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  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974  (2,168)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1971  (2,168)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2,119)
  • Rat  (49)
Material
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974  (2,168)
  • 1890-1899
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 269 (1971), S. 48-56 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Colloidal Ferrihexacyanoferrate(II) ; Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(II) ; Metabolism ; Toxicity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intestinal absorption, distribution, and excretion of ferrihexacyanoferrate(II), labeled by59Fe at the Fe(III)- and Fe(II)-atoms, respectively, was studied in rats. Following i.v. injection, the compound is separated at ∼60% into Fe3+ and [Fe(CN)6]4−, the residual fraction being retained by the reticuloendothelial system. [Fe(CN)6]4− is excreted rapidly and virtually completely by the kidneys. With oral administration the disintegration amounts to ∼7%, and ∼2% of [Fe(CN)6]4− is absorbed from the gut. No evidence was obtained for decomposition of [Fe(CN)6]4−. No toxic side-effects were observed after chronic administration of ferrihexacyanoferrate(II).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Uterus ; Luminal epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Implantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the rat uterine luminal epithelium has been examined during normal pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, lactation and lactation-pregnancy, all being conditions when a blastocyst is known to be able to implant. In all four groups of animals the epithelium passes through three characteristic and structurally similar states, namely a pre-attachment state, an attachment state and a postattachment state. The attachment state is characterized by a close contact between apposing luminal surfaces of the epithelium. It is concluded that implantation in an undamaged uterus claims a sequence of certain changes in the uterine luminal epithelium, and that the blastocyst attachment occurs within the early part of that period when the luminal epithelium is in the attachment state.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Ferro-dextran ; Blood brain barrier ; Circumventricular organs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Vorbehandlung mit Myofer (Eisen III-Dextran) wurde die Aufnahme der Testsubstanz in den circumventriculären Organen von Rattengehirnen mit dem Licht-und Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß ein partieller Schrankeneffekt zwischen Gefäß und Gehirn auch in diesen Regionen besteht. Im allgemeinen ist der Schrankeneffekt die Folge hintereinandergeschalteter Barrieren, deren morphologisches Substrat 1. das Gefäßendothel und 2. die Gliagrenzschicht sind. Im Parenchym der verschiedenen Gehirnteile ist die Endothelzelle für diese gegebene Substanz undurchlässig. Dabei wird Myofer zwar in die Zelle aufgenommen, aber total zurückgehalten. In den circumventriculären Organen des Rattengehirns (Area postrema, Epiphyse, Subfornikalorgan, Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, Neurohypophyse, Plexus chorioidei) ist die Endothelzelle durchlässig. Daher findet man Myoferpartikel im perivasculären Raum. Der. „Hemmeffekt” der zweiten Barriere ist abhängig 1. von der Konzentration des Myofers in dem perivasculären Raum und 2. von der Zeitdauer, während der die Gliagrenzschicht beeinflußt wird. Die perivasculären Gliafortsätze nehmen als einzige Zellelemente Myofer auf. Da der Anteil von Zellen mit Gliacharakter in den circumventriculären Organen wechselt, ist in den einzelen Regionen Myofer in unterschiedlicher Menge nachweisbar. Neuronale Elemente enthalten niemals Myofer.
    Notes: Summary After pretreatment of rats with Myofer (ferro-dextran complex) the uptake of this substance into circumventricular organs of the brain has been studied by means of light and electronmicroscopy. The results show that in these regions a partial barrier effect exists between blood and brain parenchyma. Generally the barrier effect is the result of impediments, which are connected in series. The morphological substratum of them is (1) the endothelium of the capillaries and (2) the limiting layer of the glial processes. In the parenchyma of the brain (cerebellum) the endothelial cell is sealed for this substance: the Myofer is taken up by the endothelium, but retained in the cells. In the circumventricular organs of the rat's brain (area postrema, epiphysis cerebri, subfornical organ, Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, neurohypophysis, choroid plexus) the endothelial cells are leaky. Consequently one finds particles of Myofer inside the perivascular space. The inhibitory effect of the second barrier depends (1) on the concentration of Myofer in the perivascular space and (2) on the period, during which the limiting layer of the glial processes has been affected. The perivascular glial processes are the only cell elements which take up Myofer. Since the proportion of cells characterized as glial elements changes between the circumventricular organs, Myofer is detectable in different amounts within the various regions. Neuronal elements never contain Myofer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 134 (1971), S. 311-327 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Development ; Median eminence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper reports details of the development of the external layer of the median eminence with special reference to the appearance of the nerve terminals, containing electron dense core and electron lucent vesicles, in the outermost layer of a palisade structure (2–3 μ thick). Observations were made on perinatal rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (16, 18, 20 day fetuses and rats 5 hours, one 4, and 8 days after birth). The palisade structure of the outermost layer of the median eminence was first clearly detectable 5 hours after birth. Concomitantly, there was a marked increase in the number of nerve terminals in this layer. The nerve terminals containing electron dense core and electron lucent vesicles were seen in 18 day fetuses in the outermost layer of the median eminence. These nerve terminals increased in number during development, especially from the 20th day of fetal life to the 4th day after birth. The size range of the majority of the electron lucent vesicles did not change during development, but that of the core vesicles increased from 600–800 Å from the 18th to 20th day of fetal life. The initiation of neurohemal control of the adenohypophysial function by the hypothalamus is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Co-Radiation ; Spinal Cord ; Rat ; Cell Proliferation ; p-Bromophenylacetylurea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats were irradiated with doses of 1 000–3 000 rads to the cervical spinal cord and subsequently given a paralytic dose of p-Bromophenylacetylurea. The nuclear populations in the degenerating dorsal columns were determined and it was found that a significant suppression of cell proliferation occurred after all three dose levels. The cell populations in the shielded parts of the tracts rostral to the irradiated zone were not affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 249-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain Edema ; Stab Wound ; Neocortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parietal cortex of rats was examined by light and electron microscopy 1–120 min after a standardized stab wound (250×450×1800μm, constant stab velocity). The changes in the tissue are already visible qualitatively after 1 min. After about 4 min the expansion of tissue changes stops. 4 zones may be separated. Surrounding the stab canal concentrically they are relatively sharply defined. Zone I. Stab canal, haemorrhagical or “debris zone”, primary traumatic destroyed zone. The tissue units are here completely destroyed. Zone II. “Squashed” or “indirectly but irreversibly damaged” zone. It is ca. 80μm wide and contains apart from a protein-rich extracellular fluid almost exclusively swollen cells and cell fragments. Zone III. Swelling brain or “intracellular peritraumatic edema”. It is ca. 150μm wide and contains mainly dark neurones and swollen astroglia. Zone IV. Transitional zone of variable width. Here only the perivascular and perineural processes are swollen without changed neurone structure. In all swollen astrocytes mitochondria are altered typically (denser matrix, dilated cristae). Discussed are: The short latency period, Zone IV, causes of astroglial swelling, origin of extracellular fluid as well as mechanisms which limit the spread of extracellular fluid into Zone II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Thalamic reticular nucleus ; Ascending reticular system ; Topo graphical arrangement ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A neuro-anatomical investigation into the thalamic reticular nucleus and its connections was made in the albino rat, using the method of retrograde degeneration and the Nauta-Gygax method. The results correspond to the description given by Scheibel and Scheibel and indicate connections of the neurons of the reticular which the principal thalamic nuclei and the rostral part of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. A topographical arrangement of the efferent connections of the reticular nucleus is demonstrated. The projection of the reticular nucleus upon the thalamus duplicates the cortico-thalamic connections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 271 (1971), S. 211-233 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Synthesis of Catecholamines ; Brain Catecholamines ; Release of Catecholamines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Accumulation of labelled noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) and endogenous levels of NA and DA in brain and heart were measured after infusion of tyrosine-14C and dopa-3H in rats. After a single dose of 20 mg/kg i.p. of dl-amphetamine sulphate a 50–65% decrease in the NA accumulation in the brain and heart was observed. The accumulation of DA was not changed. In rats treated chronically with amphetamine sulphate, 16−32 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 4 weeks, both the brain and heart NA and brain DA levels were depleted by 40–70% at 20–24 h after amphetamine withdrawal. The accumulation of labelled NA and DA in these animals was not different from that of saline treated controls. When amphetamine sulphate, 20 mg/kg i.p., was given to chronically amphetamine treated rats there was a 45–60% decrease in the accumulation of labelled NA; labelled DA remained unchanged. It is concluded that the decrease in NA accumulation under acute and chronic amphetamine intoxication is most likely due to a preferential release of newly synthesized NA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 22 (1971), S. 144-150 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Avoidance ; Chlorpromazine ; CS-US Interval ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three groups of four rats learned to avoid electric shock (US) by turning a wheel in response to a buzzer stimulus (CS). The CS-US intervals for each group were 5, 10, and 20 sec, respectively. After each animal had learned the avoidance procedure and had achieved a stable level of performance, the effect of several doses of chlorpromazine on percent avoidance, on latency time from CS onset to termination by a response, and on response rate was determined as a function of CS-US interval length. No consistent relationship between increasing interval length and response rate was observed. Neither lengthening the CS-US interval nor the interaction of this lengthening with chlorpromazine dose was found to exert a statistically significant effect on percent avoidance. Furthermore, although a statistically significant increase in response latency was found to be associated with increasing CS-US interval length, the increases in latency noted were not of sufficient magnitude to corroborate the hypothesis that lengthening the CS-US interval contributes importantly to increased avoidance responding in animals tested with chlorpromazine. Further, the results of this study do not support induction of a locomotor deficit as the mechanism by which chlorpromazine suppresses the avoidance response.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 19 (1971), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Dependence ; Withdrawal Reaction ; Startle Threshold ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The thresholds for startle responses to electric shock were measured in adult male Wistar strain rats given ethanol daily in doses rising from 3 to 7 g/kg over a 30-day period, and in controls receiving equicaloric doses of sucrose. Tests made 23, 36, or 47 h after ethanol (i.e., during partial or complete ethanol withdrawal) gave threshold values significantly lower than those obtained with sucrose-treated controls. The difference became greater after longer ethanol treatment and larger doses. However, when threshold measurements were made under the acute influence of ethanol in the experimental group, the mean values were virtually equal to those of the sucrose controls. This normalization, by ethanol, of a disturbance produced by absence of ethanol in a chronically treated animal is indicative of physical dependence. Following termination of ethanol treatment there was a gradual return of startle thresholds almost to control values over a relatively short period, indicating that the changes underlying the hyperexcitability are readily reversible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 212-228 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Apomorphine ; Stereotypy ; Behaviour ; Rat ; Mouse ; Neuroleptics ; Thymoleptics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of mice after various doses of amphetamine or apomorphine which induce stereotypies is described in details. The induced stereotyped behaviour in mice appears more differentiated than that in rats. The amphetamine-syndrome in rats consists of an excitement phase followed by the stereotypy, whereas apomorphine elicits stereotyped behaviour directly after administration. Amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour is different from the apomorphine-induced stereotypy in several respects. Neuroleptics inhibit the amphetamine (12.5 mg/kg s.c.) and apomorphine-(10 mg/kg s.c.) syndrome, while thymoleptics potentiate subeffective doses of amphetamine (5 mg/kg s.c.) and apomorphine (2 mg/kg s.c.). This is demonstrated with some neuroleptics of the phenothiazine-type, haloperidol, reserpine, and a group of thymoleptics. The method opens the possibility of differentiating within several groups of neuroleptics and within several groups of thymoleptics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Acquisition ; CAR ; Tetrahydrocannabinols ; Transfer ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats trained in conditioned avoidance responding (CAR) after injections of either 7.5 mg/kg Δ 9-THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) or 15 mg/kg Δ 8-THC, showed no transfer when tested in the non-drugged state. Furthermore, these doses of the isomeric tetrahydrocannabinols exerted a disruptive effect on previously established CAR in rats, trained under normal conditions. Only the Δ 9-THC-group showed an impairment of acquisition which was statistically significant compared to the control group.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 147-156 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Scopolamine ; Pilocarpine ; Lashley Jumping Stand ; Fixated Behavior ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A group of male albino rats were subjected to the Maier paradigm (insoluble problem followed by a soluble problem) using the Lashley jumping stand. Forty-two animals which failed the soluble problem by adopting a position stereotype were then randomly assigned to eight drug groups in a 2×2 design. Animals were guided to the correct window on odd days but received no guidance on even days. Animals received either pilocarpine nitrate (5.0 mg/kg) or scopolamine hydrobromide (1.0 mg/kg) in one of three different sequences. These sequences included drug on both odd and even days (drug-drug), only on the odd day (drug-no drug), or only on the even day (no drug-drug). One other drug group received scopolamine methylbromide (1.0 mg/kg) in a drug-no drug sequence, while the control group received saline on both days. Results indicated that animals receiving pilocarpine in the drug-drug and no drug-drug sequence solved significantly faster than the controls, while all the drugno drug groups showed significantly poorer solution rates. It was concluded that pilocarpine may enable animals to inhibit punished behavior patterns and thus hasten the extinction of fixated responses, but that due to the inconclusive scopolamine data this pilocarpine effect may not be due to its cholinomimetic properties.