the amount of synaptic contacts on Golgi II type neuron approaches the synaptic supply of projective neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299979
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Widespread cortical projections of the ventral tegmental area and of other brain stem structures in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 233-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Ventral tegmental area ; Locus ceruleus ; Parabrachial nuclei ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Thirty-three cat brains with injections of horseradish peroxidase in various regions of the cerebral cortex were screened for afferent projections from the ventral tegmental area, the locus ceruleus, and the parabrachial nuclei. All three structures were found to project to rather divergent parts of the cortex, including regions in the posterior half of the hemisphere. These results, especially for the ventral tegmental area and, to a lesser degree, for the parabrachial neurons, disagree with most of the target loci of established cortical afferents in the rat. Though our results might be attributed to species differences in the cortical innervation of brain stem structures, we prefer explanations which emphasize different densities in the distribution of brain stem afferents to the cortex, and/or which suggest different cortical targets of catecholaminergic and noncatecholaminergic neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238880
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Unidirectional habituation of vestibulo-ocular responses by repeated rotational or optokinetic stimulations in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 34-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Vestibular habituation ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1.Unilateral habituation of the vestibuloocular reflex was produced in adult cats stimulated by repeated unidirectional velocity steps (vestibular training) or by a continuously moving visual surround (optokinetic training). — 2. Unidirectional vestibular training produced a strong asymmetry of vestibuloocular responses (VOR). Responses to velocity steps applied to the “trained” labyrinth were decreased both in gain and in time-constant. This effect generalized to responses to sinusoidal oscillations (0.03 Hz to 0.1 Hz), i.e. to a stimulus not used during training. — No spontaneous nystagmus was ever observed in spite of the dynamic VOR asymmetry. — 3. Unilateral vestibular habituation produced by vestibular training appeared to be a long-lasting phenomenon. It was still present 10 days after the end of training. — 4. Optokinetic responses were not affected by vestibular training. — 5. Unidirectional optokinetic training produced an increase in the slow phase velocity of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) by about 25% in both directions. This effect did not persist for more than a few minutes. A marked spontaneous nystagmus was recorded in the dark after each session of optokinetic training, with a slow phase in the direction opposite to the previous OKN. — 6. VOR in response to velocity steps and to sinusoidal oscillations were decreased unilaterally after optokinetic training. This effect was of short duration, however, and disappeared within the interval between training sessions. This lack of retention contrasted with the prolonged effect of vestibular training.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235726
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Acido- et glucorecepteurs vagaux de la région gastro-duodénale (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 442-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Chemoreceptors ; C Fibers ; Vagal nerves ; Gastro-duodenal Region ; Microelectrode technique ; Cat ; Chémorécepteurs ; Fibres C ; Nerfs vagues ; Région Gastro-duodénale ; Technique des ; Microélectrodes ; Chat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La sensibilité vagale aux hydrates de carbone (glucose en particulier) et aux acides (acide chlorhydrique et acide acétique) a été étudiée dans la région gastro-duodénale chez des chats anesthésiés. Les potentiels d'action ont été enregistrés dans le ganglion plexiforme droit au moyen de microélectrodes extracellulaires. Des récepteurs, sélectivement sensibles soit aux hydrates de carbone, soit aux acides, ont été ainsi mis en évidence. Ces récepteurs doivent donc être considérés comme de véritables glucorécepteurs et acidorécepteurs. Les deux types de chémorécepteurs, silencieux au départ, présentent une fréquence de décharge basse qui varie entre 2 et 14 imp/s pour les acido-récepteurs et entre 2 et 30 imp/s pour les glucorécepteurs. Les réponses peuvent être irrégulières ou régulières et durer plusieurs minutes; leur latence est faible (entre 1 et 20 s) pour les deux types de chémorécepteurs, ce qui suggère une localisation dans la muqueuse ou au voisinage de celleci. Les fibres connectées aux glucorécepteurs et aux acido-récepteurs ont une vitesse de conduction qui varie entre 0,8 et 1,2 m/s: elles sont donc amyéliniques. L'enregistrement de l'activité électromyographique de la région gastro-duodénale a permis de montrer que les acido-récepteurs et les glucorécepteurs interviennent dans la régulation de la motilité gastrique et duodénale, l'effet le plus marqué étant une diminution du rythme électrique de base de l'estomac.
    Notizen: Summary Vagal sensitivity to carbohydrates (mainly glucose) and to acids (hydrochloric and acetic acids) was studied in the gastro-duodenal region of anesthetized cats. Action potentials were recorded extracellularly from the nodose ganglion by means of glass microelectrodes. Receptors responding to glucose perfusion were found at this level as well as receptors stimulated by acid perfusion. It is shown that each type of receptor was activated by only one kind of stimulus (carbohydrates and acids, respectively). These receptors must thus be considered as true glucoreceptors or acido-receptors. Being silent before activation, these two types of chemoreceptors discharged at a frequency that varied from 2 to 14 imp/s for the acido-receptors, and from 2 to 30 imp/s for the glucoreceptors. The response could be irregular or regular and might last several minutes. Its latency was short (between 1 and 20 s for both types of chemoreceptors. It was therefore supposed that they were located in the mucosa or neighboring structures. From the conduction velocities (0.8–1.2 m/s), it was concluded that fibers originating from the acidoand glucoreceptors belonged to the C type. Recording of the electromyographic activity from the gastro-duodenal region demonstrated that the gluco- and acido-receptors are involved in the regulation of motility of the gastric and duodenal regions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237509
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differential responsiveness of cells in the visual zones of the cat's LP-pulvinar complex to visual stimuli (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; LP-pulvinar complex ; MIN ; Visual texture ; Receptive field properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Multiple visual field representations are contained within the feline LP-pulvinar complex; regions differentiated by their afferent and efferent connectivity patterns as the striate-, tecto- and retino-recipient zones. Cell responses from these visuotopic zones were investigated in immobilized cats under N2O/O2 supplemented with pentobarbitone or Althesin, using spot, bar and textured stimuli. Response fields recorded within the LP-pulvinar complex were classified as diffuse, concentric, movement-, direction- or orientation-sensitive. Concentric receptive fields were further classified as sustained (X), transient (Y) or tonic/phasic W-cells. Direction-and movement-sensitive cells predominated in the striate- and tecto-recipient zones, respectively. Motion of noise fields, or noise bars against an identical stationary noise background elicited vigorous responses from cells in the striate zone, many showing a preference for noise stimuli. In contrast, cells from the tectal zone and other divisions of the LP-pulvinar complex were insensitive to noise. The retino-recipient zone at the lateral margin of the pulvinar nucleus was characterized by cells with concentric receptive fields, the majority exhibiting properties similar to W-cells in the LGNd. The evidence supports the notion of functional subdivision within the LP-pulvinar complex corresponding to the visuotopically organized regions defined by their connectivity patterns. Consideration of the retino-recipient zone as an extension of the LGNd-MIN complex is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238806
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of corticospinal lesions upon treadmill locomotion by cats (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 101-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Pyramidal tract ; Corticospinal system ; Locomotion ; Stepping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary We studied the pattern of stepping in cats, before and after the placement of lesions in the corticospinal system. We found a deficit after the lesions, which was characterized by increased extension of the involved hindlimbs during the stance (E2–E3) phase of the step cycle. This deficit lasted two weeks or less. It may reflect loss of inhibitory influences upon extensor motoneuron pools.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238815
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The somatotopy of the gracile nucleus in cats with agenesis of a hindfoot (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Gracile nucleus ; Plasticity ; Somatotopy ; Agenetic defect ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The somatotopic representation of the hindlimb in the gracile nucleus was studied in two cats who had a congenital defect of one hindfoot. The defect comprised all of the foot downward from and including the heel, and the distal third of tibia and fibula. The part of the sciatic nerve normally supplying the lower hindlimb and the hindfoot was reduced in diameter by one third. The motoneurones corresponding to the absent muscles were lacking and replaced by glial elements. The cross-sectional area of the dorsal columns at segment S2 was reduced by more than 20%. The gracile nuclei, in contrast, were not reduced in size. Only the diameter of its neurones was significantly smaller. Electrophysiological single and multi-neurone recordings revealed an altered somatotopic representation in the gracile nucleus on the defective side. The nuclear area normally representing the missing parts of the body surface now received input from the stump. There was no nuclear area devoid of afferent input, and there was no input in the gracile from the forelimb or from the contralateral side. It is concluded that the remaining parts of the leg project onto the gracile nucleus in an ordered fashion, sharing the entire nucleus according to their present afferent fibres.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238384
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The size and shape of rod and cone centres of cat retinal ganglion cells (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 422-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Retinal ganglion cells ; Cat ; Rod and cone mediated receptive fields ; Receptive field size/shape
