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  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974  (490)
  • 1970  (490)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (356)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (73)
  • Rat  (36)
  • Electron microscopy
Material
Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974  (490)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 132 (1970), S. 107-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Down feathers ; Electron microscopy ; Keratinization ; Keratohyalin granules ; Periderm granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the developing chick feather germ (down feather) was studied at the ultrastructural level from 8 to 18 days of incubation. The process of keratinization in the developing feather germ was described, discussed and compared to keratinization in mammalian skin and hair. This study has shown that: 1. Apico-basal gradients of differentiation and different cell types are recognizable at the ultrastructural level in the developing feather germ. 2. The hypothesis that keratin is synthesized de novo by ribosomes is probably correct, because the largest number of these organelles is present at the time when keratin formation is most prominent. 3. Intercellular gaps in the developing feather germs facilitate the reorientation and rearrangement of different cell types into definitive feather structures. 4. The sources of nutrition and energy for the completion of keratinization during later developmental stages of feather germs are the supportive and the barb medullary cells and large stores of glycogen. 5. Keratohyalin granules are not precursors of feather keratin, since no such structures were observed in feather germs. 6. Two distinct modes of keratinization occur in feather germs. Keratinization in sheath cells is similar to that which occurs in mammalian epidermal cells. Barb and barbule cell keratinization resembles that of hair. 7. The basal lamina is probably involved in transport of synthetic material from the pulp cavity to the epidermal cells. The lamina may also provide mechanically strong connections between the feather germ and the dermis. It is suggested that desmosomal tonofilaments provide a framework which orients the synthesis of keratin. It is also suggested that the periderm granules provide mechanically weak areas in the sheath and facilitate the fragmentation of this structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 130 (1970), S. 216-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Guinea-pig ; Placenta ; Syncytiotrophoblast ; Fetal capillaries ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde elektronenmikroskopisch die reife Hauptplacenta von 31 Meerschweinchen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß das Organ aus, drei morphologisch unterscheidbaren Gebieten aufgebaut ist: Interlobär- und, Randsyncytium, Läppchenperipherie und Läppchenzentrum. Zwischen diesen Zonen befinden sich noch zwei Übergangszonen, die die Eigenschaften der angrenzenden Hauptgebiete haben. Das Interlobär- und Randsyncytium enthält keine fetalen Capillaren, besitzt, aber teilweise ein sehr gut entwickeltes endoplasmatisches Reticulum mit zum Teil parallel angeordneten Zisternen sowie vielen Einschlüssen und verschiedenartigen vacuolären Gebilden. Nach dem Vorkommen dieser Bestandteile unterscheiden wir vier unregelmäßig verteilte Syncytioplasmazonen: a) mit vielen Vacuolen, b) mit vielen Filamenten, c) mit Vacuolen und Filamenten und d)— am häufigsten — Gebiete, die fast frei von derartigen Strukturen sind. Der Trophoblast besitzt an der den mütterlichen Lacunen zugewandten Oberfläche viele Mikrovilli und unterschiedliche polypartige Gebilde. Die Läppchenperipherie ist reich an fetalen Capillaren. Die Trophoblastbalken sind dünn und zeigen unterschiedlichen Organellengehalt. Oft kommen viele Vesikel vor. Das endoplasmatische Reticulum ist um die mitochondrien angeordnet. Das Läppchenzentrum zeigt häufig eine vacuolisierte, netzartige Struktur. Im Syncytiotrophoblast sowie in den Endothelzellen werden ausgedehnte endoplasmatische Zisternen gesehen. Die Oberfläche der fetalen Capillaren besitzt viele polypartige Gebilde. In funktioneller Hinsicht wird das Rand- und Interlobärsyncytium mit der Proteinsynthese in Zusammenhang gebracht. Trotz des Fehlens embryonaler Gefäße können sich hier Resorptionsvorgänge abspielen (positive ATP'ase-Reaktion). In der Läppchenperipherie überwiegt möglicherweise der Austausch der Atemgase und niedermolekularer Substanzen. Das Läppchenzentrum scheint wieder in Beziehung zum Proteinaustausch und zum Lipidumsatz zu stehen. Es gibt Hinweise, daß über alle Placentazonen hinweg eine lebhafte Cytoplasmaströmung erfolgt.
    Notes: Summary The mature main placenta of 31 guinea-pigs was investigated by means of electron microscopy. It is shown that the organ consists of 3 morphologically different regions, i.e. interlobar and marginal syncytium, lobular periphery and lobular centre. Between these regions there are 2 transitional zones having the morphological characteristics of both adjacent main regions. The interlobar and marginal syncytium is devoid of fetal capillaries However, in some parts it has an extremely developed endoplasmic reticulum, in parts of which the cisternae are arranged in parallel. In addition it has many inclusions and various vacuolated structures. According to the presence or absence of these structures four irregularly distributed syncytioplasma zones can be distinguished: a) containing large numbers of vacuoles, b) containing large numbers of filaments, c) containing vacuoles and filaments and d)— the main group —regions which are almost entirely free from these structures. On the surface facing the maternal lacunae the trophoblast has an abundance of microvilli as well as various polypoid structures. The lobular periphery is rich in fetal capilaries. The trabeculae of the trophoblast are thin and show a varying of organelles. Frequently large numbers of vesicles are observed. The endoplasmic reticulum is arranged around the mitochondria. The lobular centre frequently shows a vacuolized net-like structure. Extensive endoplasmic cisternae are observed in the syncytiotrophoblast as well as in the endothelial cells. The surface of the fetal capillaries shows an abundance of polypoid structures. From a functional point of view it seems likely that the interlobar and marginal syncytium is involved in protein synthesis. Despite the lack of fetal capillaries, absorptive processes can take place in this region. It is suggested that the main function of the lobular periphery is exchange of the respiratory gases and of substances of low molecular weight. The lobular centre seems to be associated with protein synthesis and lipid turnover.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 131 (1970), S. 236-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Ear, external ; Differentiation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of cartilage in the external ear of the rat proceeds in four steps. Each of them is characterized by a specific biosynthetic activity of the chondroblast resulting in the appearance of a new structural component of the tissue: collagen fibrils, elastin fibers, cartilage ground substance and intracellular fat droplets. As a structurally and developmentally well-defined “subspecies” of cartilage, this tissue might serve as a suitable object for the experimental approach to some essential problems in histodifferentiation.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Early development ; Jolk-sac entoderm ; Reichert's membrane ; Trophoblast-cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Rattenkeime des Schwangerschaftstages 7–10 wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Das viscerale einschichtige Dottersackentoderm zeichnet sich durch eine ausgeprägte endocytotische Aktivität aus. Die Zellen des parietalen Blattes dagegen liegen isoliert der Reichertschen Membran innen an und enthalten vorwiegend rauhes endoplasmatisches Reticulum. Die Reichertsche Membran besteht aus einem lockeren Maschengitter feiner Filamente. Im antimesometrialen und lateralen Bereich haften nur wenige Trophoblastenzellen dieser Membran von außen an, dazwischen befinden sich weite Lücken. Zum mütterlichen Gewebe hin wird der Keim mit Ausnahme des mesometrialen Poles von einem bis zu 50 μ breiten periembryonalen Sinus umgeben, der mütterliches Blut enthält. Nach außen wird dieser Raum durch Trophoblasten- und Deciduazellen abgedichtet. Aus diesen Befunden wird geschlossen: 1. Die Reichertsche Membran wird vom parietalen Dottersack-Entoderm gebildet. 2. Mütterliches Blutplasma kann frei das viscerale Dottersack-Entoderm erreichen, da als einzige kontinuierliche Schicht zwischen Blut und Träger nur die weitmaschige Reichertsche Membran vorhanden ist. 3. Durch das endocytotische und lysosomale System des visceralen Dottersackentoderms wird das anströmende mütterliche Plasma aufgenommen, abgebaut und für den wachsenden Keim nutzbar gemacht. 4. Immunbiologisch betrachtet können Antikörper der Mutter den Keim erreichen. 5. Embryonale Antigene dagegen erreichen durch die Errichtung einer Deciduabarriere nicht den mütterlichen Kreislauf. 6. Der periembryonale Sinus stellt einen Blindsack dar, in den zwar mütterliches Blut einströmen kann, ein Ausstrom aber nicht mehr möglich ist.
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies of rat embryos were performed from the 7th to 10th days of pregnancy. The single-layered visceral yolk entoderm is characterized by a marked endocytotic activity. The cells of the parietal layer lie separately adjacent to the Reichert's membrane and they contain mainly rough endoplasmic reticulum. The Reichert's membrane consists of a loose network of fine filaments. In the antimesometrial and lateral sites only few trophoblast cells are seen to be attached to the membrane. Between them we find large gaps. With the exception of the mesometrial pole, the embryo is surrounded by a periembryonal sinus, 10–50 μ wide, which contains maternal blood. This sinus space is sealed tightly (zonulae occludentes) by trophoblast and decidual cells. From these findings it was concluded: 1. Reichert's membrane is formed from the parietal jolk sac entoderm. 2. The porous Reichert's membrane permits the maternal plasma to reach freely the visceral jolk sac entoderm. This membrane is the only continuous layer between blood and egg cylinder. 3. By the endocytotic and lysosomal system, the visceral jolk sac entoderm absorbs the plasma coming from the mother. This plasma is degraded and used for the growing embryo. 4. From the immunobiological point of view the antibodies from the mother can reach the embryo freely, 5. The embryonal antigens cannot reach the maternal circulation because of the presence of a decidual barrier, 6. The perimebryonal sinuses are blind sacs into which the maternal blood can flood but it cannot return.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Thiobarbiturate ; Rat ; Hypothalamus ; III. Ventricle ; Narcosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 14 männlichen Ratten wurde nach langdauernder intraperitonealer Narkose mit Thiobarbiturat Veränderungen des Ependyms im III. Ventrikel festgestellt. In der Gegend über dem Nucleus ventromedialis und Nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami lassen sich zwei Formen des Ependyms unterschieden: 1. ein einschichtiges hohes Ependym mit runden großen Zellkernen, 2. ein mehrreihiges flaches Ependym mit schmalen, ovalen Zellkernen. Das flache Ependym zeigt folgende Veränderungen: Farbdichte und die Menge des färbbaren Materials im Kern nehmen zu, die Kernmembran ist gefaltet, der Kern zeigt Zeichen der Schrumpfung und Pyknose. Die Kontrollgruppe wurde mit Curare behandelt. Eine statistische Sicherung erbrachte einen signifikanten Unterschied mit einer Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit von 0,5‰.
