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  • 1990-1994  (277)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1890-1899
  • 1992  (277)
  • 1895
  • Biochemistry  (149)
  • crystal structure  (128)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Manganese ; agostic ; crystal structure ; CH activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Agostic interactions of CH bonds with metal atoms are currently of great interest. UV irradiation of Mn2(CO)8 (PMe2Ph)2 in the presence of the HC≡COEt yielded the new compound Mn2(CO)6(PMe2Ph)2 [μ-C(OEt)=C(H)C=C(H)C=O(OEt)],1 that contains a strong agostic interaction of an olefinic CH bond to one of the managanese atoms, Mn...C=2.349(5), Mn...H=2.01(4). This interaction can be removed (reversibly) by CO addition (25°C/1000 psi) to1 to yield the new complex Mn2(CO)7(PMe2Ph)2[μ-C(OEt)=C(H)C=C(H)C=O(OEt)],2.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 3 (1992), S. 123-144 
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Molybdenum ; tungsten ; crystal structure ; reduction ; acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Four new compounds having nine cluster electrons and cores of the types Mo3OCl3, Mo3OBr3, and W3OCl3 are reported. Compound (1) prepared by reduction of [Bu4N][Mo3OCl6(OAc)3] in THF with metallic zinc, was shown by X-ray crystallography to be Mo3OCl4(OAc)3 (THF)2 (1). It forms crystals in space groupP21 with unit cell dimensionsa=9.472(2) Å,b=13.546(4) Å,c=9.652(2) Å, β=101.70(2)°,V=1201(1) Å3,Z=2. The [Mo3(μ3-O)(μ-Cl)3]4+ core is surrounded by three μ-O2CCH3 anions, one Cl−, and two THF and has Mo-Mo distances of 2.620(1) Å, 2.613(1) Å, and 2.530(1) Å, with the shortest bond between the two Mo atoms to which the THF molecules are coordinated. Compounds [Bu4N]2 [Mo3OBr6(O2CCH3)3] · Me2CO, (2) and [Mo3OBr3(O2CCH3)3(PMe3)3]3 · BF4, (3) are the first two nine-electron Mo3 species with a [Mo3(μ3-O) Br3]4+ core. Both were obtained by zinc reduction of [Mo3OBr6(O2CCH3)3]− in the presence of (NBu4) Br (2) or PMe3 and NaBF4 (3), and each was characterized crystallographically. Compound (2) crystallized in space group Cc with unit cell dimensionsa=25.037(5) Å,b=12.827(2) Å,c=21.484(4) Å, β=122.96(1)0,V=5790(3) Å3,Z=4. While the anion has no crystallographically required symmetry, its virtual symmetry is C3v . The Mo-Mo distances are 2.619(2) Å, 2.610(3) Å, 2.644(2) Å, with a mean value of 2.624[14] Å. Compound (3) crystallized in space groupP21/c with unit cell dimensionsa=10.846(2) Å,b=25.033(5) Å,c=12.641(5) Å, β=94.74(2)0,V=3420(2) Å3,Z=4. The cation occupies a general position but has virtual C3v symmetry, with Mo-Mo distances of 2.601(2) Å, 2.610(2) Å, 2.627(2) Å, with a mean value of 2.613[14] Å. Thus the anionic and cationic Mo3 clusters in (2) and (3), respectively, have average Mo-Mo distances that are equal within experimental error. Compound (4), [NEt4]2 [W3OCl6(O2CCH3)3] is the first 9-electron compound of this type containing tungsten. It was prepared by reduction of [Et4N][W3OCl6(OAc)3] in benzene with Na/Hg. It crystallized in space groupP212121 with unit cell dimensionsa=11.076(2) Å,b=14.345(2) Å,c=21.026(3) Å,V=3574(1) Å3,Z=4. The anion resides on a general position but has virtual C3v symmetry, with W-W distances of 2.577(1) Å, 2.612(1) Å, 2.584(1) Å and a mean value of 2.591[15] Å.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Heterometallic-heterobridging cubane-type tetranuclear cluster ; preparation ; crystal structure ; molecular orbital calculation ; quasi-aromaticity ; copper ; molybdenum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract By the reaction of cluster [Mo3OS3](dtp)4(H2O) used as starting material with CuI using [3+1] mode, two novel heterometallic-heterobridging cubane-type tetranuclear cluster compounds [CuMo3OS3]·I·(μ-OAc)[S2P(OC2H5)2]3·L [(I)L=py, (II)L=DMF] [dtp=S2P(OC2H5)2; OAc=OOCCH3] containing [CuMo3OS3] core have been obtained. Compounds (I) and (II) have been characterized by IR, EPR, UV-VIS, electrochemistry and X-ray crystallography. By comparison of these two compounds with the analogous [CuMo3S4] series in the structure and molecular orbital calculation, the influence of mixed S/O bridging on the structure is discussed. It is demonstrated that the {Mo3S3} cluster ring in [Mo3OS3]4+ possesses a similar quasi-aromaticity to [Mo3S4]4+. Crystal data: for (I), space group= $$P\overline 1 $$ ,a=13.781(8)Å,b=14.523(6)Å,c=12.098(6)Å, α=98.37(4)°, β=109.41(5)°, γ=105.00(5)°,V=2133(2)Å3,Z=2,R=0.058; for (II), space group= $$P\overline 1 $$ ,a=13.215(4)Å,b=17.818(8)Å,c=9.873(4)Å, α=106.06(4)°, β=109.78(3)°, γ=82.00(3)°,V=2100(2)Å3,Z=2,R=0.045.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Adult canine lysosomal storage disease ; Morphology ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We describe a novel late-onset lysosomal lipid storage disease affecting a Tibetan terrier. The principal clinical manifestations include visual loss, progressive cerebellar ataxia and dementia. A necropsy of an affected 10-year-old dog demonstrated cerebellar atrophy. Histological analysis revealed extensive loss of retinal ganglion cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells, and mild to moderate loss of neurons in the cerebrum, basal ganglia and spinal cord. There were generalized neuronal hypertrophy and multifocal neuronal necrosis associated with the presence of enlarged macrophages. Neurons and perineuronal macrophages contained cytoplasmic granules that stained with PAS, luxol fast blue and several lectins. The granules were sudanophilic and autofluorescent. Electron microscopic analysis revealed lysosomes laden with lamellated membrane structures in neurons, pancreatic ductal and centroacinar cells and in cultured fibroblasts. These findings indicate lysosomal storage of both lipid and carbohydrate. Biochemical analysis of brain lipids and numerous lysosomal enzyme assays of leukocytes and cultured fibroblasts were unsuccessful in elucidating the underlying enzyme defect, although a generalized increase of brain gangliosides was noted.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: MPTP ; Dopamine ; Degeneration ; Mouse ; Protection ; Uptake ; Immunocytochemistry ; Image analysis ; Biochemistry ; Substantia nigra ; Neostriatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Based on the observations that the psychostimulant drug amphetamine in combination with physiotherapy can promote recovery of brain function after brain injury, we have studied the ability of the vigilance promoting drug Modafinil to counteract 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-(MPTP)-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons of the black mouse. MPTP was given s.c. in a dose of 40 mg/kg and the mice were sacrificed 2 weeks later. The effects of acute and chronic treatment with Modafinil were studied on MPTP-induced DA neurotoxicity. The substantia nigra and neostriatum were taken to both biochemical and histochemical analysis of presynaptic parameters of the nigrostriatal DA neurons, the latter in combination with image analysis. In separate experiments in rats in vivo tests for DA uptake blocking activity were made using intrastriatal microdialysis to study superfusate levels of DA and its metabolites and the 4-α-dimethylmetatyramine (H77/77) model to test for a possible ability of Modafinil to protect against H77/77-induced depletion of forebrain DA stores. Chronic treatment with Modafinil in doses of 10 to 100 mg/kg counteracted the MPTP-induced disappearance of nigral TH IR nerve cell body profiles and neostriatal TH IR nerve terminal profiles as evaluated after 2 weeks with image analysis. Chronic treatment with Modafinil (10–100 mg/kg) also dose-dependently counteracted the MPTP-induced disappearance of striatal DA uptake binding sites as evaluated at the same time interval. Also in the dose range 10–100 mg/kg Modafinil counteracts the MPTP-induced depletion of DA stores both in the neostriatum and the substantia nigra. In the acute experiments Modafinil (30 mg/kg) protected against the MPTP-induced depletion of striatal DA, dihydrophenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels both when given 15 min before, at the same time and 3 h following the MPTP injection. In the substantia nigra, however, these protective actions of Modafinil were only observed when the drug was coadministered with MPTP. Experiments with microdialysis in intact rats failed to demonstrate any increases of superfusate DA levels in neostriatum with 30 mg/kg of Modafinil. Modafinil in high doses of 2 × 50 mg/kg, however, significantly counteracted the H77/77 induced DA depletion of striatal DA stores. Thus, morphological and biochemical evidence has been obtained that Modafinil in the dose range 10–100 mg/kg protects against MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal DA neurons of the black mouse. The results also indicate that the protective action of Modafinil is not caused by monoamine oxidase inhibition or by DA uptake inhibition, although the latter action may contribute in the highest dose used (100 mg/kg). Instead, it is hypothesized that its protective action may be related to actions on GABAergic mechanisms as evidenced by reduced cortical GABA outflow in doses of 3–30 mg/kg (Tanganelli et al. 1991) and/or to other unknown mechanisms.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Bis(tributyltin) oxide ; Liver ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray microanalysis ; Biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The toxic effects of bis (tributyltin) oxide (TBTO) on the rat liver were studied with an electron microscope and the accumulation sites of tin were determined with an X-ray microanalyzer. The activities of serum enzymes and the concentration of serum bilirubin were also analyzed. Male Wistar rats received an intramuscular injection of 0.5 ml/kg of TBTO. Marked swelling of the mitochondria appeared in the hepatocytes 4 h after injection of TBTO. Cytoplasmic vacuoles, which contained degenerated mitochondria, gradually increased in number in these hepatocytes. This in turn may have caused a decrease in the volume of hepatic cell cords and an enlargement of sinusoids in the entire hepatic lobule. However, fine structures of intrahepatic bile ducts were not altered. By X-ray microanalysis, tin peaks were preferentially obtained from swollen mitochondria of the hepatocytes. By polarographic analysis of the respiratory responses of mitochondria, it was demonstrated that rates of state 4 respiration and respiratory control ratio were significantly disturbed in TBTO-treated rats in comparison with those of controls. The activities of AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) were significantly increased after TBTO treatment, but those of ALP (alkaline phosphatase), LAP (leucine aminopeptidase) and total bilirubin were not changed. These results indicated that parenterally administered TBTO accumulated in the liver cell mitochondria and disturbed oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial dysfunction might induce severe damage of the hepatocytes. Four days after injection of TBTO, hepatic structures and chemical indices were almost restored by the regeneration of hepatocytes.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Phosphofructokinase deficiency ; Biochemistry ; Morphology ; Enzyme histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency in man is responsible for at least two forms of myopathy; one is characterized by painful contractures of muscles and typically occurs in adults, whereas the other is often disabling and typically occurs in childhood, with psychomotor and growth retardation. In this investigation, a young myopathic patient with severe mental retardation and aplasia of the cerebellar vermis presented with muscular hypotrophy of the limbs, generalized hypotonia, convergent strabismus and marked pain during passive movement. Biopsy of quadriceps femoris muscle showed variation in the fiber size with sarcoplasmic areas positive for periodic acid-Schiff stain. Histochemical qualitative reaction for PFK showed no staining of muscle fibers; ultrastructural studies showed abnormal accumulation of glycogen granules in both intermyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal areas. While some enzyme activities in the muscular crude extract were significantly lower than in controls, direct assay of PFK revealed no activity, thus demonstrating that the child's myopathy was due to the lack of PFK activity.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-8951
    Keywords: Non-topochemical reaction ; crystal structure ; lattice energy calculations ; thermal motion analysis ; disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The molecular and crystal structure of 2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopent-3-ene-1-one has been studied in detail to explain the formation of a non-topochemical pseudo-mirror-symmetric dimer upon photoirradiation. Packing energy calculations, analysis of the thermal motion, and lattice energy calculations are employed to analyse and understand the observed dimerization reaction, crystal structure, and crystal properties.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestine ; Sodium transport ; Enterocyte ; Plasma membranes ; Stereology ; Biochemistry ; Cytochemistry ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The coprodaeum of the domestic hen maintained on a low-NaCl diet adapts by enhanced sodium transport. This study examines the adaptive response at the single cell and whole organ levels. Surface areas of apical (microvillous) and basolateral plasma membranes of columnar absorptive epithelial cells were estimated by use of ultrastructural stereology. The activities of succinic dehydrogenase (a mitochondrial enzyme) and ouabain-sensitive, potassium-dependent paranitrophenyl phosphatase (a sodium pump enzyme) were determined in tissue homogenates. Sodium, potassium-ATPase (pump enzyme) activity in cell membranes was localized by ultrastructural cytochemistry. Apical and basolateral membranes responded differently. In high-NaCl hens, the membrane signature of the average cell was 32 μm2 (apical), 932 μm2 (lateral) and 17 μm2 (basal). Cells from low-NaCl hens had more apical membrane (49 μm2 per cell) but essentially the same area of basolateral membrane. However, total surfaces per organ were greater for all membranes. Sodium pump enzymes were localized in basolateral membranes. Enzyme activities per unit mitochondrial volume and per unit basolateral membrane surface were higher in low-NaCl birds. These findings are discussed in the context of known mechanisms of transcellular sodium transport via apical ion channels and basolateral pumps.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Histamine ; Biochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Retina ; Photoreceptors ; Paraboloid ; Turtle, Pseudemys scripta (Chelonia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A combination of immunocytochemical and biochemical methods was used to study histamine in the turtle retina. Histamine-like immunoreactivity was localized within paraboloids of certain cone photoreceptors by use of two different antisera directed against histamine. Preincubation of eyecups in Ringer's containing 10 μM histamine selectively increased the immunoreactivity of these photoreceptor paraboloids. The present localization of histamine in paraboloids indicated that, although histamine is in photoreceptors of the turtle retina, it may play some metabolic or neuromodulatory role, and not function as a neurotransmitter.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 41 (1992), S. 1076-1079 