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Receptive field centres of cat retinal ganglion cells, as mediated by rod and by cone inputs, were mapped as contours of iso-sensitivity at a mid-mesopic adapting luminance using, respec-tively, 452 nm-blue and 578 nm-yellow narrow-band lights at an intensity 1 log unit above threshold for the most sensitive locus. Based on the sizes and shapes of mapped rod and cone centres for 74 ganglion cells, four receptive field centre categories were distinguished. Cone and rod centres were usually elliptical, and in almost 60% of cells the major axis through the receptive field centre was oriented within ±20 ° of horizontal. In 69%, rod and cone centres were non-concentric, 66% had larger rod than cone centres — area ratios ranging from 0.6 ∶ 1 to 2.9 ∶ 1, and in only two cases was the rod centre actually smaller than the cone centre.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238386
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Development of responses to acoustic interaural intensity differences in the cat inferior colliculus (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 301-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Auditory ; Localization ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Responses of single neurones in the inferior colliculus of anaesthetized adult cats and kittens were studied using best-frequency stimuli of varying interaural intensity difference (IID). Two broad classes of neurone, distinguished by the predominant type of input from each ear, were examined. One class of cells received predominantly excitatory input from each ear (EE cells). The other class were excited by monaural stimulation of the contralateral ear and showed no response to monaural stimulation of the ipsilateral ear, but inhibition of the excitatory response by simultaneous ipsilateral stimulation (EI cells). Fourteen of the 18 adult EI cells showed marked changes in discharge rate with variation in IID. Adult EI cells showed low response variability and were insensitive to changes in average binaural intensity. In all cases of IID sensitivity, the onset component of the response was less sensitive to IID than the sustained component. Eight out of ten EE cells were insensitive to IID over the range tested. Cells of high best-frequency in kittens younger than 28 days showed irregular changes in discharge rate with variation in IID and wide response variability. Some low-frequency EI cells in young kittens showed sensitivity to IID, but it is unlikely that these could be involved in sound localization as their frequency response was inappropriate. Many cells in kittens aged 31–40 days showed monotonic, adult-like IID functions, but the response variability of these cells remained higher than that of adult cat neurones. These data provide evidence for a developmental change of binaural interaction in the cat.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238887
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Termination of cortical afferents on identified neurons in the caudate nucleus of the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 329-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Caudate nucleus ; Golgi/EM ; Corticocaudate projection ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A combined Golgi/electron microscopic technique was used to investigate the fine structure and synaptology of Golgi-stained spiny neurons in the caudate nucleus of the cat. In order to study the termination sites of cortical afferents on Golgistained spiny neurons, cortical fibres were caused to degenerate by making extensive cortical lesions 3 days prior to fixation of the animals. When examined in the electron microscope, perikarya of labelled spiny neurons have a round nucleus, a few mitochondria and microtubules, and a poorly developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Only rarely are axo-somatic contacts seen. Labelled dendrites exhibit a moderate number of microtubules and sometimes elongated mitochondria. Numerous labelled spines are seen in the vicinity of their parent dendrites. They are contacted by smaller type I and type III boutons and larger type IV boutons (Hassler et al. 1978). Large boutons filled with clear round vesicles establish symmetric contacts with labelled dendritic shafts. Degenerating boutons of cortical afferents are seen in contact with spines and, more rarely, with dendritic shafts of Golgi-stained spiny neurons. All degenerating boutons synapsing with labelled structures are found some distance from the cell body. No contacts of degenerating cortical boutons with the soma or with stem dendrites of Golgi-stained spiny neurons are found.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238890
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cat retina and the sampling theorem; the relation of transient and sustained brisk-unit cut-off frequency to α and β-mode cell density (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 196-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Retina ; Sampling theorem ; Brisk, X and Y, ganglion cells ; Cat ; Visual acuity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The relationship of brisk transient and brisk-sustained unit cut-off frequencies to their respective array cut-off frequencies has been calculated by means of sampling theory from the corresponding α and β-mode cell densities at various retinal eccentricities. Interpretation of the results depends on whether on and off cells of each class are functionally homogeneous or heterogeneous populations. In agreement with expectations from sampling theory for a system involved in resolution tasks, it is found that the brisk-sustained system has less potential for undersampling and spurious imagery than the brisk-transient system, which is thought to play a different role. The brisk-sustained array could avoid such aliasing altogether if it is functionally heterogeneous. The differences between the two systems are similar to those between insect eyes respectively optimised for high resolution vision or the detection of high velocity image motion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236906
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The vibrissal pad as a source of sensory information for the oculomotor system of the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 409-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Oculomotricity ; Lateral rectus and retractor bulbi motoneurones ; Infraorbital nerve ; Vibrissal pad ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Responses from lateral rectus, medial rectus and retractor bulbi nerves were obtained following electrical stimulation of the vibrissal pad of the cat. Discharges in afferent fibres dissected from the infraorbital nerve were recorded during movements of the vibrissae and following electrical stimulation of the vibrissal pad. Both stimuli activated the same population of Aα fibers. Intracellular records were obtained from lateral rectus motoneurones identified antidromically in the principal abducens nucleus and from retractor bulbi motoneurones similarly identified in the accessory abducens nucleus. EPSPs (3 mV) were recorded in lateral rectus motoneurones following electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral vibrissal pad at a latency of 3.5 ms. Large-amplitude disynaptic EPSPs (15 mV) were recorded in retractor bulbi motoneurones following the same vibrissal stimulation. The synaptic excitation evoked in both lateral rectus and retractor bulbi motoneurones through stimulation of the ipsilateral vibrissal pad induced an early retraction followed by an abduction of the eye ball. The hypothesis is that the vibrissal message might complement other sensory modalities in the generation of patterned eye movements.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238833
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Topographic organization of orientation columns in the cat visual cortex (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 431-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Cat ; Visual cortex ; Orientation columns ; Deoxyglucose
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Three-dimensional reconstructions of the orientation column system were obtained from the visual cortex of four cats using the deoxyglucose technique. One cat had normal visual experience, one was monocularly deprived and two had selective experience with vertical and horizontal contours, respectively. In areas 17 and 18 orientation columns form a remarkably regular system of equally spaced parallel bands whose trajectory is orthogonal to the borderline between areas 17 and 18. This topographic organization is resistant to manipulations of early visual experience.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238836
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The variability of discharge of simple cells in the cat striate cortex (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Response variability ; Visual cortex ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The relationship between the variance and mean rate of discharges of simple cells in the cat striate cortex has been examined when mean rate was varied by changing either stimulus spatial frequency or contrast. In both cases, the variance was related to the mean discharge rate by an exponent of about 1.15; the relation was thus roughly linear. The discharge variance was on average 1.7 times the mean rate for data obtained from measurements of the neurones' spatial frequency tuning curves, and 1.48 times the mean for data from the response-contrast determination. However, this difference was not statistically significant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238837
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Asymmetries of vertical vestibular nystagmus in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 420-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Vestibular nystagmus ; Cat ; Visual suppression ; Vertical asymmetries ; Nystagmus vestibulaire ; Chat ; Suppression visuelle ; Asymétries verticales
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Chez le chat, l'asymétrie des réponses nystagmiques verticales à une rotation autour d'un axe interaural a été caractérisée en mesurant la fréquence de battement et le gain du réflexe vestibulooculaire dans chaque sens vers le haut et vers le bas. Des variations sinusoïdales de la vitesse de la tête, ou des échelons de vitesse ont été exercés dans trois conditions visuelles: à l'obscurité (stimulation vestibulaire pure); à la lumière (stimulation mixte vestibulaire et optocinétique); et enfin, alors qu'un miroir placé devant l'animal et solidaire du mouvement de sa tête lui fournissait une référence visuelle stable (vision stabilisée). Dans les trois conditions, la fréquence de battement et le gain du nystagmus vers le bas (désigné par le sens des phases rapides) sont plus grands que ceux du nystagmus vers le haut. A l'obscurité, les caractéristiques des nystagmus postrotatoires suggèrent une constante de temps plus longue pour le réflexe vestibulo-oculaire vers le bas que vers le haut. A la lumière, les deux stimulations agissent synergiquement. En vision stabilisée, la suppression du nystagmus s'exerce préférentiellement sur le nystagmus haut, ce qui appuie l'hypothèse d'une addition algébrique des effets des deux stimulations.