    Notes: Summary Alterations in the ependyma of the third ventricle were caused by continuous intraperitoneal thiobarbiturate narcosis in14 male rats. In the region of the nucleus dorsomedialis and ventromedialis hypothalami two kinds of ependyma can be distinguished, 1. a simple cuboidal ependyma with a large rounded nucleus, and 2. a stratified squamous ependyma with a slender oval nucleus. The squamous ependyma shows the following changes. The depth of staining and the chromatin material of the nucleus increases, the membrane of the nucleus is folded, the nucleus shows the signs of shrinkage and pyknosos. The control group was treatened with Curare. The significant difference of the results encloses 0.5‰ probability of error.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 10 (1970), S. 276-282 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Chlorpromazine ; Rabbit hypothalamus ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tuber cinereum of hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and caudate nucleus of rabbits were examined under the electron microscope following intramuscular administration of chlorpromazine with special consideration of ultrastructural changes in amount and distribution of glycogen granules in their hypothalamus. In these regions, normal astrocytes and their processes contain glycogen granules diffusely scattered in the cytoplasm. In the neurons of the normal hypothalamus and cerebellar cortex, glycogen granules are seen in some presynaptic endings and distal parts of dendrites but not in the perikaryal cytoplasm. In the tuber cinereum of the hypothalamus, after chlorpromazine administration, abundant glycogen granules accumulate at the postsynaptic sites, especially in peripheric parts of dendrites, and clusters of glycogen granules appear in the perikaryal cytoplasm of the nerve cells. These findings are interpreted as an increase of glycogen in these cellular regions and the suggestion is made that chlorpromazine inhibits the glycolytic metabolism in the distal parts of dendrites, particularly at postsynaptic sites and in the perikarya of nerve cells of the hypothalamus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 93-110 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Auditory evoked potentials ; Sleep ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Click-evoked potentials were recorded from the rat's auditory cortex (AC), medial geniculate body (MGB), reticular formation (RF), and hippocampus (HIPP) during natural sleep and waking. Various amplitude measurements made on sliding averages by a computer provided essentially continuous measurement of evoked responses in long experiments. Changes in AC responses were simplest in potentials recorded from a depth of 1.0–1.5 mm, all components of the average waveform being larger during slow-wave sleep (SS) than in waking (W) and low-voltage fast sleep (LVFS). More complex changes in cortical surface responses included increases in the first positive wave, in a second positive deflection, and in a late negative wave during drowsiness (D) and SS. The second positive wave remained large during LVFS, while the late negativity changed form and peaked earlier. Early components of both surface and deep responses were not consistently different in W and LVFS. The only clear change in MGB responses was a reduction in amplitude during LVFS. Late positive waves in RF and HIPP responses were large during SS and small during W and LVFS. In general, increases in the very late components of responses at all sites distinguished periods of cortical synchrony from periods of cortical activation. The first negative deflection and a succeeding positive wave in the HIPP response were markedly increased during arousal.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Trifluoperazine ; Rabbit pallidum ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following administration of trifluoperazine (a psychotropic drug of the phenothiazine group), the brains of rabbits were examined by electron microscopy, with special reference to the glycogen changes in the globus pallidus, and were compared with the normal materials. After seven days' intramuscular injections of trifluoperazine (10 mg/kg/day), abundant glycogen granules were accumulated in dendrites of pallidum. Those animals showed extrapyramidal symptoms throughout the period. The administration of the drug might inhibit either neural activity or the glycolytic metabolism in dendrites of the pallidum.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 392-410 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Subcellular fractionation ; Axons ; Synaptosomes ; Whole brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subfractionation of a standard “synaptosome” fraction from whole brain has yielded two lighter layers rich in axonal segments devoid of synaptosomes similar to those obtained from cerebellar homogenates. The heavier layers were found to contain both synaptosomes and axonal segments plus a significant population of synaptosomes with axons attached. Quantitative studies of the percent perimeter of external membrane contributed by the various elements within the subfractions showed that the major constituents in decreasing order were axonal segments, synaptosomes, membranes of undetermined origin and free mitochondria. These findings have revealed that “synaptosome” preparations are more heterogeneous than previously reported and at the same time have indicated the possibility of future studies on axonal preparations from whole brain. Correlated biochemical data strongly suggest chemical differences in fractions rich in axonal segments in contrast to those enriched in synaptosomes.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1970), S. 425-441 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Water Absorption ; Solute Absorption ; Jejunum ; Rat ; Darmdurchblutung ; Wasserresorption ; Salzresorption ; Jejunum ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The lumen of jejunal loops in rats anaesthetised with urethane were perfused with hypo-, iso- and hypertonic ringer, mannitol or glucose ringer solution. The blood flow (venous outflow), water, solute and glucose net flux were measured in the loop. 2. Lowering the blood flow from 1 ml/min/g wet tissue to 0.2–0.3 ml/min/g caused the solute and glucose net flux to decrease; the water net flux (positive or negative) was also decreased if non-isotonie solutions were used, but remained unchanged when isotonic solutions were perfused. 3. When the blood flow was raised from 0.2–0.3 ml/min/g to 1 ml/min/g the net flux of glucose, solute and water usually remained low. Using hypotonic solutions the water net flux changed to negative values, that is, fluid was passing into the lumen. 4. The influenee of intestinal blood flow on water, solute and glueose absorption can be referred to 3 factors: a) drainage by blood, b) inhibition of active transport mechanisms by anoxia during low blood flow, and c) damage to the villi as a result of insufficient blood flow.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1970), S. 474-475 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Trifluoroacetic Acid ; Trifluoroacetate ; Rat ; Liver Weight ; TrifluoressigsÄure ; Trifluoroacetat ; Ratte ; Lebergewicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA) and sodium trifluoroacetate (TFA) on the liver weight to body weight ratio was measured in rats by two methods. When TFA or TFAA were added to the drinking water at a concentrate of 1 Normal, rats became dehydrated and a slight increase in the ratio was noted after ten days. However, when these substances were administered to rats (1 ml per day) by gastric intubation no change in the ratio was noted after eight days.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 16 (1970), S. 369-374 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Noradrenaline ; Intraventricular Injection ; Rat ; Behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The behavioural effects of NA injected without narcosis into the lateral brain ventricle of the rats were studied with two different techniques. Rats were classified according their normal level of exploratory activity into three groups: high, medium and low. It was shown that NA in a dose of 10 μg increased locomotor activity only in animals of low activity; a dose of 50 μg increased locomotor activity in all the animals; and a dose of 200 μg induced a complete abolition of locomotor activity and a stuporose syndrome lasting 2 hours. The evidence that NA in some experimental conditions increases locomotor activity of rats supports the hypothesis that NA regulates processes in the central nervous system which stimulate behaviour.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 17 (1970), S. 198-202 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ; Variable Interval Schedule ; Sidman Avoidance ; Sedative Effects ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) upon the response rates in variable interval and Sidman Avoidance schedules was studied in rats. Bar pressing on the variable interval reinforcement schedule was significantly reduced during the 15 min following the administration of 10 mg/kg i.p. and during the 60 min following the administration of 30 mg/kg NAD. Response rates on the Sidman Avoidance schedule were significantly reduced during the 60 min following the administration of 100 mg/kg NAD.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 18 (1970), S. 300-304 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Swimming Endurance ; Nicotine ; Tobacco Alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The swimming endurance of rats in a water tub was measured until the animals submerged for two seconds under the water surface. The total alkaloid fraction extracted from cigarette smoke produced deterioration of performance in doses of 0.05 to 0.2 mg/kg, whereas pure nicotine (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg), as well as nicotine pretreated analogously to the extraction process of the total alkaloids produced performance improvements.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 10 (1970), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Laminar lesions ; Degeneration ; Dendrites ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological characteristics of dendrites in layers of the cerebral cortex above laminar lesions induced by ionizing particle irradiation have been studied in the striate field of rat at various survival times. Within two weeks following irradiation an increasing number of dendrites display unusual alterations inferred to be signs of degeneration. Degenerating dendrites can be characterized by a dense cytoplasmic matrix, disruption of mitochondria, presence of dense bodies, irregular outline and a marked alteration of the plasmalemma in its dimensions and staining properties. Some degenerating dendrites possess a large accumulation of dense subsynaptic material and are contacted by synapses with enlarged and altered synaptic clefts. A few dendrites contain extensive membranous whorls. Engulfment by reactive astrocyte processes is a common feature and often includes the presynaptic axonal knob, but only the degenerating dendrite has been observed within glial cytoplasm. The inference that the majority of degenerating dendrites in this material are apical dendrites of pyramidal cells suggests that either shaft synapses are common for these cells, protuberances may retract during degeneration, or spines are lost due to loss of afferent terminals.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 515-527 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual pathway ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following unilateral retinal destruction in rats the existence of a direct retinohypothalamic pathway was investigated using the Nauta and the Fink-Heimer methods. Critical analysis of the Fink-Heimer stained sections of the experimental animals suggests that fibres leaving the optic pathway pass to various hypothalamic nuclei: 1. Fibres from the dorsorostral part of the chiasm pass through the lamina terminalis and appear to end in the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic nuclei. 2. Fibres leaving the ventrocaudal border of the chiasm and optic tract pass to the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. 3. From the dorsocaudal part of the chiasm fibres pass to the suprachiasmatic and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. 4. From the caudal part of the inferior bundle of the accessory optic tract fibres pass to the premamillary ventral nucleus. The amount of apparently terminal degeneration in the preoptic, anterior hypothalamic, suprachiasmatic and premamillary nuclei was small. Heavier terminal degeneration appears to be present in the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 528-538 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual pathway ; Hypothalamus ; Arcuate nucleus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Degenerating nerve fibres and boutons were searched with the aid of the electron microscope in the arcuate nucleus of rats 2–7 days after bilateral destruction of the retina. In the arcuate nucleus of the control animals as well as in the operated animals, 4 types of boutons were distinguished on the basis of vesicular contents and glial ensheathment. In the operated animals changes interpreted as degenerating were found in small myelinated axons and boutons of type II (boutons containing both synaptic and granular vesicles). The changes were similar to those described in the literature as the “dark” type of degeneration in experimentally interrupted axons and boutons. Similar changes were not found in the unoperated animals. The conclusion is reached, that a small number of fibres of the optic tract reach the arcuate nucleus to terminate here.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 26 (1970), S. 203-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Mercury ; Enteral Absorption ; Neutron Activation Analysis ; Rat ; Quecksilber ; enterale Resorption ; Neutronenaktivierungs analyse ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse wird nachgewiesen, daß bei der Eatte von symptomlos vertragenem metallischem Quecksilber, oral zugeführt, ein geringer Anteil resorbiert wird, welcher zu einer Erhöhung der Queeksilberwerte in Blut und Niere auf reichlich das 10fache der Norm führt.
    Notes: Summary It was demonstrated by means of neutron activation analysis that a small portion of orally administered metallic mercury is absorbed by rats. The animals tolerated this without visible symptoms, yet it resulted in a 10-fold or greater increase above normal values of mercury in blood and kidneys.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Renin ; Angiotensin ; Electrolytes ; Kidney Slices ; Rat ; Renin ; Angiotensin ; Elektrolyte ; Nierenschnitte ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nierenschnitte von Wistarratten wurden in NaCl-Lösungen oder in Ringer-Bicarbonat(bzw. Phosphat-)-Puffern mit 0,1 g Glucose/l für 2 Std bei 37° C aerob inkubiert. 0,1 ml Medium wurde mit 1,9 ml Rinder-Reninsubstratlösung in Anwesenheit von Diisopropylfluorophosphat und EDTA bei pH 5,7 und 37° C für 2 Std inkubiert. Der Angiotensingehalt des Inkubates wurde im Blutdrucktest der Ratte bestimmt. In verschieden konzentrierten NaCl-Lösungen nimmt die Reninabgabe von 150–67 m Val/l (Na+) kontinuierlich ab. Auch in Ringer-Lösungen mit abnehmender NaCl-Konzentration und konstanter Konzentration der übrigen Elektrolyte findet sich zwischen 120 und 50 m Val/l (Na+) ein steiler Abfall der Reninabgabe. Bei Konstanterhaltung der Osmolarität durch zunehmenden Ersatz des NaCl durch Cholinchlorid oder Mannit vermindert sich die Steilheit der (Na+)-Abhängigkeit der Reninabgabe. Ersatz des NaCl im Bicarbonatpuffer durch verschiedene Konzentrationen von NaBr ergibt die gleichen Befunde wie mit NaCl. Bei vollständigem Ersatz des NaCl im Puffer durch verschiedene Konzentrationen von Chlolinchorid oder Mannit ist die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Reninabgabe weniger deutlich, bei Ersatz durch KCl nicht mehr signifikant. Die (Na+)-Abhängigkeit der Reninabgabe aus Nierenschnitten scheint nicht vom aeroben Stoffwechsel abhängig zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Rat kidney slices were incubated in saline solutions or in Ringer-bicarbonate (resp. phosphate-)-buffers containing 0.1 g/l glucose for 2 hrs at 37° C. Subsequently, 0.1 ml of the medium was incubated with 1.9 ml of ox renin-substrate solution, pH 5.7, for 2 hrs at 37° C in the presence of diisopropylfluorophosphate and EDTA. The angiotensin formed was measured by rat blood pressure assay. Renin release from kidney slices decreases markedly in NaCl-solutions between Na+-concentrations of 150 meq/l and 67 meq/l. Renin release decreases likewise in modified Ringer-solutions containing decreasing amounts of NaCl or NaBr (between 120 meq/l and 50 meq/l Na+), when the concentrations of other electrolytes are held constant. The (Na+)-dependence of renin release is less marked when the osmolarity of the medium is held constant by stepwise substitution of NaCl cholinchloride. Complete substitution of NaCl by different concentrations of cholin-chloride or mannitol diminishes the dependence of renin release on the osmolarity of the medium. Variation of KCl-concentration in the absence of NaCl does not influence renin release significantly. The (Na+)-dependence of renin release does not seem to depend on aerobic conditions.
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  • 20
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    Psychopharmacology 17 (1970), S. 234-241 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Specific Inhibition of Amine Synthesis ; Brain ; DMI and RO 4-1284 Antagonism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of α-methyl tyrosine and diethyldithiocarbamate which specifically inhibit noradrenaline synthesis and the influence of p-chlorophenylalanine which inhibits 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in the brain on the antagonism between desmethylimipramine and RO 4-1284 was studied. It was shown that both substances which inhibit noradrenaline synthesis abolish the behavioural antagonism between DMI and RO 4-1284, and p-chlorophenylalanine is without effect on this antagonism. The evidence shows that DMI antagonises the action of a benzoquinolizine derivative by the participation of adrenergic mechanisms.
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  • 21
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    Psychopharmacology 17 (1970), S. 289-301 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Scopolamine ; Hippocampus ; Activity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To test the hypothesis that the hippocampus may be an important site of action for anticholinergic drugs, scopolamine was administered to rats with hippocampal lesions produced by aspiration and to appropriate control groups, and their activity measured. The experimental design was a four-way analysis of variance with three lesion groups, three drug levels, eight measurements in a two-hour session, and four weeks. At the two higher drug doses (0.20 and 1.0 mg/kg), rats with hippocampal or cortical lesions had significantly greater activity than the sham operates (p〈0.01 and p〈0.05, respectively). A group of Ss with electrolytic hippocampal lesions tested at 0.20 mg/kg scopolamine had transitory activity increases. Therefore the hippocampus is not necessary for the motor activating effects of the drug nor is its ablation unique in producing increases in drug-induced activity.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Rat ; Avoidance ; Extinction ; Nicotine ; Tobacco Alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of nicotine and total alkaloids extracted from smoke on the avoidance behavior of rats under extinction procedure has been measured in an experiment extended over a period of three months. There was no significant difference between the two substances, with both inhibiting the extinction of avoidance response to approximately the same degree. Significance against the control was achieved with all treatments, the effect being significantly greater with the dose of 0.2 mg/kg than with the two doses of 0.1 or 0.05 mg/kg.