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: NE ; Intraventricular ; Cholinergic Function ; Eating Behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of centrally administered norepinephrine (NE) into the lateral ventricle on choline acetylase activity (ChAc), endogenous levels of NE, dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) was studied in different regions of the rat brain. In normal rats, the highest activity of choline acetylase was found in the cerebral cortex, followed by the brain stem, the diencephalon, the hypothalamus and least in the cerebellum. Chronic administration of NE significantly increased the choline acetylase activity in all regions studied, whereas both the acute and the in vitro studies showed no significant change except in the brain stem. Serotonin level was increased in the cerebellum, but decreased in the diencephalon and the brain stem. There was no significant alteration in the level of NE in all areas studied except in the hypothalamus where there was an increase in the mean concentration. Tissue level of DA showed a significant increase in the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus. Behaviourally, there was a significant increase in food intake on the first day of treatment with no significant change in water intake. The data suggests that NE may be involved in the regulation of acetylcholine synthesis. The significance of interaction between different monoamines and acetylcholine may be important in the study of drug tolerance phenomena.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA-Regional distribution ; Rabbit ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Baboon ; CNS ; Substantia nigra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regional distribution of GABA in the CNS of rabbit (17 regions), rat (14 regions), guinea pig (12 regions) and baboon (11 regions) was determined by sensitive enzymatic and fluorometric assay. In all species studied a high concentration of GABA was found in substantia nigra (8.5–10.1 mmoles/kg) and pallidum (6.5–8.2 mmoles/kg). Fairly high amounts were found in hypothalamus, superior and inferior colliculi, nucleus oculomotorius and dentate nucleus. The GABA concentration in spinal cord (white matter) had the lowest value.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: NaKATPase ; Intracellular Localisation ; Proximal Tubule ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With refinements of quantitative histochemistry, i.e. oilwell technique, enzymaticP ianalysis and NADP/NADPH cycling an enzymatic polarization of the tubular epithelial cell from the rat nephron to NaKATPase can be established. NaKATPase activity is limited to the basal area of the epithelial cell. Brush border fragments lack NaKATPase activity.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 20 (1971), S. 389-394 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Aggressive Behaviour ; Apomorphine ; Isolation ; Psycho pharmacology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The apomorphine-induced aggression response of isolated rats was examined. The development of aggressive behaviour in adult rats was enhanced after isolation in cages with wire-netting and especially in cages isolated in opacified Makrolon boxes compared with aggregated rats. Young rats kept isolated for 2 months immediately after weaning showed an enhancement only if isolated in wire-netting cages. Rats kept in groups for one month after their isolation still showed an enhancement of aggression, although it was somewhat reduced.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 20 (1971), S. 348-354 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Phentolamine ; Noradrenaline ; Amphetamine ; Rat ; Locomotor Activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Phentolamine injected intraventricularly in unanaesthetized rats decreased their locomotor activity and antagonized the excitatory effect of intraventricularly injected noradrenaline, or amphetamine injected s.c. Phentolamine did not influence the level of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rat brain. The mechanism of observed action of phentolamine is discussed.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Anorexic Effect ; Fenfluramine ; Activity Analysis ; Time Sampling Technique ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three experiments are reported investigating the effects of acute administration of fenfluramine over 3 doses on activity, eating and drinking behaviour. A time sampling procedure of activity analysis was used, employing six behaviour categories. Fenfluramine produced a dose related decrease in rearing behaviours, with some evidence of an increase in walking categories at the lower dose levels. Eating and drinking behaviours showed clear dose related decreases. Sniffing categories showed a clear dose related increase. Attention is drawn to some of the difficulties of interpretation and assessment of anorexic effect.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Alperenolol ; Amphetamine ; Brain Amines ; Behaviour ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of alprenolol and amphetamine alone or combined on the content of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in seven discrete areas of the brain and on rat behaviour was studied. Animals were treated with drugs for 6 months. Alprenolol caused mainly a decrease of the estimated endogenous amines in different brain areas. Amphetamine caused a decrease of all three amines in some parts of the brain, and reversed some of the changes caused by alprenolol. Alprenolol had no effect on the locomotor activity of rats, but increased the activity of rats treated with amphetamine after the first week of treatment, and antagonized the excitatory effect caused by amphetamine during the following weeks of the experiment.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 270 (1971), S. 22-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Flow ; Intestinal Absorption ; Polyalcohols ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with14C-labelled polyalcohols in buffered saline solutions at pH 7. The blood flow, the disappearance rate (from the intestinal lumen), and the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.8 to 0.25 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue diminished the disappearance and appearance rate of the substances and their possible metabolites. An increase of the blood flow caused the reversed results. The two transfer rates and their dependence on blood flow decreased with increasing molecular weight of the polyalcohols. 3. The appearance rate of glycerol showed a different dependence on blood flow in experiments with increasing and decreasing blood flow. This phenomenon can be explained by a decreasing permeability of the epithelium for glycerol with time. The cause for it is unknown. 4. By means of a three-compartment-model blood flow independent permeability coefficients of the polyalcohols are derived for the intestinal epithelium. They are consistent with an equivalent pore radius of 3.9±0.1 Å.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Innervation ; Receptors ; Rat ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the adrenal cortex of the rat and the pig is investigated with the electron microscope. Nerve fibers containing synaptic and two types of dense-cored vesicles come into contact with endocrine cells. There are no specialized pre- and postsynaptic membranes. The synaptic cleft is about 200 Å wide. Generally the basement membrane between nerve and cell is absent. These observations are discussed on the base of more recent experimental findings. Small fibers having an average diameter of about 0.2 to 0.5 μ and containing only tubules and filaments are considered to represent parts of an afferent nervous system.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenergic neurons ; “Short” and “long” systems ; Pre- and postnatal development ; Peripheral organs ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenergic innervation in the submaxillary gland, heart, kidney, small intestine, and accessory male genital organs and the development of the adrenal chromaffin cells and the sympathetic ganglia were studied in the rat from 15 days post coitum to 16 days post partum using the fluorescence histochemical method of Falck and Hillarp. The postnatal development of the noradrenaline concentrations in the heart and vas deferens was followed by fluorometric determinations. At about 15 days post coitum, the anlagen of the sympathetic chains were well visible in the form of two dorsal segmented columns of small branching sympathicoblasts exhibiting an intense catecholamine fluorescence. In the midline, ventrally to these two anlagen, another column of sympathicoblasts developed; this seemed to give rise to the prevertebral ganglia and to the short adrenergic neurons supplying the internal genital organs. At the level of the adrenal anlagen, small intensely fluorescent chromaffin cells were collected in two bilateral groups which became enclosed by adreno-cortical cells. This enclosure was, however, not complete even at two weeks post partum. Bundles of growing sympathetic nerves were visible in the periphery of the various organs studied at 19–21 days post coitum. A terminal innervation of the organs suggestive of a functional transmitter mechanism did not start to establish until at or immediately after birth. The final pattern of innervation was usually reached at about one week post partum, and the following development proceeded largely in the form of a quantitative increase in the number of nerves participating in the innervation apparatus. The adult level of noradrenaline in the heart and vas deferens was reached three to five weeks after birth. The small intestine was an exception in that the final pattern of innervation in the wall was attained immediately after birth. There was no overt difference in the rate of development of the terminal sympathetic innervation in organs supplied by short adrenergic neurons (accessory male genital organs) compared to the innervation of the submaxillary gland, heart and kidney, which receive classical long adrenergic neurons.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 58-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Rat ; Fowl ; Granulosa cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle of the rat and the domestic fowl have been studied with the light and electron microscope. The nuclei of the granulosa cells were irregular with indentations and large in proportion to the cytoplasm of the cell. The mitochondria had a dense, dark matrix with only few cristac. The Golgi apparatus was moderately developed, located towards the oocyte in a juxtanuclear position. The endoplasmic reticulum was rather sparse. Lipid droplets were only occasionally encountered. Microtubules were regularly observed. The functions of the granulosa cells are discussed. Compared with the steroid-producing cells of the theca interna of the same follicles, the granulosa cells primarily are the nursing cells for the growing oocyte and mainly have the characteristics of protein forming cells.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 283-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat ; Synthesis of hormones ; Acid phosphatase ; Osmium impregnation ; Neurosecretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural features of the paraventricular neurones of the non-treated rat are presented comparing them with those of the supraoptic neurones. No striking differences are seen between the general electron microscopic characteristics of the paraventricular and supraoptic neurones. The importance of adequate fixation to obtain good preservation of the neurones is emphasized, since inadequate fixation can cause e.g. artefactual appearance of “dark neurones”. The previously presented classification of the neurosecretory neurones into two categories (e.g. “light and dark neurones”) on the basis of the number of ribosomes is not considered justifiable, since their number can vary to a very great extent even within a single cell. The synthesis of neurosecretory products in the paraventricular neurones obviously follows the general mode of the synthesis of secretory proteins: ribosomes—RER—Golgi complex—secretory vesicles. On the basis of the localization of heavy metal deposits after osmium impregnation and demonstration of acid phosphatase the Golgi complex of the paraventricular neurones is found to be polarized. The direction of the polarity is discussed. The substructures of the dense cores of the neurosecretory granules and of the contents of the lysosomal dense bodies are nearly identical. Therefore it is considered impossible to determine positively the nature of the dark condensed material within the Golgi complex. The characteristics of the immature neurosecretory granules and the possibility of releasing neurosecretory products into the cytoplasm already within the perikarya are speculated.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Two-filament system ; Small intestine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of glycerinated smooth muscle from small intestine of adult rat was investigated by electron microscopy. In the central parts of the tissue blocks a two-filament system was found, consisting of parallel thick and thin filaments with regularly spaced interconnections, closely resembling that of striated muscle. In the peripheral parts of the blocks only thin filaments were found. The thin filaments were identified as actin by the formation of arrowhead complexes after incubation with heavy meromyosin.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 531-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Helical polyribosomes ; Skeletal muscle ; Polysomes ; Levator ani ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization and configurations of ribosomes in mature white skeletal muscle fibers of the rat were investigated. Differential visualization of ribosomes and glycogen granules was obtained by fixation with glutaraldehyde only and staining of the sections with uranyl acetate. Ribosomes are then electron dense and glycogen granules electron transparent. Their identity was ascertained by selective extractions of ribonucleic acid and polysaccharide. The vast majority of the ribosomes is not membrane-bound. They are located intermyofibrillarly (predominantly at the level of the I-bands), beneath the sarcolemma, and in the paranuclear cones of sarcoplasm. Occasionally short stretches of granular reticulum occur, often as characteristic double walled vesicles with ribosomes on the inner membrane only. Three main types of polysomal configurations are observed: rosettes of 4 to 6 ribosomes, helical arrays, and whorls of up to about 25 probably membrane-bound ribosomes. The average number of ribosomes in the extended helical configurations is estimated to be about 60. It is argued that these helices represent the polysomes instrumental in the synthesis of the large subunits of myosin. It is emphasized that helical polyribosomes are by no means typical of striated muscle, but probably represent a common configuration of large free polysomes.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Thiobarbiturate narcosis ; Cell nucleus shrinkage ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Ependym des Hypothalamus wurde das Verhalten der Zellkern-Membran nach ausgedehnter intraperitonealer Thiobarbiturat-Narkose untersucht. Die Kernmembran ist gefaltet, der Zellkern zeigt Zeichen von Schrumpfung. Diese Veränderung ist reversibel und wird nicht von der mit der Narkose verbundenen Entwässerung verursacht. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen lassen einen normalen Stoffwechsel vermuten, Zeichen von Pyknose fehlen.