    Notizen: Summary In the cat, the asymmetry of vertical nystagmus in response to a rotation around the Yaxis has been characterized by measuring the beat frequency and gain of vestibulo-ocular reflexes in each direction (upward and downward). Sinusoidal variations of head velocity or velocity steps have been applied under three visual conditions (a) in darkness (pure vestibular stimulation); (b) in the light (mixed vestibular and optokinetic stimulation); (c) with a mirror placed in front of the animal; since the mirror image moved with the head, the animal was provided with a stable visual cue (stabilized vision). In all three conditions, beat frequency and gain were greater for downward than for upward nystagmus (the direction refers to that of the quick phase). In darkness, the characteristics of postrotatory nystagmus suggested a greater time constant for downward than for upward vestibulo-ocular reflexes. In the light, both stimuli acted synergistically. In stabilized vision, upward vestibular nystagmus was preferentially suppressed, suggesting an algebraic summation of the effects arising from both kinds of stimuli.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238901
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Receptive field organization of simple cells in cat striate cortex (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Receptive field ; Single unit ; Striate cortex ; Simple cell ; Cat ; Model stimulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The receptive field organization of simple cells was studied by analyzing interaction effects between two stationary flashing light stimuli. One stimulus was positioned in the most responsive part of the receptive field to produce activity against which the effects of the other stimulus in various positions of the visual field could be determined. The receptive field was subdivided into an elongated center and elongated antagonistic flanks. The effects on the flanks were always considerably stronger on one side. Powerful flank suppression could be elicited within a region which usually was only slightly wider than the receptive field center. The suppression was just as stimulus specific as the activation of the center and occurred only by light ON or OFF. The cells were classified into ON-dominant and OFF-dominant depending on the kind of response found in the center. In ON-dominant cells the strong flank suppression occurred only by light ON, and light OFF produced enhancement. Correspondingly, the strong flank suppression occurred only by light OFF in OFF-dominant cells. This is consistent with the interpretation that simple cells have excitatory and inhibitory input from the same type of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), i.e., only from ON-center or OFF-center cells. The small size of the area where strong flank suppression occurred shows that inhibition comes from a few LGN cells rather than from a large pool of cells. A model for simple cell receptive fields presuming overlapping but acentric excitatory and inhibitory fields with input to both fields from either ON- or OFF-center LGN cells was tested by computer simulation and shown to fit the experimental data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235733
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Receptive field organization of complex cells in cat striate cortex (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Receptive field ; Single unit ; Striate cortex ; Complex cells ; Cat ; Model simulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The receptive field organization of complex cells was studied by analyzing interaction effects between two stationary flashing light stimuli. One was placed in the most responsive part of the receptive field to produce activity against which effects of the other in different visual field positions could be determined. The receptive field was spatially organized into antagonistic center and flanks just like the fields of simple cells. However, both center and flanks were found within the receptive field area where a single slit evoked discharge. Center and flanks were elongated along the optimal stimulus orientation. The flanks were displaced from the center normal to optimal stimulus orientation. In the center, ON- and OFF-responses were usually about equal in strength and the maximum ON- and OFF-responses occurred in about the same position. This shows that complex cells are activated by input from both ON- and OFF-center cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) where the receptive field centers of the LGN cells overlap closely. This explains most of the specific features of complex cells, e.g., the spatially overlapping ON- and OFF-zones, the large response field, the repetitive firing when a slit moves over the receptive field, and the marked non-linear spatial summation. Strong flank suppression occurred with both ON and OFF. The effects were usually stronger on one side of the center. Maximal suppression occurred on the same side with both ON and OFF. This is consistent with the interpretation that complex cells are inhibited by input from both LGN ON- and OFF-center cells with overlapping receptive field centers. A model presuming that complex cells have overlapping but acentric excitatory and inhibitory fields was tested by computer simulation and shown to fit the experimental data. This is the same model as presented for simple cells in the preceding paper (Heggelund 1980), except that the excitatory and inhibitory fields of simple cells have input from either ON- or OFF-center LGN cells, whereas in complex cells they have input from both types.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235734
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A quantitative analysis of the direction-specific response of neurons in the cat's nucleus of the optic tract (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 146-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Nucleus tractus opticus ; Visual response ; Direction specificity ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary All cells in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) of the cat, that Bcould be activated antidromically from the inferior olive, were shown to be direction-specific, as influenced by horizontal movements of an extensive visual stimulus. Cells in the left NOT were activated by leftward and inhibited by rightward movement, while those in the right NOT were activated by rightward and inhibited by leftward movement. Vertical movements did not modulate the spontaneous activity of the cells. The mean spontaneous discharge rate in 50 NOT cells was 30 spikes/s. This direction-specific response was maintained over a broad velocity range (〈0.1 ° – 〉100 °/s). Velocities over 200 °/s could inhibit NOT cells regardless of stimulus direction. All cells in the NOT were driven by the contralateral eye, about half of them by the ipsilateral eye also. In addition, activation through the contralateral eye was stronger in most binocular units. Binocular cells preferred the same direction in the visual space through both eyes. An area approximately corresponding to the visual streak in the cat's retina projected most densely onto NOT cells. This included an extensive ipsilateral projection. No clear retinotopic order was seen. The most sensitive zone in the very large receptive fields (most diameters being 〉20 °) was along the horizontal zero meridian of the visual field. The retinal input to NOT cells was mediated by W-fibers. The striking similarities between the input characteristics of NOT-cells and optokinetic nystagmus are discussed. The direction selectivity and ocular dominance of the NOT system as a whole can provide a possible explanation for the directional asymmetry in the cat's optokinetic nystagmus when only one eye is stimulated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236901
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of initial posture on posturo-kinetic co-ordination in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 177-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Posture ; Movement ; Motor cortex ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The influence of postural support on posturo-kinetic co-ordination has been studied with a model of movement consisting of limb flexion induced by stimulation of the motor cortex in chronically implanted cats. To more easily quantify the responses by measuring the vertical forces exerted at the level of the four limbs, only weak stimuli were used, mainly triggering isometric motor activity. The aim of the study was to analyse the influence on the motor responses of various postural supports leading to a weight distribution between the limbs which differs from the normal situation. Three kinds of initial posture were tested. The first was obtained by directing the head of the cat to the left or to the right. The second type consisted in raising one or two of the platforms supporting the limbs. The third was obtained by adding a load to one of the limbs. The main results established in these conditions were the following: The latencies of the beginning of the movement and its associated postural adjustment, as revealed by the onset of force changes, were independent of the initial postural situation. Whatever the initial weight distribution, the amplitudes of force variations induced by given intensities of cortical stimulation were generally constant, though small variations of amplitude were noted in some cases. When there were changes in the response amplitudes, all four limbs were generally affected. The effect was observed whatever the limb concerned by modification of the support. This not only means that the postural responses depend on the amplitude of the movement but also that the amplitude of the movement itself may be modified according to perturbations affecting the postural limbs. Comparison of the present data with previous results leads to the hypothesis that a postural reference is taken into account in the determination of amplitudes of responses to cortical stimulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237339
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphology of the medullary chemosensitive fields (1981)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 391 (1981), S. 226-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Central chemosensitivity ; Morphology ; HRP ; Labelling ; Mapping ; Medulla oblongata ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A modified horseradish peroxidase labelling technique was used to study the distribution pattern of neurons in the central chemosensitive fields of the medulla oblongata of cats. In several cryosectioned medullae a mapping of superficially located HRP-labelled neurons was achieved. The distribution and configuration of the labelled neurons indicate that most of them belong to the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis. However, by varying the time of incubation it was possible to identify different types of neurons. On the basis of certain aspects of the HRP incorporation mode and neuronal topography a specific type of small-sized neurons has been identified. Some functional implications of these small neurons with respect to their possible chemosensitive activity are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00596175
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reflex control of the retractor bulbi muscle in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 389 (1981), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Retractor bulbi muscle ; Trigeminal afferents ; Oculomotricity ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of vestibular and trigeminal stimulation on reflex responses of each slip of the retractor bulbi muscle were tested by recording the electromyogram. 1. In “encéphale isolé” cat, phasic electrical stimulation of the horizontal canal induced no response in the RB slips. Repetitive vestibular stimulation did not produce nystagmus in the RB muscle while strong muscular discharges were observed in the nystagmus lateral rectus muscle. 2. In anaesthetized cats, three trigeminal inputs elicited strong reflex responses in each slip of the RB muscle. Electrical stimulation of the vibrissae or the infra-orbital nerve evoked a two component reflex response (latencies: 5ms±0.5 and 14ms±2). Electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve elicited a single component reflex response (latency: 6ms±0.5). Electrical stimulation of the long ciliary nerves evoked a complex response with four components (latencies: 7.5ms±0.5, 10ms±2,15ms±2,20ms±2) 3. Pentobarbital and morphine produced lasting depression of the reflex responses of the RB muscle. The depressive effect of morphine was reversed by naloxone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582105
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Central effects of paraoxon on haemodynamics in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 317 (1981), S. 168-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Paraoxon ; Blood pressure ; Vertebral artery ; Central muscarinic receptors ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Application of paraoxon into the left vertebral artery (8–80 μg) or both the left and right vertebral artery (4–8 μg) of the anaesthetized cat evoked dose-dependent depressor effects, whereas heart rate was not influenced significantly. Also after systemic administration of paraoxon (150–825 μg·kg−1), while peripheral muscarinic receptors were blocked, depressor effects were still observed. Dose-response curves for the depressor response to paraoxon were established. Infusion of low doses of dexetimide via the vertebral artery prevented the hypotensive action of paraoxon. The distribution of this antimuscarinic drug in the brain was investigated. The depressor effect of paraoxon can be attributed to both a decrease in peripheral resistance and cardiac output. Decerebration and midcollicular transection were carried out in order to elucidate the site and mechanism of action. The depressor effect of paraoxon seems to be mediated by a central mechanism of action located within the lower brain stem. It is concluded that stimulation of muscarinic receptors in the pontomedullary region gives rise to the observed changes in haemodynamic parameters. Muscarinic receptors in the hypothalamus seem to be of minor importance for the hypotensive action of paraoxon.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500075
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphological studies on neuroglia (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 557-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Electron microscopy ; Neuroglia ; Silver impregnation ; Brain ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The silver-impregnation procedure of Tsujiyama is suitable for demonstration of all three classical types of neuroglial cells; in the present study it was used for electron microscopic identification of neuroglial cells in the brain of the cat. The aim of the present study was 1) to determine impregnated structural correlates of neuroglial cells at the light- and electron-microscopic levels, and 2) to determine whether the method of Tsujiyama is applicable for the electron microscopic identification of the single types of neuroglial cells. Silver deposits were observed over the cytoplasm and processes of astrocytes where numerous glial filaments were present. Oligodendrocytes and microglial cells may be precisely differentiated by use of Tsujiyama's silver impregnation method at the electron microscopic level due to the pattern of silver-deposition in these two basic types of cells. This silver-impregnation method combined with electron microscopy is thus suitable for a precise identification of neuroglial cells; the technique may prove to be very helpful in identification of such categories of neuroglial cells that encompass also the images of cells which cannot be classified by use of the standard methods.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238651