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  • 23
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 266 (1970), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Rat ; Testis ; Semen ; Ejaculation ; Pharmacological Tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Each of 12 rats was eleetroejaculated 15 times. The semen plug was liquefied in 1% alpha-chymotrypsin, enabling the spermatozoa to be counted. Spermatozoa counts averaged 7,700,000 per ejaculate with a wide range. In 5 of the animals the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles were surgically removed. After the removal of the glands the rats were electroejaculated 10 times. The still partly coagulated semen was dissolved in 1% alpha-chymotrypsin. The total ejaculate now showed a mean count of 18,600,000 spermatozoa with only a small range. By counting and comparing the number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate in treated and untreated rats with seminal vesicles and coagulating glands removed the effect of drugs on the testes can be examined.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle Spindles ; Different types of sensory endings ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Muskelspindel der Ratte, die an einer Serie alternierender Semidünn- und Ultradünnquerschnitte untersucht wurde, wurden zwei benachbart an „nuclear chain“-Fasern gelegene Nervenendformationen unterschiedlicher Bauweise festgestellt. Die beiden Endformationen sind mit ein und derselben Nervenfaser der Gruppe II verbunden und daher als Bestandteile einer sekundären sensorischen Endigung zu betrachten. Die Nervenendformation an einer der beiden „nuclear chain“-Fasern hat anulo-spirale Form. Die Nervenendformation an der anderen „nuclear chain“-Faser weist am Querschnittsbild eine Anzahl von Axonen auf, die zwischen Plasmalemm und Basalmembran der intrafusalen Muskelfaser eng aneinanderliegen. Nicht alle Axonquerschnitte stehen in direktem Kontakt mit der intrafusalen Faser. Das terminale Axon scheint sieh nach Eintritt unter die Basalmembran der intrafusalen Faser mehrfach in relativ dünne Äste unregelmäßigen Verlaufs zu teilen. Diese Form der Endigung könnte ein Korrelat der sog. „flower spray“-Endigung im Sinne Ruffinis (1898) darstellen. Die beiden morphologisch unterschiedlichen Endformationen innerhalb der sekundären Endigung gleichen einander und den Endformationen der primären Endigung bezüglich folgender Ultrastrukturmerkmale: 1. Es besteht synaptischer Kontakt zwischen Axon und intrafusaler Muskelfaser (synaptischer Spalt durchschnittlich 200 Å) ohne Zwischenlagerung von Basalmembranmaterial; 2. die terminalen Axonabschnitte liegen direkt unter der Basalmembran der intrafusalen Muskelfaser und sind nicht von Schwannschen Zellen bedeckt; 3. Mangel an synaptischen Bläschen; 4. desmosomenartige Verhaftungen zwischen Zellmembranen von Axon und intrafusaler Faser; 5. dyadenartige Anlagerungen des sarkoplasmatischen Retikulums an die Zellmembran der intrafusalen Faser im Bereich des synaptischen Spaltes. Nach unseren derzeitigen Vorstellungen sprechen diese Ultrastrukturmerkmale für eine rezeptorische Natur der beschriebenen Nervenendigungen.
    Notes: Summary In a rat muscle spindle transversally cut into a series of alternating semithin and ultrathin sections, two different forms of nerve terminations were found on two neighbouring nuclear chain fibres. The two nerve terminations were connected to the same group II nerve fibre and are consequently constituents of one particular secondary sensory ending. The nerve termination on one of the two nuclear chain fibres is of the anulo-spiral type. The nerve termination on the second nuclear chain fibre shows a number of axons lying closely together between plasma membrane and basement membrane of the intrafusal muscle fibre. Not all of these axons are in direct contact with the intrafusal fibre. The terminating nerve fibre seems to be divided into several branches of rather small diameters and irregular courses. It is suggested that this kind of termination could be a correlate of the so-called “flower spray” type of sensory endings in muscle spindles. The two morphologically different nerve terminations in the secondary ending have the following ultrastructural characteristics in common with those of the primary ending: 1) Synaptic contact between axon and intrafusal muscle fibre (synaptic gap about 200 Å) without interposition of basement membrane material; 2) terminal axons located beneath the basement membrane layer of intrafusal muscle fibres without covering by Schwann cells; 3) lack of synaptic vesicles; 4) desmosome-like structures between plasma membranes of axon and intrafusal muscle fibre, and 5) dyads of the sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the synaptic cleft. According to present knowledge these features indicate that all of these endings are sensory ones.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 316-345 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Histophysiology of median eminence ; Avian neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de l'adénohypophysectomie et de diverses sollicitations de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysio-corticosurrénalien sur l'ultrastructure de l'Eminence Médiane (E.M.) ont été étudiés chez le Pigeon. 1. Chez le Pigeon entier, l'Eminence Médiane Caudale (E.M.C.) se distingue de l'Eminence Médiane Rostrale (E.M.R.) essentiellement par l'absence dans les deux couches les plus externes (couches palissadique et superficielle) de l'E.M.C. de granules de gros calibres (1600 à 1900 Å), la rareté de granules de diamètre moyen (1200–1400 Å) et la prédominance de petites vésicules à cœur dense de 600–800 Å. 2. La préhypophysectomie entraine: a) dans l'E.M.R. la quasi disparition de granulations dans les deux couches externes; b) dans l'E.M.C. la ≪vidange≫ de nombreux axones, mais un enrichissement relatif, parmi les granulations restantes, des granulations de gros calibre (1600–1900 Å) aux dépens des granules de plus petit calibre. 3. Un shock insulinique entraine des modifications du même ordre: a) déplétion des granules denses, limitée dans ce cas à la portion la plus antérieure des deux couches externes de l'E.M.R.; b) enrichissement relatif des granulations de moyen (1200–1400 Å) et de gros (1600–1900 Å) calibre dans l'E.M.C. avec, en plus dans l'E.M.C., un enrichissement en vésicules de type synaptique. 4. Un traitement à la métopirone produit un accroissement du nombre des granulations de moyen (1200–1400 Å) calibre dans les couches externes de l'E.M.R. et de l'E.M.C., et un enrichissement important de l'E.M.C. en vésicules de type synaptique. 5. Le traitement à la prednisolone conduit à un enrichissement très marqué des couches externes de l'E.M.R. en grains de 1200–1400 Å, et à un enrichissement des couches externes de l'E.M.C. en granulations de 1000 Å. Ces résultats sont discutés dans la perspective des régulations hypothalamo-corticotropes, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les granules de 1200–1400 Å.
    Notes: Summary The effects of adenohypophysectomy, and of several experimental interventions on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis have been studied in relation to the fine structure of the median eminence in the pigeon. 1. In control animals, the following morphological features of the caudal median eminence (C.M.E.) distinguish it from the rostral median eminence (R.M.E.): a) the absence in both external layers of the C.M.E. of large (1,600–1,900 Å) electron-dense granules, b) the presence in the C.M.E. of a small number of medium-size (1,200–1,400 Å) granules, and c) the predominance in the C.M.E. of small (600–800 Å) dense-core vesicles. 2. Adenohypophysectomy leads to: a) almost complete disappearance of electron-dense granules in both external layers of the R.M.E., and b) “emptying” of numerous axons and a relative increase in the number of large (1,600–1,900 Å) granules in the C.M.E. 3. Insulin shock produces modifications similar to those of adenohypophysectomy. The depletion of electron-dense granules from the axons is, however, restricted to the most anterior part of the R.M.E., and, in the C.M.E., the relative increase in the number of larger granules affects the 1,200–1,400 Å and the 1,600–1,900 Å size granules. 4. Metopirone enhances the number of medium-size (1,200–1,400 Å) granules in the external layers of both the R.M.E. and the C.M.E. and causes a significant increase in the number of synaptic-like vesicles in the C.M.E. 5. Prednisolone treatment leads to a marked enrichment of the external layers of the R.M.E. with 1,200–1,400 Å granules, and of the external layers of the C.M.E. with 1,000 Å granules. These results have been discussed with special reference to the hypothalamic control of the adrenocorticotropic function, especially reviewing the role of the 1,200–1,400 Å granules.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 451-472 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hemocytopoiesis ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mikroskopische Beobachtungen an normalen „phagozytären Geweben“ (im Sinne der älteren Autoren) entlang des dorsalen Diaphragmas der beiden Orthopteren-Arten Gryllus bimaculatus und Locusta migratoria zeigen übereinstimmend, daß diese Bildungen eine hematopoietische Struktur haben. Bei beiden Arten entwickeln sich die blutbildenden Stammzellen aus einer großen Anzahl sog. Retikularzellen mesodermalen Ursprungs, die den Retikularzellen der blutbildenden Gewebe der Vertebrata sehr stark ähneln. Wie bei den Vertebrata differenzieren sich bei den Insekten die Blutzellen in sog. isogenen Zellgruppen von gleichem Typus und gleichem Entwicklungsstadium. Die starke phagozytäre Neigung der Retikularzellen erklärt, warum die blutbildenden Gewebe der Orthoptera von den älteren Autoren als phagozytäre Organe angesprochen wurden. Die hämatopoietische Differenzierung der Retikularzellen in reife Blutzellen (Haemozyten) findet entweder in einem lockeren Gewebe entlang des dorsalen Blutgefäßes, wie bei Locusta, statt, oder im inneren mehrerer, an das Herz gebundener, hoch organisierter blutbildender Organe, wie bei Gryllus, die noch stärker an die klassischen Strukturen der Vertebrata erinnern. Wir beschreiben im einzelnen beide Strukturtypen, insbesondere bei Gryllus die Einteilung der Organe in einen Cortex, in dem sich die Blutzellen bilden, und eine Medulla, in welcher sich die reifen Haemozyten ansammeln können. Nach starken Blutverlusten zeigen besonders die blutbildenden Gewebe von Gryllus eine dramatische Stimulierung der Hämatopoiese an; die Punktion der hämatopoietischen Organe kann also ebenfalls experimentell nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary Microscopic observations of the normal “phagocytic tissues” (in the sense of the classic authors) of the dorsal diaphragm in the two Orthopterans Gryllus bimaculatus and Locusta migratoria unequivocally demonstrate the hematopoietic nature of these cellular accumulations. In the two species, the hematopoietic elements develop from a large number of so-called reticular cells of mesodermic origin, which resemble closely the reticular cells of the hematopoietic organs of Vertebrates. As it is the case in Vertebrates, the differentiation of the hematopoietic elements into mature blood cells occurs in the two Orthopterans also in isogenic cell islets. The phagocytic activity of the reticular cells explains the fact that these organs were classically considered in the Orthopterans as simple phagocytic organs. The hematopoietic differentiation of the reticular cells can occur either in a poorly organized, loose tissue located along the dorsal vessel, as is the case in Locusta, or in a group of highly organized hematopoietic organs, as in Gryllus, which resemble far more the classical hematopoietic structures of Vertebrates. We give a detailed description of both types of organization, especially of the subdivision in Gryllus, of the hematopoietic organs into a cortex, where the haemocytes differentiate, and a medulla, where they can accumulate. After severe hemorrhages, the hematopoietic organs of Gryllus show all the features of a dramatic stimulation of hematopoiesis; their function can thus be experimentally demonstrated.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 523-538 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Intracytoplasmic lipid bodies ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei erwachsenen Feuersalamandern und bei Salamanderlarven konnten in Ependymzellen sowie in subependymären Zellelementen des Gehirns und Rückenmarks zahlreiche rundliche intrazytoplasmatische Körper von starker Osmiophilie beobachtet werden, deren Durchmesser bis zu 12 μ betrug. Vereinzelt fanden sich diese voluminösen Gebilde auch im Cytoplasma von Satellitenzellen der Hirnnerven- und Spinalganglien. Das histochemische Verhalten und das Ultrastrukturbild der intrazytoplasmatischen Körper sprechen dafür, daß sie hauptsächlich aus Lipiden bestehen. Ihre funktionelle Bedeutung konnte bisher nicht eindeutig geklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary The ependymal and subependymal cells of the ventricular system and the central canal in adult und larval salamanders contain numerous unusually large intracytoplasmic osmiophilic spherical bodies with a diameter of up to 12 μ. Sporadically the bodies are found within satellite cells of peripheral ganglia. Histochemical and ultrastructural examination suggests that the bodies consist mainly of lipids. Their functional significance is unknown.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Rat ; Vasopressin release ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le lobe postérieur de l'hypophyse a été examiné sur coupes ultrafines chez 45 rats (24 normaux, 17 déshydratés respectivement 1, 2 et 4 jours, et 4 anesthésiés à l'éther), après fixation au glutaraldéhyde ou selon la méthode de Karnovsky, post-fixation osmiée et double contraste à l'acétate d'uranyle et au citrate de plomb. Des fibres neurosécrétoires sombres et claires sont reconnaissables, mais les données manquent encore pour interpréter cette différence. Des densifications juxta-membranaires sont observées dans les terminaisons neurosécrétoires là où se trouvent des amas de microvésicules. Des fibres neurosécrétoires traversent parfois des pituicytes; il est aussi souvent observé des fibres, chargées de granules, libres dans un espace péricapillaire. Les espaces péricapillaires, ramifiés en tous sens loin des vaisseaux, développent une large surface de contact avec les extrémités nerveuses et les prolongements de pituicytes. Dans des conditions techniques bien contrôlées, la déshydratation n'entraîne pas de modifications appréciables des granules de neurosécrétat après 24 h. Ensuite les granules sont diminués en nombre, de façon très considérable le 4e jour; mais les granules restants ont un contenu dense normal; jamais il n'a été observé d'aspects de ≪granules vides ≫. Après anesthésie prolongée à l'éther, il n'y a aucune modification visible ni du nombre, ni de la densité des granules. Ces observations sont discutées quant au mécanisme de l'excrétion de vasopressine; elles sont en faveur de l'existence de deux pools hormonaux, l'un libre et rapidement disponible, l'autre plus fortement lié et certainement contenu dans les granules jouant le rôle de réserve. Toutefois un mécanisme d'exocytose granulaire ne peut être formellement exclu.