    Notes: Summary Effects on the nuclear membrane were investigated in hypothalamic ependymal cells of the rat during prolonged intraperitoneal thiobarbiturate narcosis. The nuclear membrane of the nucleus was folded and the nucleus showed signs of shrinkage. These alterations were reversible and did not depend on the dehydration which developed during the narcosis. Ultrastructural signs and the absence of pyknosis suggested that metabolism during nuclear shrinkage may be normal.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 157-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the rat prostate has been studied with the electron microscope. Major developmental changes begin during the second week after birth and involve organelles associated with the formation of secretions. The amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum and the size of the Golgi complex increase greatly. Large vacuoles that probably contain secretory material are formed, and the lumen of the prostatic acini appears to contain secreted material. Large lysosomes with polymorphic interiors are present as early as 10 days after birth, and they become numerous by the end of the third week. Differences in fine structure between the different lobes of the prostate are detectable in 10–14 day old rats. The subsequent differentiation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum into the forms characteristic of the different prostatic lobes is described. The initial changes in the prostate occur in advance of sexual maturity of the animal, and the adult appearance of the gland is attained by 4–5 weeks after birth.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Rat ; Cytoplasmic bodies resembling nucleoli ; Paranucleolar and coiled bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A distinctive cytoplasmic inclusion, termed nucleolus-resembling body, was identified in the neurons, but not in the glial cells, of the medial vascular prechiasmatic gland, the preoptic recess and the anterior part of the suprachiasmatic area in the rat. This ultrastructure which lacks a limiting membrane is made of an entanglement of tightly packed filaments, 60–70 Å in diameter. Each filament consists of smaller units, 15–20 Å thick. Usually, only one such ultrastructure is present in a cell, but at time two were identified. It is present in most neurosecretory cells. It is surrounded by polyribosomes in the perikaryon of the nerve cells. Furthermore, it is linked to peripherally located ribosomes by means of filaments, 70 Å in diameter. A possible function in protein synthesis of structural components, such as neurofilaments, is hypothesized. Two distinctive fibrillar areas were identified in the nucleolus according to the tightness with which fibrils were packed together. Their significance is discussed. Nucleolar extrusions were never observed in our studies. Paranucleolar and coiled bodies were identified in the nuclear sap. The mechanism of formation and the significance of these bodies are discussed.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 30-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal Cortex ; ACTH ; Autoradiography ; Stereology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The changes occurring in rat adrenocortical cells (zona fasciculata) during an 8 day period of treatment with ACTH, were investigated by morphometric and autoradiographic methods. The most important ultrastructural change consists in a conspicuous increase in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, that accounts for about 50% of the total increase of cellular volume. Also the mitochondrial fraction shows a significant increase, which is found to be due both to the increment in the number of mitochondria per cell and to the increase in the mean volume of organelles themselves. The quantitative autoradiographic data, indicating an increment in the incorporation of 3H-orotate and 3H-leucine into adrenocortical cells of the treated animals, allow us to conclude that the ACTH-induced ultrastructural changes are the morphological expression of a stimulation of the cellular protein synthesis. Since mitochondria are largely autonomous in the synthesis of their enzymes and structural proteins, it is possible to hypothesize that ACTH also intervenes in the regulation of the mitochondrial protein synthesis.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Pars intermedia ; Corticotrophic cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nos observations démontrent l'existence de deux types de cellules glandulaires dans la pars intermedia de l'hypophyse du rat: des cellules propres, à M.S.H., dont les grains de sécrétion sont détruits par la fixation osmiée et relativement bien conservés par la fixation au glutaraldéhyde; des cellules à petits grains denses, osmio-résistants, qui s'apparentent morphologiquement aux éléments corticotropes de l'antéhypophyse. L'existence bien connue d'A.C.T.H. ou, plus précisément, d'un facteur ≪A.C.T.H.-like≫ dans le lobe neuro-intermédiaire nous fait considérer comme très vraisemblable la nature corticotrope de ce deuxième type cellulaire de la pars intermedia.
    Notes: Summary Two types of glandular cells have been shown to occur in the intermediate lobe of the rat hypophysis: 1) M.S.H. producing cells whose secretory granules are destroyed by osmium fixation and relatively well preserved by glutaraldehyde fixation, 2) cells with small dense osmium resistant granules being morphologically similar to the corticotrophic cells of the anterior lobe. The well known occurrence of A.C.T.H. or, more precisely, of an “A.C.T.H.-like” factor in the neuro-intermediate lobe makes the corticotrophic nature of this second cell type very likely.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 191-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory neurons ; Rat ; Nerve section ; Neurofilaments ; Neurofibrils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sensory neurons were examined in spinal ganglia of the rat 1 to 55 days after section of the plexus brachialis nerves. Only “light” neurons of the type A were investigated. Maximal reaction to axotomy was found 7 to 14 days after the operation. The majority of the axotomized perikarya developed central chromatolysis. In such neurons, Nissl bodies virtually disappeared from the central area of the neuron and formed a more or less continuous zone at the cell circumference. The cytocentrum became filled with large numbers of mitochondria, dense bodies and other organelles. Neurofilaments and microtubules were disarranged and ran at random among the accumulated particles. Microtubules were often more prominent in chromatolytic areas than neurofilaments. Both these organelles were rare in the peripheral areas filled with massed Nissl substance. Part of the neurons that did not show typical chromatolysis contained increased numbers of neurofilaments among Nissl bodies dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Neurofilaments were roughly arrayed in bundles up to several microns wide; they were linked by cross-bridges and separated by distances of about 500 Å. Microtubules were rarely found in the filamentous areas. However, they were numerous in the axon hillock and in the initial segment where they formed fascicles similar to those described in normal neurons of other types. During the period from 14 to 55 days after axotomy, many perikarya recovering from chromatolysis contained enlarged bundles of neurofilaments with occasional microtubules among the restored Nissl bodies. Mean diameters of sensory neurons, measured 7 to 55 days after axotomy, in no instance exceeded those of contralateral control neurons. It thus appears that sensory perikarya do not increase in size either during the chromatolytic process or during the period of recovery.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 136-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; ACTH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nebennierenrinde von 178 Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurde elektronenmikroskopisch von der 1.–12. Lebenswoche unter Normalbedingungen sowie nach s.c. Injektion von 3 IE ACTH/100 g Körpergewicht innerhalb von 2 min — 24 Std untersucht. Ab der 5. Lebenswoche unterscheiden sich die Nebennieren von Weibchen im Bereich der äußeren Zona fasciculata durch Kernvergrößerung, größere Mitochondrien und kleindisperse Liposomen von denen der Männchen. Zyklusbedingte Schwankungen in der Ultrastruktur der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde bestehen nicht. Nach ACTH-Applikation nähert sich das Nebennierenbild des Männchen innerhalb von 30 min dem des unbehandelten Weibchens. Außerdem kommt es bei beiden Geschlechtern durch ACTH zu einer Dispersion und Reduktion der Liposomen, Vergrößerung des Golgiapparates und der Zellkerne, Ausweitung des endoplasmatischen Retikulums und Vermehrung der Mikrovilli. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus wird funktionell erklärt.
    Notes: Summary 178 Sprague-Dawley-rats were studied by electron microscopy from the 1st to the 12th week of life under normal conditions and after s. c. injection of 3 I. U. ACTH/100 gbodyweight from 2 min to 24 hours. Beginning with the 5th week of life females differ from males by small dispersed liposomes and enlarged nuclei and mitochondria in the outer z. fasciculata. There is no change in the ultrastructure of the female adrenal cortex depending on the sexual cycle. After application of ACTH the adrenal cortex of males assimilates to the untreated females within 30 min. After ACTH-application both sexes show dispersion and reduction of liposomes, dilation of endoplasmatic reticulum, increasement of microvilli and enlargement of the Golgi apparatus. The sex-dimorphism is interpreted by functional differences.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 378-383 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminal vesicles ; Rat ; Epithelium ; Proliferation activity ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 12 männlichen weißen Wistarratten unterschiedlichen Alters wurde autoradiographisch die Proliferation des Samenblasenepithels zur Zeit der Pubertät geprüft. Die Tiere waren 21, 29, 40, 50, 60 und 180 Tage alt und erhielten 1 Std vor der Tötung durch Dekapitation 2,5 μC 3H-Thymidin/g Körpergewicht i. p. appliziert. Ausgewertet wurden Autoradiogramme nach einer Expositionszeit von 18 Tagen; bestimmt wurde der Prozentsatz der markierten Zellkerne (3H-Index). Im Gegensatz zu dem bekannten exponentiellen Abfall des 3H-Indexes bei nicht-hormonabhängigen Leberepithelien jugendlicher Ratten kommt es beim Epithel der Samenblasen um den 40. Lebenstag zu einem erneuten, starken Proliferationsschub. Diese starke Wachstumszunahme ist wahrscheinlich der proliferationskinetische Ausdruck der nach Steinberger (1970) zur gleichen Zeit stattfindenden hormonellen Umschaltung in den Testes. Anschließend geht das Vermehrungswachstum des jugendlichen Tieres, durch das die Zellzahl erhöht wird, in das Erhaltungswachstum über; der 3H-Index des Samenblasenepithels erreicht den Wert des erwachsenen Tieres.