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Development of surface-recorded cochlear and early neural potentials in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 233 (1981), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): CM ; SP ; Hirnstamm-Reaktion ; Katze ; Entwicklung ; CM ; SP ; Brainstem response ; Cat ; Development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The development of the surface-recorded cochlear and early neural potentials has been studied in the cat from birth to the 8th post-natal week. CM, SP, and each of the neural waves has a characteristic temporal developmental pattern and mature threshold. Wave IV is the most resistant to reduction in stimulus intensity levels, while the thresholds of both cochlear potentials are high. Animals with hereditary unilateral deafness constitute a most convenient model for the study of functional maturation in the auditory pathways, particularly with regard to precise latency estimations.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung der an der Oberfläche registrierten cochlearen und frühen neuralen Potentiale wurde bei der Katze von der Geburt bis zur 8. Woche studiert. CM, SP und jeder der neuralen Wellen haben ein charakteristisches altersbedingtes Entwicklungsmuster und eine Responsschwelle. Welle IV wird am wenigsten von einer Reduktion in der Stimulusintensität beeinflußt. Die Schwelle der beiden cochlearen Potentiale sind dagegen erhöht. Tiere mit angeborener einseitiger Taubheit sind bestens geeignet für das Studium der funktionellen Reifung der Gehörbahnen, besonders in bezug auf die exakten Latenzzeitmessungen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00464268
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Scarpa's ganglion in the cat one year after labyrinthectomy (1981)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 230 (1981), S. 251-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Ganglion Scarpae ; Katze ; Labyrinthektomie ; Scarpa's ganglion ; Cat ; Labyrinthectomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary One year after membraneous labyrinthectomy in three cats a quantitative analysis of neurons in Scarpa's ganglion was performed under the light microscope. Total numbers of neurons were found 30% lower than in the respective contralateral ears. Although remaining perikarya showed signs of degeneration, such as shrinkage and vacuoles the proportions of large and small neurons remained unchanged after this procedure.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Ein Jahr nach Labyrinthektomie wurde eine quantitative Analyse der Neuronen im Ganglion Scarpae der Katze durchgeführt. Die Gesamtzahl der Perikarya war 30% niedriger als in den unoperiert belassenen kontralateralen Ohren. Obwohl die verbleibenden Neuronen degenerative Veränderungen wie Schrumpfung und Vakuolen aufwiesen, waren die Anteile an großen und kleinen Neuronen unverändert.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00456326
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Recent advances in enzymatic synthesis of amino acids (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 243-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230119
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Temperature effects on ethanol and isopropanol utilization by Candida krusei (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Candida Krusei has a optimum growth temperature of 37°C on SASOL ethanol-isopropanol mixture. The organism was unable to grow on isopropanol, but oxidized it partially to acetone in the presence and absence of ethanol. Growth at 40°C in the alcohol mixture was slightly faster than at 30°C over an ethanol concentration range of 0.43 to 3.6% (v/v), although at both temperatures the growth rate declined continuously with increasing concentration. At an ethanol concentration greater than 3.6% (v/v), the mixture was much more inhibitory to growth at 40 and 30°C. The inhibitory effect was due to the ethanol rather than the isopropanol. Metabolites such as acetate, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate accumulated in the medium, but the degree of accumulation depended upon the temperature and alcohol mixture concentration. At 40°C, acetaldehyde and acetate accumulated to a greater extent than 30°C on a 4.0% (v/v) synthetic alcohol mixture and this may also cause the greater inhibition at this temperature. The alcohol mixture is unsuitable for single cell protein (SCP) production in batch culture because of the low cell densities observed at all alcohol concentrations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230203
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The role of interphase nitrogen transport in the dynamic measurement of the overall volumetric mass transfer cefficient in air-sparged systems (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 301-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: It has been shown both theoretically and experimentally that interphase nitrogen transport may have a significant influence on the rate of interphase oxygen transport, and thereby also on the value of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen, kla, determined in mechanically agitated bubble fermentors using the variants of dynamic method presented in the literature. The experiments were carried out in 1M KCI solution at five stirrer frequencies and two gas inlet levels. The gas interchanges were performed either without interrupting the aeration and agitation of the charge (A) or with the aeration and agitation of the charge turned on at the same time (B). The applied variants of the interchange were N2→ O2→, O2→ N2, N2→ air, air→ N2, O→ O2, and O→ air. In the two last variants the oxygen dissolved in the charge was removed by reacting with sulfite ions. The kla values calculated by allowing for the nitrogen transport for procedure A were approximately equal to the values obtained by disregarding the nitrogen transport, whereas those for procedure B were higher (up to 40%), than the values obtained disregarding the nitrogen transport.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230206
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230201
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Production of ethanol from raw cassava starch by a nonconventional fermentation method (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Raw cassava root starch was transformed into ethanol in a one-step process of fermentation, in which are combined the conventional processes of liquefaction, saccharification, and fermentation to alcohol. Aspergillus awamori NRRL 3112 and Aspergillus niger were cultivated on wheat bran and used as Koji enzymes. Commercial A. niger amyloglucosidase was also used in this experiment. A raw cassava root homogenate-enzymes-yeast mixture fermented optimally at pH 3.5 and 30°C, for five days and produced ethanol. Alcohol yields from raw cassava roots were between 82.3 and 99.6%. Fungal Koji enzymes effectively decreased the viscosity of cassava root fermentation mashes during incubation. Commercial A. niger amyloglucosidase decreased the viscosity slightly. Reduction of viscosity of fermentation mashes was 40, 84, and 93% by commercial amyloglucosidase, A. awamori, and A. niger enzymes, respectively. The reduction of viscosity of fermentation mashes is probably due to the hydrolysis of pentosans by Koji enzymes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230205
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Use of immobilized cells of Rhizopus nigricans for the 11α-hydroxylation of progesterone (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 345-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The filamentous fungus, Rhizopus nigricans, was immobilized in polyacrylamide, alginate, and agar gels and its ability to 11α-hydroxylate progesterone was examined. No activity was detected using polyacrylamide gel but both agar and alginate gels have proved capable of hydroxylation. Agar gels displayed faster rates and higher yields. It was possible to induce hydroxylase synthesis within agar and alginate gels, and microscopical examination provided evidence for hyphal growth within these gels. The concept of increased biomass was used to explain the observed increase in the rates of hydroxylase activity of the immobilized cells. Conversely, hyphal overcrowding was postulated for the rapid inactivation observed under some operating conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230209
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Automated fermentation equipment I. program-controlled fermentor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 391-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A fermentation system with a plug scheme unit has been developed, offering a variety of solutions to measurement, control, and operational problems. By means of the program unit, e.g., automatic pH control assigned to the dynamic of batch cultures and the feed of different ingredients controlled by a time program or a given variable have been solved. The continuous culture volume was controlled by a level controlled by a level controller equipped with a photosensor. A method was developed for variable control that provide information on the activity of the culture, and allows direct measurement of the different rate values, e.g., generation time or specific product formation rate. Applicability of the direct measurement of generation time is presented in the qualification of molasses and in a static off-line optimization process.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230213
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stabilization of chloroplast by radiation-induced immobilization with various glass-forming monomers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 833-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The effect of immobilization with various glass-forming monomers on the stability of PS II activity of spinach chloroplast was investigated. PS II activity (O2 evolution due to the Hill reaction) was reduced very slightly by the addition of monomers including polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Immobilization of chloroplast was done with hydrophobic monomer as well as hydrophilic monomer and activity of immobilized chloroplast increased with decreasing monomer concentration as far as the polymerization was possible. The activity of immobilized chloroplast was very high and it decayed far more gradually with the storage time in comparison with the decay of unimmobilized chloroplast and was retained more than 30 days. The optimum monomer concentration for immobilization was about 10%. Thermostability of chloroplast also increased greatly by immobilization with these monomers, especially hydrophilic monomers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230413
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Raw materials evaluation and process development studies for conversion of biomass to sugars and ethanolThis paper was prepared for presentation at the Second Annual Symposium on Fuels from Biomass, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 20-22 June 1978. This work was done with support from the Department of Energy. Any conclusions or opinions expressed in this report represent solely those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory nor of the Department of Energy. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 163-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A range of cellulosic raw materials in the form of agricultural crop residue was analyzed for chemical composition and assessed for potential yields of sugars through chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of these materials. Corn stover was used as a representative raw material for a preliminary process design and economic assessment of the production of sugars and ethanol. With the process as presently developed, 24 gal ethanol can be obtained per ton of corn stover at a processing cost of about $1.80/gal exclusive of by-product credits. The analysis shows the cost of ethanol to be highly dependent upon: (1) the cost of the biomass, (2) the extent of conversion to glucose, (3) enzyme recovery and production cost, and (4) potential utilization of xylose. Significant cost reduction appears possible through further research in these directions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230111
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An outdoor biophotolytic system using the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica B629 (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica B629 was suspended in small glass beds and incubated in a gas-tight glass vessel outdoors under a gas atmosphere comprising carbon monoxide (0.2%), acetylene (5%), oxygen (6.5%), and nitrogen. The solution phase initially contained sodium bicarbonate (10mM) at pH 7. Under these conditions the organism continuously produced hydrogen gas for over three weeks. The temperature of the culture was maintained below 30°C and minimum night temperatures were recorded. The vessel was covered by a shadecloth, which reduced the natural illumination by approximately 70%. The system is an alternative to those requiring the strict absence of oxygen and little nitrogen, and requires virtually no attention during the incubation period.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230114
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bacterial utilization of pure and mixed C1 compounds for single cell protein production (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 235-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230118
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cephalexin synthesis by partially purified and immobilized enzymes (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 361-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: An enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of cephalexin fromD-α phenylglycinemethylester (PGM) and 7-amino-3-desacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) was prepared from Xanthomonas citri (IFO 3835) and partially purified 30-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose, and Sepharose-4B column chromatography. The Km values for 7-ADCA, PGM, and cephalexin were determined as 11.1, 2.1, and 1.61 mM, respectively. The enzymatic cephalexin synthesis follows the reversible bi-uni reaction kinetics. The equilibrium constant is influenced by the initial mole ratios of 7-ADCA and PGM. The cephalexin hydrolysis is catalyzed by the same cephalexin synthesizing enzyme, but methanol does not participate in the hydrolytic reaction. The amount of enzyme in the reaction mixture affects the initial rate but does not influence the equilibrium product concentration. This cephalexin-synthesizing enzyme was immobilized onto several adsorbents. Among these, Kaolin and bentonite showed a higher retention of enzyme activity and stability for reuse. The immobilized-enzyme reaction kinetics were investigated and compared with those of the soluble enzyme. A rate expression for the enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin was derived. The results of computer simulation showed good agreement with the experimental results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230211
