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  • 1980-1984  (315)
  • 1975-1979  (366)
  • 1980  (315)
  • 1977  (366)
  • Engineering General  (467)
  • Electron microscopy  (214)
Material
Years
  • 1980-1984  (315)
  • 1975-1979  (366)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 229 (1980), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Gonadotroph hormones ; Pathology ; Pituitary adenoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 57-year-old woman, with long-standing hypogonadism secondary to irradiation of the ovaries, was found to have a pituitary tumor which was removed and investigated by histology, immunocytology and electron microscopy. Histologically, the tumor corresponded to a chromophobe, slightly PAS positive adenoma and the immunoperoxidase stain revealed the presence of both FSH and LH in the cytoplasm of the adenoma cells. The structural features of the adenoma cells resembled those of FSH cells in the nontumorous adenohypophysis. We thus believe that pituitary adenomas consisting of gonadotrophin-producing cells occur and that these may produce both FSH and LH. The relation between the gonadotrophin-producing adenoma and the preceding hypogonadism is uncertain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 38 (1980), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: TRH-like immunoreactivity ; PAP technique ; Electron microscopy ; Neuronal localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method TRH-like immunoreactivity (TRH-LI) was observed in certain neurons of the central nervous system. Their distribution agreed well with findings previously obtained with the indirect immunofluorescence technique. At the ultrastructural level electron-dense precipitates representing TRH-LI were observed in so-called large dense core vesicles, which were localized both in the cytoplasm of some hypothalamic neuronal cell bodies, as well as in boutons in the hypothalamus and spinal cord. The boutons often seemed to form axo-somatic or axodendritic synapses.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 38 (1980), S. 121-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Visual cortex ; Corpus callosum ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Horseradish peroxidase was injected in the right visual cortex and a large electrolytic lesion made in the left lateral geniculate nucleus of an adult cat. Neurons of origin of the callosal projection to the injected cortex were identified by retrograde labelling and selected for electron microscopic study. Degenerating thalamo-cortical axon terminals were found to contact a labelled stellate cell in layer IV and a labelled pyramidal cell in layer III at the border region of areas 17 and 18. We conclude that there is a monosynaptic pathway from lateral geniculate nucleus to the cells of origin of callosal axons to the contralateral visual cortex.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 386 (1980), S. 279-291 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Myocardial infarction ; Autonomic nerves ; Electron microscopy ; Rat experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alterations of cardiac nerves in myocardial infarction were investigated by electron microscopy after differing intervals in 28 rats. During the first 4 h there are, in non-myelinated nerves within the myocardium, a swelling of the axoplasm with the occurrence of ‘pale’ axons and swelling of axonal mitochondria and neurosecretory granules. After bursting of the axolemma, these are spilled into the adjacent interstitial space. After 4 h first myelin figures are observed, and in some axons an accumulation of neurofilaments takes place. During the second to seventh day an extensive vesicular disintegration of axonal structures develops. Because of regressive changes, axons cannot be identified with certainty within the necrosis. After two or three weeks nerves with lamellar enfoldings of cytoplasmic processes corresponding to Büngner bands can be seen at the infarction border. These nerves may contain only a few residual axons. Myelinated nerves show a mainly vesicular disintegration. The results are discussed with regard to their functional significance and the special conditions of the animal model, in which ligature of the coronary artery may not only produce ischemia, but may also, by simultaneous ligature of the adjacent cardiac nerves, induce Wallerian degeneration.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 386 (1980), S. 357-361 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Oesophagus ; Rhabdomyosarcoma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 61-year-old man was operated for a large tumor, 12×4 cm in size, in the lower third of the oesophagus. The tumor had the appearance of a pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma showing cross striations by light microscopy and typical sarcomeres by electron microscopy. This is the fifth undisputed oesophageal rhabdomyosarcoma described in the literature and the first examined using electron microscope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Glomerulonephritis ; Dense deposit disease ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven cases of glomerulonephritis with dense deposits were selected on the basis of electron microscopic examination performed either on material treated according to conventional techniques (9 cases) or on previously paraffin-embedded material (2 cases). While uniform immuno-histochemical patterns were observed, different features were shown by light microscopy: in only 3 cases were membranoproliferative or lobular patterns present, while in the others a varying degree of mesangial cell proliferation (moderate, mild or even very scanty with focal and segmental distribution) was detected. The generally accepted statement that glomerulonephritis with dense deposits represents a subgroup of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis therefore seems questionable. In addition to several clinical and serological data, these morphological features give further support to the hypothesis that glomerulonephritis with dense deposits is in all respects a peculiar and distinct form of glomerulonephritis.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Adenoma ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytology ; Pituitary ; Pituitary tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Among 343 surgically-removed pituitary adenomas, 56 tumors were unassociated clinically or biochemically with increased hormone secretion and contained no adenohypophysial hormones by the immunoperoxidase technique, except for 10 cases in which a few scattered cells showed positive immunostaining for β-TSH or β-FSH, β-EH, prolactin and/or α-subunit. These tumors were chromophobic adenomas with no PAS, lead hematoxylin or carmoisine positivity and electron microscopy failed to reveal their morphogenesis. The term null cell adenoma of the pituitary is proposed to designate this tumor type. This term recognizes the most obvious features of these tumors: the absence of markers which would permit the disclosure of their cellular origin. Null cells are also found in the nontumorous adeno-hypophysis, suggesting that null cell adenomas derive from preexisting nonneoplastic null cells. The question of whether pituitary null cells are hormonally inactive committed precursors, uncommitted stem cells or dedifferentiated cells remains to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Amniotic epithelium ; Diabetes mellitus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of human amnion was examined under the light and electron microscopes. Morphologically, the amniotic epithelium in diabetes mellitus differs from that of a normal term specimen by the following characteristics: 1. An increase in the number of β-shaped glycogen granules and lipid droplets; 2. The presence of epithelial areas with dead cells; 3. Thickening of the basal membrane. Areas with dead cells could be identified in the amniotic epithelium of diabetic patients. These were not found in normal term pregnancies nor in other types of high-risk pregnancies, such as non-diabetic hydramnios, rhesus incompatibility, or pretoxaemia/toxaemia. These findings may indicate that the areas are specific to diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 387 (1980), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pancreatitis ; Human pancreatitis ; Acute necrotizing pancreatitis ; Acinar cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural alterations in pancreatic acini from six patients operated for acute necrotizing pancreatitis are described. One of the patients suffered from biliary tract disease, the rest had excessive alcohol intake as the presumed aetiology. Areas of the pancreatic parenchyma showing oedematous inflammation in light microscopy were studied in the electron microscope. Findings in acinar cells included changes in zymogen granules and an increased autophagocytosis in addition to unspecific organelle alterations. Zymogen granules showed increase in size