    Notes: Summary In 12 male white rats (Wistar) the proliferative activity of the epithelial cells in the seminal vesicles was studied by autoradiography. The animals were 21, 29, 40, 50, 60 and 180 days old. Each animal was given 2.5 μC/g 3H-thymidine and was killed 1 hour thereafter. We analysed the autoradiograms recording the percentage of labelled nuclei (3H-index). While the 3H-index of the non hormone-dependent epithelial cells in the liver of young rats declines continously with growing age (Stocker et al., 1964), the epithelial cells in the seminal vesicles of 40 days old rats show a remarkable rise in their proliferative activity. It is quite possible that this new peak in the proliferation is the morphological result of a preceeding switch in hormonal production of the testes as reported by Steinberger (1970). Thereafter the growth proliferation of the young rats declines into the steady state of the grown up.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 334-354 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fat absorption ; Small intestine ; Rat ; Micropinocytosis ; Circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung will klären, welche Rolle die Mikropinocytose bei der Fettresorption spielt und ob die Fettresorption tagesrhythmische Schwankungen aufweist. Zu diesem Zweck wurde Fett zu verschiedenen Tages- und Nachtzeiten in abgebundene Jejunumabschnitte von Ratten injiziert, das Darmgewebe in verschiedenen Abständen licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und die Zahl der mikropinocytotischen Invaginationen der Enterocyten bestimmt. Folgende Resultate wurden erzielt: Die Häufigkeit der Mikropinocytose (mikropinocytotische Invaginationen/100 Mikrovilli) beträgt bei Hungertieren 4,78, bei Normaltieren 5,06, 1 min nach Gabe von Mazolachymus 3,55, 1/16 m NaCl-Lösung 4,37, Butterschmalz 5,50, Rindertalg 7,16, Schweineschmalz 7,66 und Mazola 9,25; 2 1/2 min nach Mazolagabe 8,23, nach 5 min 7,67, nach 10 min 6,76. Zwischen 10 und 15 min wird der Ausgangswert erreicht. Aufgrund statistischer Auswertung der Befunde wird geschlossen, daß Fett vor allem in den Frühstadien der Fettresorption durch Mikropinocytose aufgenommen werden könnte. Ferner zeigt sich, daß die Mikropinocytosehäufigkeit entscheidend von der chemischen Zusammensetzung und dem physikalischchemischen Zustand der verabreichten Fette beeinflußt werden dürfte. — Lichtmikroskopisch wurde nachgewiesen, daß die Fettresorption charakteristische, tagesrhythmische Schwankungen aufweist. Um 2.00 Uhr ist sie am stärksten, um 14.00 Uhr am geringsten. Es wird diskutiert, worauf die tagesrhythmischen Unterschiede zurückzuführen sind.
    Notes: Summary The present study attempts to elucidate (a) to what extent micropinocytosis is involved in the process of fat absorption and (b) whether fat absorption shows a circadian rhythm. For this purpose rats were given 0.1 to 0.15 ml of fat directly into the upper jejunum at various times of the day and night. 20 sec to 20 min after administration of fat small pieces of the jejunum were rapidly dissected out, the tissue examined by means of light- and electron microscopy, and the number of micropinocytotic pits occurring in the enterocytes during fat absorption was determined. The following results were obtained: The frequency of micropinocytosis (micropinocytotic pits/100 microvilli) is as follows: in starved rats 4.78, in normal rats 5.06, 1 min after administration of corn oil chyme 3.55, 1/16 m NaCl-solution 4.37, clarified butter 5.50, ox tallow 7.16, lard 7.66, corn oil 9.25; 2 1/2 min after administration of corn oil 8.23, after 5 min 7.67, and after 10 min 6.76. Between 10 and 15 min the number of micropinocytotic pits reverses to normal. From statistical analysis of the results it is concluded that micropinocytosis can play a significant role in the early stages of fat absorption. The experiments show in addition that micropinocytosis is greatly influenced by the chemical composition and the physico-chemical state of the administered fat.—Light microscopic studies indicate that fat absorption varies considerably during the 24 hr period. The highest absorption was found at 2 a.m., the lowest at 2 p.m.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Rat ; Incorparation of 3H-Dopamine, 3H-Serotonin and 3H-Norepinephrine ; Axo-dendritic Synapses ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In autoradiographies of substantia nigra in rat, it has been observed that after intraventricular injections of 3H-dopamine and 3H-norepinephrine respectively the silvergrains are accumulated in nigra neurons and their dendritic branches. The incorporation was more pronounced in the case of 3H-norepinephrine than 3H-dopamine. This seems to indicate that exogenous norepinephrine may have stronger affinity to nigra neurons and their dendrites than exogenous dopamine. In addition, some 3H-dopamine and 3H-norepinephrine labelled nerve terminals were observed in axo-dendritic synapses. In contrast to these data, 3H-5HTP and 3H-5HT administration showed almost all silver grains accumulated in the neuropil when observed in light microscopic autoradiography. Electron micrographs further reveal that the incorporation of 3H-5HTP and 3H-5HT was mostly within axo-dendritic boutons with more frequent dense core vesicles. These data again strongly suggest that substantia nigra receives a large number of serotoninergic fibres forming axo-dendritic synapses which may play an important role in modulation of substantia nigra function.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Reticulum-Cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Entodermale Thymus-Retikulumzellen neugeborener Wistar-Ratten enthalten häufig helle Vesikel mit enger räumlicher Beziehung zum Golgi-Apparat. Bei 13 Monate alten Ratten fehlen diese Vesikel. 2. Die Tatsache, daß die Häufigkeit heller Vesikel mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter abnimmt, findet ihre Parallele in der von anderer Seite getroffenen Feststellung, daß die Bildung eines humoralen Faktors im Thymus im Laufe der Zeit eingeschränkt wird. 3. Diese Koinzidenz läßt an die Möglichkeit denken, die hellen Vesikel könnten ein morphologisches Äquivalent der Bildung eines Thymuswirkstoffes sein. 4. In entodermalen Thymus-Retikulumzellen 13 Monate alter Ratten finden sich große Vakuolen mit granulärem Inhalt. Ihre Bildung beginnt schon vor der Thymusinvolution. Sie entstehen wahrscheinlich durch Phagozytose oder Aufnahme zelleigenen Materials, das nicht weiter abbaufähig ist. 5. Da diese Einschlüsse mit fortgesetzem Alter an Zahl und Größe zunehmen, scheinen sie als Ausdruck einer Beeinträchtigung der Stoffwechselvorgänge im Zytoplasma ein erstes morphologisch faßbares Symptom der frühzeitigen physiologischen Involution des Thymus zu sein.
    Notes: Summary 1. Entodermal reticulum cells of new born Wistar rats frequently contain clear vesicles with close connection to the Golgifield. These vesicles do not occur in reticulum cells of 13 months old rats. 2. The frequency of these clear vesicles decreases with advancing age obviously in the same way as the production of a humoral thymic factor reported by several investigators. 3. This observation agrees with the hypothesis that the clear vesicles are the morphological equivalent of the production of a humoral thymus factor. 4. Entodermal reticulum cells of 13 months old Wistar rats contain large vacuoles filled with electron dense, granulated materials. The formation of these vacuoles starts already before the beginning of the thymus involution. Possibly they are produced by phagocytosis or necrobiosis and contain deposits of material that cannot undergo further degradation. 5. The increase of these vacuoles in number and size with advancing age may be considered as equivalent of the deterioration of metabolism responsible for early involution of the thymus.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 61-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat ; Types of neurons ; TRF-synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural aspects of the paraventricular nucleus and its neuropil are described in the normal rat. Two types of neurons can be distinguished morphologically. The first type contains numerous dense-core vesicles (mean diameter: 140 nm). The cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum are arranged parallely at the periphery of the cell body. The second type of neuron contains a few dense-core vesicles (mean diameter: 75 nm) and the endoplasmic reticulum is randomly distributed in the cytoplasm. In the neuropil, two types of dense-core vesicles are observed in separated axons. The histogram of the distribution of their mean diameter clearly indicates a double population of vesicles. The signification of the second type of neuron in the paraventricular nucleus is discussed and its possible relation to TRF synthesis is evoked.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 119-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; Light microscopy ; Histometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 260 männlichen und weiblichen Sprague-Daweley-Ratten vom 0. Lebenstag bis zur 12. Lebenswoche wird die geschlechtsdifferente Entwicklung der Nebennierenrinde histologisch und histometrisch verfolgt. Von der 4. Lebenswoche an ist die weibliche Fasciculatazelle durch ein helles, fein-granuläres Cytoplasma ohne distinkt abgrenzbare Fettvakuolen ausgezeichnet, während beim Männchen in einem kompakten Cytoplasma zunehmend größere, deutlich begrenzte Vakuolen auftreten. Im Blindversuch gelingt aufgrund dieser Kriterien die Geschlechtsdiagnose mit großer Treffsicherheit. Nach histometrischen Untersuchungen sind die weiblichen Fasciculatakerne größer als die männlichen. Bei größerem Zellvolumen ist die Kernzahl/Flächeneinheit beim Weibchen von der Pubertät an kleiner. Die Glomerulosa und die inneren Rindenschichten zeigen keine Geschlechtsdifferenzen. Fermenthistochemisch ist eine Geschlechtsdifferenz nicht nachweisbar. Die relative Zellhypertrophie in der Fasciculata der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde ist das morphologische Äquivalent eines geschlechtsdifferenten Steroidmetabolismus bei der Ratte.
    Notes: Summary In 260 male and female Sprague-Dawley CD rats the sex dependent development of the adrenal cortex was studied histologically and by histometric procedures. Beginning in the 4th week of life the parenchymal cells in the fasciculata of the female animals are characterized by a light, finely granular cytoplasm without distinct lipid vacuoles. In the males, however, the cells show a dense, compact cytoplasm with clearly visible vacuoles increasing in size. In a blind test the sex diagnosis can be established with great accuracy. Histometrically the nuclei in the female fasciculata cells are larger than in the males. Furthermore, caused by a larger cell volume the number of nuclei per square unit is smaller in postpuberal females. The glomerulosa and the inner parts of the cortex do not show any sex differences, nor does enzyme histochemistry. The relative cellular hypertrophy in the fasciculata of the female adrenal cortex represents the morphologic equivalent of the sexual differences in the rats steroid metabolism.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nematosomes ; Subsynaptic web ; Microfilamentous cytoplasmic network ; Neurosecretory cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscope study of the rat supraoptic nucleus, substantia nigra, neostriatum and periventricular preoptic area demonstrates that nematosomes are present within the perikaryon of neurons located in these structures. The latter structure may be found in close association with the subsynaptic web of axosomatic synapses. Numerous micro-filaments fan out from the nematosome and link the latter organelle to the ribosomes, the cytoplasmic membranes and the plasma membrane thus establishing an interwoven filamentous cytoplasmic network. A possible close relationship between the nematosomes and the neurofilaments and neurotubules is discussed.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Valve mechanism ; Rat ; Skin of the paw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der dorsalen Haut der Hinterpfoten von Ratten wurden Klappen am Abgang kleinerer Gefäße von großen Arterien beobachtet. Diese Arterien verlaufen in einer subkutanen, größere Gefäße und Nerven führenden Bindegewebsschichte über den Streckersehnen. Die kleineren Gefäße haben den Wandbau einer Vene und zweigen etwa im rechten Winkel von der Arterie ab. An ihrer Abgangsstelle ist neben den Klappen manchmal ein sphinkterartiger Muskelring ausgebildet. Diese Gefäßabschnitte werden für arterio-venöse Anastomosen gehalten und auf die Bedeutung solcher an dieser Stelle bisher nicht beschriebenen Verschlußeinrichtungen für die Regulation der Kurzschlüsse wird hingewiesen.