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hen egg white: A novel support for the immobilization of enzymes (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 431-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230217
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies of the effect of shear on globular proteins: Extension to high shear fields and to pumps (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 425-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230216
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Steady-state behavior of ideal liquids within vessels which are shaken circularly (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 451-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230221
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Estimation of intrinsic kinetic constants for pore diffusion-limited immobilized enzyme reactions (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 487-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A simple method is presented that establishes intrinsic rate parameters when slow pore diffusion of substrate limits immobilized enzyme reactions that obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Aris-Bischoff modulus is employed. Data at high substrate concentrations, where the enzyme would be saturated in the absence of diffusion limitation, and at low substrate concentrations, where effectiveness factors are inversely proportional to reaction modulus, are used to determine maximum rate and Michaelis constant, respectively. Because Michaelis-Menten and Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics are formally identical, this method may be used to estimate intrinsic rate parameters of many heterogeneous catalysts. The technique is demonstrated using experimental data from the hydrolysis of maize dextrin with diffusion-limited immobilized glucoamylase. This system yields a Michaelis constant of 0.14%, compared to 0.11% for soluble glucoamylase and 0.24% for immobilized glucoamylase free of diffusional effects.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230303
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The scale-up from 0.1 to 100 liter of a unit process system based on 3-mm-diameter glass spheres for the production of four strains of FMDV from BHK monolayer cells (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 551-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper describes the scale-up from 0.1 to 100 liter of the unit process based on 3-mm-diameter glass spheres for the growth of BHK monolayer cells. The production of four strains of FMD virus at the 0.1-, 10-, and 100-liter scales was examined. Cell growth was estimated from measurements of the concentration of glucose in the growth medium, while the release of virus was inferred from measuring the concentration of LDH in the culture supernatant fluid. The yields of virus at 0.1-, 1-, and 10-liter scales were similar but that from the 100-liter version was somewhat lower. The reason for this lower yield and the method used to overcome it over outlined.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230307
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Photometabolic production of hydrogen from organic substrates by free and immobilized mixed cultures of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Klebsiella pneumoniae*We would like to dedicate this article to Professor George Manecke on his 65th birthday in honor of his outstanding contributions to the field of biotechnology. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 605-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A culture of R. rubrum cells apparently contaminated with K. pneumoniae were immobilized by entrapment in agar. This system was used as model for hydrogen production by photometabolic means. Observed results indicated that the contaminant exerted a major influence on the observed results. This preparation, when immobilized and used in a specifically designed reactor with glucose substrate, showed operational half-lives of approximately 1000 hr. The feasibility of using this “mixed” culture for producing hydrogen from acid hydrolyzed cellulose and wood sawdust was also examined.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230310
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Immobilization of enzymes on metal-chelate regenerable carriers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 663-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: No abstract.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230316
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Casein hydrolysis in stirred tank reactors using chymotrypsin immobilized on magnetic supports (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 677-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Nickel-NiO-BSA-chymotrypsin has been used to hydrolyze casein in both batch and continuous stirred tank reactors. The kinetics of hydrolysis in both types of reactor were considered. Some operational problems encountered using fine powder catalysts in batch stirred tank reactors are discussed. High gradient magnetic separation was found to be a powerful catalysts retention method for magnetic support particles, particularly when using a ferromagnetic collection matrix. Nickel particles of diameter 3-7 μm were easily separated from water at a processing velocity of 39 mm/sec. Nickel powder and precipitated Fe3O4 were also separated satisfactorily using a rotating drum magnetic separator.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230403
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation of feeding strategies in carbon-regulated secondary metabolite production through mathematical modeling (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 717-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: There is now growing evidence that the production of many secondary metabolic by microorganisms is subjected to carbon-catabolite regulation. Even though the exact mode of this regulation is not yet clear, an engineering analysis of the production process is still possible based upon a suitable hypothesis. By way of simulation of penicillin fermentation data obtained from the literature, a mechanistic model involving a substrate inhibition kinetics of product formation has been verified in this paper. Such a model has been found successful not only in predicting simple sugar-feeding strategy, but also a complicated computer guided strategy based upon controlling biomass growth rates in the tropo and idiophases. Using this model, for strategies for sugar feeding into penicillin fermentation have been investigated. These results show that similar penicillin productivities can be obtained using any of these strategies provided fermentations are carried out under optimal conditions corresponding to the strategy chosen. Effect of maximum oxygen transfer capacity of the fermentor under the conditions of fungal growth has been incorporated using an upper limit of biomass concentration on achievement of which the fermentations must be stopped due to serious oxygen limitations. Results of model simulations with such limits throw light upon the way in which different fermentors may behave with respect to product formation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230406
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Energetic yields associated with hydrocarbon fermentations (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 793-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Energetic yields associated with microbial growth on hydrocarbons are investigated and compared with values for other organic substrates. Both cell growth and extracellular product formation are investigated. Both carbon and energy limitations are considered in estimating theoretical yields. Carbon, available electron, and ATP balances are used in the theoretical analysis. The results indicate that the availability of carbon may limit growth and product formation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230410
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Self-cleaning membranes for ultrafiltration (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 843-854 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In order to reduce the severe flux losses encountered during ultrafiltration of protein solutions, proteases were immobilized on Ultrafiltration membranes to hydrolyze the deposited solute molecules. Over a standard 22 hr run 25 to 78% improvement in cumulative permeate yield was obtained when processing 0.5% albumin or hemoglobin. It was also demonstrated that the flux enhancements were due to the biochemical action of the absorbed protease and not to its physical effect as a prefilter coat. with the aid of a model retardation of gel formation mechanism was demonstrated. Economics of the system were shown to be favorable, improving the rate of return on capital investment up to 50% by reduction of the total membrane area of the plant.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230414
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Multilevel control of multistage continuous culture using a microprocessor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 887-898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper describes the implementation of multilevel techniques using a microprocessor to control multistage continuous culture systems. A system which produces gramicidin S is taken as an example. The single level technique using the conjugate gradient method is applied to solve the two-stage and the three-stage continuous culture and is compared with the multilevel one. The results show that the application of multilevel techniques is more advantageous and suitable for this system than any other method which has been utilized so far. The advantages of using a microprocessor will be stated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230418
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characteristics of immobilized invertase (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 917-917 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: No abstract.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230420
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Growth of E. Coli W to high cell concentration by oxygen level linked control of carbon source concentration (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1015-1021 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The growth of E. coli W in a bench scale fermentor to high cell concentration is described. The method involves growth-linked introduction of ammonia to the culture, sparging the culture with oxygen, and maintenance of aerobic conditions during the final growth phase by gradually and automatically decreasing the concentration of the carbon source, sucrose, in the culture. Thus, the oxygen demand is kept within the limits of the supply capacity, and a linear growth rate during the final phase of growth is obtained. A concentration of 42 g dry cell per liter was obtained. The yield constants for nitrogen and phosphorous were determined and were compared with those obtained using the temperature variation method.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230509
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Enhancement of oxygen absorption by magnetite-containing beads of immobilized glucose oxidase (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1037-1044 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Rates of oxygen absorption into glucose solutions were measured using an immobilized-enzyme reactor, in which magnetite-containing beads of immobilized glucose oxidase were moved by a revolving magnetic field to reduce the mass transfer resistances at the gas-liquid interface and around the bead. Data were also obtained for oxygen absorption into glucose solutions containing soluble or immobilized glucose oxidase (without magnetite), as well as for physical absorption of oxygen. The rates of physical absorption for the runs with the magnetite-containing beads increased because of mechanical stirring caused by spinning of the beads at the gas-liquid interface. In this case the experimental enhancement factors were found to be larger than those predicted on the basis of the film theory for gas absorption with a pseudo-first order reaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230511
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The isomerization of D-glucose into D-fructose catalyzed by whole-cell immobilized glucose isomerase. The dependence of the intrinsic rate of reaction on substrate concentration, pH, and temperature (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1087-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The relation between the intrinsic rate of the glucose-fructose isomerization catalyzed by whole-cell immobilized glucose isomerase and the substrate concentration can be described with the kinetic model The numerical values of k1, k-1, k2, and k-2 have been determined from low-conversion experiments starting from pure glucose or fructose solutions, and are presented as a function of pH and temperature. The difference between the overall chemical reaction rate determined in high-conversion experiments and that calculated from the individual k1, k-1, k2, and k-2 values is less than 10%.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230516
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Total containment of a continuous-flow zonal centrifuge (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A continuous-flow, high throughput, turbine-driven zonal centrifuge has been contained for use with biologically hazardous materials. The centrifuge and all ancillary equipment are enclosed in three sealed cabinets that are maintained at negative pressure, decontaminated with ethylene oxide, and provide cooling for the process fluids. Sample handling is semiautomated and remotely controlled for ease of operation and includes an automated decontamination system. The centrifuge subsystems can be decontaminated prior to an engineer servicing the machine, and apparatus is provided for absolute filtration of the centrifuge turbine exhaust.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230102
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Acidogenic fermentation of corn stover (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 61-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Corn stover was fermented by anaerobic acidogenic bacteria to produce volatile (C2-C6) organic acids. Mild pretreatment with dilute alkali solutions produced a two-fold increase in fermentability. A mixture of lime and sodium carbonate was found to be a better pretreatment agent than sodium hydroxide. Methane generation was inhibited by low temperature (≤ 25°C) and high solids [≥ 2.5% (w/v)] fermentation. Volatile acid yields of 0.5-0.55 g acetic acid equiv/g dry ash-free (DAF) stover could be obtained in batch fermentations. Several extractants and extraction solvents for organic acids were found to be nontoxic to acidogenic fermentation. The data show that acidogenic fermentation can produce useful volatile fatty acids in high yields from a complex lignocellulosic feedstock. These fermentations are nonsterile, need no stirring, and are easy to run. Moreover, cellulose, pentosans, and other carbohydrates are directly utilized by acidogenic bacteria. Hence, acidogenic fermentation could be useful in converting biomass to chemical feedstocks and fuel.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230106