and number, loss or variation of electron-density and peripheral dissolution. Increased autophagic activity was indicated by several autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies. Acinar lumina were dilated showing effacement of microvilli and invaginations in the luminal plasma membrane of the acinar cells. In acinar lumina and in the interstitium fibrillar material was observed, with an increasing frequency in those areas showing severe cellular disintegration. These findings suggest: 1) an increased activity of zymogen granules, 2) an increased autophagocytosis, and 3) penetration of acinar luminal contents into the interstitium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 388 (1980), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Myocardial ischaemia ; Membrane permeability ; Horseradish peroxydase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sarcolemmal membrane permeability to intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase HRP (MW=40,000) was examined in 8 Wistar rats which had temporary ischaemia produced by left coronary artery ligation. HRP reaction product was identified following 6 min of circulation time by light and electron microscopy. Controls included 4 uninjected animals with coronary ligation, 2 uninjected animals without myocardial ischaemia and 2 injected non operated rats. In normal myocardium, the tracer permeated endothelial plasmalemmal vesicles, intercellular spaces and intracellular vesicles of the T-tubule system, but never permeated the cytoplasm of myocardium cells. As early as 15 min after coronary artery ligation followed by 6 min of reperfusion with circulation of the tracer, HRP product could be seen in the cytoplasm of muscle cells randomly distributed in the subendocardial area. The quantity of permeated cells increased when the ischaemic myocardium is reperfused during 10 min before injecting the tracer. These data indicate that sarcolemmal membrane alteration is an early event in myocardial ischaemic injury and precede the irreversible cellular degenerative changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 388 (1980), S. 175-186 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast ; Medullary carcinoma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three cases of medullary carcinoma complying with strictly defined criteria have been examined by electron microscopy. These carcinomas are characterised by the presence of light and dark tumour cells which exhibit prominent organelles and well-developed Golgi complexes but lack secretory activity. The essential stromal cellular infiltrate of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells contains macrophage-lymphocyte clusters suggesting the existence of an immune response. Also present in the stroma are blood vessels lined by high-endothelial cells of the type said to facilitate lymphocyte migration. It is suggested that light and dark tumour cells with well-developed organelles but absent secretory activity, macrophage-lymphocyte clusters and stromal high-endothelial venules represent specific ultrastructure features of typical medullary carcinoma associated with good prognosis.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Human left ventricle ; Mitral insufficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 15 biopsies of dilated and hypertrophied human left ventricles in mitral insufficient hearts were morphometrically investigated. On light and electron microscopical level the results were compared with those received from normally loaded human left ventricles and from hypertrophied human left ventricles found in hearts with aortic valve disease. The results demonstrate alterations when compared with the results from normally loaded left ventricles. The differences between normally loaded and volume loaded left ventricles are smaller than those in pressure loaded left ventricles from aortic valve diseased hearts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 67 (1980), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Catecholamine distribution ; Regional catecholamine levels ; Microwave irradiation ; Brain tissue structure ; Histological examination ; Electron microscopy ; Light microscopy ; Tissue disruption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently we reported regional levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in rat brain following microwave irradiation. In our report, we also compared these levels with those of norepinephrine and dopamine following decapitation. Catecholamine levels following exposure to microwave irradiation significantly increased in several areas. However, whether these increases resulted from compound transfer associated with tissue disruption due to high intensity microwave irradiation was not determined. Sections of corpus striatum and locus coeruleus were examined with a light microscope and the interface of the striatum and the cortex showed no trace of tissue breakdown. Transformed cells, vacuolation, and indications of pyknotic degeneration in the nucleus were found in locus coeruleus after irradiation, but the shapes of these cells were well-defined. Electron microscopic photographs of synapses in the same are showed membrane damage after exposure for 5 s at 1.3 kW, but synaptic vesicles were clearly defined. It was concluded that the increased catecholamine levels were not the result of tissue disruption following rapid heating of the brain by irradiation.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rod-shaped bodies ; Crystalloid inclusions ; Blood vessels ; Endothelium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In addition to the usual organelles, endothelial cells of ocular blood vessels and Scheemm's canal in adult and fetal Macaca mulatta, contain two types of inclusions: rod-shaped bodies and crystalloids. The rod-shaped bodies are similar to those first described in arterial endothelia of the rat. They are between 0.2 to 0.35 μm in diameter, up to 2.5 μm in length, and are membrane bounded. The crystalloid inclusions are up to 1.2 μm in diameter and are associated with the granular endoplasmic reticulum. Their crystalline lattice consists of subunits, 28 nm in diameter, which are either arranged in rows separated by amorphous matrix or tightly packed in a honeycomb-like lattice. The rod-shaped bodies are much more numerous than the crystalloids; however, both kinds of inclusions are consistently found in both adult and fetal vessels. They represent normal components of ocular vascular endothelia which appear very early in the development of the eye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Dementia ; Aging ; Cortical capillaries ; Basement membrane ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Data concerning width and surface of the basement membrane of cortical capillaries in three patients with Alzheimer's disease five age-matched controls, have been submitted to statistical analysis to ascertain the role of the aging process upon thickening of the basement membrane itself. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference between patients with Alzheimer's disease and controls (P〈0.01) as to both width and surface of the basement membrane, so suggesting that in these patients aging was not the only factor which thickening of the basement membrane of cortical capillaries was related to.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blastomyces dermatitides ; North American blastomycosis ; Electron microscopy ; Subplasmalemmal linear density ; Fungal infection of central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsy tissue from a cerebellar blastomycoma in a 48-year-old man was studied by electron microscopy. The fine structure of the fungi recapitulated that of the yeast forms described in cultures and culture implants. Mycelial forms were not encountered. The yeasts displayed lamellated cell walls and occasional multinucleation. Persistent broad-based budding with complex membranous profiles related to the cell membrane was prominent. The organisms were found within multinucleated giant cells and macrophages which exhibited subplasmalemmal linear densities and occasional desmosomal junctions.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Uremia ; Hemodialysis ; Kidney transplantation ; Electron microscopy ; Myopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastrocnemius muscle biopsies from 19 patients with chronic renal failure were studied by electron microscopy. Thirteen of the biopsies contained pathological muscle fibers. Myopathic findings, such as autolysis and phagocytosis, were seen in eight. Neurogenic findings, such as small atrophic fibers, were observed in seven. Non-specific changes, such as myofibrillar degeneration, abnormal vacuoles, glycogen accumulation, and lipofuscin pigment were also frequent findings. The structural changes from normal were quantitatively more frequent and qualitatively more severe in the muscles of the hemodialysis patients in comparison with those seen in the other patient groups (diet, transplant).