    Notes: Summary In the dorsal skin of the hindpaws of rats valves were observed at those sites where smaller vessels branched from larger arteries. These arteries run in a subcutaneous layer of connective tissue, which lies above the extensor tendons and in which the larger vessels and nerves are found. These smaller vessels, the walls of which resemble those of veins, were seen branching off at approximate right angles to their artery of origin. Besides the valves a sphincterlike muscle ring was observed in some cases at the point of branching. These vascular segments are held to be arteriovenous anastomoses. Such “locking devices” at these points have not been described until now and seem to be important in the regulation of arteriovenous shunts.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve endings ; Epithelium ; Rat ; Electronmicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Anschluß an frühere lichtmikroskopisch erhobene Befunde (Silberimprägnation; 1924, 1928) weist der Verfasser durch elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen nach, daß durch die Interzellularspalten des Epithels (Schnauze der weißen Ratte) Nervenfasern hindurchziehen. Diese Nervenfäserchen, ihre Varikositäten und ihre Endknöpfchen liegen in den Spalten zwischen den Epithelzellen. Die Ultrastruktur der nackten, d.h. von Schwannschen Zellen nicht umhüllten terminalen Nervenfasern und ihrer Endigungen im Epithel wird beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary In addition to former light microscopical observations the author demonstrates electronmicroscopically that nerve fibers pass through the intercellular spaces of the epithelium. The nerve fibers, their varicosities and terminal bulbs lie within the spaces between the epithelial cells. The ultrastructure of the terminal nerve fibers in the epithelium is described.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 292-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tissue Mast Cells ; Rat ; Regeneration ; Monocytes ; Peritoneal Exudates ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Regeneration von Gewebsmastzellen wurde durch Untersuchungen von Peritonealexsudat erwachsener Ratten verfolgt, die häufigen Spülungen der Bauchhöhle unterworfen wurden. Innerhalb von 4–6 Tagen kommt es zu einer starken Vermehrung unreifer Gewebszellen. Die Ausbildung von Alcianblau-positiven unreifen Granula in ungranulierten Vorstufen benötigt etwa 6 Std. Die Ausbildung von Safranin-positiven reifen Granula vollzieht sich in 48 Std. Die Ergebnisse der zytochemischen Untersuchungen unreifer Mastzellvorstufen sprechen für eine monozytogene Entstehung der Gewebsmastzellen.
    Notes: Summary In adult rats, the regeneration of tissue mast cells in peritoneal exudates was studied by repeated peritoneal lavages. After 4–6 days, tissue mast cells appeared in great numbers in peritoneal exudates. Alcian blue positive granules were first noted at 6 hrs in agranular mast cell precursors. Maturation with accumulation of safraninpositive granules was complete after 48 hrs. The cytochemical reactions of the earliest tissue mast cell precursors suggest a monocytogenic origin of tissue mast cells.
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  • 45
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1049-1057 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ultrastructural morphology and x-ray and electron diffraction of poly (Gly-Gly-Ala) have been studied. The polymer has two forms; the first, form I possesses a super-folded cross-β structure, long fibers of which show some twisting and intertwining. Form II precipitates in a less distinct fibrous form from aqueous solution. The x-ray diffraction and oriented electron diffraction data suggest that form II is a polyglycine II helix situated in a monoclinic cell with dimensions a = 8.86 Å, b = 22.0 Å, c = 9.42 Å, and β = 90°. Combined with the morphological evidence it appears likely that form II is also in an antiparallel superfolded array.
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  • 46
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1099-1101 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 47
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A statistical mechanical model was developed for use in connection with the problem of preferential binding of solvent components to proteins and of conformational transition in water-organic solvent systems. The model is a statistical one for the conformational transition of globular proteins induced by the adsorption of solutes in the solution, considered as a nearest-neighbor problem in statistical mechanics. Although a few illustrative examples are given, the actual interpretations of the experimental data using this theory are reserved for a later paper.
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  • 48
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1103-1103 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 49
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1121-1138 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The concept and representation of a logical tree as defined in computer science is applied to obtain a suitable representation of protein molecules in computer programs which handle or calculate atomic coordinates of protein molecules. On the basis of this analysis and of the analysis of the calculation and modification of the structure of a protein from bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles, which is reproduced in an appendix, program modules which accomplish the various required computations are described. Three such modules are given in Iverson notation; in fact, it is hoped that this article will serve as a reasonably complete basis for the preparation of machine programs by moderately proficient programmers.
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  • 50
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1207-1212 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The circular dichroism spectrum obtained from a dilute aqueous solution of poly (ala-gly-gly) resembles that described for charged polypeptides such as the salt form of poly glutamic acid. A similar spectrum is found for films cast from aqueous solution where x-ray studies reported elsewhere have indicated a poly-glycinc II conformation. Evidence is presented for a heat induced poly-glycine II to unordered state transition similar to that described for collagen. The interpretation of this, the first observation of the optical properties of a poly-amino acid in the poly glycine II conformation, is further rationalized on the basis of spectra obtained from a number of polypeptides whose conformation approaches that of a 31 helix.
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  • 51
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1229-1242 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of cupric ion on the emission of tryptophan, tyrosine, and serum albumins is studied by emission spectroscopy and lifetime measurements. It is found that whenever cupric ion is bound to tryptophan or tyrosine, their emissions are quenched completely. The quenching may be due to an electron transfer mechanism. The fluorescence of complexes of cupric ions with serum albumins is partially quenched; this is because energy is transferred from tryptophan to the complexed cupric ions by a dipolar energy transfer mechanism. It is deduced from the present study that the tryptophan in the human serum albumin molecule is between 11 and 16 Å from the nearest eupric ion binding sites (assumed to be at the surface of the protein) and that one of the tryptophan in the bovine serum albumin molecule is very close to the cupric ion binding sites and the other is near the center of the bovine serum albumin molecule. It is also found that the deuterium solvent effect on serum albumin fluorescence is very small, and that the quenching of bovine serum albumin fluorescence at the N-F transition is the result of quenching of the fluorescence of both tryptophans. The phosphorescence lifetime apparatus, capable of measuring decay times of signals with intensities changing over a few orders of magnitude, and the ratio spectrofluorometer, both of which were constructed in this laboratory, are also described.
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  • 52
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1253-1260 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The measurements were made for the volume and the sound velocity changes (ΔV and ΔU) on titrating the sodium salt of poly (S-carboxymethyl L-cysteine) with dilute HCl. For the reaction, —COO- + H+ → —COOH, ΔV per mole of H+ bound was + 12. 7 ml and +11. 4 ml in salt-free and 0. 2 M NaCl solutions, respectively. Corresponding ΔU was about -13 cm/sec in salt-free polymer solution where 11.5 mM carboxylate ion reacts with equimolar hydrogen ion. ΔV associated with the coil-to-β transition was found to be +2. 35 ml in H2O and +1. 90 ml in 0. 2 M NaCl per mole of amino acid residue, respectively. These values are larger than those obtained for the coil-to-helix transition of poly (L-glutamic acid). ΔU for the transition was about -30 cm/sec in salt-free solution of polymer concentration 0.0115 mole/liter. Possible sources of ΔV and ΔU for reaction; coil → β, are (1) the formation of void volume and (2) the changes in the extent of solvation in amide linkage and in side chain.
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  • 53
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1317-1329 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The binding of three aromatic molecules to apomyoglobin has been investigated. In each case equilibrium dialysis studies and tryptophan fluorescence quenching studies indicate that a one to one complex has been formed. The fluorescence quenching studies further suggest that the binding of the aromatic molecules is at the heme site with possible involvement of the arginine CD3. Xenon, which is known to quench the fluorescence of aromatic hydrocarbons, is found to be bound to apomyoglobin-aromatic molecule complexes and quenches the emission of the aromatic molecule in the complexes. Oxygen quenches pyrene fluorescence in water solution but does not quench the pyrene fluorescence from the apomyoglobin-pyrene complex. This is explained by a slower rate of diffusion of oxygen to pyrene in the apomyoglobin-pyrene complex.
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  • 54
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1365-1369 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rotor speed-dependent aggregation of T4 DNA in the analytical ultracentrifuge is studied in the presence of high pressure generated by compressed nitrogen gas in the cell. The extents of aggregation at various speeds are found to be practically the same in the presence and absence of pressure.
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  • 55
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1331-1349 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The time-dependent theory developed in Part I is specialized to treat tetrameric hemoglobin, and the results of the theory for dimeric-and tetrameric hemoglobin are compared with data on the kinetics of the reactions of hemoglobin with carbon monoxide and oxygen at various salt concentrations for the case of large concentration of ligand relative to that of hemoglobin. The fit of the theoretical results to the data suggests that hemoglobin at a 2 M salt concentration is predominantly dimeric and that the tetramer should be taken as the functional unit to explain the kinetics of the reactions of normal hemoglobin. A relationship is established between the time-dependent theory arid Adair's Intermediate Compound Hypothesis (I.C.H.) for hemoglobin, as brought to its present state by Gibson and Roughton. A generalization (G.I.C.H.) of the I.C.H. is presented and is shown to be equivalent to the time-dependent theory in the limit of infinite ligand concentration. The I.C.H. is shown to be an excellent approximation to the centralized theory (G.I.C.H.) in this limit.