    Notes: Summary Hypophysial neural lobes of 45 rats (24 controls, 17 dehydrated resp. 1, 2 and 4 days, and 4 ether anesthetized) were fixed either with glutaraldehyde or according to Karnovsky and post-fixed in osmium tetroxyde; ultrathin sections were stained by uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Dark and clear neurosecretory fibres were observed, but sufficient data are still lacking for a valuable interpretation of these aspects. Juxta-membraneous densifications are visible in limited areas of neurosecretory terminals where clusters of microvesicles are present. Neurosecretory fibres happen to be completely encircled by pituioyte cytoplasm; fibres loaded with elementary granules are frequently encountered running free in a pericapillary space. Pericapillary spaces stretch out branching far away from vessels, resulting in a widespread contact with nerve terminals and pituicyte processes. In accurately controlled technical conditions, dehydratation does not result in any noticeable change of neurosecretory granules after 24 h. A decrease of the number of granules follows and is extremely conspicuous after 4 days; though, remaining granules keep a normal dense content, and aspects of “empty granules” have never been observed. After prolonged ether anesthesia, no visible change either in number or electron density of granules was observed. These findings are discussed in consideration of the mechanism of vasopressin release; they support the hypothesis of two hormonal pools, one of which would be free and rapidly available for release, the other being more tightly bound and certainly located in granules representing a storage site. Though granular exocytosis cannot be absolutely excluded.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 384-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart muscle cells ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative ; Asphyxia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Normale und hypoxische Herzmuskelzellen aus der Wand des linken Ventrikels der Ratte wurden quantitativ-morphologisch anhand von elektronenmikroskopischen Längsschnitten nach Perfusionsfixierung untersucht. In normalen Zellen waren alle Myofibrillen relaxiert, die mittlere Sarcomerlänge betrug 2,2 μm. Die Schnittfläche wurde zu 55% von Myofibrillen, zu 27% von Mitochondrien und zu 18% von Grundplasma und Reticulum eingenommen. Die zwischen den Myofibrillen liegenden Mitochondrien waren längsoval und im Mittel 2,3mal so lang wie breit. Es bestand kein Unterschied zwischen subendokardial und subepikardial gelegenen Zellen. 10 min nach Erstickung der Tiere waren in den sonst unauffälligen Muskelzellen die Glycogengranula vermindert. Nach 20 min führte die Hypoxie zu einer Zunahme der relativen Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien um etwa 16% und zu einer beginnenden Kontraktur der Myofibrillen (Sarcomerlänge 2,0 μm). 20 min Hypoxie in Hypothermie (25–30°C intrathorakal) veränderte die normale Zellstruktur dagegen kaum. Wenn die Herzen während der 20 min dauernden Hypoxie in Normothermie mit einer procainhaltigen sauerstoff- und glucosefreien Blutersatzlösung durchspült wurden, waren die Myofibrillen relaxiert, die Schwellung der Mitochondrien dagegen wurde nicht reduziert. 30 min nach Erstickung wurde die Kontraktur stärker (Sarcomerlänge 1,7 μm). Nach 60 min bildeten sich Superkontraktionsknoten, einzelne Myofibrillen waren in Höhe der I-Bänder unterbrochen. Die Cristae der Mitochondrien wichen auseinander, die Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien hatte um 27% zugenommen. Während in Normotherapie eine Asphyxie des Tieres bereits nach 10 min die Herzmuskelzellen funktionell schwer schädigt, ist die Schädigung morphologisch erst nach 20 min eindeutig. Das bedeutet, daß für die elektronenmikroskopische Präparation eine Hypoxie von unter 10 min bedeutungslos ist. Hinsichtlich der morphologischen Manifestationszeit für die Unterbrechung der Sauerstoffversorgung stimmen unsere Befunde an Herzmuskelzellen gut mit vergleichbaren Angaben an Leberzellen überein.
    Notes: Summary In heart muscle cells of the left ventricle of rats the distribution of cell organelles and their reaction to hypoxia were investigated by electron microscopy. In normal hearts fixed by perfusion with aldehydes, the mean sarcomere length was 2.2 μm. 27% of the longitudinal sectional area was occupied by mitochondria, 55% by myofibrils and 18% by sarcoplasmic reticulum and ground plasm. The mitochondria situated in rows between the fibrils were oval and measured 2.3 times more in length than in width. There was no difference between cells from subendocardial and subepicardial regions. 10 min hypoxia (complete occlusion of the trachea) did not affect the appearance of muscle cells but diminished the number of glycogen granules. After 20 minutes the area occupied by mitochondria was increased by 16%, the mitochondria between the myofibrils were more spherical and only 1.5 times longer than wide. The sarcomeres shortened to 2.0 μm. With hypothermia (25–30°C) hypoxia of 20 minutes duration did not affect the cell structure. Perfusion of the heart by a saline solution, which contained procaine but neither oxygen nor glucose, for 20 minutes prevented shortening of the sarcomeres but not swelling of the mitochondria. 30 minutes after occlusion of the trachea the myofibrils shortened to a sarcomere length of 1.7 μm. After 60 minutes irregularly and excessively contracted myofibrils appeared and some sarcomeres were interrupted at the level of the I-bands. In some of the swollen mitochondria the cristae were widely separated. The increase of the area occupied by mitochondria was 27%. Asphyxia affects heart muscle cells severely with respect to function within 10 min, but morphologically it takes 20 min before a definite effect can be noticed. As to the time after which lack of oxygen is manifested morphologically, our results are consistent with findings in liver cells.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 431-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Contractile ring ; Cytokinesis ; Cell division ; Cytochalasin B ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Techniques of individual cell selection and precise ultramicrotomy have been employed to demonstrate that the contractile ring of cleaving HeLa cells is a transitory cytoplasmic organelle of distinctive fine structure and location. The contractile ring is an uninterrupted annulus encircling the equator of dividing cells exactly where the cleavage furrow forms. It is about 10 microns wide, up to 0.2 microns in thickness, and is composed exclusively of circumferentially aligned thin filaments 40–70 Å in diameter. Contractile ring filaments appear to be associated with the overlying plasma membrane. Controlled experiments with a mold metabolite (cytochalasin B) reveals that within a few minutes the drug abolishes the ability of HeLa cells to undergo cytokinesis. Cytochalasin B seems to decompose the contractile ring. It has no other clearly identifiable effects on other cell structures, notably the mitotic apparatus. Cytochalasin B is the only drug known which selectively inhibits cytokinesis in animal cells. In conclusion, the contractile ring is the most likely organelle responsible for cytokinesis in HeLa cells. Similar organelles probably occur in all cleaving animal cells. Successful cleavage depends upon the structural and functional integrity of the contractile ring.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reptiles ; Skin ; Keratin ; Electron microscopy ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The different patterns of keratin formation that have evolved in the class Reptilia are all variations of a common process. In Squamata (snakes and lizards), a sequence of layers composed of α or β keratin is formed periodically, after which the old epidermal generation is shed. In Chelonia (turtles and tortoises), the epidermis of the shell is composed of only β keratin, whereas the skin of the neck and leg is composed exclusively of α keratin. Molting in toto does not occur and shedding is a continuous process comparable to that in avian and mammalian epidermis. In Crocodilia (crocodiles, caimans, alligators) there is only a single layer of cornified cells, but the composition of the layer varies in different parts of the scale. The hinge regions have many of the morphological characteristics of α and β keratin whereas the center resembles β keratin. The living cells beneath contain accumulations of keratohyalin. There are four ultrastructural characteristics of a keratinized α layer: 1) cellular outlines remain distinct, 2) a thickened plasma membrane forms during keratinization, 3) 80 Å filaments embedded in an amorphous matrix can be seen, and 4) PAS-positive material accumulates in extracellular spaces between the desmosomes. The β layer exhibits none of these features. Instead the cells more or less (depending on species) coalesce into a compact layer which becomes attenuated in the hinge regions. A 30 Å filament pattern can be seen. The mesos layer of squamates resembles the hinge region of crocodilians, exhibiting a combination of the characteristics of both α and β keratin.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 540-558 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Synapses ; Rat ; Postnatal differentiation ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of layers I and II of the motor cerebral cortex of rat brain has been studied at birth, 4, 7 and 14 days postnatal and in the adult. Compared with the adult, neonatal rat motor cortex exhibited a large extracellular space which decreases with increasing age. At all stages studied the neurons were seen to contain the organelles usually found in adult neurons. Growth cones were present in decreasing numbers up to 14 days old. Synapses were detectable at birth and there was an obvious increase in their number throughout the postnatal development. At the earliest stages studied there was a lack of specialization characteristic of the adult. Many synapses were either avesicular or relatively so and lacked the high degree of modification of adult pre- and postsynaptic membranes. By 7 days after birth many synapses existed which in all morphological respects resembled those of the adult, and by 14 days, the majority were of the adult type. These findings, particularly with reference to the postnatal development of synapses, have been discussed in relation to the known electrophysiological findings.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: C cells ; Thyroid ; Rat ; Ultimobranchial origin ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nos observations confirment l'origine ultimobranchiale des cellules C de la thyroïde du rat. L'évolution des corps ultimobranchiaux (C.U.B.) a été étudiée à partir du 16ème jour de gestation, stade où ils fusionnent avec l'ébauche thyroïdienne. Dès le 17ème jour, les premières cellules C se différencient dans le C.U.B. inclus dans la thyroïde. Au 18ème jour, elles sont plus nombreuses et commencent à se disperser dans les cordons thyroïdiens. La migration des cellules C est particulièrement importante au 19ème jour. A partir du 20ème jour, les signes d'activité sécrétoire s'intensifient très nettement. A la fin de la vie foetale, les cellules C sont comparables aux cellules C adultes. La differenciation des cellules parathyroïdiennes précède nettement celle des cellules C.
    Notes: Summary Our observations confirm the ultimobranchial origin of the C cells of the rat thyroid. We studied the development of the ultimobranchial body from the 16th day of pregnancy, when there is fusion with the thyroidian anlage, onwards. As early as the 17th day, the first C cells differentiate in the ultimobranchial body which is included into the thyroid. On the 18th day, they are more numerous and start to scatter throughout the thyroidian cords. The migration of the C cells is especially obvious on the 19th day. From the 20th day onwards, there is marked increase in secretory activity. At the end of the foetal life, the C cells resemble those of the adult. The differentiation of the parathyroid cells significantly precedes that of the C cells.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 309-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; Substantia nigra ; Neuroglia ; Pericytes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of perivascular and perineuronal cells in the substantia nigra and red nucleus was studied in Nissl, silver carbonate, and electron microscopic preparations. In light microscopic preparations of the red nucleus and substantia nigra oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are located adjacent to blood vessels and nerve cells. Pericytes are also found adjacent to blood vessels. Scattered perineuronal oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are present in the magnocellular portion of the red nucleus and in the substantia nigra, whereas a distinguishing morphological feature of the parvocellular portion of the red nucleus is the clustering of perineuronal oligodendrocytes around a single neuron. In the present electron micrographs of the red nucleus and substantia nigra oligodendrocytes are separated from the vascular basement membrane (basal lamina) by astrocyte processes and therefore are not truly perivascular. Pericytes are easily identified by the basement membrane which encompasses their cell bodies and processes. Characteristic of the neuropil in the red nucleus are astrocytic processes that approximate dendrites. In contrast, astrocytic processes in the substantia nigra rarely contact dendrites which are covered by a mosaic of synaptic endings. A “third type of neuroglial element” is also present in the neuropil of the substantia nigra and the red nucleus.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 447-453 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Trypsin-dissociation ; ACTH stimulation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron micrographs of trypsin-dissociated rat adrenal showed predominantly intact rounded cells without internal damage. The population contained cells from the glomerular, intermediary and fascicular zones with cells from the zona fasciculata predominant. The presence or absence of cells from the reticular zone could not be determined. Cells from the medullary zone were absent. The addition of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to the cellular suspension for 2 hours produced corticosterone. However, these stimulated cells did not display any significant ultrastructural change.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 324-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human myocardium ; Innervation ; Nerve endings ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies of axons, distributing singly or in small bundles in the human ventricular and atrial myocardium, indicate a few per-cent of the axon profiles to be significantly large in diameter (1.5–3.0 μ). They are characteristically packed with a profuse number of mitochondria along with large granular vesicles, glycogen rosettes, lysosomic bodies; and some of them terminate on a “specific terminal cell” (Knoche and Schmitt). These mitochondria-rich, large axons are assumed to be terminal portions of the cardiac afferents. About half of the axons encountered in the ventricle and 2/3 in the atrium are non-vesiculated, usually less than 0.5 μ. in diameter. The varicosities containing numerous vesicles are mostly 0.5–1.5 μ in diameter and are assumed to be terminal portions of the cardiac efferents. The ratio between the number of axon profiles containing small granular vesicles and that of axon profiles containing agranular vesicles without small granular vesicles is 2∶1 in the ventricular myocardium and 1∶1.7 in the atrial myocardium.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 487-500 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Residual lumen ; Epithelial cells ; Fine structure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histology, enzyme histochemistry, and electron microscopy of the epithelium covering the rat pituitary residual lumen was studied. The anterior and posterior epithelium have similar histological and histochemical appearance, although the posterior epithelium shows stronger enzyme reactions for an esterase and many dehydrogenases. Electron microscopic studies reveal that both epithelia form a continuous lining. Anterior epithelium is in immediate contact with the interstitial spaces of the anterior lobe, while the posterior epithelium is separated from the intermediate lobe by a continuous basement lamina. The cytological features of both epithelia are also remarkably similar with scanty rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, inconspicuous Golgi apparatus, round or oval mitochondria, and moderate number of lysosomal bodies. The apical surface of these cells is covered by microvilli and in some, especially posterior epithelial cells, by numerous cilia. Anterior epithelial cells and the apical portions of the posterior epithelial cells contain a number of large vacuoles with material possibly related to the colloid within the residual lumen. Electron microscopic findings suggest that both epithelia are possibly active in transfer and/or disposal of the colloid material rather than being secretory themselves. Enzyme histochemical findings support the hypothesis of an active role of these cells in metabolic processes related to phagocytosis. Based on these observations the colloid seems to be the product of the anterior lobe function.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 33-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Interstitial cells ; Reptiles ; Hormone Production ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure des cellules interstitielles du testicule de Lacerta vivipara a été étudiée entre le printemps et l'automne pendant deux années. Le retioulum endoplasmique lisse, et les mitochondries à crêtes tabulaires sont les organites les plus remarquables comme dans les autres cellules productrices de stéroïdes, mais les liposomes et l'appareil de Golgi sont bien représentés aussi. Les variations ultrastructurales les plus significatives apparaissent entre le printemps et le début de l'été. Au printemps, alors que les caractères sexuels secondaires sont hypertrophiés, un système remarquable de vésicules et de vacuoles se développe à partir du reticulum et probablement aussi du Golgi. Au début de l'été, lorsque les caractères sexuels secondaires sont atrophiés, les vacuoles sont moins nombreuses et le reticulum forme un réseau dense de tubules typiques, souvent étroitement associés aux liposomes; les crêtes mitochondriales sont gonflées. Ces images sont discutées en fonction de l'activité saisonnière d'élaboration d'hormones. L'hypertrophie des systèmes membranaires au printemps correspond probablement à la production ou (et) à l'excrétion des hormones androgènes. Au début de l'été, la cellule n'élabore pas d'androgènes, mais n'est peut-être pas complètement inactive: elle pourrait stocker des précurseurs hormonaux.