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of engineering variables upon the morphology of filamentous molds (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 111-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A modal has been described for the influence of growth rate and shear stresses in the fermentor upon the morphology of filamentous molds. The main concept of this model is the dynamic equilibrium between growth and breakup of the hyphae. The latter has been approached according to well-known engineering theories for dispersion of physical systems. Experiments to verify the model with a strain of Penicillium chrysogenum in batch and continuous culture revealed that the length of the mycelial particles increased with increasing growth rate and decreased with increasing power input her unit mass in the fermentor. Although this was qualitatively in agreement with the presented model, quantitatively the model had to be rejected. Variation of the tensile strength of the hyphae with age and culturing conditions could have been one of the causes of disagreement. Oxygen tension, varied independently from stirrer speed, in the range of 12-300 mm Hg was shown to have no influence upon the morphology. With respect to the question of possibly using high-energy inputs in industrial mold fermentation in order to decrease hyphal length and suspension viscosity, it was concluded that this is of little practical value. A substantial decrease in hyphal length requires an enormous increase in energy input.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230109
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Immobilization of invertase on krill chitin (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 231-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230117
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Maximum cell productivity by repeated fed-batch culture for constant yield case (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 249-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Optimal operation of repeatedly fed-batch was determined by the continuous maximum principle for the constant yield case. The objective of maximum cell productivity for a fixed cell concentration was achieved by finding the substrate feeding policy that minimized the processing time. Analytical criteria for the optimal filling policy show that an exponential policy is optimum when the specific growth rate has a maximum, and also that operation in the simple repeated batch mode is optimum when the specific growth rate is monotonic increasing. Comparisons between optimal repeated fed-batch culture and other modes of operation were made for the case of substrate-inhibited growth. Cell productivity by repeated fed-batch exceeds both batch and continuous operation for the case of low residual substrate concentration.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230202
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characteristics of mechanically disrupted bakers' yeast in relation to its separation in industrial centrifuges (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 335-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The viscosity, density, and sedimentation characteristics of suspensions of whole and mechanically disrupted yeast cells were measured. Mechanical disruption increases the suspension viscosity and its non-Newtonian behavior. Experiments showed a good correlation between laboratory- and industrial-scale centrifugation results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230208
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Peptide synthesis enzymatically catalyzed in a biphasic system: Water-water-immiscible organic solvent (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 355-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Synthesis of a peptide bond is suggested to be enzymatically catalysed in a biphasic system “water-water-immiscible organic solvent”. The pH dependence of the apparent equilibrium constant is studied for synthesis of N-acetyl-L-tryptophanyl-L-leucine amide from N-Acet-Trp andL-Leu-NH2. The reaction was performed in the biphasic system ethyl acetate plus water [from 2 to 2% (v/v)] in the presence of α-chymotrypsin. The suggested approach is preparative value: with the stoichiometric ratio of the reagents, [N-Acet-L-Trp] = [L-Leu-NH2] = 2 × 10-3M, the yield is practically 100% (in water, with other conditions being the same, the yield is not over 01.%).
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230210
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Automated fermentation equipment II. Computer-fermentor system (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 405-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: An expensive computer-operated system suitable for data collection and steady-state optimum control of fermentation processes is presented. With this system, minimum generation time has been determined as a function of temperature and pH in the turbidostat cultivation of a yeast strain. The applicability of the computer-fermentor system is also presented by the determination of the dynamic KLa value.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230214
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A rapid sampling valve with minimal dead space for laboratory scale fermenters (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230218
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A simple hobby Computer-based off-gas analysis system (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 455-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230222
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose lung immobilized β-glucosidase (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 473-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The production of sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is a multistep process which includes conversion of the intermediate cellobiose to glucose by β-glucosidase. Aside from its role as an intermediate, cellobiose inhibits the endoglucanase components of typical cellulase enzyme systems. Because these enzyme systems often contain insufficient concentrations of β-glucosidase to prevent accumulation of inhibitory cellobiose, this research investigated the use of supplemental immobilized β-glucosidase to increase yield of glucose. Immobilized β-glucosidase from Aspergillus phoenicis was produced by sorption at controlled-pore alumina with about 90% activity retention. The product lost only about 10% of the original activity during an on-stream reaction period of 500 hr with cellobiose as substrate; maximum activity occurred near pH 3.5 and the apparent activation energy was about 11 kcal/mol. The immobilized β-glucosidase was used together with Trichoderma reesei cellulase to hydrolyze cellulosic materials, such as Solka Floc, corn stove and exploded wood. Increased yields of glucose and greater conversions of cellobiose of glucose were observed when the reaction systems contained supplemental immobilized β-glucosidase.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230302
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dialysis continuous process for ammonium lactate fermentation: Simulated and experimental dialysate-feed, immobilized-cell systems (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 535-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A generalized mathematical model, previously developed and experimentally validated, was modified and used to computer-simulate two dialysate-feed systems for operating a dialysis continuous process for the ammonium lactate fermentation. The simulations predicted that the feeding of substrate into the dialysate circuit and thence into the fermentor circuit via dialysis should greatly improve the production of cell mass and metabolite product. Experiments were conducted to test the system in which the fermentor is operated without an effluent, thus immobilizing the cells. Dried cheese whey ultrafiltrate was rehydrated to contain a normal concentration of lactose (62 mg/ml), supplemented with yeast with an adapted culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. The system was operated without interruption for 26 days. Results during steady-state conditions showed that the system is a new and useful way to immobilize living cells for the purpose of producing a metabolite at a high rate for a prolonged time. The substrate consumed by the cells is converted to product via maintenance metabolism only and is sterilized by dialysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230306
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preliminary studies on the use of internal carbon sources in the removal of nitrogen from sewage with a model treatment system using alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 615-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A description is presented of the design and performance of a model sewage treatment system consisting of one aerobic reactor and clarifier plus one anaerobic reactor, with an aerobic-mixed-liquor-volume/anaerobic-mixed-liquor-volume ratio of 1:4. Effluent values of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate nitrogen were found to be 0, 0, and about 5 ppm, respectively. Effluent organic nitrogen was not determined, having been assumed to be negligible. Approximately 90% of the total influent nitrogen was removed by nitrification plus denitrification. Sludge production was found to be minimal, and it was never necessary to waste sludge from the system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230311
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Optimal design of bio-photoreactor: Parallel-plate reactor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 657-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: No abstract.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230315
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Enzyme deactivation in fixed bed reactors with michaelis-menten kinetics (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 691-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Rate expression for enzyme poisoning which are consistent with a Michaelis-Menten main reaction are used to analyze the performance of a fixed bed reactor containing immobilized enzyme. When enzyme deactivation results from the irreversible bonding of a product molecule to an existing substrate-enzyme complex, it is shown that minimum enzyme activity can occur in the interior of the bed, well away from the ends. This suggests that bed sectioning techniques may enable direct evaluation of fundamental poisoning mechanisms.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230404
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microelectrode studies of oxygen transfer in trickling filter slimes*Presented in part at the American Chemical Society National Meeting, Washington D.C., 1979. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 781-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Slime-covered rocks and samples of process waters from two trickling filters for treatment of municipal wastes were brought to the laboratory for probing with microelectrodes to determine dissolved oxygen (DO). Slime thickness was 0.4-1.5 mm. Flow rate of medium over the slime had a minor effect on slime respiration, but pH 5 or below was strongly inhibitory. Increasing temperature showed lower oxygen concentration throughout a slime, although 27°C had results little different from those at 22°C. Medium concentration had a profound effect on oxygen concentration profiles, and either oxygen-limited or substrate limited respiration could be demonstrated. Illumination of slimes from the top of the trickling filter developed oxygen supersaturation because oxygen from photosynthesis could not diffuse away rapidly.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230409
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A macroscopic model describing yield and maintenance relationships in aerobic fermentation processes (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 739-763 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The present paper presents a generalized treatment of the principles of elemental and enthalpy balances which are applied to aerobic fermentation processes. It is shown that strict relations do exist between the various yield factors of biomass or product on substrate, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and between the various maintenance coefficients. These relations are confirmed from the existing body of literature data on yield and maintenance coefficients. Another consequences of the application of elemental balances is the existence of limits for the maximum biomass yield on substrate and oxygen, which depend on the degree of reduction of the substrates with different degree of reduction. It appears from this model that substrates with a high degree of reduction are C limited and substrates with a low degree of reduction are energy limited. Finally the effects of temperature on yield and maintenance coefficients are analyzed from the existing body of literature data. It can be concluded that the maintenance coefficients follow an Arrhenius type of relationship and that yield is temperature independent. The literature data seem to indicate that a degree of reduction of about 4 is optimal for the carbon and energy needs for biomass formation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230407
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of combined chemical and enzyme treatments on the saccharification and in vitro digestion rate of wheat straw (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 823-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Wheat straw was pretreated with sodium hydroxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide, and subsequently treated with four sources of cellulase, T. reesei, T. reesei, T. viride, A. niger, and Oxyporus sp. The effect of the combined chemical + enzyme treatments on the extent of saccharification and on the digestion rate by rumen microorganisms was studied. Cellulases were applied at an equal but low concentration (0.5 FPU/ml) on the pretreated straw. The combined treatments, SO2 + T. reesei cellulase nd SO2 + T. viride cellulase, produced the highest and significant levels of reducing sugars (RS), 577 and 597 mg RS/g straw organic matter. The highest enzyme efficiency, 44.7 mg RS/mg enzyme, was found with T. reesei cellulase when applied on SO2 pretreated straw. The in vitro organic matter digestibility was affected significantly only by the chemical pretreatments, whereas the effect of the cellulases was expressed mainly in increasing the fermentability of the hydrolyzed straw. The in vitro digestion pattern of the saccharified straw was found to be typical of a highly fermentable feed and comparable to a starchy mixture such as used in concentrate ruminant diets.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230412