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  • 56
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1421-1425 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1427-1428 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 58
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1429-1454 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ability of oligodesoxyribonucleotides of various chain lengths to form complexes has been compared with that of oligoribonucleotides. Four series of oligonucleotidcs were prepared and investigated, i.e., dCn at acid pH versus rCn, dAn and dTn versus. rAn and rUn at neutral pH. The results indicate that in dilute solution, the formation of complexes is greatly facilitated in the case of desoxyoligomers and occurs for shorter oligomere than in the corresponding ribooligomers. The spectrophotometric titration of deoxyribooligo C indicates the appearance of two pK values in the 4-5 pH region characteristic of the double-stranded form, which occurs for much shorter dCn than rCn. The circular dichroism (CD.) spectra of deoxycytidylies in dilute solution starting from the trimer are conservative, characteristic of the double-stranded helical form of poly C at acid pH. In contrast, the CD spectra of a series of corresponding ribo Cn, under identical conditions is of nonconservative character similar to that of the single-stranded form of poly C at neutral pH, but differs in the band position. This spectrum is called intermediate. Only at higher concentrations of oligonucleotidcs (i.e., 10-3Minstead of 10-4M) does the circular dichroism spectrum of longer ribocytidylics assume conservative character. Thermal denaturation of deoxycytidylces at acid pH are strongly dependent on chain length and concentration, its one would expect for a cooperative helix-coil transition. The circular dichroism spectra measured at different temperatures shows one isosbestic point. In dilute solution, the standard-state enthalpy change found was 5-6 kcal/mole for higher oligomers (dC7). These properties are all in agreement with a structural transition from the d-Cn double-stranded form to a coil for n 〉 3. Studies of dAn and dTn in solutions of high ionic strength at low temperature indicate that complex formation occurs already at the level of trimer and for high oligomers. Under identical conditions a complex between rAn and rUn is detected only for oligomers longer than the hexamer. The nature of the “intermediate” form of oligoribo C at acid pH and low temperature was investigated by sedimentation and circular dichroism. A model of rCn is proposed of linear molecules which are partially double-stranded and partially single-stranded, which probably are slowly rearranged by “slippage” into a regular-double-stranded helical form.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The number average molecular weight, Mn, of low molecular weight dextran was determined through endgroup analysis, and the intrinsic, viscosities of these materials in aqueous solution were determined at 25°C. The ultrasonic velocities in their aqueous solutions were also measured at 25 and 45°C. As concerns the molecular weight dependence of the intrinsic viscosity, partial specific compressibility of solute and the hound water around the solute, the following results were obtained. (1) log [η]-log Mn and [η]/Mn0.5 - Mn0.5 plots were in accord with the Mark-Houwink and Stockmayer-Fix-man equations respectively for Mn 〉 2, 000, but these plots deviated from the equations for Mn 〈 2, 000. (2)The partial specific compressibility, β1°, of dextran is expressed by following equation for Mn 〈 2,000: β1° = 10-12 × (13.6 log Mn - 51.7) (cm2/dyne). In contrast, it, becomes the constant value, -- 7.3 × 10-12 cm2/dyne, for Mn 〉 2,000. (3) The amount of bound water of dextran calculated from the sound velocity measurement lakes constant value of 0.17 ml g for Mn 〉 2, 000, but the amount of hydration increase with decreasing molecular weight for Mn 〈 2,000. From these results, a dextran molecule in aqueous solution is expected to change its conformation from random coiling to uncoiling stretched form at the molecular weight of around 2, 000 or about 12 glucose units.
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  • 60
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1559-1581 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical rotation studies were performed on five compounds containing two peptide groups. Four of the molecules were confined to restricted regions of conformational space by the presence of closed rings. Solvent and temperature were varied, and theoretical calculations were done for each compound covering the appropriate conformational space. The interpretation which results is qualitatively successful over the conformational regions covered by the compounds. Quantitative correlation between theory and experiment will require compounds of high rigidity.
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  • 61
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1617-1623 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conformational energy maps have been calculated for α-D-mannuronic acid (1-4) α-L-guluronic acid and for α-L-guluronic acid (1-4) β-D-mannuronic acid. These have been used, together with maps previously calculated for the homomonomeric dimers, to estimate the characteristic ratios and Kuhn lengths of the alternating copolymer and of a stochastic copolymer similar in composition to that extracted from L. digitata.The results show that the alternating copolymer is less extended than either homopolymer. Kuhn lengths calculated for the stochastic copolymer agree well with experimental results on high ionic strength solutions of alginate isolated from L digitata.
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  • 62
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1635-1648 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly-S-carboxyethyl-L-cysteine, a higher side-chain homolog of poly-S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, has been prepared from poly-S-carbobenzoxyethyl-L-cysteine with hydrogen bromide in chloroform or acetic acid. The polymer is found to be in the β-conformation of an antiparallel arrangement of polypeptide chains in solid films, both in acid and salt forms, when examined by infrared spectra. Aqueous solutions of t he polymer have been investigated by measurements of rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism as well as by infrared spectra in D2O. These properties show sharp changes around pH 5.5, as the pH of solution is varied. At higher ionization the polymer is randomly coiled, but at lower ionization it is in the β-conformation. Dependence of the rotatory properties upon polymer concentration as well as on ionic strength has been observed even at the lowest degree of ionization attained, and this has been attributed to the formation of intermolecular β-conformation in solutions. The β-structure is characterized by a negative circular dichroic band at 223 mμ and a positive dichroic band at a wavelength lower than 200 mμ, and furt her by a negative bo value, -140°. The pH-induced coil-β transition of the polymer is compared with that of poly-S-carboxymethl-L-cysteine.
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  • 63
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1681-1699 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The specific heat, of rat tail tendon at various water contents was measured as a function of temperature. The resulting graphs showed peaks arising from the melting, near 50°C, of helical material in the collagen, and from the melting of absorbed water in the range -40°C to 0°C. The heat of melting of helical material was 11.7 cal per gram of dry tendon. Determination of the heat and temperature of fusion of the absorbed water allowed resolution of the water into four states in the case of tendon before denaturation, and three states after denaturation. The four states are (1) water not freezable on cooling to - 70°C, (2) freezable water with-both heat and temperature of fusion different from the values for ordinary water, (3) freezable water with the heat of fusion of ordinary water, but a different temperature of fusion, and (4) water not distinguished from ordinary water. The fourth state was absent in denatured tendon. The results are discussed in terms of increasing size of clusters of absorbed water molecules.
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  • 64
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 65
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1743-1757 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The absorption and rotatory properties of acridine orange-poly-S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine system in water and in 0.2 M NaCl have been measured at different pH and polymer-to-dye mixing ratios. The absorption spectra indicate that the dyes are bound to the polymer in dimeric or highly aggregated forms. At neutral pH where the polymer is randomly coiled, no optical activity is induced on the absorption bands of bound acridine orange. At acid pH where the polymer has the β-conformation, a pair of positive and negative circular dichroic bands occur at each of the absorption bands, centered around 458 and 261 mμ. The signs of those bands are opposite to those found for α-helical poly-L-glutamic acid. A model for the binding of dye to the β-form polymer is presented, in which dimeric dyes are attached to ionized carboxyl groups and slack one another to form linear arrays on both sides of an extended polypeptide chain. The observed circular dichroism spectra can be explained by the Tinoco's exciton mechanism, based on this model. Low molecular weight poly-S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine induces quite a different circular dichroism on bound acridine orange.
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  • 66
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1853-1863 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The circular dicrosim (CD) spectra of complexes of DNA with ethidiun bromnide, profiavine, 9-aminoacridine and 4-etliyl-9-amino-acridine have been determined between 220 and 450 nm, the range lieing extended to 600 nm for ethidiufm bromide. The variation of the magnitude of the visible and near - ultraviolet CD spectra of ethidium bromide - DNA complexes with the amount of ligand bound (r) suggests a common binding position with profiavine. On the other hand, 4-ethyl-9-aminoacndine complexed to DNA shows CD spectra not distinguishable from those of 9-aminnoacnidmc in both the visible and ultraviolet. The interpretation of these results with respect to the stereochemistry of the DNA-ligand complexes is discussed.
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  • 67
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1901-1924 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The various treatments of sedimentation equilibrium are compared on a theoretical and an experimental basis. Particular attention is paid to the polyelectrolyte nature of the problem and the choice of a neutral component. The effective density gradients of several cesium salts for DNA are measured. Two previous theories for the effective density gradient are shown to be equivalent, and the experimental values are interpreted with respect to these theories. It is clear t hat sedimentation equilibrium in a density gradient may be used for the determination of unambiguous molecular weights.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1949-1972 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory of friction-limited DNA unwinding is developed explicitly for moderate tind large perturbations. This extension of the earlier theory of the relaxation kinetics is necessary because of the complex nature of the rate limitation for small perturbations. The assumption of the theory that is violated under relaxation conditions is that base pairing reactions occurring at a constant local degree of twist of the strands are fast compared to the net unwinding of the molecule. However, these reactions that are slow for small perturbations have a large activation energy, and become faster than friction-limited un winding for large enough temperature jumps and sufficiently large DXA molecules. Thus only the rate for moderate and large perturbations is clearly limited by frictional resistance to turning the molecule in solution. The model used is a diffusional unwinding of the two strands, driven by the accompanying decrease in free energy. For large perturbations a numerical solution of the diffusion equation is required, since the diffusion coefficient is not constant. Two new parameters must be introduced into the equilibrium statistical theory to describe friction-limited unwinding kinetics. These are the force constant b, for winding up coil regions and the frictional coefficient per base pair βcfor rotating coil regions in solution. We find by fitting the theory to experiment that b = 1.8 × 10-13 ergs/ rad2- and βc = 3.5 × 10-21 erg see/base pair, both for DNA melted in alkali at 0.4.M Na + and ∼30 °C. The latter value is in agreement with predictions based on the viscosity of single stranded DNA in alkali. The quoted value of bcan be interpreted to mean that the number of conformational states of a nucleolide is reduced by an average factor of 1.55 when it is wound around another strand to the degree of twist in a double helix, but without forming a base pair.
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  • 69
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The properties of oligonucleotide helices of adeuylic- and uridylic acid oligomers have been investigated by measurements of hypo-and hyperchromieity. High ionic strengths favor the formation of triple helices. Thus, the double helix-coil transition can be studied (without interference by triple helices) only at low ionic-strength. A “phase diagram” is given representing the Tm-values of the various transitions at different ionic strengths for the system A(pA)17 + U(pU)17. Oligonucleolides of chain lengths 〈8 always form both double and triple helices at the nucleotide concentrations required for base pairing. For this reason the double helix-coil transition without coupling of the triple helix equilibrium can only be measured for chain lengths higher than 7. Melting curves corresponding to this transition have been determined for chain lengths 8, 9, 10, 11, 14 and 18 at different concentrations. An increase in nucleotide concentration leads to an increase in melting temperature. The shorter the chain length the lower the Tm-value and the broader the helix-coil transition. The experimental transition curves have been analysed according to a staggering zipper model with consideration of the stacking of the adeuylic acid single strands and the electrostatic repulsion of tlip phosphate charges on opposite strands. The temperature dependence of the nucleation parameter has been accounted for by a slacking factor x. The stacking factor expresses the magnitude of the stacking enthalpy. By curve fitting xwas computed to be 0.7, corresponding to a stacking enthalpy of about S kcal/mole. The model described allows the reproduction of the experimental transition curves with relatively high accuracy. In an appendix the thermodynamic parameters of the stacking equilibrium of poly A and of the helix-coil equilibria of poly A + poly U at neutral pH are calculated (ΔHA = -7.9 kcal/mole for the poly A stacking and ΔH12 = -10.9 kcal/mole for the formation of the double helix from the randomly coiled single strands). A formula for the configurational entropy of polymers derived by Flory on the basis of a liquid lattice model is adapted to calculate the stacking entropies of adenylic oligomers.