    Notes: Summary Interstitial cells of the testis of Lacerta vivipara have been studied electronmicroscopically in animals obtained between spring and autumn. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubular cristae are the most prominent organels, lipid droplets and Golgi apparatus being also well developed. The most significant ultrastructural changes occur between spring and the beginning of summer. In spring, during the hypertrophy of secondary sexual characters, a conspicuous system of vesicles and vacuoles originates from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and probably also from the Golgi apparatus. At the beginning of summer, when secondary sexual characters are atrophied, vacuoles are less prominent and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum consists of a dense network of typical tubules, often closely associated with the lipid droplets; the cristae of the mitochondria are swollen. These ultrastructural findings are discussed in relation to the production of hormones. The hypertrophy of membrane systems in spring corresponds presumably to production or (and) release of androgen hormones. In the beginning of summer the cell does not produce androgens, but probably is not completely inactive: it may store precursors of hormones.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Gastropoda ; Fluorescence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Vergleich fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchungen am zentralen Nervensystem von Planorbarius corneus L. wird nachgewiesen, daß in den Schlundringganglien Neurosekretzellen vorkommen (Nachweis mit Pseudoisocyaninchlorid), die mit Nervenzellen nicht identisch sind, die durch ihren hohen Gehalt an biogenen Aminen auffallen (Nachweis durch die Methode von Falck und Owman, 1965). Es können daher im Schlundring von Planorbarius corneus peptiderge und aminerge Neurosekretzellen unterschieden werden. Die PSC-positiven Neurosekretzellen enthalten elektronendichte Elementargrana und die aminergen Neurone „dense-core“ Vesikel. Der Nachweis biogener Amine in einigen Nervenzellen von Planorbarius corneus spicht für deren chemische Identität mit Transmittersubstanzen, ihre hohe Konzentration aber für eine Abgabe in die Körperflüssigkeit.
    Notes: Summary The neurosecretory system of the snail Planorbarius corneus has been investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy. With the fluorochrome Pseudoisocyanin the established neurosecretory system in the cerebral ganglia and single neurosecretory cells in the other ganglia show an intensive yellow fluorescence. Electron micrographs reveal the presence of electron dense granules (elementary granules) in the pericarya and the axons of neurones which have the same localisation in the ganglia as the pseudoisocyanin-positive cells. The fluorescence technique for biogenic amines produces yellow and green fluorescence within neurons and in the neuropil and nerves. The fluorescence obtained in determinable areas and neurones correlates well with the electron microscopic location of “dense-core” vesicles within the pericarya and axons of cells in even the same areas. It is discussed, that in this animal both types of cells are so-called “neurosecretory cells”, because the high content of elementary granules in the “peptidergic neurosecretory cells” and of “dense-core” vesicles in the “aminergic neurosecretory cells” is an indication for secretion of these products in neurohaemal areas (circulatory channels).
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 321-335 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Lymphocyte ; Analysis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thymic small lymphocytes of dd-mice were qualitatively and quantitatively studied by electron microscopy. Differences in fine structure were revealed between cortical and medullary small lymphocytes. Cortical small lymphocytes are rounded in cell outline with a round nucleus. The cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus as a narrow rim is scanty and appears relatively dense due to an abundance of free ribosomes. The cell organelles are not well developed. On the other hand, medullary small lymphocytes are more irregular in shape with uneven cell membranes. Their nuclei are also more irregular in outline with frequent infoldings of the nuclear membrane. The cytoplasm is more abundant and paler with less numerous ribosomes. The cell organelles are better developed. Quantitative analysis was made of both cortical and medullary small lymphocytes by means of the point counting method. The nuclei of both cortical and medullary small lymphocytes are almost the same in size (a diameter of 4.9 μ). The cell sizes are different between cortical and medullary lymphocytes: cortical small lymphocytes with a diameter of 5.5 μ were smaller than medullary ones with a diameter of 6.4 μ. Cortical small lymphocytes are very sensitive to the destructive effects of hydrocortisone, whereas the medullary ones are resistant. Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath in the splenic white pulp, which is known to be a thymus-dependent area, contains small lymphocytes that were similar in cytological details to medullary small lymphocytes of the thymus. In the light of the recent knowledge about a recirculating long-lived small lymphocyte pool, it appears probable that medullary small lymphocytes represent a contribution to the pool and that small lymphocytes with a long life span can be cytologically identified by electron microscopy.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic nerves ; Perineurial sheath ; Termination ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Perineurium kleiner Mesenterial- und Trachealnerven besteht aus einer Lage platter, beiderseits von einer Basalmembran umschlossener Zellen. Im Bereich von Abzweigungen kleiner Nerven bildet das Perineurium ein gekammertes, stark kollagenfibrillenhaltiges Hüllensystem. Die Endigung der einschichtigen Perineuralhülle hat die Form einer in das Interstitium geöffneten Röhre. Im ansatznahen Drittel des Mesenteriums und in der Schleimhaut der Trachea wurden ausschließlich perineuriumfreie Nerven gefunden. Es liegt nahe, diese perineuriumfreien Bezirke zu funktionellen Endräumen zusammenzufassen. In perineuriumfreien Bezirken wird das gehäufte Auftreten von Nervenauftreibungen mit Vesikeln, die Transmittersubstanz enthalten, und Mitochondrion beobachtet. Die erhobenen Befunde werden mit den an dickem Perineurium gewonnenen Ergebnissen verglichen und diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The perineurial sheath of small tracheal and mesenteric nerves consists of a layer of flat, basement membrane coated cells. Its ramifications form a complicated layered system, interspersed with collagen fibrils. The tube formed by the thin perineurial sheath ends openly, which affords communication between the respective interstitial spaces. The mesenteric nerves close to the duodenum as well as the nerves in the vicinity of the tracheal epithelium show no perineurial sheath. Peripheral nerves lacking a perineurial layer seem to be close to their terminations. Their fibers show varicosities containing transmitter vesicles and mitochondria with longitudinally orientated cristae. Our results are compared with those found in thick, multilayered perineurial sheaths and functional differences are discussed.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 559-568 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Rat ; Synapses ; Postnatal ; Quantitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitation of synapses at different postnatal ages has been undertaken in the cerebral cortex of the rat. In this study axial ratios of presynaptic bags, proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags and numbers of synapses per unit volume of cortex have been estimated. Observations on synaptic vesicle packing densities have also been made. Synaptic bags become increasingly spherical up to 7 days of age and become more elongated thereafter. The proportion of cortex occupied by presynaptic bags increases rapidly up to 7 days of age and then at a decelerated rate up to maturity. The number of synapses per unit volume increases slowly over the first four days after which there is a rapid increase to 14 days, followed by a decelerated rate. The average presynaptic bag shows marked changes in volume with increasing age which indicate the probability of two stages of synaptic development. This two stage development is further reflected in the estimates on vesicle packing densities. The implications of the results are discussed in relationship to changes in functional activity of the cortex during postnatal development.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 569-587 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subtotal Pancreatectomy ; Rat ; Islet Regeneration ; Excretory Duct System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Männliche Ratten wurden bei einem Gewicht von 80–100 g subtotal pankreatektomiert (5% Rest) und zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach der Operation abgetötet. Bei diesen wie bei unbehandelten Kontrolltieren wurde die Neubildung von Inselgewebe aus dem exkretorischen Gangsystem elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. — Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Inselneubildung von Gangzellen ausgeht, welche ein auffallend helles Zytoplasma besitzen und samt ihren Kernen größer und abgerundeter sind als ihre Nachbarzellen. Diese Zellen wandern vom Lumen ab, wobei die entstehende Lücke zum Lumen zu jeweils durch eine seitliche Ausdehnung des Zytoplasmas benachbarter Gangzellen geschlossen wird. Die abgewanderten hellen Zellen, die mit den lichtmikroskopisch beschriebenen „trüben Zellen“ identisch sein dürften, haben die Fähigkeit, sich zu Alpha-oder Beta-Zellen zu differenzieren. Dabei werden sie größer und das Zytoplasma dunkler. Sie behalten aber gleichzeitig einige Besonderheiten, die auf ihre Herkunft hinweisen. Die Regeneration des Inselgewebes, die vorwiegend von den zentroacinären Zellen ausgeht, setzt bald nach der Operation stark ein, schwächt sich dann aber kontinuierlich ab. In den immer ineffektiver werdenden Regenerationsvorgang werden zunehmend größere Gangabschnitte einbezogen. Die weitgehende Erschöpfung der Regenerationsfähigkeit fällt mit dem Auftreten eines manifesten Diabetes zwischen dem 40. und 60. Tag p.op. zusammen.