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: X-ray crystallographic analysis ; 1,1′-divinyl-2,2′-biimidazolyl ; crystal structure ; molecular structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of 1,1′-divinyl-2,2′-biimidazolyl (L) were determined by x-ray crystallographic analysis. It was established that the molecule of L has crystallographic symmetry 2 and a cisoid conformation with an angle of rotation of 128° between the imidazole rings. The length of the C2-C2′ bond is increased to 1.485(11) Å compared with the length of the analogous bond in unsubstituted 2,2′-biimidazolyl (1.423 Å). Localization of the N=C multiple bond is observed [1.297(9) Å]. The other N-C bonds of the ring are almost equalized (1.374 Å) and are close to the standard values for bonds of the C sp 2-N type in imidazoles. The angle between the plane of the heterocycle and the plane passing through the atoms of the vinyl group amounts to 7°.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: synthesis ; crystal structure ; UV spectra ; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-[α-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)methyl]phenol ; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-[α-morpholino-α-(2-hydroxy-6-bromo-1-naphthyl)methyl]phenol ; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-α-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)-1,4-methylenequinone ; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-α-(2-acetyloxy-1-naphthyl)-1,4-methylenequinone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mannich bases exhibiting photo- and thermochromic properties in solutions were synthesized from 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-naphthols. An investigation of an acetyl derivative of methylenequinone, modeling a product of photo- and thermochromic transformations, proved that the color change of solutions of the Mannich bases is due to reversible dissociation into colored methylenequinones and morpholine. On the basis of data of x-ray diffraction analysis of one of the Mannich bases, characteristics of their molecular structure were determined, and reasons were stated for their effect on the dissociation mechanism.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 41 (1992), S. 1950-1956 
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: hexafluorotitanates ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; 19F NMR ; IR spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mixed alkali hexafluorotitanates of the composition LiMTiF6 are synthesized, which crystallize with the orthorhombic symmetry. The lattice parameters of these materials are determined. It is shown that substitution of the Li+ cation in Li2TiF6 by Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+ leads to various degrees of distortion of the hexafluoroion. It is determined (19F NMR data) that the change in the dynamic state of the octahedral [TiF6]2− ions is related to their transition from the hindered-rotational to the isotropic state.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: macrocyclic polyethers ; crystal structure ; biological activity ; IR spectra ; complex with calcium thiocyanate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antihypoxic and anticonvulsant activity of eight new amidophosphoryl derivatives of crown ethers was investigated. It was found that some of them exhibit pronounced antihypoxic activity. The results of an x-ray structural and IR spectroscopic study of dibenzo-N-phenylphosphonyl-14-crown-5 (a=9.818,b=16.062,c=15.925 Å; γ=124.90°;V=2072 Å3;M=417.2;d=1.33 g/cm3 forZ=4, 1955 independent reflections [I〉3σ(I)] in a DAR-UM inCuK α radiation,P2 1/b space group,R=5.2%) and dibenzo-N-adamantylphosphonyl-14-crown-5 compounds (a=11.077,b=15.936,c=16.771 Å; γ=56.05°;V=2456 Å3;M=486.3;d=1.31 g/cm3 forZ=4, 2164 independent reflections [I〉3σ(I)] in a DAR-UM inCuK α radiation,P21/b space group,R=5.1%) are reported. Some details of the structure of the dibenzo-N-phenylphosphonyl-14-crown-5-complex with calcium thiocyanate and water are discussed; a polyhedron with a coordination number of six was found for the first time for calcium complexes with macrocyclic ligands. The combined examination of the results of the biological, x-ray structural, and IR spectroscopic study of macrocyclic, 14-member ligands suggested that the nature of the substituents at phosphorus affect the conformational state of the macrocycle, which remains unchanged in complexation in the investigated conditions.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: crystal structure ; molecular complexes ; phosphinimines ; protonation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract X-ray diffraction analysis has been used to determine the crystal structures of the 1:1-composition products of protonation by perchloric acid of isomeric triphenyl-N-(4-methylpyridyl-2)phosphinimine (1) and triphenyl-N-(3-methylpyridyl-2)phosphinimine (2). The structures were refined toR=0.048 andR=0.052, respectively, using 2274 (1) and 2647 (2) reflections. The protonation centers are located at the sites of N atoms of the pyridine ring (1) and the phosphinimino group (2). The distribution of the bond lengths in the cations suggests that a significant contribution is made by a phosphonic structure with positive charges localized on the P atoms. N-H...O hydrogen bonds, with lengths of 2.890(4) and 3.020(3) Å, connect cations and anions in both structures.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: synthesis ; crystal structure ; 1,12-difluoro-1,1,3,5,5,8,8,10,12,12-decanitro-3,10-diazadodecane-6,7-diol dinitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A two-step synthesis has been proposed to obtain 1,12-difluoro-1,1,3,5,5,8,8,10,12,12-decanitro-3,10-diazadodecane-6,7-diol dinitrate, starting from 1,1,4,4-tetranitrobutane-2,3-diol and N-(methoxymethyl)-2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl-amine, followed by nitration of the Mannich base formed. An x-ray-diffraction investigation of the dinitrate obtained was carried out.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: organic metals ; radical-cation salts ; bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene = ET ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of ET [bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene] in bromobenzene (electrolyte Bu 4 N[HgBr 3 ]) gave the radical-cation salt (ET) 8 [Hg 2 Br 6 ·PhBr] 2 (1), a new organic metal with a temperature range of 300–125 K. At 125 K a metal—dielectric transition is observed. Crystallographic data for (1):a=19.171(6),b=12.668(4),c=17.777(6) Å, α=118.03(3), β=89.45(2), γ=101.21(3)°, P $$\overline 1 $$ ,Z=1,d calc=2.30 g/cm 3 . The crystal structure of (1) is laminar. In the conducting organic layer the ET radical cations are linked into bands by shortened intermolecular S···S contacts of the “side-to-side” type. The anionic layer consists of centrosymmetric complexes [Hg 2 Br 6 ·C 6 H 5 Br] 2 4− . The Hg 1 and Hg 2 atoms are characterized by a trigonal configuration of the Hg-Br bond which is built up, on account of secondary Hg···Br interactions, into trigonal-bipyramidal for Hg 1 and trigonal-pyramidal (tetrahedral) for Hg 2 . Interaction between the anionic and cationic layers is effected through Br 6 ...S 8 contacts [3.491(7) Å)].
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: organic metals ; bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (ET) ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The composition and structure of the radical-ion salt (ET) 2 [Hg(SCN) 2 Cl], a new organic metal withT M-D=50 K, were established in an x-ray structure investigation. Principal crystallographic data:a=36.69(1),b=8.302(8),c=11.732(8) Å, β=90.02(6)°, space groupCc, Z=4,d calc=2.08 g/cm 3 ,R=0.067. The crystal structure of the salt consists of an alternation of organic (cationic) and inorganic (anionic) layers along the axisa. The anionic layer consists of the polymeric chains in which the [Hg(SCN) 2 Cl]− ions are linked together along the axisc through secondary Hg···N bonds with lengths of 2.75(3) and 2.98(8) Å. On account of these interactions the trigonal configuration of the bonds of the Hg atom is built up to trigonal-bipyramidal. In the organic layer with a structure of the κ type the ET cations form dimers with an interplanar distance of 3.53 Å. ET cations belonging to neighboring dimers are linked together through shortened intermolecular S...S contacts with lengths of 3.40–3.50(2) Å.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 14 (1992), S. 297-304 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Didanosine ; Drug evaluation ; Pharmacokinetics ; Pharmacology ; Side effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this article the literature about didanosine, an antiretroviral drug, is reviewed. The mechanism of action, biochemical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical results of phase-I trials are discussed. Serious adverse effects such as pancreatitis and peripheral neuropathy have occurred in these trials. An antiretroviral effect was observed in terms of an increase in CD4+ lymphocytes and a decrease in p24 antigen levels in HIV-infected individuals. Didanosine seems to be a promising drug against HIV infection, but knowledge about its clinical efficacy is scanty.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 8 (1992), S. 340-345 
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Dermatomycosis ; Biochemistry ; Microsporum canis ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Seventy-two strains of Microsporum canis, of different origins, were examined from a morphological point of view and tested in relation to their hydrolytic activity on tyrosine, xanthine, casein, gelatin, their ureasic activity and their capacity to assimilate different nitrogenous substances. The morhological aspects, that vary within the M. canis isolates, were constant in the strains isolated from rabbits. A strain with particular features was isolated many times from the dogs and cats coming from the same breeder. In one case of pseudomycetoma, different isolates suggested the co-existence in animals of two different strains, one present on fur, the other responsible for deep lesions.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Calix[4]arene ; crystal structure ; second-sphere coordination ; nickel(II) ; copper(II) ; pyridine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The title compounds crystallize such that bilayers of calixarenes are separated by hydrophilic layers. In each case the transition metal has, in addition to a primary sphere of ligands, a second-sphere coordination by a calixarene. [(H2O)5Ni(NC5H5)]2(Na)[calix[4]arene sulfonate]·3.5 H2O,1, crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP $$\bar 1$$ witha = 12.487(4),b = 14.281(2),c = 15.055(5) Å, α = 85.66(2), β = 80.07(2), γ = 80.48(2)°, andD c = 1.64 g cm−3 forZ = 2. Refinement based on 2441 observed reflections led to a finalR value of 0.066. There are two different environments for the nickel-containing cations: one is positioned within the hydrophilic layer with the pyridine ligand intercalated into the hydrophobic calixarene bilayer and the other is also positioned within the hydrophilic layer, but the pyridine ligand is inserted into the hydrophobic cavity of the calix[4]arene. [(H2O)4Cu(NC5HS)2](H3O)3[calix[4]arene sulfonate]·10 H2O,2, crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP $$\bar 1$$ witha = 15.438(4),b = 15.727(6),c = 12.121(9) Å, α = 112.74(4), β = 102.02(4), γ = 85.34(4)°, andD c = 1.57 g cm−3 forZ = 2. Refinement based on 3925 observed reflections led to a finalR value of 0.107. The structure is similar to that of 1 except that the one copper-containing cation spans the hydrophilic layer and is intercalated into the bilayer of calixarenes on one side and positioned into the calixarene cavity on the other.
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  • 22
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    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 14 (1992), S. 55-64 
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Host-guest inclusion compound ; p-,m-,o-xylene ; deoxycholic acid ; symmetry factor ; energy transfer ; photophysical factor ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The isomerization processes induced by UV photons in inclusion compounds of the host-guest type are examined, with special attention to the photophysics of the energy transfer process between the host and the guest, as well as to the influence of the host molecular cavity symmetry and the guest molecular symmetry. In particular, the experimental study has been carried out on the isomerization processes ofp-,m-, ando-xylene inside the molecular cavities of deoxycholic acid. The results have been compared with those obtained by irradiating the xylenes in an inert solution of hexane. The main difference is the elimination of by-products when the photochemical process is carried out in the solid state inclusion compound; however, the high purity of the isomerization product corresponds to a decrease in its yield with respect to the reaction in solution, due to the energy transfer process from the host to the guest moiety.
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  • 23
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    Journal of superconductivity 5 (1992), S. 33-38 
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Yttrium ; copper ; X-ray ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single crystals of Y2Cu2O5 were obtained in the flux growth process by controlled heating of a mixture of Y2O3, BaO, and CuO in a molar ratio of 1∶8∶20. These crystals were analyzed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal contains polymeric chains of Cu2O5 interspersed by yttrium ions surrounded by octahedral arrangements of oxygen atoms. Crystal data: space group=Pna21,a=10.799(2) Å,b=3.4990(5) Å,c=12.459(2) Å,Z=4, 380 reflections,R=0.026,R w=0.030.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: amino acid-derived cofactor ; crystal structure ; methylamine dehydrogenase ; molecular replacement ; oxidoreductase ; Paracoccus denitrificans ; pyrroloquinoline quinone ; quinoprotein ; tryptophan tryptophylquinone ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The three-dimensional structure of the quinoprotein methylamine dehydrogenase from Paracoccus denitrificans (PD-MADH) has been determined at 2.8 Å resolution by the molecular replacement method combined with map averaging procedures, using data collected from an area detector. The structure of methylamine dehydrogenase from Thio-bacillus versutus, which contains an “X-ray” sequence, was used as the starting search model. MADH consists of 2 heavy (H) and 2 light (L) subunits related by a molecular 2-fold axis. The H subunit is folded into seven four-stranded β-segments, forming a disk-shaped structure, arranged with pseudo-7-fold symmetry. A 31-residue elongated tail exists at the N-terminus of the H subunit in MADH from T. versutus but is partially digested in this crystal form of MADH from P. denitrificans, leaving the H subunit about 18 residues shorter. Each L subunit contains 127 residues arranged into 10 β-strands connected by turns. The active site of the enzyme is located in the L subunit and is accessible via a hydrophobic channel between the H and L subunits. The redox cofactor of MADH, tryptophan tryptophylquinone is highly unusual. It is formed from two co-valently linked tryptophan side chains at positions 57 and 107 of the L subunit, one of which contains an orthoquinone. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: pharmaceutical salt selection ; salts of p-aminosalicylic acid ; hydrates ; crystal structure ; thermal stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The potassium (K), sodium (NA), calcium (CA), and magnesium (MG) salts of p-aminosalicylic acid were obtained, and their thermal behavior was characterized by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Their crystal and molecular structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction after powder patterns had shown them to be nonisomorphous. Different degrees of hydration were observed for the solid salts, and an assessment of hydrate stability to dehydration was made from thermogravimetric studies. The onset temperature of dehydration (T t) of each salt varied within the series and exhibited correlation with X-ray determined structure. The observed onset of dehydration of MG and CA was higher than that of NA and is consistent with stronger ion-dipole interactions for the divalent salts. Crystallographic determination of the bond lengths between the metal ion and the water oxygens were 2.4 and 2.9 Å for NA, between 2.0 and 2.1 Å for MG, and 2.4 Å for CA. The open nature and presence of a channel feature in the structure of the sodium salt may have facilitated escape of water molecules from the crystal. Particle presentation (e.g., size, crystallinity) was also shown to affect dehydration behavior.