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  • 70
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2049-2049 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 71
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2071-2077 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The data on the band widths and band shapes of several DNA's at various concentrations in sedimentation equilibrium in a CsCl density gradient have recently become available. In the present report, these literature data are treated in the following manner: (1) based on a theory of isotope-substitution, calculations are made of the molecular weights at infinite dilution, and (2) to explain the concentration dependence of band widths and band shapes, a theory of charge and hydration is put forth, and it is shown that by retaining the terms involving the charge of the macromolecules, it is possible to account for most of the concentration dependence.
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  • 72
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2083-2094 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mechanism of the unique and specific association of a given amino acid to its t-RNA is investigated by theoretical methods. Several possible schemes are proposed to explain specificity. The physical forces which act within these mechanisms are illustrated by the computer simulation of probable interactions between glycine and nucleotide bases and base pairs. It is demonstrated that glycine has direct and selective affinities for the nucleotide bases and that these interactions are principally determined by the polar groups. Energies have been calculated for the interaction of glycine with several base pairs. From these, the possibility that specificity arises through direct complexing of an amino acid with its anticodon is evaluated.
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  • 73
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2147-2160 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Equations are developed to describe the shift in the temperature of the helix-coil transition when small molecules bind to nucleic acids. Included are high polymers, oligonucleotides, and oligomer-polymer interactions. The equations prescribe simple ways of plotting experimental data to evaluate transition and binding parameters.
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  • 74
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2181-2197 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The helix-coil transitions for poly-L-lysine (PL) were investigated by the methods of spectropolarimetry, viscometry and potentiometric titration in 0.2M NaCl at different temperatures as well as in 0.2MNaBr, 1MKCl, and in mixtures of 0.2MNaCl or NaBr with methanol at room temperature. The enthalpy and entropy differences between the helical and coillike states of uncharged PL molecules in 0.2.M NaCl were determined from the potentiometric titration curves. The cooperativity parameters σ for PL in different solvents were determined by two methods (from the sharpness of the transition and from the dependence of the intrinsic viscosity on the helical content in the transition region). In 0.2MNaCl σ has a value of (2.3 ± 0.5) × 10-4 and does not depend on temperature, i.e., the cooperativity of the helix-coil transition, as for PGA, is mainly of an entropy origin (the initiating of the helical region is accompanied by the entropy decrease ΔSi = -12 eu/mole of helical regions). A comparison of the obtained results for PGA and PL with the molecular theories of the helix-coil transitions shows that the role of dipole-dipole interactions of nonneighboring peptide groups is greatly overestimated in these theories, leading to a considerable enthalpy contribution to the free energy of initiating helical regions which is not observed in the experiment.
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  • 75
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2029-2037 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The variation of the polarized components of fluorescence of a rodlike particle bearing a fluorescent label upon partial orientation is calculated for some special geometry of the dye macromolecules complexes. Explicit expressions are given for the case where the energy of the molecule in the field depends only on one angle θ, showing that the result is a function of both 〈sin2θ〉 and 〈sin4θ〉. For the case of orientation in an electric field through an anisotropic induced moment, the expressions allow the calculation of this anisotropy of polarizability. The method is applied to the measurement of the polarizability of rodlike fragments of DNA labeled by intercalated molecules of Acridine Orange.
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  • 76
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2039-2048 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As the temperature of solid poly(β-benzyl-L-aspartate) (PBLA), (CO.NH.CH.-CH2COOCH2C6H5)n, in the α-helieal form is raised from -150 °C, tlie line width and second moment of the proton magnetic resonance (PMR) signal decrease in stages until the conformational transition to the ω-helix occurs at about 90 °C. A similar temperature dependence of the PMR parameters is observed as the transformed polymer is cooled. Below -100°C (where the lattice is presumed to be rigid), the measured second moments are 9.5 Oe2 and 10.7 Oe2 for the α and ω forms, respectively. Second moments, calculated from the Van Vleck formula for the rigid lattice and also estimated for possible motional cases in which the polymer is taken to be in the ω form, are compared with the PMH data. By combination with the results of X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic measurements, a tentative explanation can be made of the types of motion occurring in PBLA.
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  • 77
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2133-2145 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have performed potentiometric titrations of poly-L-lysine. From these data we have calculated the free energy and enthalpy changes for the folding of the random coil to the α-helix in 10% ethanol (-120 and -120 cal/mole) and from the random coil to the β-structure in water (-140 and 870 cal/mole) and in 10% ethanol (-180 and 980 cal mole). Comparison of these values with each other and with values for the coil → α- helix transition in water (-78 and -880 cal/mole) led to the following conclusions. The stabilization by ethanol of ethanol of the α-helix with respect to the coil is that predicted from the known free energy of transfer of the peptide group from water to 10% ethanol. Similar data to explain the enthalpy difference are not available. The thermodynamic functions for the transition from α-helix to β-structure, obtained by subtracting those for the coil → α-helix and coil → β-structure transitions, are explained from a consideration of the structural differences: non bonded interactions of the polypeptide backbone are less favorable in the β-structure than in the α-helix, causing an increase in the energy, while hydrophobic contacts between side chains raise the entropy of the β-structure as compared with the α-helix, so that the free energy difference between the two structures is small, but enthalpy and entropy differences are large. The observation of only small differences in the free energy and enthalpy changes for the transition from coil β-structure upon going from water to 10% ethanol is expected by considering both the free energy of transfer of the peptide group (as for the α-helix) and the free energy and enthalpy of transfer of the apolar part of the side chain involved in hydrophobic bond formation.
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  • 78
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2209-2221 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Valine specific transfer RNA (tRNAVal) was isolated from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Escherichia coli by chromatography on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose (BD-cellulose). Likewise isoleucine specific transfer RNA (tRNAIle) was isolated from B. stearothermophilus and from Mycoplasma sp. Kid. The thermal denaturation profiles (melting curves) of the two tRNAVal species in the presence of Mg+ + were nearly identical. However, the Tm for the Kid tRNAIle was about 10°C lower than that for the B. stearothermophilus tRNAIle. A nuclease and tRNA-free aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (AA-tRNA synthetase) preparation from B. stearothermophilus was able to function efficiently at temperatures up to 80°C in the aminoacylation of all four tRNA species. Determination of the amino acid-acceptor activity of each tRNA species as a function of temperature of the aminoacylation reaction showed in each case a strong correlation between the loss of acceptor activity and the thermal denaturation profile of the tRNA. Evidence is presented that the loss in acceptor activity is most likely due to a change in structure of the tRNA as opposed to denaturation of the enzyme. These results further support the idea that correct secondary and/or tertiary structure must be maintained for tRNA to be active as a substrate for the AA-tRNA synthetase.
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  • 79
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2275-2281 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Cotton effects of N-acetoacetyl amino acids and derivatives were examined by a circular dichroism technique. A correlation has been established between the sign of the Cotton effect and the absolute configuration of the asymmetric center. The L derivatives show, in dioxane, negative circular dichroism curves, whereas the D antipodes present positive curves. The effect of solvent and pH and influence of alkylation at the amide nitrogen are also discussed.
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  • 80
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2345-2358 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The anisotropy of electrical polarizability of rodlike fragments of DNA has been studied by a number of electro-optical methods: Kerr effect (combined with flow birefringence), light scattering, diehroism, and fluorescence in an electric field. The most sensitive technique (Kerr effect) has been used to study the variation of the polarizability with the nature and concentration of counteroins. DNA fragments constitute a truly rigid polyelectrolyte of known structure. The value obtained can then be quantitatively compared to the predictions of those of the theories of the longitudinal polarizability of rigid polyelectrolytes which are based on true molecular parameters. The comparison emphasizes the role of the counterion-counterion repulsion. Oosawa's theory seems to represent the best approach but fails to explain the differences observed between monovalent and divalent ions.
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  • 81
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 82
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2537-2553 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The MCD (magnetic circular dichroism) spectra of Ap, ApA, ApApA, poly A, Up, UpU, poly U and double-stranded poly A:U alternating copoly A-U and alternating deoxyribopoly A-T were measured with a Cary 61 spectropolarimeter fitted with a Varian superconducting magnet at a field strength of 50 Kgauss. The MCD spectra of T2 and T5 DNA at various stages of heal denaturation were measured as a function of hyperchromicity of the sample. MCD spectra of the intact and degraded T2 and T5 phages were used to study the degree of alteration of the DNA inside the phages versus the DNA in vitro. The results for the adenine polymers show that the main MCD bands, B2u(271 nm), B1u(252 nm), and E1u(212 nm), show a decrease in specific magnitude as the length of the polymer is increased, reflecting the degree of stacking of the polymer. In contrast, the uridine series of polymers shows little change of the MCD bands, indicating that there is little interaction between the bases regardless of the length of the polymers. The MCD spectra of poly A:U, alternating poly r(A-U): (A-U), and alternating poly d(A-T):(A-T) show significant differences among themselves in the magnitude of the B2u band and when compared with the sum of the spectrum for the poly A plus poly U. This may indicate the selective effect of hydrogen bonding on the B2u band. Alternatively, the difference may be due to the absence of an n → π* transition in the double-stranded polymer. Measurements of denatured T2 and To DNA's show increases in all MCD bands. The T2 DNA internally packed in phage shows an increase of the B2u and E1ubands, the B2u remaining unchanged. The internal T5 DNA shows an increase of the B1u band only. Thus, the internal DNA structure is altered in a manner quite different from a simple denaturation caused by hydrogen bond breaking. Furthermore, different MCD bands indicate that different modes of DNA packing exist for T2 and T5 phages.
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  • 83
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2591-2596 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The infrared absorption of poly-L-proline in concentrated aqueous salt solutions was measured in the fundamental region. Of primary interest were the carbonyl absorption of the peptide linkage and the methylene C-H bending absorption of the pyrrolidine ring. These spectral regions each show an additional component in the concentrated salt solutions. Using the position of the absorptions of poly-L-proline I (cis) and II (trans) as models, we conclude that both cis-trans linkages are present in the peptide in salt solutions. Increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium slightly in favor of cis.
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  • 84
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2619-2621 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 85
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 2635-2638 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 86
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  • 87
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 221-224 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 88
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The base-stacking patterns in over 70 published crystal structures of nucleic acid constituents and polynucleotides were examined. Several recurring stacking patterns were found. Base stacking in the solid state apparently is very specific, with particular modes of interaction persisting in various crystalline environments. The vertical stacking of purities and pyrimidines in polynucleotides is similar to that observed in crystals of nucleic acid constituents. Only partial base overlap was found in the majority of the structures examined. Usually, the base overlap is accomplished by positioning polar substituents over the ring system of an adjacent base. The stacking interactions are similar to those found in the crystal structures of other polar aromatic compounds, but are considerably different from the ring-ring interactions in nonpolar aromatic compounds. Apparently, dipole-induced dipole forces are largely responsible for solid-state base stacking. It is found that halogen substituents affect base-stacking patterns. In general, the presence of a halogen substituent results in a stacking pattern which permits intimate contact between the halogen atom and adjacent purine or pyrimidine rings. Considering differences in the stacking patterns found for halogenated and nonhalogenated pyrimidines, a model is proposed to account for the mutagenic effects of halogenated pyrimidines.