    Notes: Summary Male rats were subtotally pancreatectomized at a weight of 80–100 g according to the method of Foglia (5% of the total pancreas remaining). The animals were killed at different intervals after. In these rats, as well as in healthy controls, the new formation of islets out of the excretory duct system was studied by electron microscopy. Obviously the new formation of islets takes origin from certain cells of the ductular system which show a light cytoplasm and are larger and rounder than their neighbouring cells. The latter goes for their nuclei, too, even to a larger degree. These light cells migrate away from the ductular lumen and the gaps resulting from this are closed by long and thin processes of the cytoplasm of their neighbouring duct cells coming in contact with each other. The cells having migrated away seem to have an ability to differentiate into alphaor beta-cells. Most probably they are identical with the “trübe Zellen” described by light-microscopists. The higher the degree of differentiation in these cells is, the darker becomes their cytoplasm. But they still keep for some time morphological aspects indicating their origin from ductular cells. An intense regeneration of islet tissue starts soon after the operation from the centroacinar cells but it decreases continuously after. As the process of islet regeneration becomes more and more ineffective, an increasing number of larger excretory ducts are involved in it. The exhaustion of the ability for regeneration is correlated exactly in time with the onset of a manifest diabetes between the 40 th and 60 th day after operation.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 51-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Purkinje cell ; Golgi apparatus ; Dendrites ; Differentiation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of postnatal differentiation of the Golgi apparatus, the nucleus, the perikaryon, and the dendrites was studied in Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum for 30 days after birth using histochemical, histological, and electron microscopic methods. The Golgi apparatus during differentiation undergoes morphological and positional changes. From the 1st to 7th postnatal day, the Golgi apparatus is found in a supranuclear position, and is connected with the axes of differentiating primary dendrites by beam-like processes. From days 8 to 11 this connection disappears, and most of the Golgi apparatus assumes a lateronuclear and infranuclear position. After the 11th or 12th day, the Golgi apparatus is found in perinuclear and peripheral cytoplasmic positions. The formation of granular endoplasmic reticulum occurs in the vicinity of the perinuclear Golgi apparatus. The differentiation of cell and nuclear forms requires approximately 20 days. The morphological changes of differentiation are discussed in relation to the participation of the Golgi apparatus in the differentiation of dendrites and in the formation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 149-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit ovum ; Fertilization ; Pronucleus ; Cleavage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fertilized ova were flushed from the Fallopian tubes of New Zealand White rabbits at 15 to 30 hours after mating and examined with the electron microscope. Between 21 and 22 hours intact pronuclei with extensive interdigitation of apposing surfaces were found in most ova. In some, an appearance suggesting internuclear communication was observed. In other ova disrupted pronuclear membranes surrounded centrally placed chromosome aggregates. In still others an advanced cleavage furrow was already present. By 23 hours all ova were in the two-cell stage.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 364-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Oocyte maturation ; in vitro studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After cultivation in a modified Trowell-system (organ ciilture) oocytes of 12- to 40-day-old rats were studied under the light and electron microscope. The cultivation period was 72 hrs. Egg cells from primary and early secondary follicles which are characterized by the lack of a zona pellucida and by one or at most two very large Golgi's complexes located near the nucleus do not show any alterations. The other egg cells are characterized by membrane packages which can otherwise only be observed in mature egg cells right before or after the ovulation. Meiotic processes or the formation of polar bodies are only seldom to be seen. These egg cells are surrounded by a thick zona pellucida. From these findings the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In organ cultures meiotic processes are prevented by the inhibitory influence of follicle cells (Foote and Thibault, 1969). 2. A cytoplasmic maturation proceeds independently. 3. In-vivo an inhibitory factor influences the cytoplasmic maturation. This inhibition is not observed in the organ culture. Thus we can be sure that it develops outside the ovary. 4. The synthesis of the zona pellucida continues in-vitro.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 572-581 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Cellular Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamus of male and female rats, given 0.3 μg/100 g body weight of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β and killed 1 hour after the injection, was examined by autoradiography in order to 1) localize the areas and the cells involved in the uptake of the hormone, and 2) study the intracellular localization of the labelled material. Only nerve cells contained radioactive material while glial and ependymal cells were not significantly labelled. In the anterior hypothalamus, labelled nerve cells were concentrated in areas corresponding to nucleus preopticus medialis and nucleus preopticus, pars suprachiasmatica. The nucleus supraopticus was unlabelled. In the medial basal hypothalamus, neurons corresponding to the nucleus arcuatus and the lateral part of the nucleus ventromedialis showed marked labelling. No significant labelling was observed in the nucleus paraventricularis, pars magnocellularis. Although the individual nerve cells varied in their extent of labelling, the major proportion of the silver grains were consistently concentrated over the nuclei. Castration was not found to influence the results. The findings were essentially the same in male and female rats and appear to suggest that oestradiol exerts a direct effect on nerve cells in certain hypothalamic areas.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 582-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior hypophysis ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Uptake of 3H-Oestradiol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus of male and female rats given 3H-oestradiol were examined with regard to 1) the kinetics of the uptake of the radioactive material, 2) the chemical nature of the labelled material, and 3) the influence of non-labelled oestradiol-17β, oestradiol-17α and testosterone on the uptake of 3H-oestradiol. The anterior hypophysis was found to concentrate and retain oestradiol in basically the same manner in male and female rats. The pattern of the uptake was similar to that of the uterus and vagina, with a concentration peak 2 hours after the injection. Non-target tissues such as cerebral cortex, liver and blood attained their maximum uptake already 15 minutes after the injection. Thereafter the concentration gradually decreased. The ratio between the concentration of labelled material in the anterior hypophysis and brain cortex gradually increased until a peak was reached at 8 hours in both sexes. In the female, the concentration of labelled material in the anterior hypophysis was then 106.3 times greater than in the brain cortex, while in the male the ratio was 63.2. In the hypothalamus the uptake followed a pattern similar to that of the brain cortex. However, in the former the concentration of labelled material was consistently greater than in the latter. At maximum uptake, registered 4 hours after the injection, the concentration was about two times greater in the hypothalamus than in the cerebral cortex. The neurohypophysis contained, on an average, 1/6 of the amount of radioactive material registered in the anterior lobe one hour after the injection, but it was about two times greater than in the brain cortex. Isolation and identification of the radioactive material in the anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus showed that in both sexes nearly all of it was chemically unchanged oestradiol. Graded doses of non-labelled oestradiol-17β were found to decrease the uptake of 3H-oestradiol in the anterior hypophysis and hypothalamus almost linearly, while the concentration of labelled material in the brain was unaltered. Oestradiol-17α and testosterone were without significant effect on both the pituitary and hypothalamic accumulation of 3H-oestradiol. Therefore, a limited number of binding sites, with a high degree of specificity for oestradiol, appear to exist in both tissues. The results were essentially the same in male and female rats.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 1-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Deafferentation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report concerns a light and electron microscopic investigation of the median eminence and dorsal infundibular stem of the rat following surgical isolation (deafferentation). Using a modification of the Halász technique, the basal hypothalamus, including the arcuate nucleus and median eminence were surgically isolated from surrounding structures. Special attention was directed to the contact (external) zone of the median eminence and rostral infundibulum where tuberohypophyseal axons as well as ependymal cell processes abut upon the abluminal basement membrane of the portal perivascular space. The results of this study to date suggest that 9, 20, and 40 days following surgical isolation, there is a distinct increase in the population of tuberohypophyseal dense core vesicles. It is suggested that deafferentation abolishes inhibitory and excitatory input that serves to modify the cellular dynamics of tuberohypophyseal neurosecretory elements. Comments are also made on the presence of cistern-like structures in the lateral median eminence; the presence of vesicle-like inclusions in terminal ependymal processes is discussed in relationship to the role that ependyma may play in linking the third ventricle with the adenohypophysis.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 597-614 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Rat ; Localization of 3H-Oestradiol ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pituitaries of male and female rats given 0.3 μg of 6.7-3H-oestradiol-17β per 100 g body weight were examined by autoradiography in order to 1) identify the cells responsible for the uptake of the hormone, 2) determine the intracellular distribution of the hormone and quantify the proportions localized within the cytoplasm and nucleus by silver grain counting, and 3) see if sex differences existed in the cellular and intracellular distribution of the hormone. The animals were killed at intervals varying from 1 minute to 8 hours following intravenous or intramuscular injection. A large proportion of pituitary cells having the morphologic characteristics of acidophils, basophils and chromophobes contained radioactive material. Castration cells and acidophils of gonadectomized and lactating rats showed marked labelling. In male and female rats killed 10 minutes after intravenous injection, 84.4 and 83.6 per cent of the cells were labelled. One hour after intramuscular injection, 86.6 and 76.1 per cent of the cells were labelled in males and females, respectively. Thus, a small proportion of the cells remained unlabelled. Labelled cells showed silver grains both in the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei, but the major proportion of the radioactive material was invariably associated with the cell nuclei in all cell types and at all time intervals. About 65 per cent of the radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei in animals killed five minutes or one hour after intravenous or intramuscular injection of the hormone. The silver grains appeared to be randomly distributed in both the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei. In the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, only sparse labelling with random distribution was observed. At the border between the intermediate lobe and the neurohypophysis, labelling of single cells or clusters of cells similar to those in the adenohypophysis was found. The results, which were essentially the same in male and female rats, appear to indicate a direct effect of oestradiol at the pituitary level.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 382-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Newborn rat ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata of the newborn rat adrenal cortex has been studied by the light and the electron microscope. The ultrastructural features of the cells of both zones are described. By morphometric methods the relative volumes occupied by mitochondria and by lipid droplets have been evaluated. The “membrane profile concentration” (i.e. the average number of microns of smooth reticulum profiles per square micron of cytoplasm) has been also measured. The most significant ultrastructural differences between the cells of the two zones concern the mitochondria, the lipid droplets, and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondria show typical lamellar cristae in the elements of the zona glomerulosa, and vesicular cristae in the cells of the zona fasciculata. They occupy the same relative volume in both elements. The lipid droplets and the smooth reticulum show no qualitative differences in the two cell types, but they are found in a larger amount in the cells of the zona fasciculata. These ultrastructural findings are discussed in relation to the numerous biochemical data, suggesting that the cells of the zona glomerulosa are resting elements at birth, while the cells of the zona fasciculata are active steroid-secreting elements already in late gestation.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 541-556 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Monoamine fluorescence ; Output of pars distalis hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of monoamines in the median eminence of foetal, neonatal and adult rats has been studied with the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique in preparations in which the hypothalamus and pituitary gland were in continuity. In adult rats monoamine fluorescence is present throughout the median eminence, including the anatomical stem. In foetal rats a few sagittally-directed varicose fluorescent fibres are seen in the median eminence. In neonatal rats palisade layer fluorescence in appreciable amounts is first seen on the fourth day in the region of the anatomical stem. By the eighth day it has spread throughout the palisade layer of the entire median eminence, and by the end of the third week it has attained adult intensity. The appearance of monoamines in the median eminence, the development of a functional hypophysial portal system, and a changing pattern of development of function in both the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axes thus all appear to be contemporaneous events. It is suggested that the monoamines of the median eminence represent part of a neural system influencing the output of pars distalis hormones, in particular of ACTH and TSH secretion.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 398-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Newborn rat ; Electron microscopy ; Lysosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structural changes of the zona juxtamedullaris of the rat adrenal cortex at birth, have been examined by the light and the electron microscope. In this zone clusters of medullary cells lying among the strands of cortical tissue were observed. In the inner portion of the zona juxtamedullaris two types of adrenocortical cells were found: light and very-dark cells. The latter are smaller than the light cells and are always in close connection with the medullary tissue. The ultrastructural features of the very-dark cells suggest that these elements are in degeneration. This finding supports the hypothesis that at birth there is a partial degeneration of the rat zona juxtamedullaris, i.e. the zone corresponding to the “fetal zone” of some mammalian species. It is proposed that in all mammalian species at birth there is a partial regression of the zona juxtamedullaris and that the regression of the “fetal zone” is only the quantitative increase of this phenomenon. This hypothesis is discussed in relation to numerous data demonstrating that there are enzymatic conditions in the rat during fetal life, which permit a discrete hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 341-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Brain ; Insects ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the brain of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, the beta lobes of the corpora pedunculata respond with an intense positive reaction to a specific fluorescence histochemical method for catecholamines. The fluorescence reaction disappears completely after prolonged treatment of the cockroaches with reserpine. An ultrastructural examination of the beta lobes in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed preparations reveals the presence of two types of fibres: 1) Fibres and nerve endings containing small clear vesicles and sligthly larger vesicles with a semi-dense content. The appearance and size distribution of these vesicles ist not affected by treatment with reserpine. 2) Fibres containing larger and denser vesicles, but practically no clear vesicles. The size distribution of these dense vesicles is only slightly affected by treatment of the cockroaches with reserpine. If brain slices are incubated in a medium containing noradrenaline or α-methyl-noradrenaline and fixed in permanganate, small vesicles with electron-dense central cores show up, similar to those which have been described in vertebrate adrenergic nerve fibres (“small granular vesicles”). They are confined to one of the two types of fibres (a and b) visible in these preparations, namely to type b, whose correspondence with type 2 fibres of formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed preparations is discussed.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 138-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Histochemical pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Makrophagen und entodermale Retikulumzellen samt Ausläufern lassen sich im Thymus der Wistar-Ratte durch den histochemischen Nachweis der sauren Phosphatase und der unspezifischen Esterase selektiv darstellen, während die Lymphozyten nicht reagieren. Häufigkeit und Verteilung der Retikulumzellen und Makrophagen lassen altersabhängige Unterschiede erkennen: Auf Kosten der Retikulumzellen nimmt die Zahl der Makrophagen mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter zu. Bei geschlechtsreifen Tieren bilden sie einen Wall an der Mark-Rinden-Grenze. Die Bedeutung der sauren Phosphatase in entodermalen Retikulumzellen wird unter der Annahme diskutiert, daß es sich um lysosomengebundenes Ferment handelt. Lysosomen sind im involvierenden Thymus wahrscheinlich an autolytischen oder phagozytotischen Prozessen beteiligt. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob Lysosomen in entodermalen Retikulumzellen des Thymus neugeborener Tiere in die Abgabe einer humoral wirksamen Substanz eingreifen können.
    Notes: Summary Macrophages and entodermal reticulum cells in the thymus of Wistar rats contrast by their rich contents of acid phosphatase and unspecific esterase activity with the negativ reacting lymphocytes. Frequency and distribution of the cells vary according to different stages of age: at cost of the entodermal reticular cells the number of macrophages increases with progressive age. In sexually mature animals they form a typical layer at the corticomedullary junction. The functional meaning of acid phosphatase in the entodermal reticulum cells is discussed under the assumption that this enzyme is lysosomebound. In the involuting thymus lysosomes are involved in autolytic or phagocytic processes. The question arises wether lysosomes in entodermal reticulum cells in the thymus of newborn animals can take part in the control of an humoral function of the thymus.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 345-357 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptor ; Lumbricus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der Photorezeptorzellen in der Epidermis, in kleineren Nervenästen und im Zerebralganglion von Lumbricus terrestris wurde untersucht. Das Vorhandensein eines zentralen, intrazellulären Lumens (Phaosom), das mit Mikrozotten gefüllt ist, erinnert in der Struktur der Photorezeptorzelle des Regenwurms an Lichtsinneszellen von Hirudo. Außer Mikrozotten findet man im Phaosom einige Zilien vom Typ 9×2+0; solche Zilien sind von den Mikrozotten strukturell unabhängig. Durch eine Aufzweigung des Phaosoms in kleinere Buchten, die tief in das umgebende Zytoplasma eindringen, erhält es ein labyrinthartiges Aussehen. Glatte Zisternen in Gruppen von 2 bis 5 wurden oft um das Phaosom im Zytoplasma beobachtet. Charakteristische Bestandteile der Zelle sind noch Vesikel und Vakuolen, die mit einer Substanz von wechselnder Elektronendichte gefüllt sind. Die Photorezeptorzellen werden von Gliazellen und Gliafortsätzen umgeben, die an vielen Stellen die Zelloberfläche tief einstülpen (Trophospongium).
    Notes: Summary Photoreceptor cells in the epidermis and nerve branches of the prostomium and in the cerebral ganglion of Lumbricus terrestris were investigated with the electron microscope. The photoreceptor cell is similar to the visual cell of Hirudo by having a central intracellular cavity (phaosome) filled with microvilli. Besides microvilli, several sensory cilia can also be found in the phaosome but they are structurally independent of the microvilli. A gradual branching of the phaosome cavity into smaller cavities makes its sectional profile extremely labyrinthic. Flattened smooth-surfaced cisternae in stacks of 2 to 5 are frequently observed around the phaosome. Characteristic constituents of the cytoplasm are vesicles and vacuoles filled with a substance of varying density. The photoreceptor cell is covered by glial cells or by their processes which at many places deeply invaginate the cell surface (trophospongium).