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  • 26
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    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 365-371 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: celiprolol ; crystal structure ; two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and assignments of celiprolol, N′-[3-acetyl-4[3-[N-t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy]phenyl]-N, N-diethylurea, are reported. Celiprolol crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P2l/a, with a = 9.081(2), b = 13.800(4), and c = 17.471(5) Å and β = 95.04(2)°. Structure was solved by direct methods; structure refinement to R of 0.058. Intermolecular hydrogen-bonding in the crystal is discussed. The 1H, 13C, and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra of the hydrochloride have been obtained and definitive signal assignments made.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Crown compound ; potassium thiocyanate ; crown cation complex ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Single crystal X-ray analysis of the hydrated KSCN complex of benzodinaphthopyridino-21-crown-7 (1) (1 : 1 : 1) is reported. Crystals of the complex are orthorhombic,Pnma, withα = 16.946(4),b = 22.298(4),c = 10.390(8) Å andD c = 1.184 g cm−1,Z = 4. The host macroring (1) has a mirror symmetry and exists in a so-called ‘dentists chair’ conformation. The cation (K−) is coordinated to all the six ether oxygen atoms and also weakly to the pyridine N atom. The SCN− anion group has a statistical type of disorder with opposite orientations of S and N such that nitrogen and sulphur are coordinated to K+. Packing of the host molecules is in columns to form quasi channels with K+, SCN−, and H2O being located inside the stacks.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Inclusion compound ; hydroxy compound ; crystal structure ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of the title host compound (I), C35H26O, and its inclusion complexes with water (II), C35H26O·H2O and dimethylsulphoxide (III), C35H26O·C2H6OS are reported. (I) is monoclinicC2/c,a = 9.725(1),b = 20.031(3),c = 26.545(3) Å, β = 90.60(1)0,V = 5170 Å3,Z = 8; (II) is triclinic, $$P\bar 1$$ ,a = 10.206(1),b = 10.324(2),c = 14.425(2) Å, α = 101.68(1), β = 89.92(2), γ = 116.34(1)0,V = 1327 Å3,Z = 2; (III) is monoclinicP21/n,a = 17.832(5),b = 10.109(3),c = 17.901(5) Å, β = 111.93(2)0,V = 2993 Å3,Z =4. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined to final residuals of 0.045, 0.048, and 0.071, respectively. Thermal analysis of the complexes corroborates the crystallographic results.
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  • 29
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    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 12 (1992), S. 377-387 
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Charles Pedersen ; crown ethers ; phenol-pendant cyclam-zinc(II) complex ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The molecular structure of phenol-pendant cyclam-zinc(II) complex,4a, has been determined by X-ray structure analysis. Crystals of4a · ClO4 · CH3OH (C16H27N4OZn · ClO4 · CH3OH) are monoclinic, space groupP21/nn, with four molecules in the unit cell of dimensionsa=31.198(2) Å,b=8.426(1) Å,c=8.214(1) Å, andβ=93.96(1)°. The structure was solved by the heavy atom method and refined anisotropically toR=0.044,R w=0.062 for 1551 independent reflections. The complex assumes a five-coordinate, square pyramidal geometry, where zinc(II) is surrounded by the cyclam moiety in a planar fashion with the pendant phenolate anion occupying an axial position. An extremely short Zn-O(phenolate) bond distance of 1.983(5) Å, in conjunction with the 0.288 Å displacement of Zn(II) above the cyclam N4 plane toward the phenolate, accounts for the extremely low pK a value of 5.8 for the pendant phenol. These facts about4a, in comparison with the previous findings for the Ni(II) (4b) and Cu(II) complexes (4c) with the same ligand, illustrate well the characteristics of zinc(II) ion coordination properties.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Dioxocyclam ; 5,7-dioxo-1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane ; platinum tetrachloride ; crystal structure ; paramagnetic properties of ionic stacked structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The paramagnetic complex salt of diprotonated dioxocyclam (1,11-dihydro-5,7-dioxo-1,4,8,11tetra-azacyclotetradecane), Pt(II) tetrachloride and water has been synthesized in strongly acidic medium and identified by X-ray structure analysis. The crystals of [(C10H22N4O2)2+(PtCl4)2−]·H2O are monoclinic, space groupP21 c,M r=585.23,a=9.516(1) Å,b=11.926(1) Å,c=16.622(2) Å,β=102.88(2)°,V=1839(1)Å3,Z=4,D x=2.114 g cm−3, λ(MoK α)=0.70930 Å,μ=83.1 cm−1,F(000)=1128,T=292 K,R=0.019 for 2808 observed reflections withI 〉 3δ(I). Alternating moieties of diprotonated dioxocyclam and a PtCl 2− 4 anion form columns running down the c axis. Water molecules are localized in the intercolumnar space and contribute to the extensive hydrogen bond network. The macrocycle conformation is characterized by two sequences of torsional angles, corresponding to two different subunits. The shorter sequence idealized as (-sc, ap, -ac, + ac, ap, +sc) [sc( ±60°), ac( ±120°), ap(180°)], describing the C pseudosymmetric part of the molecule, is centered on a -CH2 group between the two peptide O-C-N-H fragments. The opposite C pseudosymmetric subunit has a nearly (-sc, ac, -SC, ap)2 conformation. Pt is square planar coordinated by four Cl atoms, Pt-Clαve = 2.306(8) Å. The shortest Pt ... Pt distance is 7.200(1) Å.
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  • 31
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    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 14 (1992), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Inclusion compounds ; calixarene ; crystal structure ; hydrogen bonding ; amines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The structure of thep-t-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene triethylamine (1 : 2 complex has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystals are monoclinic, space groupCc,a = 22.821(3),b = 15.257(3),c = 16.365(2) Å,β = 97.44(1)°,V = 5650(1) Å3,Z = 4,D calc = 1.03 g cm−3. One triethylamine (Et3N) molecule has one of its ethyl groups pointing inside the cavity of a calixarene molecule; its nitrogen atom is directed exo to this calixarene molecule and is involved in a hydrogen bond with one of the hydroxy groups of a neighbouring calixarene molecule. This scheme leads to columns of alternating host and guest molecules. The other Et3N molecule is in the interhost space. This feature allows us to define the title compound as a complex/clathrate hybrid.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: 1,2-Dialkylated calix[4]arene ; crystal structure ; ethanol inclusion complex ; intramolecular hydrogen bonding patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the title compound (1 · C2H5OH) has been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis and refined to anR-value of 0.074 for 2732 observed reflections [I 〉 2.0σ(I)]. Crystals are triclinic, space group P $$\bar 1$$ , witha = 13.6150(18),b = 13.7195(11),c = 16.5497(16) Å, α = 73.132(7),β = 66.165(9), γ = 65.580(8)° andZ = 2. Calix[4]arene (1) adopts a relatively open distorted cone conformation in the solid state, with two pendantsyn-proximal O-CH2-Py groups. The major conformation determining features in (1 · C2H5OH) are the presence of (a) an intramolecular O-H...O hydrogen bond between adjacent proximal phenolic oxygens, O...O 2.719(7) Å and (b) an intramolecular O-H...N hydrogen bond between a phenolic oxygen and a proximal pyridinyl nitrogen, O...N 2.810(8) Å. The intramolecular hydrogen bonding and the interplanar angles of 65.1(3) and 50.7(3)° between opposite aromatic rings facilitate the inclusion of an ethanol molecule within the calixarene cup.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Cation binding ; crown ether ; crystal structure ; lariat ether ; synthesis ; triaza-18-crown-6
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Details of a new synthetic approach to 4,10,16-triaza-18-crown-6 (‘triaza-18-crown-6’) are reported, along with the preparation and binding properties of the following derivatives having the indicated sidearms: CH2C≡CH, CH2CH2OH, CH2CH2OCH3, COCH2OCH3,CH2COOCH2CH3, CH2C6H5, and CH2C6H4−2−NO2. A key intermediate in the synthesis of triaza-18-crown-6 is 4-N-toluenesulfonyl-1,7,13-trioxa-4,10,16-triazacyclooctadecane-9,17-dione. This compound is found by solid state structure analysis to fold to form an intramolecular, doubly-hydrogen bonded complex in which the two N-H protons interact with the two tosyl group oxygens. Details of the structure are reported.
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  • 34
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    Chirality 4 (1992), S. 377-383 
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: crystal structure ; molecular mechanics ; MM2-87 ; phenylmorphan ; phenyl-equatorial ; opioid ligand model ; μ-receptors ; K-receptors ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (+)-2,9α-Dimethyl-5-(m-hydroxyphenyl)morphan is the only phenylmorphan analog whose affinity for opioid K-receptors is greater than its affinity for opioid κ-receptors. Pharmacologically, the compound is a pure opioid antagonist devoid of agonist activity in in vivo assays of antinociception. The absolute configuration of the compound has been determined to be (1R,5S,9R) from an X-ray crystallographic study of the chloride salt. Thus, the absolute configuration corresponds to that of the atypical opioid agonist (-)-phenylmorphan while the weak atypical agonist (-)-2,9α-dimethyl-5-(m-hydroxyphenyl)morphan corresponds to the potent morphine-like (+)-phenylmorphan. The preferred orientations of the phenyl ring for the two stereoisomers were determined using the molecular mechanics program MM2-87 and found to vary from that of the two parent compounds. The atypical properties of the two 9α-methyl analogs is consistent with an opioid ligand model which proposes that morphine-like properties require a particular range of phenyl orientations. There was good agreement between the structure obtained from X-ray crystallography and computed with the MM2-87 program. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 35
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 30 (1992), S. 1469-1482 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: poly(2,6-oxynaphthoate) ; crystal structure ; whiskers ; lamellae ; unit cell ; transitions ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Electron diffraction from single crystal lamellae and whiskers of poly(2,6-oxynaphthoate) reveals the presence of at least 3 unit cells. The equatorial reflections in the patterns from the whiskers correspond to the dominant (phase I) hk0 diffraction pattern from the lamellae; phase I is monoclinic with 2 chemical repeats per physical repeat. The intensity distributions in the hk0 patterns of phase I and II resemble those of the same phases in poly(p-oxybenzoate). The hk0 reflections of phase III suggest a common internapthalene unit spacing, but variable lateral (and possibly axial) shifts; apparently related orthorhombic and monoclinic patterns, with variable γ*, are observed. At elevated temperature, above the crystalliquid crystal transition (ca. 330°C), quadrant reflections are retained; the change in the hk0 pattern from any given crystal is gradual, extending over some 40°C. Above the liquid crystal-liquid crystal transition (ca. 460°C) the pattern can be interpreted in terms of nematic or possibly smectic A packing. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 478-491 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: An extensive conformational analysis of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) was performed at the semiempirical AM1 level with full relaxation of all geometric parameters and careful consideration of furan puckering and the rotational states of the thymine - furan, furan - azide, furan - methylene, and methylene - hydroxyl bonds. The search located 70 conformers, 21 of which have relative energies within 2.5 kcal/mol of the global minimum. Several geometric features, including various forms of hydrogen bonding, within this selected lowenergy subset were examined in terms of their relative contributions to the conformational states of AZT. Hydrogen bonding of thymine's position 2 carbonyl oxygen atom to the hydroxymethyl group (O2—;HO), which until recently has not been mentioned in the literature, is observed in a few low-energy AM1 conformations; however, this form is less favored at the AM1 level than the usually depicted modes involving the thymine moiety with the oxygen atoms of the hydroxyl and furan groups (H6—;OH and H6—Ofur, as observed in the two crystallographically independent structures), as well as that involving the hydroxyl hydrogen and furan oxygen atoms (OH—Ofur, which also has not been mentioned for AZT in the literature until recently). The AM1-optimized geometries agree more closely with nuclear magnetic resonance data than with crystallographic structures and bear little resemblance to molecular mechanics results. The present study shows no evidence of a single dominant conformation or single structural parameter that determines AZT's conformational states. In contrast to our previous analogous study of cGMP, this computational study of AZT does not show strong evidence of a syn conformation with hydrogen bonding involving the base.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The potential energy surfaces of four cyclic alkanes have been examined using molecular mechanics, semiempirical, and ab initio methods to determine if they produce mutually consistent results and investigate the source of any errors between the methods. The C5 — C8 cyclic alkanes were chosen since these structures present a finite set of conformations and transition-state geometries and are still within the computational time and memory limits of the quantum mechanical approaches. We also examined several conformations of 1,2-dideoxyribose to determine the effect of heteroatoms on the results for the 5-membered ring. The molecular mechanics and ab initio calculations are consistent in the relative energies and geometries determined for the conformers of all ring systems. While the semiempirical calculations yielded geometries consistent with the other methods (except for 5-membered rings), the relative energies often deviated substantially. A decomposition analysis of the semiempirical and molecular mechanics energies revealed that the disparities are mainly due to errors in the 1-center energies of the semiempirical calculations. The 2-center bonding and nonbonding energies followed reasonable trends for the conformers. The core-repulsion function, however, is suspected of producing anomalies. A minimum in the attractive Gaussian of this term at 2.1 Å for H—H interactions partly explains the propensity of the 5-membered rings to optimize to near planarity (decreasing 1,2-diaxial hydrogen distances to 2.3 Å) and the underestimation of the relative energy of the boat structure of cyclohexane.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 585-594 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: We have derived alternative expressions for computing the energies and forces associated with angle bending and torsional energy terms commonly used in molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics computer programs. Our expressions address the problems of singularities that are intrinsic in popular angle energy functions and that occur from other chain rule derivations of force expressions. Most chain rule derivations of expressions for Cartesian forces due to angle energies make use of relations such as \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial x}} = \frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial \phi }}\frac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial \cos \phi }}\frac{{\partial \cos \phi }}{{\partial x}} $$\end{document} where φ is a bond or torsion angle, E(φ) is energy, and ∂/∂x represents a derivative with respect to some Cartesian coordinate. This expression leads to singularities from the middle term, -1/sin φ, when φ is 0 or π. This is a problem that prevents the use of torsional energy expressions that have phase angles, φ°, other than 0 or π, such as in E(φ) = κ[1 + cos(nφ - phsi;°)]. Our derivations make use of a different, but equivalent, form of the chain rule: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial x}} = \frac{{\partial E}}{{\partial \phi }}\frac{{\partial \phi }}{{\partial x}} $$\end{document} This form still possesses singularities for the bond angle forces since the last factor is undefined when φ is 0 or π. However, the alternate form may be used to great advantage for the torsional angle forces where no such problem arises. The new expressions are necessary if one desires the use of torsional energy expressions with general phase angles. Even for energy expressions in common use, i.e., with phase angles of 0 or π, our force expressions are as computationally efficient as the standard ones. The new expressions are applicable to all molecular simulations that employ restrained, or phase-shifted, torsional angle energy expressions.