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Toruloma ; Cryptococcus ; Electron microscopy ; Subplasmalemmal linear density ; Epithelioid cells ; Macrophages ; Granulomatous disease ; Fungal infection of central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsy tissue from a human cerebral toruloma was studied ultrastructurally. Numerous yeasts were found within extracellular space and within macrophages or epithelioid cells and demonstrated a prominent mucopolysaccharide capsule. Extensive vacuolization of yeast-bearing macrophages was demonstrated. Coating material lined these vacuoles as well as the surface of these cells where numerous coatacts with lymphocytes were observed. The macjophages further displayed prominent subplasmalemmal linear densities, structures common to epithelioid cells in granulomatous diseases as well as a variety of cells of presumed mesodermal origin.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 49 (1980), S. 85-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy ; Muscle biopsy ; Nuclear inclusions ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural examination of skeletal muscle biopsies of three typical cases of autosomal dominant inherited oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy showed collections of tubular filaments (8.5 nm in diameter) within muscle fibre nuclei. These filaments appear to be a characteristic morphological feature of oculopharyngeal dystrophy.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 51 (1980), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rimmed vacuoles ; Lined vacuoles ; Autophagic vacuoles ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rimmed vacuoles (Dubowitz and Brooke 1973) have been found in 12 cases with various neuromuscular diseases and are considered to be autophagic in nature. They consisted of multilaminated membranous structures accompanied by glycogen granules, dense bodies, and amorphous, granular, and fibrillar material. The contents of the vacuoles were regarded as having partially dissolved out of the vacuoles in cryostat sections but some were plastered along the walls of the vacuoles and were depicted by the staining procedures for light microscopy. The “lined vacuoles” described by Carpenter et al. (1978) in inclusion body myositis closely agree with the rimmed vacuoles in respect of histochemical and ultrastructural features.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 159 (1980), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Myelinated dendrites ; Frog ; Motoneuron ; Spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Myelinated dendrites — probably of motoneurons — were found in the spinal cord of the frog. It is assumed that the myelin sheath, by increasing the membrane resistance, improves the function of the dendrite as a cable.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 267 (1980), S. 115-121 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Hyalinosis of the skin ; Glycosaminoglycan metabolism ; Fibroblasts ; Electron microscopy ; Tissue culture ; Hyalinose der Haut ; Glykosaminoglykan-Stoffwechsel ; Fibroblasten ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Gewebekultur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch biochemische Untersuchungen von hyalinisierten Hauttumoren der systematisierten Hyalinose (juvenile hyaline Fibromatose) zeigte sich eine gesteigerte Chondroitinsulfatsynthese von dermalen Fibroblasten, die sich in einem erweiterten rauhen endoplasmatischen Reticulum darstellt, sowie eine Steigerung des Chondroitinsulfat-Gehaltes im befallenen Hautbereich. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf, daß es sich bei der systematisierten Hyalinose um eine Bindegewebserkrankung handelt, die durch eine abnorme Glykosaminoglykan-Synthese der Fibroblasten charakterisiert ist.
    Notes: Summary Biochemical examinations of a hyalinized skin tumor of systemic hyalinosis (juvenile hyaline fibromatosis) revealed an increase in chondroitin sulfate synthesis by skin fibroblasts with an enlarged, rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum as well as an increase in chondroitin sulfate content. These results indicate that systemic hyalinosis is a connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal GAG synthesis of fibroblasts.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 43-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoglycemia ; Nerve cell injury ; Electron microscopy ; Rat cerebral cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Severe hypoglycemia was induced in rats by insulin. The brain was fixed in situ by perfusion after the spontaneous EEG had disappeared for 30 or 60 min or after recovery had been induced for 30 or 180 min by glucose injection. Samples from the cerebral cortex from the area corresponding to the previous metabolic studies were processed for electron microscopy. The light-microscopic finding of two different types of nerve cell injury, reported in a preceding communication (Agardh et al. 1980), was also verified at the ultrastructural level. The type I injury was characterized by cellular shrinkage, condensation of the cell sap and nuclei, and perineuronal astrocytic swelling. No swelling of mitochondria occurred. The slightly swollen type II injured neurons showed contraction of mitochondria, disintegration of ribosomes, loss of RER, and appearance of membrane whorls, while their nuclear chromatin remained evenly distributed. No transition from one type to the other was observed. Neither type of nerve cell injury in hypoglycemia was like that commonly seen in anoxic-ischemic insults indicating a different pathogenesis in these states despite the common final pathway of energy failure. The loss of endoplasmic membranes and disintegration of ribosomes suggests that these structures might be sacrificed for energy production in the absence of normal substrates. During recovery, though, the number of type I injured neurons decreased while some of the remaining ones appeared even more severely affected, suggesting irreversible damage. Type II injured neurons were no longer seen indicating reversibility of these changes.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 50 (1980), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral infarction ; Cerebral ischemia ; Collateral sprouting ; Electron microscopy ; Mongolian gerbil ; Terminal degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distinct morphological changes were demonstrated in the contralateral hemisphere in the brains of Mongolian gerbils that were subjected to transient unilateral cerebral ischemia. The alterations were most obvious in a narrow region of the contralateral dentate gyrus (fascia dentata), where commissural inputs to the dentate gyrus are known to form synapses with the dentate granule cells. Electron microscopic examination revealed that these changes were caused by degenerative processes which took place in presynaptic terminals of the commissural inputs. An interesting fact was that the degenerated terminals were detected by light microscopy without the aid of special silver impregnation methods. After 1 week, these alterations almost disappeared, and after 3 months the dentate gyrus was undistinguishable from normal. These results strongly suggest that the changes were closely related to axonal degeneration and subsequent repair mechanisms of the brain. The present study indicates the importance of such anatomo-pathological study to delineate the effect of focal ischemia upon distant areas of the brain.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 52 (1980), S. 41-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Kinky hair syndrome ; Brindled mouse ; Purkinje cell ; Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chronological morphological alterations of the cerebellum, with particular attention to the Purkinje cells, were investigated in the brindled mottled MObr mouse, a neurological mutant mouse with close clinical similarity to Kinky hair syndrome (KHS) in humans. Seven days post-natally, slight irregularity in the morphology of mitochondria of the Purkinje cell perikarya was the only significant difference between hemizygous MObr mice and litter mate controls. With advancing age the mitochondrial change became more pronounced gradually in the former, not only in the perikarya but also in the dendrites. However, by day 31 or later the mitochondrial change subsided gradually and by day 91, the mitochondria in the majority of Purkinje cells became indistinguishable from those of littermate controls. Despite the extensive mitochondrial alteration, degeneration and necrosis of Purkinje cells were rather mild. Degeneration of white matter was quite conspicuous in the mutant mouse older than 31 days. These morphological changes of the cerebellum are compared with those of other neurological mutant mice, Nervous and Purkinje cell degeneration, and with KHS in humans.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 52 (1980), S. 213-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Axonal alterations ; Spinal gray matter ; Normal cat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In our recent ultrastructural studies on synapses of the nucleus dorsalis, central cervical nucleus, and anterior horn of the spinal cord of the normal cat we happened to find spheroids and several types of axonal alterations. These spheroids were up to 39 μm in diameter. They were found in myelinated and unmyelinated terminal axons and at the node of Ranvier and showed two different types of internal structure. One type was large and composed of spirally arranged neurofilaments and mitochondria in increased quantity, although the mean population density of mitochondria was not high being 1.4/μm2 as compared to the normal value 2.0/μm2. Another type was smaller and consisted of small mitochondria and dense bodies which were increased in number: their mean population densities were 4.5/μm2 and 1.9/μm2, respectively. At present, the rare occurrence of spheroids and atypical axonal alterations makes it difficult to determine the origin of affected axons, although some of them presumably arise from primary afferents.