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 176-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Salamandra maculosa ; Neuronal elements ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwischen den eigentlichen Ependymzellen des Zentralkanals adulter Feuersalamander kommen amphorenartig gestaltete Elemente vor, die sich aufgrund ihrer synaptischen Kontakte mit Axonendigungen als Neurone identifizieren lassen. Diese intraependymalen Nervenzellen weisen einen apikalen Fortsatz auf, der sich mit einer warzen- oder knotenförmigen Protrusion in das Lumen des Zentralkanals erstreckt. Die Protrusion ist gewöhnlich mit stereozilienartigen Ausläufern besetzt. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der beschriebenen neuronalen Elemente konnte bisher nicht geklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary The ependyma of the canalis centralis of adult salamanders was examined by electron microscopy. Between the ependymal cells occur amphora-like elements identifiable as neurons by their synaptic contacts with axon terminals. These intraependymal nerve cells exhibit an apical outgrowth extending into the lumen of the canalis centralis with a wart-like or knob-like protrusion. The latter usually bears extensions resembling stereocilia. The functional significance of the neuronal elements is still unknown.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 515-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cuticle ; Rotifer ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of developing Asplanchna brightwelli embryos support the following hypothetical scheme of cuticle formation. First the external hypodermal membrane invaginates, and deposition of a dense intracellular layer commences next to this membrane. Then the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes fibrous protein which is transferred to the Golgi complex. Here polysaccharide is synthesized and added to the protein, and the resulting filamentous complex is enclosed in large irregularly shaped vesicles which bud off from the Golgi elements. Maturation of the filamentous material to condensed cuticle material occurs as the vesicles move to the invaginations. Each vesicle fuses with an invagination, thus forming a hypodermal bulb; then the cuticle material is discharged through the neck of the bulb to its extracellular location. After the bulbs are formed, new, smaller, spherical vesicles begin to bud off from the Golgi elements. They too contain the filamentous complex which is refined to condensed cuticle material as the vesicles near the bulb. These vesicles fuse with the hypodermal bulbs contributing the cuticle and membrane necessary for the growth of the hypodermis of the embryo and newborn animal. Ruthenium red staining has confirmed that the cuticle consists of glycoprotein.
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  • 59
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    Documenta ophthalmologica 28 (1970), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Acomys Cahirinus ; Retinal capillary basement membrane width ; Age modifications ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L étude morphométrique des capillaires rétiniens de souris à piquants de différents âges (3, 6, 12 et 36 mois) a démontré un épaississement des membranes basales et un élargissement des diamètres capillaires en fonction de l'âge et, en outre, l'existence d'une corrélation positive entre ces deux paramètres.
    Abstract: zusammenfassung Die morphometrische Untersuchung von Retinakapillaren verschieden Alter (3, 6, 12 und 36 Monate) Stachelmäuse (Acomys cahirinus) ergab eine altersabhängige Zunahme sowohl der Basalmembrandicke als auch des Kapillardurchmessers. Zudem wurde eine positive Korrelation zwischen diesen beiden Parametern gefunden.
    Notes: Abstract Specimens of four age groups of non-diabetic, non-obese spiny mice (Acomys Cahirinus), 3, 6, 12, 36 months old respectively, were examined for changes in retinal capillaries. Morphometrical evaluation of electron-micrographs allowed to conclude that capillary basement membrane width, as well as capillary diameter, increase during ageing: the values in the four different age groups were found to be 656, 925, 1098, 1772 Ångström units for the average basement membrane width, and 3,72, 4,08, 4,58, 5,60 microns for average capillary diameter. The differences between the age groups proved to be significant at a p 〈 0,01. Furthermore, a positive correlation between capillary diameter and capillary basement membrane width seems to be highly probable.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Hepatic microcirculation ; Intravital microscopy ; Haemorrhagic hypotension ; Rat ; Mikrozirkulation der Leber ; Intravitalmikroskopie ; hämorrhagische Hypotension ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkungen eines massiven Blutverlustes auf die Blutströmung in den Sinusoiden der Leber bis zum Zusammenbruch der Mikrozirkulation sind fÜr das Ausmaß und die Reversibilität der akuten Blutungsfolgen wesentlich. Während kontrollierten Entblutens wurde bei der Ratte an einem vorgelagerten Leberlappen die Mikrozirkulation intravitalmikroskopisch im Durchlicht beobachtet. Durch die Anwendung einer Modifikation vorliegender Methoden waren gleichzeitige Druckmessungen in der Vena portae und in einer Arteria carotis möglich. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse bestätigen die Brauchbarkeit der Versuchsanordnung. Zu einem vollkommenen Strömungsstillstand in allen sichtbaren Sinusoiden kommt es nach langsamem Entbluten von durchschnittlich 30% des Blutvolumens. Der Druck in der Arteria carotis ist dabei von 89,25 auf 21,4 mm Hg, der portale Druck von 92,3 auf 31,4 mm H2O abgefallen. Die Korrelation zwischen dem arteriellen und dem portalen Druck bleibt während dieses Abfallens erhalten.
    Notes: Summary The sequels of a massive haemorrhage on the blood flow in the sinusoids of the liver until the microcirculation breaks finally down, are essential for the degree and the reversibility of acute complications of the haemorrhage. The microcirculation of the exposed rat liver has been observed by intravital microscopy by means of transillumination during controlled desanguination. A modification of methods previously used made it possible to measure simultaneously systemic and portal blood pressure by portal and carotic arterial catheters. The results obtained proved the reliability of the method. A complete flowstop in all visible sinusoids has been observed after slow drainage of 30% of the blood volume. At this stage the blood pressure in the carotic artery has decreased from 89.25 to 21.4 mm Hg and the portal pressure from 92.3 to 31.4 mm water. The correlation between the arterial and the portal blood pressure remained unchanged during this decrease.
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 152 (1970), S. 352-355 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Aurothiomalate ; Penicillamine ; Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate ; Rat ; Aurothiomalat ; Penicillamin ; Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß der D- und L-Isomeren von Penicillamin sowie von Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat auf die Organverteilung von Gold bei der Ratte untersucht. Während Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat sich als unwirksam erwies, wird Gold durch Penicillamin in nur geringem Maße mobilisiert. Der klinische Wert von Penicillamin als mögliches Antidot bei der Chrysotherapie erscheint somit fraglich.
    Notes: Summary The influence of the D- and L-isomeres of penicillamine as well as of diethylenetriaminepentaacetate on the distribution of gold in the organs of the rat was studied. Whereas diethylenetriaminepentaacetate proved to be ineffective, penicillamine brings about a marginal mobilization of gold only. The clinical value of penicillamine as possible antidote in chrysotherapy, therefore, is doubtful.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model of oxygen absorption in microbiological systems of zero order reaction rate is proposed. The partial differential equation was solved to predict the profile of the oxygen concentration boundary layer next to a gas-liquid interface. Generally speaking, the presence of microbial cells always helps to increase the oxygen absorption rate over that of physical absorption. Only when the microbiological reaction is slow as judged by the fact that the reaction time, tr, is much larger than the diffusion time, tD, can one rightfully approximate the oxygen absorption in microbiological suspensions by physical absorption.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucoamylase bound to DEAE-cellulose in 0.05 M sodium acetate, pH 4.0, is active in the conversion of starch to glucose. The activity of the DEAE-cellulose-bound enzyme ranges from 16 to 55% of the activity of the free enzyme. Binding of the enzyme narrows the pH optimum to approximately 4.0 and lowers the temperature optimum to 40-50°C as compared to a 60°C temperature optimum for the free enzyme. Concentrations of acetate buffer above 0.1 M disrupt the DEAE-cellulose-enzyme complex. Columns were used with some success for the continuous conversion of starch. Pretreatment of the starch with α-amylase and clarification were necessary to prevent blocking of the column. Columns maintained activity for more than 3 weeks of continuous operation.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 541-560 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous symbiotic algal-bacterial system was developed consisting essentially of a mixed Chlorella-activated sludge culture which would efficiently remove nutrients from wastewater under aerobic conditions without supplementary aeration. Oxygen decline data were fitted to a mathematical model used to predict respiratory rates, photosynthetic oxygenation, and steady-state oxygen concentrations. Stable relative biological populations and a dissolved oxygen concentration of about 2 mg/1 were maintained during steady-state operation with daily harvesting of excess biomass. Respiratory and physiological relationships indicated that the carbon dioxide-oxygen balance is a primary control that governs the steady-state operation of a symbiotic algal-bacterial culture. The close association of the algae and bacteria resulted in an algal-bacterial floc with settled rapidly yielding a clear supernatant.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dialysis was attempted as a means to alleviate the product-activated controls presumed to limit the formation of threonine by an auxotrophic mutant of Escherichia coli strain W. The occurrence of inhibition rather than enhancement of yields by dialysis was traced to the fact that threonine actually was not inhibiting its own synthesis. Instead, α,ε-diaminopimelic acid became depleted, but the imbalance could not be corrected by exogenous replacement.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 641-644 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 771-801 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 70
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 873-887 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The removal of cellular material from fermentation broths is of importance in many fermentation processes. The present work compares the performance of recently developed polyelectrolyte flocculating additives with traditionally available additives. Objectives are to establish criteria for the choice of a flocculating additive and establish optimum conditions for the formation of stable, fast settling floe, and for quantitative separation of cellular material from the medium. Fermentation broths of actively growing Candida intermedia were used to evaluate the effectiveness of fifty commercial flocculating additives at different dosages and pH values. Certain strong anionic and strong cationic polyelectrolytes and mineral hydrocolloids were found to be most effective in their enhancement of settling rates. Some differences in behavior exist between glucose grown cells, hydrocarbon grown cells, and washed cells in buffer suspension. Flocculation of cells from fermentation broths is concluded to be highly dependent upon adsorbed material. A high charge density to interact or compete with adsorbed material and a solubility in the adsorbed material are important factors in choosing an additive for a given application. The fluid mechanics of a flocculating suspension is an important variable since low shear does not provide adequate contacting between cells for floe formation and high shear leads to floe breakup. An apparatus was constructed to grow floe under constant fluid mechanical conditions both in laminar and turbulent flow regimes. Turbulent shear was found to be very important in forming large, compact floe in cases where irreversible ionic bridging is the mechanism as for the strong anionic polyelectrolyte, polystyrene sulfonate. Adequate mixing is required to disperse the flocculating additive, but the level of turbulence is relatively unimportant in cases where reversible colloidal bridging is the mechanism as for the mineral hydrocolloid, bentonite.
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  • 71
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 947-959 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to isolate proteins from microalgae, yeasts and bacteria, cell disintegration in a special ball-mill was performed. The degree of disintegration of the different microorganisms was compared. The dependence of disintegration on bead size and on the ratio between the volume of suspension and the volume of glass beads was also investigated. Nondisintegrated and disintegrated cells were extracted with sodium hydroxide and the amount of extractable nitrogen and the amount of nitrogen precipitable at pH 4.0 were determined. The dependence of yield on the sodium hydroxide concentration, extraction time, and temperature was studied. When extracting undisintegrated cells, very low yields were obtained and the nitrogen extracted was mostly nonproteinous. For disintegrated cells high yields were obtained. An optimum was found after extraction with 0.3-0.5% sodium hydroxide; at pH 11.0-11.5. The precipitate obtained represented 60-70% of the cell nitrogen. The nitrogen content of the precipitate was 12-14% of the dry weight.
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  • 72
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 1081-1098 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimization methods based on the continuous maximum principle and the calculus of variations were used to calculate optimum temperature profiles for batch penicillin fermentations. These methods were first applied to several general models to develop effective techniques for the numerical solution of the equations. Subsequently, these methods were applied to two particular models, derived from experimental data, and the optimum temperature profiles were determined. The results indicated that an improvement, in penicillin yield of about 15% was possible if the optimum temperature profiles were followed.
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  • 73
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The precipitation of proteins with heteropolyacids has been studied for the purpose of large scale primary purification. A precipitate will form if the pH of the reaction between purified ovalbumin, hemoglobin, trypsin, pepsin, bovine serum albumin, ovomucoid, gelatin or ribonuclease and tungstrophosphoric, tungstosilicic or molybdosilicic acid is close to the isoelectric point of the protein and does not cause the dissociation of the heteropolyacid. Below the isoelctric point, the percent precipitation depends on the conformational changes of the protein. The precipitation of ovalbumin with tungstophosphoric decreases as the ionic strength of the buffer increases and is independent, of the protein concentration. Mixtures of ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin, though having close isoelectric points, can be separated by varying the concentration of the precipitant. The electropositive groups which combine with the tungstophosphoric acid are guanidino, ε-amino and imidazole. No precipitation is given by the α-amino groups. Filtrates of microbial fermentations containing lactase, glucose aerode-hydrogenase, alkaline protease, amyloglucosidase, and transglucosylase have been purified by precipitation with heteropolyacids.
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  • 74
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot-plant process has been developed for the continuous extraction and partial purification of prolyl-tRNA synthetase from mung bean. The bean slurry was wet ground in a hammer mill, clarified by two-stage centrifugation, and the protein in the effluent fractionated by precipitation at pH values of 5.2 and 4.2. The throughput was 13 kg dry bean/hr. The improved extraction process and reduced processing time resulted in an enzyme product with a specific activity 16 × that previously obtained in the batch process. The yield was also 50-60 times higher.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The processing of fermentor-grown, edible yeast involves the removal of water. This can be accomplished through concentration followed by drum or spray drying. This study presents the essential physical properties of yeast solutions necessary for calculation of production economics. In addition, our initial studies of vacuum concentration show that some of the cell leakage necessary for good drying characteristics occurs. The residence time during concentration is also sufficient, to yield 1-2 log cycles of kill which are mandatory since the final product, should contain no viable cells.