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  • 39
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 622-632 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Atomic monopoles are routinely determined through a least squares fit to molecular electrostatic potentials. We report studies of the variation in atomic monopoles with variation in conformation for the zwitterionic polar head group of lecithins, a common class of lipid. The monopole of one atom, a relatively buried carbon, varied by 1.3 electron units between different conformers. “Exterior” atoms, as seen previously, showed smaller changes in charge and smaller estimated standard deviations. The total charge of local groups of atoms varied less than the charge of individual atoms, indicating that shifts in charge occurred mostly between neighboring atoms. This effect might be reflected in the high correlations seen between charges of many neighboring atoms. These correlations, while present for many logical groupings of atoms (such as within methylene and methyl groups), are curiously absent between some bonded atoms. Monopoles were fit to multiple conformations simultaneously to provide a charge set that could optimally reproduce the electrostatic potential of all the conformers as a means of generating monopoles for molecular dynamics simulations or other studies where conformation varies. In some cases, the charges on chemically equivalent atoms (e.g., the hydrogen atoms in a methyl group) were different by more than their estimated error of fit. These studies lead to the suggestion that a minimum error in reported charges is on the order of 10%. All conformations show that the positive charge of the trimethylalkyl ammonium group is carried by the methyl hydrogens; the total charge on the nine hydrogens is over 2 electron units, counterbalanced by negative monopoles on the carbons. The presence of this diffuse cloud of substantial charge would appear to be a disindicator of the use of a “united” atoms approach for these methyl groups. The effects of the charge variation on intermolecular interactions is also examined.
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  • 40
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992) 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
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  • 41
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 722-729 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: An ab initio study of 3-chloro-, 3-hydroxy-, 3-mercapto-, and 3-amino-propanenitrile and 4-chloro-bu- tanenitrile was carried out at several levels of theory. The calculated stabilities and geometrical trends are interpreted in terms of the effects of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and anomeric interactions, and compared with available experimental data.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 772-791 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Quantum mechanical (ab initio and semiempirical) and force field calculations are reported for representative torsion potentials in several tetrahydropyran derivatives. The overall agreement between the various methods is quite good except that the AMBER torsion profiles are sensitive to the choice of atomic point charges. Using electrostatic potential (ESP) derived atomic point charges determined with the STO-3G basis set we find that AMBER is able to match the best quantum mechanical results quite well. However, when the point charges are derived using the 6-31G* basis set we find that scaling the intramolecular electrostatic nonbond interactions is necessary. AM1 does not work very well for these compounds when compared to the ab initio methods and, therefore, should only be used in cases when ab initio calculations would be prohibitive. Based upon our results we feel that any force field that makes use of 6-31G* ESP derived atomic point charges will need to scale intramolecular interactions. Implications of scaling intramolecular interactions to the development of force fields based on 6-31G* ESP derived atomic point charges are discussed. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 842-850 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) distribution of anisole, chlorobenzene, and fluorobenzene obtained from STO-3G, 3-21G, and 6-31G* basis set ab initio and MNDO and AM1 semiempirical wave functions is investigated to explain the differences among the MEP features obtained for polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. The main topological features as well as the absoltue and relative minima location obtained from ab initio calculations are independent from the choice of the basis set. MNDO calculations are in good agreement with the ab initio ones in the case of anisole and fluorobenzene, while they incorrectly describe the MEP of chlorobenzene. The AM1 fails to localize the absolute minimum of fluorobenzene and does not find the minimum above the chlorobenzene chlorine atom. The poor agreement of both semiempirical methods with ab initio for any kind of chlorinated compounds is confirmed by results obtained for chloreothylene and chloroethane. We hypothesize that the main problem concerning these methods is that they freeze a too large amount of electrons in the atomic core of elements belonging to the second row, which makes for a wrong description of the core-valence electron interactions. Results obtained by modifying the AM1 parameters related to these interactions confirm our hypothesis. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 874-882 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A numerical method for solving the approximate Schrödinger equation (SE) for a single internal motion is presented. In the SE the reduced moment of inertia I(φ) and potential energy V(φ) are expressed as functions of the torsional angle φ. Molecular examples include ethane, chloroethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane for which I(φ) and V(φ) have been derived from the HF/6-31G* optimized geometries and energies at φ increments of 30°. The resulting potential energy curves, energy levels, and wave functions are shown graphically. The calculated fundamental torsional frequencies are found to fall within 10 cm-1 of the experimental values. Approximations for the off-diagonal energy matrix elements, and numerical accuracy of torsional energy levels, are shown to be satisfactory. Attention is called to the computer programs developed for this work and their applications to torsional studies in relevant areas of spectroscopy, thermodynamics, and reaction rates. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 912-918 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The electronegativities () of some 36 atoms/groups (including some 6 ionic ones) X are calculated from the atomic charges in the corresponding methyl species CH3X that were obtained by applying Bader's theory of atoms in molecules. The numerical values of the for the various groups studied are reasonable and correlate linearly with the two existing experimental scales for group electronegativity, Inamoto's i scale and the 1JCC (ortho-ipso) coupling constants in the monosubstituted benzenes, to satisfactory extents. The relations between the values and some “critical properties” of the various CH3X molecules considered are also studied. It is suggested that in a molecule PX, rP/R where rP is the distance of Bader's critical point on the bond PX of length R from the atom P or the binding atom of the group P can be a very good measure of the electronegativity of the atom/group X. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 565-569 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Modifications to the distance geometry algorithm as embodied in the program DGEOM have been made to improve sampling capabilities. Specifically, torsion angle sampling replaces distance sampling for 1,4 atomic relationships and correlated distance sampling is disabled. The effects of these modifications are illustrated by comparing the different sets of conformations produced for butane. In addition, these changes are shown to increase the conformational sampling of two medium-sized rings, cycloheptadecane and caprylolactam. The current results for these molecules are compared to those of other conformational searching methods.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 595-601 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A two-component Kramers' restricted Hartree-Fock method (KRHF) has been developed for the polyatomic molecules with closed shell configurations. The present KRHF program utilizes the relativistic effective core potentials with spin-orbit operators at the Hartree-Fock (HF) level and produces molecular spinors obeying the double group symmetry. The KRHF program enables the variational calculation of spin-orbit interactions at the HF level. KRHF calculations have been performed for the HX, X2, XY(X, Y = I, Br), and CH3I molecules. It is demonstrated that the orbital energies from KRHF calculations are useful for the interpretation of spin-orbit splittings in photoelectron spectra. In all molecules studied, bond lengths are only slightly expanded, harmonic vibrational frequencies are reduced, and bond energies are significantly decreased by the spin-orbit interactions.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 614-621 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A computational chemistry study of the artificial redox enzyme synthesized by covalently attaching flavin to cyclodextrins explains some of its properties. Calculations indicate that the flavin moiety covalently attached to cyclodextrin is not within the cavity of cyclodextrin. This result is consistent with the UV-vis spectrum of the artificial enzyme. The calculations also indicate hydrogen bonds formed between the carbonyl groups of the catalytic functionality and the hydroxyl groups of cyclodextrin play a role in their most stable conformation. This explains the observed overall stability of these artificial enzymes compared to riboflavin. Electrostatic energies and solvation energies play a major role in the stability of the hosts and the orientation of guests included within the artificial enzymes. The rates of oxidation of various thiols catalyzed by the artificial enzyme can be explained by the relative distances between the sulfur atom of the substrates and C(4a) of the flavin moiety.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 651-656 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The polynomial path is introduced for the calculation of liquid state free energies. The well-characterized SPC, TIP4P, and MCY water models were used to demonstrate its efficiency, as well as its range of applicability in conjunction with Monte Carlo computer simulations using thermodynamic integration based on Gaussian quadratures. The technique employed is compared with the slow-growth method (another variant of thermodynamic integration), the perturbation method, and the use of the grand-canonical ensemble.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 675-680 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The free energy gradient or Hessian of a molecule interacting with a liquid represented by a dielectric continuum is derived in the self-consistent reaction field formalism. An ellipsoidal approximation of the cavity is proposed with an algorithm to automatically define the ellipsoid from the nuclear coordinates of the atoms. With this approximation, geometry optimization of the solvated molecule becomes very fast. This method has been implemented in some standard ab initio or semiempirical computational codes. As a first test of the method, full geometry optimization of formamide in a high dielectric constant medium reveals that the CPU time needed for one optimization cycle is less than 3% longer for a solvated species than for the corresponding free molecule.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 718-721 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The geometry of acryloyl fluoride was optimized completely at the RHF/6-31G* level of theory at 10 points on the theoretical potential energy curve for internal rotation. The energies obtained were used to determine a six term cosine expansion of the torsional potential energy function. This function was then refined using the experimental torsional transition frequencies in the s-trans and s-cis wells in conjunction with the geometrical parameters optimized at the RHF/6-31G* level. The effective potential function obtained is compared with previous results. The necessity of accounting for relaxation of the geometry upon internal rotation is stressed. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 768-771 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Finite-difference Poisson-Boltzmann (FDPB) methods allow a fast and accurate calculations of the reaction field (charge-solvent) energies for molecular systems. Unfortunately, the energy in the FDPB calculations includes the self-energies and the finite-difference approximation to the Coulombic energies as well as the reaction field energy. A second finite-difference calculation, in a uniform dielectric, is therefore necesssary to eliminate these contributions. In this article we describe a rapid and accurate method to calculate the self energy and finite-difference Coulombic energies in a uniform dielectric thus eliminating the need for a second finite-difference calculation. The computational savings for this method range from a factor of 4 for a typical protein to a factor of 103 for small molecules. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 793-798 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Simulation data from an off-lattice polymer model are compared with data from the Rouse model. The polymer model is built of sequentially connected rigid monomer units that represent the amide planes of a protein backbone. The time propagation of the dynamics of the polymer model is performed by a Monte Carlo method. The elementary Monte Carlo steps correspond to local confomational changes in a window of three consecutive monomer units. The time autocorrelation functions of end-to-end distances from segments within the linear chain molecule are considered in detail. Both models exhibit a stretched exponential decay pattern. A comparison of the data from the Rouse model and the computer simulation provide an estimate of the time unit of 15 ps for a full scan of the algorithm for local conformational changes along the chain. With a conservative estimate of the parameters governing the Rouse model this time unit is four orders of magnitude longer than the elementary time step of a conventional computer simulation of polymer dynamics based upon the classical equations of motion for all atoms. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 838-841 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A bond and group equivalent scheme that allows the calculation of heats of formation for carboxylic acids and esters from ab initio 6-31G* energies has been developed. For a group of 16 compounds, the rms error for the calculated heats of formation was 0.64 kcal/mol. Heats of formation have been predicted for an additional seven compounds for which the experimental values are either unknown or suspect. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 830-837 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A semi-empirical NDDO method, generalized from a similar scheme at the CNDO/2 level developed previously, is presented to treat very large molecules. The extended molecular system is divided into a relatively small subsystem where substantial chemical changes take place and an environment remaining more-or-less unperturbed during the process. Expanding the wave function on an atomic hybrid basis an SCF procedure is performed for the subsystem in the field of the iteratively determined electronic distribution of the environment. A computer program has been written for the IBM RISC System/6000 530 computer and several test calculations were done for a variety of large classical molecules, like substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons, water oligomers, and a heptapeptide. Protonation energies, proton transfer potential curves, rotational barriers, atomic net charges, and HOMO and LUMO energies, as computed by the exact version of the NDDO method, are fairly well reproduced by our approximation if the subsystem is appropriately defined. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 56
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Four semiempirical methods (AM1, MNDO, PM3, and MINDO/3) are used to calculate the deformation angles of [n]paracyclophanes and their Dewar benzene isomers for n = 3… 10. The results obtained by all these methods are in good agreement with data from X-ray studies. We have determined the strain energies that, in both series of compounds, are due to two components: (1) the strain energy of deformation of the cycle (aromatic or Dewar Benzene skeletons) and (2) the strain energy of the oligomethylene chain. In [6]paracyclophane, the strain energy [SEring(MNDO) ≍ 32.9 kcal/mol] almost compensates the resonance energy (Eresonance ≈ 36 kcal/mol) so that its chemical properties are closer to alkenes than to benzenic compounds. To better reproduce the enthalpy of the valence isomerization [n]Dewar bezene → [n]paracyclophane, which is poorly calculated with these methods, a correction is proposed and the reaction enthalpy of [6]paracyclophane is estimated to be about ΔHr ≈ 15 ± 15 kcal/mol. It is found that MNDO and MINDO/3 need the smallest corrections, but MNDO leads to better geometries than MINDO/3. In conclusion, MNDO seems to be the best technique for further studies of these compounds. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 1089-1097 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Our recently proposed scheme for including aqueous solvation free energies in parameterized NDDO SCF models is extended to the Parameterized Model 3 semiempirical Hamiltonian. The solvation model takes accurate account of the hydrophobic effect for hydrocarbons, as well as electric polarization of the solvent, the free energy of cavitation, and dispersion interactions. Eight heteroatoms are included (along with H and C), and the new model is parameterized accurately for the water molecule itself, which allows meaningful treatments of specifically hydrogen bonded water molecules. The unphysical partial charges on nitrogen atoms predicted by the Parameterized Model 3 Hamiltonian limit the accuracy of the predicted solvation energies for some compounds containing nitrogen, but the model may be very useful for other systems, especially those for which PM3 is preferred over AM1 for the solute properties of the particular system under study. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 1119-1124 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The particular expression that relates the first Mori coefficients of the solvent particles with the solute particles as a function of their masses m1 and m2 is generalized to the case of the solute particle also having a different volume. The resulting density relationship, in terms of the mass factor M(m2) and coupling constants CD, is also valid for the second Mori coefficients and for two- and three-dimensional system. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 1170-1170 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