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  • 27
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 269 (1980), S. 39-49 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Mouse skin ; UV-light ; Experimental elastosis ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Mäusehaut ; ultraviolettes Licht ; experimentelle Elastose ; Lichtmikroskopie ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß chronischer UV-Lichteinwirkung auf das dermale Bindegewebe der Nacktmaus (Ng/-) wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht (25 Tiere; Dauer der Bestrahlung 8,5 Monate; tägliche Strahlendosis 40±2 J/cm2). Die induzierten Bindegewebsveränderungen entsprechen weitgehend dem Bild, wie es bei der menschlichen aktinischen Elastose angetroffen wird.
    Notes: Summary The effect of long-term ultraviolet irradiation on the connective tissue of the skin was investigated in 25 naked (Ng/-) mice which received a total daily radiant dose of 40±2 J/cm2 for a period of 8.5 months. The produced alterations were very similar to those found in actinic elastosis of humans, as assessed by histologic and electron-microscopic criteria.
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  • 28
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    Archives of dermatological research 268 (1980), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Hypermelanosis ; Café au lait spot ; Ataxia-telangiectasia ; Electron microscopy ; Hypermelanose ; Café au lait-Flecken ; Ataxia teleangiectasia ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Café au lait-Flecken scheinen eine der Hautzeichen der Ataxia teleangiectasia zu sein. Sie sind durch eine epidermale Hypermelanosis mit einer normalen Melanocytenzahl charakterisiert. Vom subcellulären Gesichtspunkt wurden zwei wesentliche Abnormalitäten beobachtet. 1. Eine Erhöhung der Synthese von Melanosomen 2. eine Modifikation ihrer Verteilung innerhalb der epidermalen Keratinocyten. Zahlreiche Melanocyten sind in der oberen Epidermis aufzufinden. Auch veränderte Melanocyten sind zu beobachten. Diese zeigen Erweiterung der Mitochondrien, Entwicklung melanosomaler autophagischer Vacuolen, wie auch Fett-Tropfen. Diese Abnormalitäten wurden nicht in der umgebenden normalen Haut aufgefunden. Die Signifikanz dieser Beobachtungen wird diskutiert. Es wird auf die Schweirigkeiten hingewiesen, die aufgrund der histoenzymologischen und ultrastrukturellen Gegebenheiten eine Differentialdiagnose der Café au lait-Flecken ermöglichen könnte.
    Notes: Summary Café au lait spots appear to represent one of the cutaneous features of Ataxia-telangiectasia (A.T.). At the cellular level, they are characterized by an epidermal hypermelanosis with a normal number of melanocytes. At the subcellular level, two basic abnormalities are observed: (1) an increase in the synthesis of melanosome; (2) a modification of their distribution within the epidermal keratinocytes. Numerous pendulous melanocytes project into the upper dermis. Altered melanocytes are also observed. These show mitochondrial dilatation, melanosomal autophagic vacuoles, as well as lipid droplets. These abnormalities are not observed in the normal surrounding skin. The significance of these observations is discussed and stress is placed on the difficulty in establishing a differential diagnosis of café au lait spots, based on their histoenzymological and ultrastructural features.
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  • 29
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    Archives of dermatological research 267 (1980), S. 141-152 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Retinoids ; Keratinocytes ; Keratinization disorders ; Electron microscopy ; Retinoide ; Keratinocyten ; Verhornungsstörungen ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkung hoher peroraler Dosen des aromatischen Retinoids Ro 10-9359 (25 mg/kg/Tag) auf Meerschweinchenepidermis wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die morphologischen Alterationen ließen sich in zwei Stadien einteilen: (a) Daserste Stadium umfaßt entzündliche Gewebsveränderungen, die nach 1wöchiger Applikation einsetzten. Charakteristisch waren das Fehlen der Hornschicht und die vacuoläre cytoplasmatische Disintegration des Stratum Malpighii mit intracellulärem Ödem und stellenweise Ansammlung PAS-positiver Substanzen. Tonofilamente und Desmosomen waren zahlenmäßig vermindert, während Keratinosomen vermehrt auftraten. (b) Imzweiten Regenerationsstadium waren nach 3wöchiger Applikation Ödem und Vacuolisierung rückläufig, eine Hornschicht mit fokaler Parakeratose trat auf und eine mäßige Akanthose war nachweisbar. Elektronenmikroskopisch fand sich eine Hypergranulose, zum Teil mit ungewöhnlichen spongiformen Keratohyalingranula. Die Zahl der Tonofilamente, Desmosomen und Keratinosomen ließ eine deutliche Tendenz zur Normalisierung erkennen. Diese Befunde zeigen, daß die systemische Anwendung von hochdosiertem aromatischen Retinoid zu einem zytotoxischen, keratolytischen und mukoplastischen Effekt an der normalen Epidermis des Meerschweinchens führt; doch die betroffenen Zellen entwickeln offenbar Adaptationsmechanismen, so daß trotz weiterer Verabreichung des Medikamentes es zu einer Restaurierung dieser Veränderungen und zu einer Stimulierung der epidermalen Proliferation mit Akanthose kommt.