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Alcohol fermentation of sweet potato. I. Acid hydrolysis and factors involved (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 879-886 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Factors affecting acid hydrolysis of sweet potato powder (SSP) to fermentable sugars were examined. These include HCl concentration, temperature, time, and levels of SPP. Maximum reducing sugar, reported as dextrose equivalent (DE), was detected after 24 min hydrolysis (1% SPP) in 0.034N HCl heated at 154°C. These samples also had 3.43% droxymethylfurfural (HMF) based on dry weight. A high level of HMF (9.2%) was detected in 1% SPP heated at 154° in 0.10N HCl for 18 min. The lowest concentration of HMF formed (1.8%), at maximal DE of 61%, was established in samples containing 5% SPP and heated at 154° in 0.034N HCl for 48 min. Aqueous extracts of uncured SPP, examined by HPLC, contained glucose, fructose and sucrose, but degraded SPP had only glucose and fructose. Products of degraded SPP, under appropriate conditions, could be used for alcohol fermentation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230417
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Immobilization of Brevibacterium flavum cells on collagen for the production of glutamic acid in a recycle reactor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 899-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In this study, live cells of Brevibacterium flavum were immobilized for the production of glutamic acid. The reason for such a choice was that glutamic acid fermentation is an extensively studied fermentation and one which requires the viability of entire cellular faculties for the acid production. Brevibacterium flavum was chosen because it is an industrially used bacterium, and is very potent via a vis glutamic acid production. Studies were performed to find aeration and agitation conditions for optimal growth and glutamic acid productivity. Experiments were also done to find the optimum harvesting time. The cell activity peaks during the run of fermentation, and the time at which the peak occurs, was found. Conventional methods for immobilizing the cells on collagen were found to be lacking. The pH and drying were the two main reasons for loss of viability of the cells; the latter being more important. A modified immobilization procedure has been devised, which can immobilize live cells at any given pH and ionic strength, in contrast to the conventional method which requires the pH to be above 11 or below 3. This new method involves dialysis of collagen in suitable dialysis bags against water at pH7 (or buffer at any desired pH). The dialysed collagen blended at 20,000 rpm, resulted in a very smooth dispersion, unnoticeably different from collagen dispersion prepared at pH 11. The dispersed collagen was then cast and dried at an elevated temperature, and high air flow rate over the cast membrane, decreasing the time of drying from 6-8 hr ( in the conventional method) to 1.5-2 hr. The membrane has been tested for glutamic acid producing capabilities in a column reactor with the membrane spirally wound. The reactor has been operated under continuous conditions for 5-10 days with stable activities.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230419
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase immobilized in a glutaraldehyde-albumin matrix: Kinetics and cofactor diffusional effects*Dedicated to Professor G. Manecke on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 965-981 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This study was carried out to define how the overall rate of reaction would be influenced by different degrees of diffusional resistance to cofactor transport within an oxidoreductase membrane matrix. To accomplish this, 0.7-6.6μM yeast alcohol dehydrogenase was immobilized in an albumin matrix crosslinked with 2.5 or 5.0% glutaraldehyde to give 102-1685 μM thick membranes. The enzyme half-life was at least doubled at pH 7.5 or 8.8 on immobilization. Values of the kinetic constants for the soluble and immobilized enzyme were determined at 25°C and pH 8.8 over the range of 0.01-1.0M bulk solution concentration of ethanol as substrate and 140-1000μM bulk solution concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as cofactor, to give essentially single substrate kinetics in NAD+. Equilibrium partitioning of ethanol and NAD+ between the solution and membrane was measured and used in the data analysis. The four kinetic constants for the soluble enzyme agreed with literature values; and all increased with immobilization of the enzyme. The Michaelis constants for NAD+ and for ethanol were greater for the immobilized enzyme. The diffusional resistance to NAD+ transport, presented in terms of the Thiele modulus, showed that the overall rate of reaction was decreased by about 50% even at values of the modulus as low as 2.0.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230506
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Energetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 426: Comparison of anaerobic and aerobic glucose limitation (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1023-1035 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 426 was grown aerobically and anaerobically in a glucose-limited chemostat. The flows of biomass, glucose, ethanol, carbon dioxide, oxygen, glycerol, and the elemental composition of the biomass were measured. Models for anaerobic and aerobic growth are constructed. Values for YATP and P/O are obtained from continuous culture data for aerobic growth; this YATP value is compared with that obtained from the anaerobic growth results. The ratio between the heat produced and the oxygen consumed increases if more glucose in fermented to ethanol and carbon dioxide. An equation for φH/φO as a function of the respiratory quotient is given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230510
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Conversion of the enzymatic hydrolysate of shellfish waste chitin to single-cell protein (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1067-1078 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The conversion of the enzymatic hydrolysate of shellfish chitin waste to single-cell protein was investigated as part of a comprehensive waste treatment program. Forty-two yeasts were screened for ability to assimilate the monomer of chitin, N-acetylglucosamine, which has been shown to be the sole product of enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin. The Yeast Pichia Kudriavzevii was selected for study, based on ability to grow at high temperature (37°C and above), low pH (4.0 ± 0.5), and in a nutritionally simple medium. Growth rates of P. kudriavzevii were similar on N-acetylglucosamine and on the chitin hydrolysate. Dependencies of specific growth rate on temperature, pH, medium composition, and oxygen tension were studied. The variations of yield, protein content, and total nucleic acid content with the specific growth rate were evaluated. The amino acid distribution of the protein of P. kudriavzevii was obtained.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230514
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Enzymes in preparative organic synthesis: Coincidence of the pH optimum for catalyst effectiveness with the pH optimum for the catalyzed reaction equilibrium (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1115-1120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The study concerned the pH profile of the apparent equilibrium constant for synthesis of N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester from the respective acid and ethanol in the biphasic system chloroform + 5% (v/v) water. The substitution of water (as a reaction medium) for the biphasic aqueous-organic system shifted the pH profile toward neutral pH values. As a result the pH range thermodynamically conducive to synthesis of the final product in the biphasic system coincided with the pH optimum of the catalytic activity of the enzyme used (α-chymotrypsin). This approach should, in principle, be considered as general: first, per se it is independent of a catalyst (enzyme) nature; second, the biphasic method helps the shift ionic equilibria involving not only organic acids, but also bases. A physical mechanism of the ionic equilibrium shift is the same is both cases, namely, a preferable extraction from water into an organic phase of one generally nonionic (more hydrophobic) form of the reagent.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230518
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stabilization of phosphorylating mitochondrial electron transport practicles and their use for ATP regeneration (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1103-1114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A possible use of phosphorylating mitochondrial electron transport particles (ETPH) has been investigated for ATP regeneration. The oxidative phosphorylation of ETPH was considerably inhibited by the hydrolytic activity of ATPase and adenylate kinase. The hydrolytic activity of ATPase and adenylate kinase were found to be intensively retarded in the presence of Mg2+. ETPH continuously regenerated ATP from ADP over 4 hr when suspended in an isotonic buffer containing ADP, succinate, and 100 mM MgSO4. Furthermore, repeated use of ETPH was possible for ATP regeneration primarily due to considerable stabilization of the electron transport system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230517
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Lactate and ethanol as intermediates in two-phase anaerobic digestion (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1145-1154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The thermodynamics of the various anaerobic digestion patterns of hexose to methane are compared. It appears that by directing the hexose-hydrolysis phase towards ethanol and lactic acid production, methanogenesis can be enhanced because the syntrophic bacteria are allocated more potentially available energy. This hypothesis was confirmed in a series of laboratory test runs. They revealed that lactic acid and ethanol as intermediates, in comparison to lower volatile fatty acids, give rise to a considerably higher effluent quality and a slightly larger biogas production.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230521
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bioenergetic analysis of mixotrophic growth in Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus acutus (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1121-1132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The specific growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris in the presence of glucose (mixotroph) was always larger than that in autotroph when the light intensity was less than 10 klux. However, Scenedesmus acutus behaved differently, i.e., when the light intensity was more than 6 klux, the specific growth rate in mixotroph became smaller than that in autotroph. Cellular contents of chlorophyll a and b in Scenedesmus acutus that deteriorated more markedly in mixotroph than those of Chlorella vulgaris could account for these different growth behaviors. In other words, mechanisms relevant to the photosynthesis and the oxidative phosphorylation of glucose seem to function independently with respect to Chlorella Vulugaris.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230519
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Application of the macroscopic electric charge balance in fermentation modeling (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1133-1144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This article treats the application of the macroscopic electric charge balance in fermentation modeling. From the presented calculations it follows that the definition formula of the so-called degree of reduction is changed due to the ionic character of the fermentation reactants. It is also shown that the macroscopic electric charge balance, together with the ionic equilibria between fermentation reactants, leads to an expression for the calculation of the pH during fermentation. Finally it is concluded that one should be very careful in the estimation of biomass production from the acid or base feed rates which are necessary for pH control.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230520
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Role of biological agents in the oxidation of glucose on black platinum electrodes (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1159-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230523
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Estimation of thickness of bacterial films at an air-water interface (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1155-1157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230522
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230601
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies of the effect of shear on globular proteins: Extension to high shear fields and to pumps (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1169-1169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230525
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A highly efficient electrolytic method for microorganism flocculation from aqueous cultures (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1165-1168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230524
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A two-phase oxygen uptake model of aerobic fermentations (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1193-1202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The mechanism of Solid particle flotation was used for explaining an alternative route of oxygen uptake by cells situated within the relatively stagnant liquid region adjacent to bubbles in a submerged culture. The Two-phase model of oxygen uptake takes into consideration uptake from both liquid and gaseous phases, the latter being denoted as the direct uptake. Experiments obtained with yeast cultures on different substrates were used to evaluate the proportion of both types of uptake. The combined model provides a better fit to experimental data compared to the one-phase model which omits the direct uptake. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of the enhancement of oxygen absorption by cells present near the interface.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230603
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fermentors with the power introduced by aerating gas (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1171-1191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: In the present work methods and results of investigations on optimal construction of fermentor elements by multifactor planning at a random number of levels of any factor are presented. The optimal design of column fermentor of 0.02-100 m3 volume with sieve plates containing downcomers and with power introduced by aerating gas has been worked out. Several alternative designs have been compared by examining mass transfer rates, power requirements, and other operating characteristics. Several fermentor designs with the power introduced by aerating gas are discussed with respect to their performance for cultivating various microorganisms (yeast and bacteria).