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  • 60
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 1216-1233 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A distribution of conformations of heptaalanine is obtained using a new Monte Carlo (MC) method that grows the chain atom by atom. Resulting configurations are energy minimized and a detailed analysis is performed of the minimum-energy conformers using a method of classification that partitions φψ space. The MC-generated configurations are compared with those generated from high-temperature molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It is found that the new method generates a wide distribution of low-energy conformers at least 10 times more quickly than the MD. An analysis of the generated energy minima demonstrates that they can be divided into clusters in the space defined by the five pairs of φ - ψ angles of the inner residues. The space occupied by the minima populating each cluster is restricted. © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992) 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
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  • 62
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: An algorithm for the rapid analytical determination of the accessible surface areas of solute molecules is described. The accessible surface areas as well as the derivatives with respect to the Cartesian coordinates of the atoms are computed by a program called “MSEED,” which is based in part on Connolly's analytical formulas for determining surface area. Comparisons of the CPU time required for MSEED, Connolly's numerical algorithm DOT, and a program for surface area determination (ANA) based on Connolly's analytical algorithm, are presented. MSEED is shown to be as much as 70 times faster than ANA and up to 11 times faster than DOT for several proteins. The greater speed of MSEED is achieved partially because nonproductive computation of the surface areas of internal atoms is avoided. A sample minimization of an energy function, which included a term for hydration, was carried out on MET-enkephalin using MSEED to compute the solvent-accessible surface area and its derivatives. The potential employed was ECEPP/2 plus an empirical potential for solvation based on the solvent-accessible surface area of the peptide. The CPU time required for 150 steps of minimization with the potential that included solvation was approximately twice as great as the CPU time required for 150 steps of minimization with the ECEPP/2 potential only.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The application of molecular mechanics methods for the study of structures has become a standard approach to conformational analysis. The MM2 force field has been extended to include imines. In general, a diverse group of aliphatic and aromatic imine structures can now be treated. The rotational energy profiles and barriers to N-substituted imines about the Csp2—Csp2 single bonds adjacent to C=N functional group were calculated via ab initio MO theory. Information obtained from the quantum mechanical calculations at the 3-21G, 6-31G*, and MP4/6-31G* //6-31G* levels was used both to study the phenomena involved and to parameterize MM2. The syn-anti isomerization was also studied, and the mechanistic pathways have been evaluated. In cases where the comparison with experimental data can be made, the agreements are good.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The recently extended SINDO1 method is used to study geometries, electronic structures, and chemical bonding of transition metal organometallic compounds. The optimized distances and angles between metal atoms and organic ligands are in fair agreement with experimental data and are comparable to ab initio results. The comparison of orbital energies between the current method and ab initio methods shows that the method can give a correct description of electronic structure and bonding patterns of organometallic compounds. The method is also used to calculate atomic and bond valence, which are defined in terms of appropriate combinations of first-order density matrix elements for molecules. The valence indices provide a straightforward and easy-to-interpret way to analyze the magnitude of metal-carbon and metal-metal bonds.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 135-141 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A preliminary study of the capability of the finite difference and finite element methods (FDM, FEM) to evaluate eigenvalues of one-, two-, and three-dimensional self-adjoint operators is reported with reference to applications dealing with the description of vibrational levels. Results of harmonic oscillator model potentials and ab initio PES for the water molecule are obtained by using the FDM. In spite of the large matrices used, low accuracy, nonvariational results are found. A different method, based on FEM and normal coordinates, is therefore proposed. Two nearly harmonic cases are studied and it is shown that variational results with higher accuracy can be obtained with a moderate cost. The vibrational levels of the water molecule are also calculated in order to compare the results with those of the FDM treatment.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 160-164 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A coarse-grain, parallel approach to direct Hartree-Fock calculations is presented and discussed. The suggested scheme allows for a near asymptotic speedup involving a very low parallelization overhead without compromising the vector performance of vector-parallel architectures. A shared-memory MIMD implementation, for which very high speeds of computation have been achieved, is discussed in detail.
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: In this article we report a newly developed direct CI program and its preliminary applications. This program is based mainly on the relationship between direct and exchange type loops and the rederivation of the external loop shapes.
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  • 68
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 199-213 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Our previously developed approaches for integrating quantum mechanical molecular orbital methods with microscopic solvent models are refined and examined. These approaches consider the nonlinear solute-solvent coupling in a self-consistent way by incorporating the potential from the solvent dipoles in the solute Hamiltonian, while considering the polarization of the solvent by the potential from the solute charges. The solvent models used include the simplified Langevin Dipoles (LD) model and the much more expensive surface constrained All Atom Solvent (SCAAS) model, which is combined with a free energy pertubation (FEP) approach. Both methods are effectively integrated with the quantum mechanical AMPAC package and can be easily combined with other quantum mechanical programs. The advantages of the present approaches and their earlier versions over macroscopic reaction field models and supermolecular approaches are considered. A LD/MNDO study of solvated organic ions demonstrates that this model can yield reliable solvation energies, provided the quantum mechanical charges are scaled to have similar magnitudes to those obtained by high level ab initio methods. The incorporation of a field-dependent hydrophobic term in the LD free energy makes the present approach capable of evaluating the free energy of transfer of polar molecules from non polar solvents to aqueous solutions. The reliability of the LD approach is examined not only by evaluating a rather standard set of solvation energies of organic ions and polar molecules, but also by considering the stringent test case of sterically hindered hydrophobic ions. In this case, we compare the LD/MNDO solvation energies to the more rigorous FEP/SCAAS/MNDO solvation energies. Both methods are found to give similar results even in this challenging test case. The FEP/SCAAS/AMPAC method is incorporated into the current version of the program ENZYMIX. This option allows one to study chemical reactions in enzymes and in solutions using the MNDO and AM1 approximations. A special procedure that uses the EVB method as a reference potential for SCF MO calculations should help in improving the reliability of such studies.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 69
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 257-267 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: PEFF is a new computer program designed to assist in the development of empirical force fields used in molecular mechanics calculations. Its main features are: constrained and unconstrained energy minimization available with four different techniques, rigid group refinement, crystal lattice summations, calculation of normal modes, thermodynamic functions and crystallographic temperature factors, vibrational corrections of calculated crystal structures, and a multidimensional driver to scan the energy hypersurface. Used in force field optimization mode, the program employs a least-squares method to fit the force field parameters to a set of experimental data.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 70
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 318-328 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Hartree-Fock self-consistent field calculations on the 3-21G(*) level of approximation have been performed to phosphorylcholine and its derivatives in a geometry close to an X-ray structure of an antibody/antigen complex. Wave functions have been analyzed using different methods for derivation of atomic charges used as Coulomb charges in empirical force fields for molecular dynamics simulations. Among the three applied methods - Mulliken population analysis, natural population analysis, and electrostatical fit - the natural population analysis seems to give best results for these molecules.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 71
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 362-370 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The solvation free energies of thymine and adenine were calculated using free energy methods to examine the effect of applying Lennard-Jones 6-12 and 10-12 perturbations to the hydrogen-bonding groups. The calculations were performed using a new free energy algorithm developed for the AMBER 4.0 program package that allows an interaction described by a Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential to be changed into one described by a hydrogen bond 10-12 potential. The algorithm applied allows this change to occur smoothly without the generation of more extrema on the potential surface. Results using this algorithm have been compared with those determined using the standard AMBER 3.0 Revision A program package, which provides for 6-12 to 6-12 parameter perturbations only. We have also developed a procedure to perform pyrimidine to purine nucleoside mutations to calculate the relative free energies of solvation directly. The theoretical results are compared to experimental energies derived from solvation and vaporization data taken from the literature. The free energies calculated using the new algorithm show good agreement with the derived experimental values. This is also true for the calculations that employ the 6-12 function only, but with 6-12 parameters modified to reflect the correct hydrogen-bonding interactions. However, perturbation of the “standard” 6-12 parameters without changing the functional form proves to be less effective in determining solvation free energies correctly, and demonstrates the importance of accurate hydrogen bond descriptions in free energy simulations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 72
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 399-407 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Ab initio calculations are reported for dimerization-induced changes, Δk, in the harmonic force constant k of the H-bonded OH in water dimer. Two dimer geometries are considered. Δk is obtained by considering the perturbation of a given monomer OH potential by the interaction energy in the dimer in question. The interaction energy is partitioned to identify the role of the various contributions to Δk. The sensitivity of Δk to the choice of the one-electron basis set is studied by using five different basis sets, some of which have a set of bond functions in the H—O bond. At the correlated level, correction for basis set superposition error is found to be essential. A comparison is made of the correlation contribution to Δk as given by the CEPA1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 methods. Of these, MP2 gives exaggerated results. Nevertheless, for economical and reasonably accurate calculations on large systems the MP2 approach in the ESPB basis set is advocated. The most accurate calculations yield a shift Δv0-;1 of - 121 cm-1 for the uncoupled donor O-H vibrational frequency in water dimer.
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  • 73
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 414-422 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: In ab initio Hartree - Fock crystal orbital calculations of chemical and physical properties of polymers, the huge number of two-electron integrals restricts the size of the elementary cell. Therefore, the question arises how the storage and computation resources of modern parallel supercomputers can be exploited. In this work, we report the parallelization of the one- and two-electron integral programs, respectively, for the parallel computer SUPRENUM. A short description of the hardware and software environment of this supercomputer is given. The results are discussed with respect to speed-up and efficiency.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 74
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 505-524 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The ability to generate feasible binding orientations of a small molecule within a site of known structure is important for ligand design. We present a method that combines a rapid, geometric docking algorithm with the evaluation of molecular mechanics interaction energies. The computational costs of evaluation are minimal because we precalculate the receptor-dependent terms in the potential function at points on a three-dimensional grid. In four test cases where the components of crystallographically determined complexes are redocked, the “force field” score correctly identifies the family of orientations closest to the experimental binding geometry. Scoring functions that consider only steric factors or only electrostatic factors are less successful. The force field function will play an important role in our efforts to search databases for potential lead compounds.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 533-538 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: We investigate and test an algorithm suitable for the parallel calculation of the potential energy of a protein, or its spatial gradient, when the protein atoms interact via pair potentials. This algorithm is similar to one previously proposed, but it is more efficient, having half the interprocessor communications costs. For a given protein, we show that there is an optimal number of processors that gives a maximum speedup of the potential energy calculation compared to a sequential machine. (Using more than the optimum number of processors actually increases the computation time). With the optimum number the computation time is proportional to the protein size N. This is a considerable improvement in performance compared to sequential machines, where the computation time is proportional to N2. We also show that the dependence of the maximum speedup on the message latency time is relatively weak.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 76
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 560-564 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Among some 2-substituted 4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin 2-sulfides, the 2-OMe derivative has the sulfur atom mainly in the quasiequatorial position. On the other hand, the conformation in which the sulfur is quasiaxial is favored in the 2-NHMe and 2-Et derivatives. We have done ab initio molecular orbital calculations for the model compounds, and such a substituent effect was reproduced. Moreover, the effect was discussed in terms of the intramolecular electrostatic interactions and the degree of charge distribution.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992), S. 570-578 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The Tyson-Fife reaction-diffusion equations are solved numerically using a locally implicit approach. Since the variables evolve at very different time scales, the resulting system of equations is stiff. The reaction term is responsible for the stiffness and the time step is increased by using an implicit method. The diffusion operator is evaluated explicitly and the system of implicit nonlinear equations is decoupled. The method is particularly useful for parameter values in which the equations are very stiff, such as the values obtained directly from the experimental reaction rate constants. Previous efforts modified the parameters on the equations to avoid stiffness. The equations then become a simplified model of excitable media and, for those cases, the locally implicit method gives a faster although less accurate solution. Nevertheless, since the modified equations no longer represent a particular chemical system an accurate solution is not as important. The algorithm is applied to observe the transition from simple motion to compound motion of a spiral tip.
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  • 78
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 13 (1992) 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
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  • 79
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 609 (1992), S. 95-98 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Tungsten bronze, Cs0.29WO3 ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A Novel Synthetic Access to the Tungsten Bronze Cs0.29WO3 and its Crystal StructureThe hexagonal tungsten bronze Cs0.29WO3 was obtained in form of black, prismatic crystal by the reduction of WO3 with molten cesium iodide at 700°C. Its crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction (399 unique observed reflexions, R = 0.058). Crystal data: a = 741.2(3), c = 760.0(5) pm, space group P6322, Z = 6. It corresponds to the known structure of hexagonal tungsten bronzes, having tungsten atoms displaced from the octahedra centres by 11.9 pm and with three different W—O bond lengths (198, 191, 187 pm). The WO6 octahedra are slightly titled mutually.