    Notes: Summary The effect of oral aromatic retinoid Ro 10-9359 in a high dosage (25 mg/kg/day) on guinea pig epidermis was investigated by light and electron microscopy. The induced morphological alterations showed two different stages: (a) In theinjury stage, seen after one week of retinoid administration, the epidermis was mainly characterized by lack of the horny layer and vacuolar cytoplasmic disintegration of the malpighian layer with intracellular edema and accumulation of some PAS-positive material. Tonofilaments and desmosomes were markedly reduced, keratinosomes were increased in number. (b) In therecovery stage, seen after 3 weeks of administration, the horny layer had reappeared, the edematous and vacuolar changes were diminished and the epidermis became slightly acanthotic. Hypergranulosis with numerous spongiform keratohyalin granules was a prominent feature. The number of tonofilaments, desmosomes, and keratinosomes showed a clear tendency to normalization. In conclusion, high systemic doses of aromatic retinoid initially exert a cytotoxic, keratolytic, and mucoplastic effect on the normal guinea pig epidermis. Nevertheless, the affected keratinocytes adapt themselves, despite the further administration of the drug, showing a gradual restoration of these changes and a stimulation of epidermal proliferation, leading to acanthosis.
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  • 30
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteogenesis ; In vitro ; Electron microscopy ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chick limb mesenchymal cells differentiate into muscle, cartilage, fibrous, and bone tissue. Previous reports show that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are cultured in vitro, chondrocytes, myocytes, fibrocytes, and osteoblasts can be identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical parameters. The study reported here demonstrates that phenotypic expression in culture seems to be dependent on the initial plating density, Scanning electron microscopic observations indicate that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are initially seeded at high densities (5 × 106 cells per 35 mm culture dish), mounds of cells appear in culture. These mounds represent cartilage nodules composed of a fine fibrous matrix and chondrocytes, surrounded by a loose fibrous connective tissue matrix. Cultures initially plated at intermediate densities (2.0–2.5 × 106 cells/35 mm culture dish) produce a flattened layer of fibrocytes overlying a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate deposits as determined by electron-microprobe analysis; these observations are indicative of osteoblast expression. Cells seeded at this intermediate density appear larger and possess greater surface area than cells seeded at high density. It is suggested that conditions that permit such increased cell surface area coupled with a relative compaction due to cell crowding may provide conditions permissive for osteogenesis. Based on morphological criteria, it appears that chick limb mesenchymal cell osteogenesis in vitro is not associated with chondrogenesis but represents a separate route of phenotypic expression.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Calvarium ; Electron microscopy ; Preosteoclasts ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This is a study of the fine structure of cells of the 20-day fetal rat calvarium. Special attention is given to identifying and characterizing preosteoclasts. These cells are relatively common and located largely, but not exclusively, at the endocranial bone surface. The preosteoclasts are characterized by abundant mitochondria, an incomplete perinuclear Golgi apparatus, and variable-shaped dense granules. The dense granules are unique in appearance in that they contain an internal dense matrix surrounded by a clear halo. Most granules are circular in shape but some are elongate or tubular in form. Granules with identical appearance are observed in osteoclasts. The preosteoclasts are mononucleate, or occasionally binucleate. It is suggested that because preosteoclasts are morphologically distinctive and relatively abundant, it should be feasible to separate these cells from a heterogeneous cell isolate.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decalcification ; Electron microscopy ; Bone matrix ; Bone glycoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A solution of triethylammonium EDTA in 80% ethanol was evaluated as a demineralizing reagent for bone in comparison with aqueous solutions of EDTA. Biochemical analysis and acrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracts of finely powdered bovine bone showed that most of the macromolecular components of the organic matrix extractable in aqueous EDTA were retained when the triethylammonium EDTA reagent was used. Ultrastructural examination of chick tibias decalcified with the reagents showed a better preservation of cellular morphology, especially the membranous components, and more uniformly distributed ground substance, though slightly less in quantity, when the aqueous reagent was used. Use of the two reagents appears to be complementary, the alkylammonium reagent being more appropriate for use in studies of the organic matrix of bone, including immunohistochemical studies of bone glycoproteins. The aqueous reagent is more appropriate for use in studies of cellular ultrastructure.
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  • 33
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    Experimental brain research 40 (1980), S. 119-121 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rana esculenta ; Spinal cord ; Granular vesicles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of large granular vesicles have been demonstrated in the spinal cord of the frog Rana esculenta. Each type is contained in different fibres located in the neuropil of the ventral horn. The two types of vesicles differ in their diameter and quantity, in the smoothness of their limiting membrane and the electron density of their core. The possibility that they contain peptides is discussed.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Polybrominated biphenyl ; Liver ; Electron microscopy ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electron microscopic study of livers from mice fed 167 ppm polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) revealed mitochondrial abnormalities which consisted of both alterations in size and the formation of crystalline-like inclusions within the mitochondrial matrix. These inclusions appeared as parallel arrays of rods and were found in elongated mitochondria which contained few cristae. The findings are briefly described and the possible significance of such inclusions in relation to mitochondrial aberrations are discussed.
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  • 35
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    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 667-680 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Amyloidose ; Glomerulus ; Proteinurie ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Amyloidogenese ; Amyloidosis ; Glomerulus ; Proteinuria ; Electron microscopy ; Amyloidogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Light and electron microscopic investigations were carried out on kidney biopsies in renal amyloidosis cases. Particular attention was paid to the relationships between glomerular amyloidosis and proteinuria. On the basis of a grading of the amyloidotic glomeruli (grade G 1: only mesangium affected; G 2: mesangium affected with involvement of less than 50% of the loops; G 3: mesangium affected with involvement of more than 50% of the loops; G 4: amyloidotic obliteration), the individual cases were graded according to the predominance of the G grade into four grades (CI to CIV). It was shown that the majority of the cases investigated belong to grade CII and III. However, four cases of grade C I (predominant involvement of the mesangium only, i.e. the capillary loops were free of amyloid) with proteinuria up to 12 g/24 h were also observed. All four groups (C I to C IV) showed comparable mean values for proteinuria despite extreme differences in the degree of amyloidosis. In the pooled evaluation of the electron micrographs of capillary loops including the mesangium of all cases investigated (C I to C III), there was the following result: 1. 