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  • 76
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 77
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 273-290 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concept of a “critical oxygen concentration” is conventionally considered to hold for the submerged aerobic fermentation of glucose to gluconic acid. Above the critical level the fermentation rate is supposedly independent of oxygen concentration. In this work it is shown that, at a given agitation rate, the fermentation is independent of dissolved oxygen when above the critical. However, an increase in the agitation rate results in an increase in the fermentation rate. This increase was shown to be accompanied by an increase in the gluconolactone concentration in the broth. Gluconolactone, an intermediate in the reaction pathway, is hydrolyzed nonenzymatically to gluconic acid. Evidence is presented to suggest that the increased gas-liquid interfacial area brought about by increased agitation causes an increased net rate of lactone formation. This in turn results in an increased rate of hydrolysis of the lactone to gluconic acid. A model is presented hypothesizing that negatively charged cells adsorb at the gas-liquid interface. These cells attract hydrogen ions, causing a lowering of the pH in the film around the bubbles. It is this lowered pH which is considered to bring about increased fermentation rates when the interfacial area is increased. Supporting evidence is presented.
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  • 78
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 79
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 353-378 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models of the interaction between predator and host populations have been expressed as systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Solutions of such systems may be periodic or aperiodic. Periodic, oscillatory solutions may depend on the initial conditions of the system or may be limit cycles. Aperiodic solutions can, but do not necessarily, exhibit oscillatory behavior. Therefore, it is important to characterize predatory-prey models on the basis of the possible types of solutions they may possess. This characterization can be accomplished using some well-known methods of nonlinear analysis. Examination of the system singular points and inspection of phase plane portraits have proved to be useful techniques for evaluating the effect of various modifications of early predator-prey models. Of particular interest is the existence of limit cycle oscillations in a model in which predator growth rate is a function of the concentration of prey.
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  • 80
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 399-407 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzyme L-amino acid oxidase of Crotalus adamanteus was covalently coupled to porous 96% silica glass particles. The insolubilized enzyme was active on several L-amino acids including: leucine, isoleucine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tryptophane, and methionine. No activity was observed with D-amino acids, L-asparagine, or L-proline. Maximum activity was observed at pH 7.8. Stability of the enzyme derivative was demonstrated by continuous operation of an enzyme column for 35 days, during which the bound enzyme oxidized over 5000 times its own weight of substrate.
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  • 81
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 465-482 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for analyzing the reactor behavior of a continuous, multistage tower fermentor is described. A model consisting of a system of interconnected, ideal subreactors is set up on the basis of the fermentor's configuration and flow pattern. The residence time distribution curve is used to test the validity of the model and the relative quantities of flow streams and regions in the model are determined. A least-square fitting procedure between measured and calculated distribution curves is used to identify the proper model. The application of this method to real cultivation conditions is also discussed. Using this approach, the multistage tower fermentor is shown to be equivalent to a cascade of four perfectly mixed tanks with a backtracking stream between stages. The extent of backflow under various conditions has also been determined.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbiological extraction of zinc from a high-grade zinc sulfide concentrate has been investigated, using a pure strain of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Conditions such as temperature, pH, pulp density, nutrient, concentration, and specific surface of solids have been studied in terms of their effects on zinc extraction rate and in some instances on final zinc concentration in solution. Where appropriate, optimum conditions for leaching have been specified.
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  • 83
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 577-589 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The conversion of naphthalene to salicylic acid by Pseudomonas fluorescens was studied as a model for dialysis fermentation. In a demonstration experiment, the continual removal of the product by dialysis and by intermittent replenishment of the dialysate reservoir caused cyclical changes in the concentrations of viable cells and product. The cumulative total amount of both cell mass and salicylate, however, continued to increase steadily until the experiment was terminated after 15 days. At this time the rate of product formation was highest and still increasing, although less than 10% of the cells were viable. The terminal amount of salicylate was about 20-fold greater than the maximum reached in the control fermentation, and was calculated to be 2.6-fold more productive even if the control were optimally recycled. Methods were projected to achieve still further improvements.
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  • 84
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 633-634 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 85
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 635-639 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Of several candidate disinfectants for use in tissue culture work, especially suspension cultures, sodium hypochlorite solution was selected to test its effect on growing cells. Metabolizing cells reduce, sodium hypochlorite oxidizes ; therefore NaOCl leakage into such systems must be neutralized with no untoward effects on the cells. Dilutions of routine disinfectant-grade sodium hypochlorite were tested against cell cultures. Those exposed to 15.62 to 31.25 ppm of NaOCl grew with no apparent cell damage.
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  • 86
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 679-712 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High substrate concentrations inhibit growth and may distort the metabolism of microorganisms. Mechanisms causing substrate inhibition are discussed and used to derive several mathematical models representative of the entire concentration range, including stimulation of growth by low substrate concentrations. These kinetic models are tested with a variety of batch culture measurements of specific growth rate and respiration rate at widely-ranging substrate concentrations. Using one of the kinetic models, equations are developed for batch, continuous, and exponential-feed reactors. Comparison of results obtained in continuous culture with results from exponential-feed culture systems is shown to offer a novel experimental method for evaluating the effect of the cell age distribution on the properties and metabolic activity of a culture.
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  • 87
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 803-830 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two kinds of mathematical models have been developed for batch penicillin fermentations: (1) general models, based on averaged, nondimensionalized cell and penicillin synthesis curves from plant, scale fermentors and (2) particular models developed from specific sets of experimental data from two sources. Parameter-temperature functions used with the general models were assumed to have general shapes which could apply to many fermentations, i.e., they were based on the familiar temperature response of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Parameter-temperature functions for the particular models were determined from experimental data for batch runs at various temperatures.
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  • 88
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 913-920 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In view of the recent development that some petrochemical products are efficiently available as substrates for the fermentation industry, glycerol manufactured from propylene by chemical synthesis would also be hoped for the purpose. This paper describes some of the factors influencing mannitol production from glycerol by Torulopsis yeasts and a microbial conversion of glycerol to D-fructose via mannitol, in which two sequential steps of yeast and Acetobacter fermentation are involved. Torulopsis mannitofaciens CBS 5981 and Torulopsis vcrsatilis CBS 1752, exceptionally good mannitol producers, were selected for the study. High concentrations of nitrogen sources and KH2PO4 in the medium markedly decreased mannitol yield in spite of good utilization of the substrate. T. mannitofaciens produced mannitol in yield of 31% of the glycerol consumed at optimal condition. The fermentation by washed yeast cells gave much higher mannitol yield of more than 50%. A sequential fermentation process was carried out without isolation and purification of the intermediate and yielded.51.7%. D-fructose from the glycerol.
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  • 89
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 961-974 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth and lactic acid production by L. delbrueckii was studied in a dialysis culture system and the inhibitory effect of lactate confirmed by removing lactate from the culture medium by dialysis. It has been shown that lactate inhibits growth after the log phase and that the maintenance of low lactate concentrations after this point permits higher specific growth rates and higher maximum cell concentrations. Acid production is also significantly higher in a dialysis culture system. Finally, a modification of the Luedeking-Piret model, incorporating the lactate inhibition effect, is proposed.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extended culture, a special type of semicontinuous culture, permits prolonged maintenance of a constant or programmed environment in a growing culture by a controlled addition of one or more substrates. Differences between extended culture and continuous culture data are a measure of differences in the properties of cell populations with different cell age distributions but identical steady-state environments. Both extended culture and continuous culture were used to study the growth kinetics of Candida utilis (ATCC 9226) under conditions of substrate inhibition at controlled concentrations of sodium acetate in a carbon-limited mineral salts medium supplemented with 0.01 g/1 yeast extract. Acetate concentrations ranged from 1.2 g/l to 10.8 g/l (expressed as acetic acid), while yeast concentrations varied from 0.3 to 7.8 (g dry cells)/1. Rate parameters such as growth yields (Y), specific growth rates (μ), and linear growth rates (K), were calculated by computer from the data and theory presented herein. Specific growth rates as high as 0.54/hr were observed, although extended culture growth was more nearly linear than exponential in these experiments. Growth yields usually varied between 0.2 and 0.4 (g dry cells)/(g acetate), although values were as high as 0.8 for a brief period during one experiment. Growth yields at a given acetate concentration were correlated by an equation of the form 1/Y = 1/YG + m/μ. A maintenance coefficient (m) of 0.17 (g acetate)/(g dry cell-hr) was observed at acetate concentrations of 4.5 and 10. g/1. A typical maximum growth yield (YG) of 0.51 (g dry cell)/(g acetate) was obtained at 4.5 g/1 acetate, but an unusually high YG of 1.33 was found at 10. g/1 acetate. Oxygen uptake measurements are compared with these cell yield measurements. Linear growth rates in expended culture were correlated by the equation K = 0.89-0.70 (S/S0) where K has units of (g dry cell)/(l-hr), S is the instantaneous acetate concentration, and S0 is the initial acetate concentration. The extended culture kinetic data are shown to be substantially different from continuous culture kinetic data. Reason for these differences are discussed in light of diffrences in the cell age distributions, as well as possible differences in experimental conditions.
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  • 91
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 75-84 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Xanthan biopolymer has been produced by single-stage continuous fermentation with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 in a medium of glucose, minerals, distillers' solubles, and urea for as long as 20 days. At the highest dilution rate studied (D = 0.0285 hr-1), the steady state rate of xanthan production was 0.36 g/kg/hr and the steady state yield, basis glucose consumed, was 68%. Observations indicate that xanthan production rate is a function of pH and D.
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  • 92
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 483-500 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aerobiology studies at the Naval Biological Laboratory require use of a vacuum system to provide safe disposal of air contaminated with pathogenic, microorganisms. A system for thermal decontamination of this process air has been installed and tested. The system uses a natural gas burner to heat approximately 550 cfm of air to temperatures exceeding 750°F. Tests showed a reduction in number of acrosolized viable hardy spores (Bacillus subtilis var. niger) of more than 8 logs at design flow rates. The kill rate (D values) measured in this system is somewhat higher than those reported by other workers. The annual owning and operating cost of the system is approximately $9000.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 1001-1017 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple model is proposed for continuous stirred microbial culture system to explain observed deviations from the behavior predicted on the basis that the fluid is completely mixed, which arises from the use of radial flow impellers in such apparatus.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of mixing on the critical mean holding time for washout and the steady state performance of growth processes in continuous flow reactors are investigated. Macromixing, micromixing, and cell recycle arc considered. The tanks-in-series model composed of N completely mixed flow reactors, the dispersion model, the plug flow model, and a combined model composed of a plug flow reactor and a continuous stirred tank flow reactor connected in series arc used to represent the macro-mixing or residence time distribution. The extreme cases of micromixing, namely, complete segregation and maximum mixedness, as well as intermediate states of micromixing are investigated to determine their effects on washout and the occurence of multiple steady states. A technique for predicting the maximum mixedness washout condition from a knowledge of the residence time distribution is presented and used to determine the washout condition for the dispersion model under maximum mixedness conditions.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulase of Trichoderma viride was concentrated in various molecular cutoff membranes, and flux rates and retention of activity were studied under ultra-filtration conditions. Little or no Cellulase was discharged through the membranes tested. The concentrated (5-8-fold) enzymes were used to saccharify finely ground substrate (Solka Floe) in stirred tank (STR) and membrane reactors (MR). A pressure filtration vessel provided with a membrane for simultaneous removal of low molecular weight products (glucose) from the reacting system (Cellulose-Cellulase) is designated as a membrane reactor. Continuous digestion of dense cellulose suspension in the membrane reactor was achieved. Using PM-30 (Amicon) membrane reasonably high mass flux values (9.7-23.3 gals/ft2 - day) were obtained in separating glucose from a digest of 30% cellulose suspension. Abcor membrane (HFA 300) was equally effective and necessitated less care in handling. Nearly 14% glucose concentration has been achieved in less than 50 hrs in STR by digesting a 30% cellulose suspension. Based on experimental data a model system is proposed for the continuous steady state Saccharification of ground substrate in which there is continuous removal of concentrated glucose syrup, and a feedback of enzyme.
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  • 97
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 1069-1079 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of the rate of ‘natural death’ of bacteria on the steady state behaviour of continuous culture has been studied. A model which has no real biochemical basis but which gives good experimental correlation has been proposed. Populations of Acrobacter Acrogenes harvested from the chemostat at dilution rates greater than 0.1 HR-1 were found to be over 95% viable. The effect of the rate of death on the steady state yields becomes significant only at very low dilution rates. The experimental work of other workers has also been simulated to test the validity of the model. Theoretically it is also shown that an ‘apparent’ lag in batch cultures will be observed if the innoculum is of very low viability.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bacteriophages are widely distributed in nature and may be important factors in regulating populations of their hosts. Model continuous culture systems of a single bacterial species and a temperate parasitic phage have been studied. Steady state cultures of lysogenic Escherichia coli 159T- (λcts) produced a small quantity of free λ cts phage. Temperature shocking such a culture resulted in a sharp increase in phage concentration with a concomitant fall in cell population. With time the system returned to a steady state condition.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 409-417 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Earlier observations revealed that incubation of media and the attendant changes in oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were related to improved cell production. This is a report, of work done to show that the higher levels and increased rates of growth of cells grown in incubated medium are associated with the ORP level of the medium before inoculation of the medium with cells. Work was done using 250-ml centrifuge spinner bottles as the culture vessels. Further work is needed to establish the desirability of deliberate poising of media prior to use for studies in small vessels and flasks.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 12 (1970), S. 1103-1109 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymes subjected to shearing in a viscometer are partially inactivated. It is possible with viscometry to calculate the degree of inactivation that occura when an enzyme solution flows through a capillary tube. When shear rate × exposure time is less than 104, there is little or no inactivation.The masa average shear-rate × time or shear, for laminar flow in a cylindrical tube is simply 16L/3D. It is surprising that for a single pass through a tube, the masa average shear is independent of flow rate and shear rate.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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