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion von WO3 in einer Caesiumiodid-Schmelze bei 700°C entsteht die hexagonale Wolframbronze Cs0.29WO3 in Form schwarzer, hexagonal-prismatischer Kristalle. Ihre Struktur wurde durch Röntgenbeugung bestimmt (399 beobachtete unabhängige Reflexe, R = 5,8%). Kristalldaten: a = 741,2(3), c = 760,0(5) pm, Raumgruppe P6322, Z = 6. Es handelt sich um die bekannte Struktur der hexagonalen Wolframbronzen mit Wolframatomen, die aus den Oktaedermitten um 11,9 pm herausgerückt sind und mit drei verschiedenen W—O-Bindungslängen (198, 191, 187 pm). Die WO6-Oktaeder sind leicht gegeneinander verkippt.
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  • 80
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 609 (1992), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Diphosphete ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: X-Ray Crystal Structure Determination of 1,3-Bis(diethylamino)-1,3-dibenzyl-2,4-diphenyl-1λ5, 3λ5-diphospheteBenzylidene-diethylamino-benzylfuorophosphorane, 1, reacts with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide to give the title compounds 2 and 1-diethylamino-2,3-diphenylphosphirane, 3. Only one of the stereoisomers of 2 is formed in which the two benzyl groups are located on the same side of the planar four-membered ring. 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n.
    Notes: Benzyliden-diethylamino-benzylfuorphosphoran, 1, reagiert mit Lithium-bis(trimethylsilyl)-amid zur Titelverbindung 2 und 1-Diethylamino-2,3-diphenylphosphiran, 3. Von 2 wird nur das Stereoisomer gebildet, bei dem die beiden Benzylgruppen auf der gleichen Seite des ebenen viergliedrigen Rings angeordnet sind. 2 kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/n.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 81
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 609 (1992), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Xenon oxygen compounds ; Xe(OTeF5)4 ; O2Xe(OTeF5)2 ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Strukturen von Xenon-Sauerstoff-VerbindungenDie Struktur des lange bekannten Xe(OTeF5)4 wurde durch die Kristallstrukturanalyse aufgeklärt. Das Xenonatom ist von vier Sauerstoffatomen in einer regelmäßigen quadratisch planaren Anordnung umgeben. O2Xe(OTeF5)2 ensteht gemäß O — Xe(OTeF5)4 → O2Xe(OTeF5)2 + F5Te—O—TeF5. Die Struktur - wiederum mit Hilfe der Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt - zeigt das Xenonatom in einer sehr verzerrten tetraedrischen oder pseudo-trigonal bipyramidalen Umgebung. Das Elektronenpaarabstoßungsmodell versagt hier bei der Erklärung der Feinheiten dieser Struktur.
    Notes: The structure of long known Xe(OTeF5)4 is established by x-ray crystallography. The xenon atom is surrounded by four equidistant oxygen atoms in a square planar manner. O2Xe(OTeF5)2 is formed according to OXe(OTeF5)4 → O2Xe(OTeF5)2 + F5TeOTeF5, Its structure, again established by x-ray crystallography, shows a very distorted tetrahedral or pseudo-trigonal bipyramidal xenon environment. The electron pair repulsion models fails here in explaining the details of this geometry.
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  • 82
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 607 (1992), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rhenium complexes ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Hydronium-tris-ethylenediamine-cobalt(rhodium)-μ-trichloro-nonachlorotrirhenate(III)-chloride, H3O[MEn3][Re3Cl12]Cl (M=Co, Rh)The chlorides H3O[MEn3][Re3Cl12]CI (M = Co, 1; Rh, 2) crystallize from hydrochloric acid solutions of ReCl3 and MEn3 · 3H2O as deep red hexagonal columns. They are isotypic and crystallize with the hexagonal system (P6, Z = 1; 1: a = 1010.87(3); c = 794.30(4) pm, R = 0.023, Rw = 0.016; 2: a = 1018.58(3); c = 794.74(4) pm, R = 0.026, Rw = 0.018). The anions [Re3Cl12]3- are connected via H3O+ cation (C.N. 3). The large channels that run in the [001] direction contain, alternatively, the cations [MEn3]3+ and the lonesome Cl--anions
    Notes: Die Chloride H3O[MEn3][Re3CI12]CI(M = Co, 1; Rh, 2) Kristallisieren in Form tiefroter hexagonaler Säulen aus salzsauren Lösungen von ReCI3 und MEn3CI3 · 3H2O aus. Sie sind isotyp und Kristallisieren im hexagonalen System (P6, Z = 1; 1: a = 1010,87(3); C = 794,30(4)pm, Rw = 0,016; : a = 1018,58(3); c = 794,74(4)pm, R = 0,026, Rw = 0,018). Die Anionen [ Re3Cl12]3- werden über H3O+ (C.N. 3) verknüpft; in die entstehenden Kanäle sind längs [001] abwechselnd die Kationen [MEn3]3+ und die einsamen Cl--Ionen eingelagert.
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  • 83
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 607 (1992), S. 121-123 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Quaternary fluorides ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Investigations on Quaternary FluoridesFor the first time the quaternary fluorides M12MIILnF7 (M1 = Na, Ag; MII = Ca, Cd; Ln = Er—Lu) had been prepared and examined with with X-ray diffraction. All these compounds crystallize in a cubic face-centered lattice. Colourless single crystals of Na2CdYbF7 were obtained and the structure was determined. Na2CdYbF7 crystallizes in the space group Fm3M-O5h, No. 225. The single-crystal diffraction data refer to a Defect-Fluorite-Structure. The R-value for 332 observed (29 independend) reflections is 2.2%.
    Notes: Erstmals wurden die quarternären Fluoride M12M11LnF7 (M1 = Na, Ag; M11 = Ca, Cd; Ln = Er—Lu) dargestellt und röntgenographisch untersucht. Alle Verbindungen kristallisieren kubisch flächenzentriert. An farblosen Einkristallen von Na2CdYbF7 wurde eine Strukturbestimmung durchgeführt. Na2CdYbF7 kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe Fm3m-O5h, Nr. 225. Die Meßwerte verweisen auf eine Defekt-Fluorit-Struktur. Der R-Wert fär 332 beobachtete (29 unabhängige) Röntgenreflexe beträgt 2,2%.
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  • 84
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 614 (1992), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Transition metal halides acetylacetonate complexes ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Addition of Transition Metal Dihalides to Acetylacetonates of Divalent Metal IonsTransition metal dihalides aMIIX2 (FeCl2, CoCl2 NiBr2 etc.) are added by the chelates MII(acac)2 under formation of binuclear complexes (THF)2MII(acac)2(aMIIX2). The octahedral and the tetrahedral centre of these compounds are connected by tridentate oxygen atoms of the two acetylacetonato ligands which are simultaneously included in four-membered rings (MIIO2aMII). The addition is combined with a deformation of the octahedral centre, as a prerequisite of a closest package of the atoms within the MIIO2aMII-ring.In the trinuclear complex (THF)2Ni(acac)2(HgCl2)2 III the interaction between the three coordination centres is weak. No structural change of the octahedral centre (THF)2Ni(acac)2 is found, but the HgCl2-groups diverge slightly from linearity (Cl—Hg—Cl 171.1°).No binuclear complexes with a central ion of the oxidation state III in the octahedral centre were obtained. One reason is the lowered donor strength of the bidentate Lewis base function of the octahedral centre [(THF)2Mn+(acac)2]n-2 with M+3 as a centralatom. Reacting systems with di- and trivalent ions prefer ionic complexes, as it is shown by the formation of [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV from VCl3 and Co(acac)2.The crystal structures of (THF)2Co(acac)2CoCl2II and [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV were determined by x-ray diffraction. II: orthorhombic-primitive; space group P212121, Z = 4; a = 967.4(2), b = 1453.4(3), c = 1715.9(4) pm; R = 0.049 for 3084 observed reflections. IV: triclinic; space group P1, Nr. 2; Z = 2; a = 871,5(2), b = 930,6(3), c = 1865,6(6) pm; α = 101,70(2), b̃ = 92,45(2), γ = 91,06(2)°; R = 0,060 für 4221 observed reflections.
    Notes: Bis(acetylacetonate) von Magnesium(II), Cobalt(II) oder Nickel(II) addieren Dihalogenide wie FeCl2, CoCl2 oder NiBr2 (aMIIX2) unter Bildung binuklearer Komplexe (THF)2MII(acac)2(aMIIX2), in denen ein oktaedrisches und ein tetraedrisches Zentrum über zwei dreibindige Sauerstoffatome der Acetylacetonatliganden miteinander verknüpft sind (Bildung eines viergliedrigen MIIO2aMII-Ringes). Die Addition ist mit einer Deformation des oktaedrischen Zentrums verbunden, die eine dichte Packung der vier Atome des MIIO2aMII-Ringes ermöglicht.Im trinuklearen Komplex (THF)2Ni(acac)2(HgCl2)2 III bleibt die Wechselwirkung zwischen den drei Koordinationszentren gering. Das oktaedrische Zentrum (THF)2Ni(acac)2 wird strukturell nicht verändert, allerdings weichen die beiden HgCl2-Bausteine (Valenzwinkel 171,1°) von der Linearität ab.Es gelang nicht, binukleare Komplexe mit einem Zentralatom der Oxidationsstufe III im oktaedrischen Zentrum darzustellen. Ein Grund dafür ist die verringerte Donorstärke der zweizähligen Lewisbasen-Funktion im oktaedrischen Zentrum [(THF)Mn+(acac)2]n-2 für M+3 als Zentralion. Reaktive Systeme mit zwei- und dreiwertigen Kationen weichen auf die Seite von ionischen Komplexen aus, wie die Bildung von [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV aus VCl3 und Co(acac)2 zeigt.Die Kristallstrukturen von (THF)2Co(acac)2CoCl2 II und [(THF)2V(acac)2][(THF)CoCl3] IV wurden durch Röntgenbeugung bestimmt.II: orthorhombisch primitiv, Raumgruppe P212121, Z = 4; a = 967,4(2), b = 1453,4(3), c = 1715,9(4) pm; R = 0,049 für 3084 beobachtete Reflexe.IV: triklin, Raumgruppe P1, Nr.2; Z = 2; a = 871,5(2), b = 930,6(3), c = 1865,6(6) pm; α = 101,70(2), b̃ = 92,45(2), γ = 91,06(2)°; R = 0,060 für 4221 beobachtete Reflexe.
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  • 85
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 610 (1992), S. 145-150 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Iodinetrimethylsilane · β-picoline ; -.γ-picoline ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal Structure of Me3SiI · β-Picoline and Me3SiI · γ-Picoline A Comparison between the Lewis-Bases Pyridine, β-Picoline, and γ-PicolineThe reaction of Iodinetrimethylsilane with β- und γ-Picoline (Pic) leads to solid 1 : 1 compounds Me3SiI · β-Picoline 1, Me3SiI · γ-Picoline 2. The reaction was performed at room temperature. Yellow single crystals were obtained by sublimation. Single crystal X-ray investigations confirm that both compounds are ionic [Me3SiPic]+I-. The comparison of β-Picoline with γ-Picoline and Pyridine (Py) demonstrates that the presence of a methyl group and also its position has no significant influence on the Si—N bond length in compound 1, 2 and on the adduct Me3SiI · Py.
    Notes: Iodtrimethylsilan reagiert mit β- und γ-Picolin (Pic) bei Raumtemperatur zu festen 1 : 1 Addukten (M3SiI · β-Picolin 1, Me3SiI · γ-Picolin 2), die durch Sublimation leicht gelblich gefärbte Einkristalle bilden. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse beider Verbindungen beweist eine ionische Struktur des Typs [Me3SiPic]+ I-. Der Vergleich von β-Picolin mit γ-Picolin und Pyridin (Py) zeigt, daß die Anwesenheit einer Methylgruppe und auch deren Position keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Si—N-Bindungslänge in Verbindung 1, 2 und dem Addukt Me3SiI · Py hat.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Cesium hydroxide hydrates ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrates of Weak and Strong Bases. VII. Concerning the System Cesium Hydroxide - Water: The Crystal Structures of CsOH · 2H2O and CsOH · 3H2OIn the context of structural studies of hydrates of the alkali metal hydroxide the crystal structure of CsOH · 2H2O and CsOH · 3H2O have been determined for the first time. The diffractometer data, obtained at -150 · C,made it possible to locate and refine also all the H-atoms. The dihydrate was found to probably form only one phase, melting incongruently at 2,5 · C. It is orthorhombic with space group Pca21 and Z = 8 formula units per unit cell. The lattice constants are a = 13.238, b = 6.747 and c = 9.121 A. With 1870 independent observed reflection a final R value of 0.013 was obtained. The trihydrate, melting congruently et -5.5 ·C, is monoclinic with space group P21/n,Z = 4 and lattice constants a = 8.637, b = 5.984, c = 10.061 Å and ß = 96.57 ·. With 2098 independent observed reflection the final R is 0.026. In both hydrate structures there are no simple characteristic coordination polyhedra for the cations; in each case it is rather the hydrogen-bonded and fully ordered anionic water structure which shows up as the determining building principle. Both these water structures are altogether three-dimensional, but primarily contain layers. The anionic layers are formed by condensation of small and medium rings, namely four-, five- and seven-membered rings in CsOH · 2H2O and four-, five- and six membered ones in CsOH · 3H2O. They are linked together by one set each of extra H2O molecules between the layers as well as by the Cs+ ions.