94% of the sectioned mesangia contained fibrillar amyloid. 2. Amyloid-containing mesangia can be associated either with amyloid-containing loops (type a=34%), with borderline loops (type b=35%) or with loops of normal structure (type n=31%). Under the simplifying assumption that the section picture is representative for the entire loop, this means that in biopsies of renal amyloidosis grades C I to C III (proteinuria between 2.5 and 20 g/24 h) on average more than half of the glomerular capillary loops were found to be free of amyloid. 3. In relation to the individual case groups, the percentage of amyloid-containing loops is shown to differ. Indeed, in the group with the lowest degree of amyloidosis (C I) an average of 92% of the capillary loops proved to be free of amyloid despite proteinuria of up to 12 g/24 h (type b and n). It is inferred from these and other data that the elevation in permeability of the glomerular filter must in principle be independent of the presence of morphologically demonstrable fibrillar amyloid in the capillary loop. On the other hand, the essential importance for the filter defect is accorded to the process of “amyloidogenesis”, which interferes with the physicochemical characteristics of the gel filter and which is followed by “manifestation of amyloid”. The morphological findings and a few apparently contradictory clinical observations can be explained on this basis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Nierenbiopsien bei Nierenamyloidose wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ausgeführt, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Zusammenhänge zwischen Amyloidose des Glomerulus und Proteinurie. Auf der Grundlage einer Graduierung der amyloidotischen Glomeruli (Grad G1: rein mesangialer Befall; G 2: mesangialer Befall mit Beteiligung der Schlingen weniger als 50%; CIII mesangialer Befall mit Beteiligung der Schlingen mehr als 50%; G 4: amyloidotische Verödung) wurden die einzelnen Fälle je nach Vorherrschen des G-Grades graduiert (CI bis C IV). Es zeigte sich, daß die Mehrzahl der untersuchten Fälle den Graden C II und C III angehören. Es wurden aber auch 4 Fälle des Grades C I (ganz überwiegend rein mesangialer Befall, d.h. amyloidfreie Kapillarschlingen) mit Proteinurie bis 12 g/24 h beobachtet. Alle vier Gruppen (CI bis CIV) zeigten trotz extremer Unterschiede im Amyloidbefall vergleichbare Mittelwerte für die Proteinurie. Bei der gemeinsamen (gepoolten) Auswertung der elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen von Kapillarschlingen inclusive Mesangium aller untersuchten Fälle (C I bis C III) ergab sich folgendes: 1. 90% der getroffenen Mesangien enthielten fibrilläres Amyloid. 2. Amyloidhaltige Mesangien können in Verbindung stehen entweder mit amyloidhaltigen Schlingen (Typ a=34%) oder mit Borderline-Schlingen (Typ b=35%) oder mit normal strukturierten Schlingen (Typ n=31%). Unter der vereinfachenden Voraussetzung, daß das Schnittbild für die gesamte Schlinge repräsentativ ist, bedeutet das, daß bei Nierenamyloidosen mit erheblicher Proteinurie im Mittel weit mehr als die Hälfte der glomerulären Kapillarschlingen amyloidfrei gefunden wird. In der Gruppe mit dem geringsten Amyloidbefall (C I) erweisen sich trotz Proteinurie bis 12 g/24 h im Mittel sogar 92% der Kapillarschlingen als amyloidfrei (Typ b und n). Aus diesen und anderen Daten wird abgeleitet, daß die Permeabilitätserhöhung des glomerulären Filters unabhängig sein muß von der Anwesenheit morphologisch nachweisbaren fibrillären Anyloids an der Schlinge. Die wesentliche Bedeutung für den Filterdefekt wird vielmehr dem Vorgang der „Amyloidogenese“ zugesprochen, der als solcher in die physikochemische Beschaffenheit des Gelfilters eingreift und der von der „Amyloidmanifestation“ gefolgt ist. Auf dieser Grundlage lassen sich die erhobenen morphologischen Befunde und einige scheinbar widersprüchliche klinische Beobachtungen erklären.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell wall ; Chitin ; Gamma particle ; Encystment ; Electron microscopy ; Calcofluor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Structural changes during cell wall formation by populations of semisynchronously germinating zoospores were studied in the water mold Allomyces macrogynus. Fluorescence microscopy using Calcofluor white ST (which binds to β-1,4-linked glycans) demonstrated that Calcofluor-specific material was deposited around most cells between 2–10 min after the induction of encystment (beginning when a wall-less zoospore retracts its flagellum and rounds up). During the first 15 min of encystment there was a progressive increase in fluorescence intensity. Ultrastructural analysis of encysting cells showed that within 2–10 min after the induction of encystment small vesicles 35–70 nm diameter were present near the spore surface, and some were in the process of fusing with the plasma membrane. The fusion of vesicles with the zoospore membrane was concomitant with the appearance of electron-opaque fibrillar material outside the plasma membrane. Vesicles similar to those near the spore surface were found within the gamma (γ) particles of encysting cells. These particles had a crystalline inclusion within the electron-opaque matrix. During the period of initial cyst cell wall formation numerous vesicles appeared to arise at the crystal-matrix interface. Approximately 15–20 min was required for the cell wall to be formed. We suggest that the initial response of the zoospore to induction of encystment is the formation of a cell wall mediated by the fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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  • 37
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    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteriophage ; Myxococcus ; λ ; Superooiled DNA ; Cross-linking ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA was partially released from the heads of myxococcus phages and also coliphage λ and examined by electron microscopy by a modification of the Kleinschmidt technique, in which water was used as hypophase. DNA emerged from the heads in patterns suggestive of newly relaxed supercoils. The unreleased DNA appeared to occupy discrete regions in the head. Some closed circles were released from λ heads. When NaCl solution was used as hypophase, the DNA was observed either released from the tail or from the head, in the latter case, supercoiled regions were observed. When NH4OAc solution was used as hypophase, tightly wound structures were released from λ heads; these fields also contained supercoiled circles. The presence of constrained supercoiled domains in newly released phage DNA was confirmed by observing the effects of ethidium bromide on its conformation. Treatment of phage with nitrogen mustard, a bifunctional alkylating agent, preserved supercoiled domains, even when the phage were lysed over water as hypophase. Further experiments suggested that phage inactivation by nitrogen mustard is largely due to restraint of the supercoiled, native, tertiary structure and that DNA-protein cross-linking may be involved in this reaction. The implications of these findings for the conformation of phage DNA in vivo are discussed and a new model for the winding of DNA in phage heads is proposed.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Immunoferritin labeling ; Electron microscopy ; Membrane vesicles ; Nitrate reductase ; Bacillus licheniformis ; Klebsiella aerogenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The indirect immunoferritin labeling method was used to localize the membrane-bound respiratory nitrate reductase in membrane vesicles and protoplasts or spheroplasts of Bacillus licheniformis and Klebsiella aerogenes, respectively. For a comparison of the labeling of the various vesicle preparations, which differed not only in size but also in the percentage of inside-out orientation, a quantification of the results was needed to circumvent the problem of non-specifically bound ferritin. From the results the sidedness of the nitrate reductase in the cytoplasmic membrane of the abovementioned bacteria was determined as being cytoplasmic in B. licheniformis and as transmembranous in K. aerogenes.