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230602
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Optimization of operating temperature for continuous glucose isomerase reactor system (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1237-1254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The Optimal temperature control policy for an immobilized glucose isomerase reactor system was studied. This optimization study takes into consideration the enzyme deactivation during the continuous reactor operation. The Kinetic parameters including reduced Michaelis-Menten constant (K̄m), reduced maximum reaction rate (V̄m), equilibrium constant (Ke), and enzyme deactivation constant (kd) and their functional relationships to temperature were determined experimentally. The optimization problem was formulated in terms of maximization of fructose productivity as the objective function. The optimization problem was solved by making use of a maximum principle and the control vector iteration method. Approximately optimal temperature control policy was employed as compared with the reactor operation at an optimum constant temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230606
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stability of immobilized α-chymotrypsin (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1219-1236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The thermal of free and immobilized α-chymotrypsin was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The inactivation process of free α-chymotrypsin was analyzed with a kinetic model which included a first- order reaction process and autolysis. The effects of ionic strength, Ca2+ concentration, and temperature are discussed here in terms of the estimated kinetic parameters included in this model. The inactivation process of α-chymotrypsin immobilized onto various supports by several methods was investigated. The Contribution of thermal denaturation and autolysis to the inactivation depended upon the method of immobilization. To interpret quantitatively the non-first-order thermal denaturation process of the immobilized enzyme, a model in which the heterogeneity of the immobilized enzyme was taken into account is proposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230605
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Procedure for isolation of Thienamycin from fermentation broths (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1255-1265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: An improved process for the isolation of thienamycin, produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces cattleya, has been developed. The isolation procedure consists of three chromatographic steps, volume reduction by reverse osmosis between the steps, and freezedrying for obtaining the final product. The chromatographic steps are as follows: (1) ion exchange chromatography on Dowex 1 × 2 resin in the bicarbonate cycle, (2) gel chromatography on Dowex 1 × 2 resin in the chloride cycle, (3) reverse phase chromatography on XAD-2 resin. This procedure is useful for processing large volumes of fermentation broth.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230607
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Technological problems in cultivation of plant cells at high density (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1203-1218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Using Cudrania tricuspidata cells as model plant cells which have high sensitivity to hydrodynamic stress, technology problems in the cultivation of the plant cells at high density were investigated. Using “shake” flasks on a reciprocal shaker and Erlenmeyer flasks on a rotary shaker and with a high supply of oxygen on order to obtain high cell densities in shaken cultures, particles breakdown and damage to the largest cell aggregate group (above 1981 μm in diameter) occurred and normal cell growth became impeded. The mass-transfer coefficient (K)for a model solid-liquid system (β-naphthol particles and water) in place of a system of plant cells and a liquid medium was proposed as an intensity index of hydrodynamic stress effects on plant cells in subsequent cultures under various conditions in the bioreactor systems. Normal cell growth was obtained under culture conditions for K values less than about 4.4 × 10-3 cm/sec. The characteristics of various bioreactors used until now were investigated by considering the three main technological factors (capacity of oxygen supply, intensity of hydrodynamic stress effects on plant cells, and intensity of culture broth mixing and air-bubble desperation). The most suitable bioreactor for culturing plant cells at high density was ajar fermentor with a modified paddle-type impeller (J-M). The yield of cell mass in the 10-liter J-M (working volume 5 liter) was about 30 g dry weight per liter of medium.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230604
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Process development and evaluation for algal glycerol production (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1267-1287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This article and develops a process for large-scale production of glycerol by means of a hemophilic algae. The process is shown to be economically and technically feasible. Although the proposed process is extremely capital intensive, the total production cost is competitive with existing glycerol process. In addition, the overall energy requirement is much lower than that of the petrochemical process. This proposed process provides an alternative route for glycerol production that is minimally dependent on fossil fuels and is therefore, less sensitive to crude oil availability and price. The primary raw material carbon dioxide from stack gas, is an inexpensive and renewable resource. Maximal Utilization of solar energy is made not only in the glycerol synthesis steps but also in the product recovery system. Significant improvement in the process economics can be realized through further development of large-scale cultivation technology, and biomass distribution and collection machinery. Due to the labor intensive nature of the proposed algal process, it is particularly suitable for less developed nations with limited fossil fuel resources and lower labor costs.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230608
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Alcohol fermentation of sweet potato. Membrane reactor in enzymatic hydrolysis (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1297-1307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Use of Ultrafiltration membrane systems in stirred cell and in thin-Channel systems for immobilizing enzyme (sweet potato intrinsic and β-amylase) in hydrolysis of sweet potato through a continuous operation mode were studied. Both the filtration rate and reducing sugars, produced as the result of enzymatic hydrolysis, decreased with the filtration time. The immobilized enzymes in the thin-channel system showed a much better performance compared to that in the stirred cell system. Addition of crystalline sweet potato β-amylase to the sweet potato increased both the filtration rate and reducing-sugars content. Alcoholic fermentation of the filtrate resulted in an alcohol content of 4.2%. This represented fermentation of 95% of the sugars with an efficiency of 88%.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230610
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Separation of meso and racemic 2,3-butanediol by aqueous liquid chromatography (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1289-1296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Fermentation of xylose by Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 8724) producers meso and nonmeso 2,3-butaneodiol. The enzyme Kinetic of 2,3-butanediol stereoisomer formation from acetone is currently under study in our laboratory. Modeling of these kinetics requires resolution of meso and racemic 2,3-butanediol and positive identification of these resolved components. We report their resolution by aqueous liquid chromatography on both an analytical and a preparative scale. The resolved stereoisomer were identified by a combination of gas chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, optical activity, and, melting points of the m-dinitrobenzoyl eaters of meso and racemic 2,3-butanediol. An aqueous liquid chromatographic technique for resolving and qualifying major components of a butanediol fermentation mixture in 40 min is presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230609
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A distributed parameter model for an airlift fermentor. Effects of pressure (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1309-1324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A previously presented model for an airlift fermentor is extended by considering the variations of pressure along the tubes. The fluid dynamics of the system is represented with the acid of correlations obtained from experiments. Only oxygen concentrations are considerations are considered. The influences of the various parameters affecting the system are analyzed. The model allows prediction of oxygen concentrations in the different points of an airlift fermentor and calculation of the best values of the gas flow rate.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230611
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Utilization of carbohydrates by Thermomonospora sp. Grown on glucose, cellobiose, and cellulose (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 1325-1338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Thermomonospora sp. was grown on glucose, cellobiose, and in order to study its growth characteristics with different carbohydrate substrates and to assess the validity of some of the assumptions made in a previously proposed model for the cellulose fermentation with this microorganism. It was observed that the nitrogen and protein contents of the cells are essentially constant during the fermentation and independent of the carbon source when glucose or cellobiose are utilized. Under oxygen starvation conditions it was shown that unidentification organic compound(s) accumulate(s) in the culture broth. Culture fluorescence was shown to be an excellent variable for monitoring and control of the fermentation process. This microorganism showed a preference for crystalline cellulose (Avicel) as substrate although it grows readily on a more amorphous cellulose (Solka Floc). The production of extra cellular protein is shown to be growth related. Data were obtained confirming the decrease in the number of active adsorption sites as the cause for the decrease in the cellulose digestion rate. It is suggested that a future model should account for the time change of surface characteristics of the cellulose particles.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230612
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