    Notes: In Zusammenhang mit Untersuchungen zur Struktur von Hydraten der Alkalimetallhydroxide wurden die Kristallstrukturen von CsOH · 2H2O und CsoH · 3H2O erstmalig bestimmt. Die bei - 150°C erhaltenen Diffraktometerdaten erlaubten dabei auch die Lokalisierung und Verfeinerung Sämtlicher H-Atome. Das nach eigenen Untersuchungen wahrscheinlich nur einphasig vorliegende Dihydrat schmilzt inkongruent bei 2,5°C und kristallisiert orthorhombisch mit der Raumgruppe Pca21 und Z = 8 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle sowie den Gitterkonstanten a = 13,238, b = 6,747 und c = 9,121 ß. Mit 1870 unabhängigen beobachteten Reflexen wurde ein abschließender R-Wert von 0,013 erreicht. Das bei - 5,5°C kongruent schmelzende Trihydrat ist monoklin mit der Raumgruppe P21/n und Z = 4. Die Gitterkonstanten betragen a = 8,637, b = 5,984, c = 10,061 A und ß = 96,57°. Mit 2098 unabhängigen beobachteten Reflexen liegt der abschließende R-Wert bei 0,026. In beiden Hydratstrukturen gibt es keine einfachen charakteristischen Koordinationspolyeder für die Kationen; vielmehr wird jeweils die durch H-Brücken gebildete und vollständig geordnete anionische Wasserstruktur zum bestimmenden Bauprinzip. Beide Wasserstrukturen sind insgesamt dreidimensional, enthalten primär aber Schichten. Die aus Kondensierten Kleinen und mittleren Ringen, nämlich Vier-, Fünf - und Siebenringen (CsOH · 2H2O) bzw. Vier-, Fünf- und Sechsringen (CsOH · 3H2O), bestehenden anionischen Schichten werden jeweils über einen Satz weiterer H2O-Moleküle zwischen den Schichten sowie über die Cs+-Ionen miteinander verknüpft.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Phosphorane iminato complex of niobium ; synthesis ; IR spectrum ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Bis(triphenylphosphorane-iminato)niobium Trichloride, [NbCl3(NPPh3)2], a Complex with Coordination Number Five at the Niobium AtomThe title compound has been prepared from niobium pentachloride with Me3SiNPPh3 in acetonitrile solution, forming colourless, moisture sensitive crystals. They were characterized by IR spectroscopy and by an X-ray structure determination. [NbCl3(NPPh3)2] crystallizes monoclinically in the space group Cc with four formula units per unit cell, 3682 observed, unique reflections, R = 0.042%. Lattice dimensions at 20°C: a = 1025.1(2); b = 1870.6(6); c = 1832.5(5) pm, β = 91.83(2)°. The niobium atom of the complex is coordinated in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal fashion, while the nitrogen atoms of the two phosphorane iminato ligands are in equatorial position along with one chlorine atom. NbN and PN distances accord with double bonds; with a mean value of 242.0 pm the Nb—Cl distances are remarkably long.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung entsteht in Form farbloser, feuchtigkeitsempfindlicher Kristalle bei der Reaktion von Niobpentachlorid mit Me3SiNPPh3 in Acetonitrillösung. Sie wird durch das IR-Spektrum und eine röntgenographische Strukturanalyse charakterisiert. [NbCl3(NPPh3)2] kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe Cc mit vier Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle, 3682 beobachtete unabhängige Reflexe, R = 4,2%. Gitterabmessungen bei 20°C: a = 1025,1(2); b = 1870,6(6); c = 1832,5(5) pm, β = 91,83(2)°. In dem Komplex ist das Niobatom verzerrt trigonal-bipyramidal koordiniert, wobei die N-Atome der beiden Phosphaniminatoliganden zusammen mit einem Chloratom äquatorial angeordnet sind. NbN- und PN-Abstände entsprechen Doppelbindungen; die Nb—Cl-Abstände sind mit dem Mittelwert von 242,0 pm auffällig lang.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Weberite ; crystal structure ; nickel aluminium fluoride ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Crystal Structure of Na2NiAlF7  -  a Contribution to the Problem of the True Space Group of Orthorhombic WeberitesThe X-ray single crystal structure determination of the orthorhombic weberite Na2NiAlF7 (a = 707.4(2), b = 1003.8(2), c = 731.5(1) pm; Z = 4) was performed in space group Imma, after all reflections hk0 with h(k) = 2n + 1 could be eliminated, as they proved simulated by Renninger effect and/or λ/2 reflections. The alternative space groups Imm2 resp. I212121 of former weberite structure determinations thus became obsolete. The refinement using 880 independent reflections ended at wR = 0.0232. The resulting average distances within the framework of octahedra are Ni—F = 197.3, Al—F = 180.4 pm.
    Notes: Die Röntgen-Einkristallstrukturbestimmung des orthorhombischen Weberits Na2NiAlF7 (a = 707,4(2), b = 1003,8(2), c = 731,5(1) pm; Z = 4) wurde in der Raumgruppe Imma vorgenommen, nachdem alle Reflexe hk0 mit h(k) = 2n + 1 eliminiert werden konnten, weil sie sich durch Renninger-Effekt und/oder λ/2-Reflexe als vorgetäuscht erwiesen. Damit wurden die alternativen Raumgruppen Imm2 bzw. I212121 früherer Weberit-Strukturbestimmungen obsolet. Die Verfeinerung mit 880 unabhängigen Reflexen schloß ab mit wR = 0,0232. Die resultierenden Mittelwerte für die Abstände im Oktaedernetz betragen Ni—F = 197,3 pm, Al—F = 180,4 pm.
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 615 (1992), S. 16-18 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Ytterbium nitrates ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Molecular and Crystal Structure of Ytterbium(III)-triaqua-trinitrate, Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3 crystallizes from a concentrated solution of Yb2O3 in nitric acid in a vacuum desiccator at ambient temperature as colourless single crystals. The crystal structure was determined from single crystal four-circle diffractometer data (R3, Z = 6, a = 1175.5(1), c = 1117.7(2) pm, Vm = 134.25 cm3/mol, R = 3.0%, Rw = 2.9%). The structure may be viewed at as a heavily compressed packing of [Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3] molecules. Yb3+ is coordinated by three bidentate nitrate ligands and three water molecules so that a tricapped trigonal prism (C.N. 9) of oxygen atoms results as the coordination polyhedron.
    Notes: Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3 kristallisiert aus einer konzentrierten Lösung von Yb2O3 in Salpetersäure im Vakuumexsikkator bei Raumtemperatur in Form farbloser Einkristalle aus. Die Kristallstruktur wurde aus Einkristall-Vierkreis-Diffraktometer-Daten bestimmt (R3, Z = 6, a = 1175,5(1), c = 1117,7(2) pm, Vm = 134,25 cm3/mol, R = 3,0%, Rw = 2,9%). Sie kann als stark gestauchte Kugelpackung von [Yb(H2O)3(NO3)3]- Molekülen aufgefaßt werden. In diesen ist Yb3+ von drei zweizähnigen Nitratliganden und drei Wassermolekülen in Form eines dreifach bekappten trigonalen Prismas (C. N. 9) von Sauerstoffatomen umgeben.
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 615 (1992), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Bis(7-isopropyl-8-quinolinato)nickel(II) ; crystal structure ; association of nickel 8-quinolates ; steric hindrance ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chelates of 8-Quinolinol Derivatives. XII. Crystal and Molecular Structure of Bis(7-isopropyl-8-quinolinato)nickel(II)The crystal and molecular structure of bis(7-isopropyl-8-quinolinato)nickel(II) was determined by X-ray diffraction. The structure is monoclinic with the space group P21/n (Z = 2, 1403 observed independent reflections, R = 0.049. Lattice dimensions at 20°C: a = 1328.3(5) pm, b = 632.8(2) pm, c = 1330.0(5) pm, β = 112.99(3)°). The coordination of the nickel atom is planar with the quinoline rings in trans position.
    Notes: Die Kristallstruktur von Bis(7-isopropylchinolin-8-olato)nickel(II) wurde durch eine Röntgenkristallstrukturuntersuchung bestimmt. Es liegt ein monoklines Kristallsystem mit der Raumgruppe P21/n vor (Z = 2, beobachtete unabhängige Reflexe 1403, R = 4,9%, Gitterabmessungen bei 20°C: a = 1328,3(5) pm, b = 632,8(2) pm, c = 1330,0(5) pm, β = 112,99(3)°). Das Nickelatom ist planar koordiniert mit den beiden Chinolinringen in trans-Stellung.
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 612 (1992), S. 17-20 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Barium ; zinc ; oxygen ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Crystal Structure of Ba2ZnO3Single crystals of Ba2ZnO3 were prepared by solid state reaction. It crystallizes monoclinic: space group C62h — C12/c1; a = 5.833; b = 11.376; c = 12.585 Å; β = 93.63°; Z = 8. The crystal structure is characterised by 1∞[ZnO3] chains along [100]. They are connected by Ba2+ in seven fold oxygen coordination.
    Notes: Ba2ZnO3 wurde durch Festkörperreaktion in einkristalliner Form dargestellt. Es kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe C62h — C12/c1; a = 5,833; b = 11,376; c = 12,585 Å, β = 93,63°; Z = 8. Die Kristallstruktur ist durch 1∞[ZnO3]-Ketten längs [100] gekennzeichnet. Diese werden durch Ba2+ (siebenfach durch O2- koordiniert) verknüpft.
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 612 (1992), S. 21-24 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Barium ; manganese ; neodymium ; oxygen ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On a New Oxometallate of Manganese (II): Ba5Mn4Nd8O21Single crystals of Ba5Mn4Nd8O21 were prepared for the first time by CO2-Laser technique using H2-atmosphere. It was investigated by a single crystal X-ray diffractometer study. Ba5Mn4Nd8O21 crystallizes with tetragonal symmetry space group: C54h—I4/m; a = 14.2104 Å; c = 5.8581 Å; Z = 2. Mn2+ is found in square pyramids of oxygen.
    Notes: Ba5Mn4Nd8O21 wurde erstmals mit CO2-Lasertechnik in H2-Atmosphäre dargestellt und an Einkristallen röntgenographisch untersucht. Es kristallisiert tetragonal in der Raumgruppe C54h—I4/m; a = 14,2104 Å; c = 5,8581 Å; Z = 2. Mn2+ liegt in tetragonal pyramidaler Sauerstoffkoordination vor.
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 612 (1992), S. 45-50 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Iodocuprates(I) ; solvated cations ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Structure Investigations of Iodocuprates(I). XV Iodocuprate(I) with Solvated Cations: [Li(CH3CN)4]1∞[Cu2I3] and [Mg{(CH3)2CO}6][Cu2I4][Li(CH3CN)4]1∞[Cu2I3] 1 and [Mg((CH3)2CO)6][Cu2I4] 2 were prepared by reactions of CuI with LiI in acetonitrile and of CuI with MgI2 in acetone. 1 crystallizes orthorhombic, Pnma, a = 552.7(2), b = 1258.8(8), c = 2516(1) pm, z = 4. [Li(CH3CN)4]+ cations are located between rod packings of CuI4 tetrahedra double chains 1∞ [(CuI2/2I2/4)2]- parallel to the axis. Short intermolecular anion/cation contacts were observed. The crystal structure of 2 (monoclinic, P21/n, a = 1840(2), b = 1059.2(2), c = 1879(2)pm, β = 112.94(4)°, z = 4) is built up by [Mg((CH3)2CO)6]2+ cations forming a simple hexagonal sphere packing. The binuclear anions [Cu2I4]2- occupy holes in the trigonal prismatic channels formed by the cations.
    Notes: [Li(CH3CN)4]1∞[Cu2I3] 1 und [Mg((CH3)2CO)6][Cu2I4] 2 wurden durch Umsetzung von CuI mit LiI in Acetonitril bzw. von CuI mit MgI2 in Aceton dargestellt. 1 kristallisiert orthorhombisch, Pnma, a = 552,7(2), b = 1258,8(8), c = 2516(1) pm, z = 4. Zwischen Stabpackungen von CuI4-Tetraederdoppelketten 1∞[(CuI2/2I2/4)2]- parallel zur a-Achse sind [Li(CH3CN)4]+ -Kationen unter Ausbildung kurzer, intermolekularer Anionen-Kationen-Kontakte eingelagert. In der Kristallstruktur von 2 (monoklin, P21/n, a = 1840(2), b = 1059,2(2), c = 1879(2) pm, β = 112,94(4)°, z = 4) sind [Mg((CH3)2CO)6]2+ -Kationen in der Art einer hexagonal einfachen Kugelpackung angeordnet. In die dabei gebildeten, trigonal prismatischen Kanäle sind die zweikernigen Anionen [Cu2I4]2- eingebaut.
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 612 (1992), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: (Trifluoroethyl)aminosilane ; silane tetramin; alkylsilazalane ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preliminary Stages of Polymeric Silazanes with Fluoroalkyl Side Chains and their Condensation BehaviourTetrakis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)aminosilane has been synthesized by aminolysis of silicon tetrachloride with 2,2,2-trifluorethylamine. The characterisation of the silane tetramine was carried out spectroscopically and by X-ray-methods. The thermal condensation has been investigated between 60°C and 300°C. At 300°C the formation of oligospirocycloorganoazanes was observed which have been identified spectroscopically. The new silane tetramine reacts with trimethylalumina in toluene. The product has been characterized by crystal structure analysis to be a dimeric (C18H26N8F24Si2Al2). (P1; a = 920.39(9), b = 943.32(2), c = 1235.4(1) pm, α = 68.8(7)°, β = 86.9(4)°, γ = 62.6(4)°, Z = 1, 3923 independent reflections; R = 0.059, Rw = 0.054)
    Notes: Tetrakis[(2,2,2-trifluorethyl)amino]-silan wurde durch Aminolyse von Siliciumtetrachlorid mit 2,2,2-Trifluorethylamin dargestellt, spektroskopisch und röntgenographisch charakterisiert, sowie das thermische Kondensationsverhalten im Bereich von 60 - 300°C untersucht. Bei 300°C konnte die Bildung von Oligospirocyclo-silaorganoazanen massenspektrometrisch nachgewiesen werden. Das neu erhaltene Silantetramin wurde bei 80°C mit Trimethylaluminium im Verhältnis 1 : 1 in Toluol umgesetzt. Nach der Kristallstrukturanalyse liegt das erhaltene Alkylsilazalan im Kristall als Dimeres C18H26N8F24Si2Al2 vor. (P1; a = 920,39(9), b = 943,32(2), c = 1235,4(1) pm, α = 68,8(7)°, β = 86,9(4)°, γ = 62,6(4)°; Z = 1, 3923 unabhängige Reflexe, R = 0,059, Rw = 0,054)
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 612 (1992), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Caesium tetraoxoplumbate ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Correction of the Crystal Structure of “Cs4PbO3” and the Structural Relationship between the Modifications of Cs4PbO4The compound that has been described as Cs4PbO3 really is Cs4PbO4. It does not crystallize in the space group P21, as assumed, but in P21/c. The observed fictitiuous violation of the extinction law for the c glide plane is due to twinning. The structure was refined using the original data as well as new data from an untwinned crystal. The denomination β-Cs4PbO4 is used to distinguish this structure from another known modification (α-Cs4PbO4). Both structures, α-Cs4PbO4 and β-Cs4PbO4, can be derived from the sphere packing of γ-plutonium when certain voids in its packing are occupied with oxygen atoms.