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  • 39
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 12-18 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Moraxella glucidolytica ; Electron microscopy ; Lipopolysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cellular (LPS I) and extracellular (LPS II) lipopolysaccharide were isolated from Moraxella glucidolytica cells grown on ethanol and from the culture fluid, respectively. Both LPS were toxic when injected to mice and chick embryos. These LPS contained glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and lipids. By permethylation studies, glucose was found to be linked (1→6) and (1→3) in LPS I and only (1→6) in LPS II. Galactose was the terminal non-reducing sugar. Branching occurred at positions 3 and 4 of galactose residues. LPS I was rich in α- and β-hydroxylauric and α-hydroxymyristic acids and LPS II contained mainly stearic and α-hydroxymyristic acids. LPS I was detoxified by mild acid and alkaline treatments. It was also dissociated by sodium deoxycholate and chromatographed on Sephadex G-75. The main fraction was reassociated by removing the surfactant by dialysis. The morphology of LPS I and LPS II was examined by electron microscopy. LPS I (original and reassociated fractions) consisted exclusively of ribbons while LPS II contained ribbons and vesicles.
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  • 40
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    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ascodichaena ; Beech bark ; Electron microscopy ; Host-fungus relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ascodichaena rugosa Butin is a corkinhabiting fungus, found frequently on the bark of Fagus sylvatica L. The hyphae of the fungus are distributed solely in the phellem cells, stopping their growth in the last-formed cork cell layer. The cell to cell invasion is effected by penetration hyphae, causing no extensive dissolution of the cork wall. Electron microscopical observations revealed fine structural details of the fruit bodies and of the intracellular hyphae. Of special interest were the finger-like hyaline hyphae in the last-formed layer of cork cells, which are interpreted as haustoria on the basis of the fine structure both of hyphae and host cells. This situation is considered as reflecting a parasitic relationship of Ascodichaena to beech bark. The activity of the fungus led also to the increased production of cork cells, perhaps related to the nutrient supply of the fungus.
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  • 41
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    Virchows Archiv 385 (1980), S. 215-231 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Sphingomyelinase deficit ; Niemann-Pick disease ; Liver ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results of a complex analysis of liver tissue are presented (four biopsy and two autopsy samples) obtained from six patients with Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) with a gross deficiency of sphingomyelinase (SMase) accompanied by a typical increase in sphingomyelin (SM). There were five cases of NPD type A (four of them with an atypical, prolonged course) and one case of type B. By means of lipid histochemistry it was possible to demonstrate SM storage both in hepatocytes and in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) of the liver (Kupffer cells and portal macrophages) and to show in two siblings with NPD type A a so-far undescribed centrilobular storage pattern. Enzyme histochemistry revealed a secondary deficit of nonspecific esterase activity and acid β-galactosidase in liver storage macrophages and varying degrees of suppression of hepatocytic enzyme activities as a reaction to lipid storage of sudden onset. Ultrastructurally, it was possible to demonstrate cholesterol in lysosomes by using digitonin fixation, the involvement of Ito cells in lipid storage, the aggregation of storage lysosomes with certain other organelles and their occasional connections with the endoplasmic reticulum. The problems of possible lipid extraction during processing were considered as a cause of pronounced lysosomal electron-lucidity and of the ultrastructural identification of the participating lipopigment. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to the existing classification and, particularly, to the stored lipid dilemma of cases of NPD type C.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Phagocytosis ; Spermatozoa ; Ovum ; Fertilization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spermatozoa with intact acrosomes, as well as those coming into contact with the ovum at a smaller angle, and morphologically abnormal spermatozoa reach the plasma membrane of the ovum via an extensively dissolved zone of the inner layer of the vitelline membrane. This zone is assumed to be formed by overlapping of two or more tunnels formed by spermatozoa that had previously come into contact with the ovum. When a spermatozoon comes into contact with the plasma membrane of the ovum, many cytoplasmic processes extend outwards and cover it. Thereafter, the plasma membranes of the processes fuse, thereby phagocytizing the spermatozoon. It is assumed that the phagocytized spermatozoa cannot undergo transformation into male pronuclei and that they degenerate soon after phagocytosis.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Photoreceptor membrane ; Electron microscopy ; Calcium-induced changes ; Artefacts ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary When the compound eyes of the fly Lucilia are fixed for electron microscopy with glutaraldehyde in common buffer solutions, artefactual whorls are liable to be formed from the photoreceptor microvilli. The whorls result from two factors: (i) a prolonged time interval prior to osmication, such as the “overnight” primary fixation or wash at 4° C commonly used in studies of compound eyes; (ii) as little as 1–2 mM Ca++ in the primary fixative and wash solutions. Osmication after short (1 h) glutaraldehyde fixation at 4° C, or omission of Ca++ and addition of 2 mM EGTA, prevent whorl-formation. In the tipulid fly Ptilogyna, similar artefacts are produced, but are confined to the distal zone of the microvilli that sheds during turnover.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 83-93 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epithelium ; Cloaca ; Electron microscopy ; Hen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithela of the three divisions (coprodaeum, urodaeum, proctodaeum) of the cloaca of the hen, and of the excretory ducts (colon, ureter, vagina) which join the divisions, are described using light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Each region of the cloaca has its typical epithelium. Special attention is focussed in this study on the boundaries between the different epithelia. The coprodaeal epithelium does not differ considerably from that of the colon; a transitional zone is not visible. Distinct border zones, however, are observed between the other regions (ureter — urodaeum; vagina — urodaeum and proctodaeum; urodaeum-proctodaeum; proctodaeum — cutis). Although the vaginal opening is generally thought to lie in the urodaeum, our investigations show that at the vaginal opening into the cloaca the ciliated epithelium changes, on one border to a secretory epithelium characteristic of the urodaeum and on the other border to that characteristic of the proctodaeum. These observations are discussed in relation to functional aspects.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic D cell ; Neural control ; Vagotomy ; Electron microscopy ; Fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to determine the neural control of pancreatic D cells, the pancreatic islets of the domestic fowl were examined electron microscopically from 1 to 28 days after abdominal vagotomy. Exocytotic release of many secretory granules from D cells occurred one day after vagotomy. Rough endoplasmic reticulum developed and formed an arrangement of concentric whorls in the cytoplasm of D cells after axotomy. The altered D cells were also characterized by the occurrence of many peculiar dense bodies in the apical cytoplasm at all time periods studied. These bodies varied in shape and size, containing several round vesicles. The D cells were extensively depleted of granules after the longer time periods following vagotomy. The present results provide new morphological evidence for the vagus-nerve control of D cells, which may regulate the activity of islet cells.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 191-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Transplants ; Vasopressin ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blocks of anterior hypothalamus were transplanted from 19 day-old fetuses of Wistar/Lewis rats into the third ventricle of adult male Brattleboro rats. Physiological changes in graft recipients and in sham-operated animals were monitored daily. Twenty days after surgery, the graft recipients and shamoperated animals were killed and their brains examined by correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Host animals that exhibited both decreased polydipsia and increased urine concentration were found to have viable grafts within the third ventricle. The observed physiological changes suggested that synthesis and release of vasopressin occurred in the transplanted neurons. Grafts were well vascularized by vessels arising from the host hypothalamus. Neurons, with perikarya ranging from 8 to 30 μm in diameter, glial cells, and neurites were located throughout the transplants. A neurohemal contact zone, similar to that normally seen in the median eminence, could not be demonstrated in the grafts. The absence of complete glial and ependymal barriers indicates a relatively close association between cells in the transplants and the cerebrospinal fluid. A large increase in supraependymal neurons and their processes, including an eruption of neurons through the floor of the third ventricle in one animal, was observed in graft recipients but not in shamoperated animals.