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  • 90
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 225-242 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The desorption and melting with temperature of proflavine-DNA complexes has been studied by spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry. Two methods are described to determine at each temperature the concentration of free and bound dye. The first one is based on the quenching of fluorescence of the free dye by the iodine ion, the second on fluorescence polarization measurements. It is shown that the sites where the bound dye fluoresces are thermally less stable than those where it is quenched, in such a way that a redistribution of the dye between the two types of sites occurs at intermediate temperatures, leading to a drop in the total fluorescence. This confirms the nature of the “emitting” sites which correspond to AT-rich region, while “quenched” sites correspond to GC-rich region. The first have a larger binding constant at room temperature, but only the latter are stabilized by dye intercalation. The desorption and melting have also been followed through the relative changes of absorption. The curves obtained at different wavelengths are not superimposed which is at variance with what is observed with complexes of proflavine with poly dAT and poly dG.dC. The beginning of the desorption process corresponds to minor variations at 445 nm, the maximum of absorption of the free dye, but large changes occur at 460 nm, the maximum of the difference spectrum of the complexes proflavine-poly dAT and proflavine-poly dG.dC. The spreading of the melting curves for different wave lengths must therefore reflect the dependence of the absorption spectra of the dye on the nature of the neighboring bases. However, the action spectrum of the fluorescence, which gives the absorption spectrum of the “emitting” sites only, is identical with the total absorption spectrum of the bound dye.
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  • 91
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 337-355 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The optical and hydrodynamic properties of T2 bacteriophage DNA have been determined by steady-state flow birefringence and viscosity in glycerol-aqueous buffer solvents at 25°C. Flow birefringence and extinction angle data were obtained over a velocity gradient range of 0.1 to 5 sec-1 and at concentrations from 3 to 55 μg/ml in solvents containing approximately 30, 42, and 48 vol-% glycerol. Large optical backgrounds were observed in the mixed solvent flow birefringence studies which presented special experimental difficulties; these are described and their effect upon the flow birefringence data are discussed. The data on extinction angle provide no evidence for an internal viscosity effect on the stationary-state hydrodynamic properties of high molecular weight DNA over a range of solvent viscosity from 0.9 to 4.6 cP. Both the optical and hydrodynamic properties under present conditions of measurement appear to be self-consistent in terms of the values for these quantities in neutral aqueous buffer solution. Interpretation of the birefringence is complicated by uncertainties inherent in calculating the form anisotropy of DNA in non-aqueous solvents, but the data imply no large changes in helical structure with increasing glycerol concentration. Both intact and slightly degraded DNA samples were investigated, and no significant polydispersity effects were observed under the experimental conditions described.
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  • 92
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 379-389 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper extends a previous study in which a discontinuity in the specific rotation of open chain α-l,4-linked glucopyranosides in the water-dimethyl sulfoxide (H2O-DMSO) system was attributed to a symmetry change about a polymer chain segment. Optical rotation of amylose, cyclohexamylose, methyl β-maltoside, and dextran was measured in the following mixed solvent systems: formamide-dimethyl sulfoxide (F-DMSO), ethylenediamine-dimethyl sulfoxide (E-DMSO), and hexamethylphosphoramide-dimethyl sulfoxide (HMPA-DMSO). Refractive index measurements were used in an attempt to detect hydrogen bonding between solvent components. The specific rotation of amylose corrected for variation in refractive index (CSR), as a function of solvent composition, showed a discontinuity at solvent compositions corresponding to about 1 mole F to 2 moles DMSO and to 1 mole E to at least 8 moles DMSO. A discontinuity in the CSR function of amylose in the H2O-DMSO mixed solvent that occurs at 25°C is not observed at 70°C. The CSR function of methyl-β-maltoside exhibits a discontinuity in solvent composition corresponding to mole ratios between 2F-DMSO and 3F-DMSO. Present results indicate that an amylose chain segment may undergo a symmetry change in solvent compositions corresponding to mole ratios between F-DMSO and F-2DMSO. Our CSR measurements of amylose and model compounds in E-DMSO and HMPA-DMSO do not permit us to distinguish between possible changes in amylose chain segment symmetry and solvent interactions that could affect symmetry properties of the glucopyranose ring.
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    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 547-564 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have studied the effect of polypeptide concentration on the helix-coil transition of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) in both dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and DCA-chloroform (CHF) mixtures. In agreement with other reports, we find the van't Hoff transition enthalpy to be strongly dependent on PBLG concentration. Also, an apparent effect of polypeptide concentration was noted on the transition temperature; however, corrections for finite PBLG concentration on the mole fraction of DCA seem to remove this effect. In order to explain our data, as well as some calorimetric data in the literature, we consider the transition free energy and enthalpy as a sum of three partial terms. These represent the thermodynamic parameters associated with: (1) conformational changes of the polypeptide, e.g. formation or disruption of intramolecular hydrogen bonds; (2) binding by the strong acid to the nonhelical segments of the polypeptide; (3) an overall (weak) interaction of the polypeptide with the nonbound solvent giving rise to dilution parameters that are dependent on the polypeptide conformation. The latter effect is generally ignored, since it is assumed that solvent interactions, other than specific binding, are similar for both the helical and the nonhelical conformation. Striking effects of water (small amounts) and solution aging on the formation of PBLG helices was observed. Water, as expected, acts as a helicogenic solvent when combined with DCA. The processes occurring during solution aging are not known, although the net effect is to stabilize the helical conformation. Finally, we present some rather unique thermally induced transitions of concentrated PBLG (about 200 mg/ml) in DCA. At low temperatures the soluble randomly coiled conformation is present. Heating produces first an isotropic gel, followed at higher temperatures by an isotropic solution consisting of about 70% α-helicity.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Potential energies of conformation of a dipeptide unit with butyl, seryl, threonyl, eysteinyl, and valyl side groups have been computed by using classical energy expressions. The presence of a γ-atom introduces characteristic restrictions on the backbone rotational angles φ and ψ the γ-atom itself is restricted to three staggered positions about the Cα - Cβ bond. The important results are that a γ-carbon in position I (χ1 ≃ 60°) cannot be accommodated in the standard right-and left-handed α-helices, whereas a γ-oxygen or sulfur could easily be accommodated in the right-handed α-helix. Further, a γ-carbon or a heteroatom in position II (χ1 ≃ 180°) does not favor a conformation ψ ≃ 180°, compared to two other positions. The valyl side group significantly reduces the allowed φ and ψ values and energetically prefers a β-conformation compared to right-or left-handed α-helical conformations. The less favorable α-helical conformation is possible only for γ (III, II) combination of the valyl residue. The observed φ, ψ, and χ1 values of all the amino acid residues in the three protein molecules, lysozyme, myoglobin, and chymotrypsin are compared with the theoretical predictions and the agreement is excellent. The results bring out the important fact that even in large molecules, the conformation of local segments are predominantly governed by the short-range intramolecular interactions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 593-599 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three methods are described for the preparation of oriented samples of DNA molecules in films. The methods involve simple equipment and produce films of good optical qualities, suitable for the determinations of dichroic spectra, for example. To illustrate the quality of the films the dichroism of DNA and of acridine orange-DNA complex are described. Evidence is given that native DNA structure is stabilized by poly-(vinyl alcohol).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 699-710 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A molecular conformation of Gramicidin S was derived on the basis of conformational calculations taking into account the available experimental data.The conformation is characterized by a dyad axis which relates the two chemically equivalent halves of the molecule and contains four hydrogen bonds; other structural features agree with experimental results. X Ray Crystallographic evidences for the relative position of the Ornithine residues is also reported which supports an important feature of the structure of Gramicidin S.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 657-680 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The heat ΔH° for converting an uncharged lysine residue from a coil to an α-helical state in poly-L-lysine in 0.1N KCl has been determined calorimetrically to be -1200 cal/mole at both 15°C and 25°C. Essentially the same value has been obtained for the conversion of an uncharged residue from a coil to a β-pleated sheet state. Titration data provided information about the state of charge of the polymer in the calorimetric experiments, and optical rotatory dispersion data about its conformation. In order to compute ΔH°, the observed Calorimetric heat was corrected for the heat of breaking the sample cell, the heal of dilution of HCl, the heat of neutralization of OH- ion, and the heat of ionization of the ε-amino group in the random coil. The latter was obtained from similar Calorimetric measurements on poly-D,L-lysine, which was shown to be a good model for the random coil form of poly-L-lysine. The measured transition heat was ∼0.7 cal., which is only 7% of the total heat liberated when a 40 ml solution of 0.25% w/v poly-L-lysine is brought, from pH 11 to pH 7; nevertheless it could be determined with a precision of ±8%. The conformation of poly-L-lysine at pH 11 appears to be completely helical at 15°C, but a mixture of 90% α-helix, 5% β form, and 5% coil at 25°C. Since ΔH° ∼ 0 for the α ⇌ β conversion, the polymer behaves like one of 95% α-helix and 5% coil in the calorimeter at 25°C. At neutral pH, poly-L-lysine is an extended coil, like poly-D,L-lysine.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four fragments (named K, L, M, and N) of Escherichia coli formylmethionine transfer RNA have been prepared by a partial digestion with ribonuclease T1 followed by a chromatographic separation with a DEAE-Sphadex (A-25) column and then a DEAE-cellulose column. The fragment K is the anticodon fragment with 19 nucleotides (previously reported). L is a fragment with 57 nucleotides involving the 3′-terminal (CCA). M is a fragment with 51 nucleotides which is equal to L except that M lacks 6 nucleotides at the 3′-terminal. N is a fragment with 20 nucleotides which involved the 5′-terminal and corresponds to the complementary half to L. The infrared absorption spectrum has been observed of each of these fragments and two equimolar mixtures L + N and M + N in D2O solutions at several temperatures. The results indicate that at 37°C, K has about 4 hydrogen-bonded base-pairs, L about 11, and M about 13. On the other hand, fragment N is found to have only three weak G-C pairs. For both L + N and M + N, 15-17 strong base pairs are found. The observations give direct support to the clover-leaf structure and at the same time provide information on the stability of each of the four arms in the structure.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 10 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 767-775 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The matrix method is used for calculating the grand partition function for the reaction: 2 polymer + solute = complex. The homogeneous polymers are assumed to have two types of sites within each nucleotide unit: sites for the polymer-polymer association, i.e., (p-p) sites; sites for polymer-solute association i.e., (p-s) sites. The respective binding parameters, P and F, and nearest-neighbor interaction parameters, W and S, are assumed independent. Complications due to ring entropy are avoided by rest riding the model to one-solute-stack systems, which are physically realizable when the reciprocal of the solute cooperativity parameter is much larger than the number of nucleotides in the polymer. The 4 × 4 generating matrix is shown to be a tensor product of two 2 × 2 matrices, each the generating matrix of a particular type of site. The scalar product of the 4 × 4 matrix is shown to be equivalent to the scalar product of a 2 × 2 matrix in the weak interaction limit, W ≈ 0. Calculations are presented for the general case which restricts the (p-s) association to occur only with (p-p) associated nucleotide units. The nature of the binding curve in relation to partitioning the total interaction energy (F + P + S + W) among the parameters is discussed. Also presented is a criterion for neglecting possible states in the calculation of the grand partition function.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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