    Notes: Bei der früher als Cs4PbO3 beschriebenen Substanz handelt es sich tatsächlich um Cs4PbO4. Dieses kristallisiert nicht, wie angenommen, in der Raumgruppe P21, sondern in P21/c. Die beobachtete scheinbare Verletzung des Auslöschungsgesetzes für die c-Gleitspiegelebene ist auf Verzwillingung zurückzuführen. Die Struktur wurde sowohl mit den ursprünglichen Daten wie auch mit neuen Daten eines unverzwillingten Kristalls verfeinert. Die Bezeichnung β-Cs4PbO4 dient zur Unterscheidung von einer bereits bekannten Modifikation (α-Cs4PbO4). Beide Strukturen, α-Cs4PbO4 und β-Cs4PbO4, lassen sich von der des γ-Plutoniums ableiten, wenn bei dieser bestimmte Lücken mit Sauerstoffatomen besetzt werden.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 613 (1992), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Lanthanoide bromoaluminates ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Crystal Structure of LnAl3Br12 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) and Thermal Decomposition to LnBr3LnAl3Br12 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) was prepared in crystalline form for the first time. The crystal structures of LaAl3Br12, PrAl3Br12, and NdAl3Br12 were determined on single crystals by X-ray methods. The isotypic compounds crystallize with trigonal symmetry, space group P 3112, Z = 3. A structural comparison to lanthanoide chloroaluminates of equal composition is given and thermal decomposition of LnAl3Br12 (Ln = Nd) to the corresponding lanthanoide tribromide is described.
    Notes: Die Bromide LnAl3Br12 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) wurden erstmals in kristalliner Form dargestellt und die Kristallstrukturen von LaAl3Br12, PrAl3Br12 anhand von röntgenographischen Einkristalluntersuchungen bestimmt. Alle kristallisieren in der trigonalen Raumgruppe P 3112, Z = 3. Ein struktureller Vergleich mit Lanthanoidchloroaluminaten der gleichen Zusammensetzung und der thermische Abbau von LnAl3Br12 (Ln = Nd) zum entsprechenden Lanthanoidtribromid werden beschrieben.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 613 (1992), S. 60-62 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Copper ; tantalum ; niobium ; oxygen ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Crystal Structure of Cu3NbTaO8Single crystals of Cu3NbTaO8 were prepared by solid state reaction. X-ray investigations led to triclinic symmetry, space group C1i—P1 with a = 5.179; b = 5.474; c = 6.003 Å; α = 72.85°; β = 83.39°; γ = 65.77°; Z = 1. Nb5+ and Ta5+ occupy one point position statistically. Both ions show an octahedral oxygen surrounding. Cu(1) is inside an elongated CuO6 octahedra and Cu(2) is coordinated by 5 O2- forming a distorted square pyramid. The polyhedra connection is shown and discussed.
    Notes: Einkristalle von Cu3NbTaO8 wurden durch Feststoffreaktion dargestellt. Die röntgenographische Untersuchung führte zu trikliner Symmetrie, Raumgruppe C1i  -  P1 mit a = 5,179; b = 5,474; c = 6,003 Å; α = 72,85°; β = 83,39°; γ = 65,77°; Z = 1. Nb5+ und Ta5+ besetzen eine Punktlage statistisch. Beide Ionen sind oktaedrisch von O2- koordiniert. Cu(1) zeigt ein stark gestrecktes CuO6-Oktaeder, während Cu(2) tetragonal pyramidal koordiniert ist. Die Polyederverknüpfung wird gezeigt und diskutiert.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rhenium tetrachloride chelate complexes ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chelate Complexes of Rhenium Tetrachloride. The Crystal Structures of ReCl4(DME) and ReCl4(DPPE) · TolanBright green crystals of ReCl4(DME) have been prepared by the reaction of rhenium pentachloride with dimethoxyethane (DME) in dichloromethane. ReCl4(DPPE) · tolan was obtained in form of red crystals by the reaction of the alkyne complex [ReCl4(Ph—C≡C—Ph)(POCl3)] with bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) in dichloromethane. The complexes were characterized by X-ray structure determinations.ReCl4(DME): Space group I42d, Z = 8, 829 observed unique reflexions, R = 0.022. Lattice dimensions at 19.5°C: a = b = 960.60(6), c = 2337.2(6) pm. The complex forms monomeric molecules with DME as chelating ligand; the Re—O bond lengths are 213.1 pm. The chlorine atoms, arranged in trans position to the chelating ligand, have slightly shorter Re—Cl bonds than the chlorine atoms in cis position (232,1 pm).ReCl4(DPPE) · tolan: Space group P21/n, Z = 4,4313 observed unique reflexions, R = 0.040. Lattice dimensions at -80°C: a = 1095.7(1), b = 1764.2(2), c = 1898.0(2) pm, β = 99.229(8)°. The compound consists in form of monomeric molecules [ReCl4(DPPE)] and diphenylacetylene molecules, which are incorporated in the lattice. The two phenyl rings of the tolan molecules are twisted towards each other along the C—C axis with a dihedral angle of 21°. The DPPE molecules are bonded to the rhenium atom in a chelating fashion with medium Re—P lengths of 250.4 pm. The chlorine atoms, arranged in trans position to this ligand, with Re—Cl bond lengths of 234.5 pm are slightly longer than the Re—Cl bonds in cis position with 232.3 pm.
    Notes: ReCl4(DME) wird in Form leuchtend grüner Kristalle durch Reaktion von Rheniumpentachlorid mit Dimethoxyethan (DME) in Dichlormethan hergestellt. ReCl4(DPPE) · Tolan erhielten wir als rote Kristalle bei der Reaktion des Alkinkomplexes [ReCl4(Ph—C≡C—Ph)(POCl3)] mit Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethan (DPPE) in Dichlormethan. Die Komplexe wurden durch röntgenographische Strukturanalysen charakterisiert.ReCl4(DME): Raumgruppe I42d, Z = 8, 829 beobachtete unabhängige Reflexe, R = 2,2%. Gitterkonstanten bei 19,5°C: a = b = 960,60(6); c = 2337,2(6) pm. Der Komplex bildet monomere Moleküle mit dem DME-Liganden als Chelat und Re—O-Abständen von 213,1 pm. Die hierzu trans-ständig angeordneten Chloratome haben mit 228,1 pm etwas kürzere Re—Cl-Bindungen als die cis-ständigen Cl-Atome (232,1 pm).ReCl4(DPPE) · Tolan: Raumgruppe P21/n, Z = 4, 4313 beobachtete, unabhängige Reflexe, R = 4,0%. Gitterkonstanten bei -80°C: a = 1095,7(1); b = 1764,2(2); c = 1898,0(2) pm, β = 99,229(8)°. Der Komplex bildet monomere Moleküle [ReCl4(DPPE)] und in das Gitter eingelagerte Diphenylacetylenmoleküle, deren Phenylringe einen Diederwinkel von 21° zueinander bilden. Die DPPE-Moleküle sind chelatartig am Rheniumatom gebunden mit Abständen Re—P von im Mittel 250,4 pm. Die hierzu trans-ständig angeordneten Chloratome sind mit Re—Cl—Abständen von 234,5 pm etwas länger als die cis-ständigen Re—Cl-Bindungen mit 232,3 pm.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sodium trifluorometallates ; fluoroperovskites ; crystal structure ; tolerance factor ; antiferromagnetism ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal Structure Refinements of Sodium Trifluorometallates NaMF3 (M = Mg, Co, Ni, Zn): Tilting of Octahedra and Tolerance Factor of Orthorhombic FluoroperovskitesBased on newly measured X-ray single crystal data the crystal structures of the orthorhombic fluoroperovskites NaMF3 (M = Mg, Co, Ni, Zn) were refined in space group Pbnm (GdFeO3 type, Z = 4). The octahedra are but slightly distorted; the average distances (and bridge angles M—F—M) are: Mg—F = 197.8 pm (150.9°), Co—F = 203.8 pm (146.1°), Ni—F = 200.3 pm (148.0°) and Zn—F = 202.3 pm (147.4°). With respect to the axes of the pseudocell (Z = 1) the octahedra are rotated by tilt angles which vary, including NaMnF3 and NaFeF3, between 14.6 and 18.8°. The tilting becomes the more pronounced, the smaller the tolerance factor of the compound, so as to yield uniformly average values of Na—F = 232 pm for the four shortest distances within the [NaF8] coordination (distorted tetrahedron and bicapped trigonal prism, respectively). Measurements of magnetic powder susceptibilities show that tilting of octahedra is no sufficient cause to produce spin canting resulting in ferromagnetism: This property is confirmed only for NaNiF3 (TN = 150 K), whereas NaCoF3 exhibits a sharp minimum in its χ-l-T curve (TN = 75 K) and remains uncanted antiferromagnetic then down to 4.2 K.
    Notes: Auf der Basis neu gemessener röntgenographischer Einkristalldaten wurden die Kristallstrukturen der orthorhombischen Fluorperowskite NaMF3 (M = Mg, Co, Ni, Zn) in der Raumgruppe Pbnm verfeinert (GdFeO3-Typ, Z = 4). Die Oktaeder sind kaum verzerrt; die mittleren Abstände (und Brückenwinkel M—F—M) betragen: Mg—F = 197,8 pm (150,9°), Co—F = 203,8 pm (146,1°), Ni—F = 200,3 pm (148,0°) und Zn—F = 202,3 pm (147,4°). Unter Einbeziehung von NaMnF3 und NaFeF3 ergeben sich von 14,6 bis 18,8° variierende Kippungswinkel der Oktaeder gegen die Achsen der Pseudozelle (Z = 1). Die Oktaeder sind um so stärker gekippt, je kleiner der Toleranzfaktor der Verbindungen ist, so daß einheitlich ein Mittelwert von Na—F = 232 pm für die vier kürzesten Abstände innerhalb der [NaF8]-Koordination resultiert (verzerrtes Tetraeder bzw. zweifach überkapptes trigonales Prisma). Messungen der magnetischen Pulversuszeptibilität zeigen, daß die Oktaederkippung kein ausreichender Grund für Spinverkantung und daraus resultierenden Ferromagnetismus ist: Dieser kann nur für NaNiF3 (TN = 150 K) bestätigt werden, während NaCoF3 ein scharfes Minimum in der χ-1-T-Kurve zeigt (TN = 75 K) und dann bis herab zu 4,2 K unverkantet antiferromagnetisch bleibt.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Organoruthenaboranes ; ruthenium ; boranes ; n.m.r. spectra ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organoruthenaboran-Chemie. X. Die SMe2-katalysierte Bildung von [1-(η6-C6Me6)-isocloso-RuB9H9] und einige B-Phenylamino-Derivate. NMR- und Röntgen-UntersuchungenDie Einwirkung von SMe2, auf das zehneckige nido-Ruthenaboran [1-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9H13] (1) führt in hoher Ausbeute zum unsubstituierten isocloso-Ruthenaboran [1-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9H9] (2). Die analoge Verbindung mit Benzol [1-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9H9] wird entsprechend erhalten. Im Gegensatz dazu führt die Reaktion von (1) mit PhNH2 zu einer Reihe von B-Phenylamino-isocloso-Derivaten wie [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2-(PhNH)-isocloso-1-RuB9H8] (3) (orange Kristalle), [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2,3-(PhNH)2-isocloso-1-RuB9H7] (4) (rotorange) und [1-(η6-C6Me6)-5,6,7-(PhNH)3-isocloso-l-RuB9H6] (5) (dunkelrot). Detaillierte 1H- und 11B-NMR-Spektren werden angegeben. Die Struktur von (3) wird durch eine Einkristall-Röntgen-Strukturanalyse des Solvats [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2-(PhNH)-isocloso-1-RuB9H8] · 1/2 CH2C12 ermittelt; die Kristalle sind monoklin, Raumgruppe C2/c, mit a = 1895,1(3), b = 1556,6(3), c = 1716,4(3)pm, β = 104,37(1)° und Z = 8.
    Notes: The action of SMe2 on the ten-vertex nido-ruthenaborane [6-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9Hl3] (1) provides a high-yield route to the unsubstituted isocloso-ruthenaborane [1-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9H9] (2). The benzene analogue [1-(η6-C6Me6)RuB9H9] is prepared similarly. By contrast, reaction of (1) with PhNH2 gives a variety of B-phenylamino isocloso derivatives, including orange crystals of [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2-(PhNH)-isocloso-1-RuB9H8] (3), red-orange [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2,3-(PhNH)2-isocloso-1-RuB9H7] (4) and dark-red [1-(η6-C6Me6)-5,6,7-(PhNH)3-isocloso-1-RuB9H6] (5). Detailed 1H and 11B nmr properties of these various compounds are described. The structure of (3) has been established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of the solvate [1-(η6-C6Me6)-2-(PhNH)-isocloso-1-RuB9H8] · 1/2 CH2Cl2; the crystals were monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 1895.1(3), b = 1556.6(3), c = 1716.4(3) pm, β = 104.37(1)° and z = 8.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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