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 303-318 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Area postrema, rat ; Ependyma ; Cyst ; Circumventricular organs ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peculiar cells forming cysts were observed in the area postrema and sometimes also in the choroid plexus and the tela chorioidea near the area postrema, and were studied in detail by electron microscopy. The cytological features of the cyst cell and its junctional relationship to neighboring cells imply that cyst cells are derived from ependymal and choroid epithelial cells. The cyst cells usually contact directly the perivascular spaces of postremal, choroidal or pial capillaries, where the cytoplasm is often considerably attenuated. The cystic lumen is commonly filled with a flocculent material. The limiting membrane of the cystic lumen, which frequently bears cilia and microvilli, has the same thickness as the surface cell membrane. In many cases, the cyst is surrounded by the cytoplasm of a single cell. In some cases, however, two cells participate in the formation of the cyst, although one is only a slender process and joined by a zonula occludens with the main cyst cell. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space failed to enter the cystic lumen. A possible significance of the cyst in relation to the CSF and blood circulation was considered.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 447-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipid ; Kidney tubules, proximal ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lipid metabolism in the cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) was investigated in healthy fowls and in fowls with the Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS). The tissue was fixed at 10–25 min intervals after intravenous injection of 3H-oleic acid. The distribution of autoradiographic grains was analysed by the “circle method”. In normal cells most of the silver grains were associated with the cytoplasmic organelles. Lipid droplets and Golgi elements had the highest specific activity relative to the nuclear activity, which was little above background level. Lysosome-like bodies and mitochondria had lower values. In the cells of the FLKS-affected birds a large proportion of the grains was located over the lipid droplets, which are abundant in this condition. The specific activity of the cytoplasmic organelles was barely 2-fold higher than the nuclear activity. The results suggest that there is a diminished incorporation of esterified fatty acids by the organelles of these cells and that the excess is transferred to the lipid droplets. The identity of low electron density particles observed in the PCT cells of severely affected birds is discussed.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 331-343 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut hormones ; Endocrine cells ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Peptidergic innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, cytochemical and immunocytochemical methods were used in light and electron microscopical studies to demonstrate the presence of a neuroendocrine system in the gut of the urodele, Salamandra salamandra. Cytochemical stains capable of detecting peptide-producing endocrine cells demonstrate cells reacting with Masson's silver (argentaffin) method, Grimelius' argyrophil silver method, masked metachromasia method and the lead haematoxylin stain. Using antisera raised to a variety of mammalian gut peptides, cells containing bombesin-, gastrin-, somatostatin-, substance P- and glucagon-like immunoreactivity were identified; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivities were found in nerve fibres in the submucous and myenteric plexus. No immunoreactivity was detected for motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, cholecystokinin or secretin. The ultrastructure of the immunoreactive cells and nerves was revealed by the semithin/thin method. All the cells identified contained numerous electrondense secretory granules, which varied in their chracteristic morphological structure from one cell type to another. The evidence collected in this study indicates that a complex neuroendocrine system regulating gut function is present in this amphibian and may have developed prior to the emergence of the phylum.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 269-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoaminergic neurons ; Retina ; Amacrine cells ; Neurotoxins ; Mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus ; Neurotransmitters ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mudpuppy retina was investigated with the histofluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp in normal animals and in animals injected intraocularly with α-methylnoradrenaline, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, or a combination of the two drugs. Catecholaminergic amacrine cells were found to form a thin layer of terminals at the border between the inner nuclear and the inner plexiform layers. Catecholaminergic interplexiform cells were not found. Indoleamine-accumulating amacrine cells were also observed. They are fifteen to twenty times more numerous than the catecholaminergic cells, and their terminals occur diffusely throughout the inner plexiform layer. In a number of eyes the majority of the indoleamine-accumulating terminals were eliminated with intraocular injections of the neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, but the reproducibility of this effect was not consistent. Intravitreal injections of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine were used to label both types of neurons for electron microscopy. They were found to make conventional type synapses on amacrine cells and, less frequently, on bipolar cells.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 353-357 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Merkel cells (reptiles) ; Epidermis ; Lizard ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of the labial epidermis of the lizard Lacerta sicula revealed cells displaying all features of Merkel cells. These cells are located in the stratum basale of epidermal pegs and are arranged in clusters.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 293-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paneth cell ; Hibernation ; Intestine ; Hypothermia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Paneth cells from jejuno-ileal segments of the small intestine of the ground squirrel, S. lateralis, was examined under normal euthermic conditions and during the profoundly depressed metabolic conditions of natural hibernation. Paneth cells obtained from hibernating animals gave evidence of markedly reduced activity when compared to Paneth cells from euthermic animals. In hibernating animals, the nuclei were smaller, with less prominent nucleoli and with an increased proportion of heterochromatin. In hibernating animals, the rough endoplasmic reticulum was fragmentary and poorly organized, in contrast to the typical arrangement of concentric lamellae seen in euthermic animals. Although the total number of ribosomes was decreased in hibernating animals, there were proportionally more free ribosomes than in euthermic animals. Paneth cells from hibernating animals also contained a greater number of apical secretory granules which were smaller and more variable in electron density than granules from control animals. These ultrastructural features indicate that during hibernation the Paneth cell is relatively quiescent.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 511-517 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Female hamster ; Harderian gland ; Testosterone ; Tubular clusters ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distinct differences occur in the pigmentation and ultrastructural features of the Harderian glands in male and female hamsters. The results of a study on the effect of testosterone on the fine structure of the female Harderian glands are presented here. Glands from three groups of hamsters were examined at intervals up to 49 days: (1) testosterone injected, receiving 2mg testosterone propionate in 0.1 ml sesame oil per day; (2) sham-injected, receiving 0.1 ml sesame oil per day; (3) untreated controls. Testosterone injections caused a reduction in the number of dark-brown pigment granules in the acinar cells starting on the 6th day, whereas clusters of tubules, typical of adult male glands, appeared on the 4th day and increased in number thereafter. Lamellar structures, normally present in the female gland, decreased in testosterone treated specimens. These changes reversed after cessation of testosterone treatment. It is concluded that exogenous testosterone administered to female hamsters modifies the pigmentation and ultrastructure of their Harderian glands towards the male type and that this is a reversable phenomenon. There also appears to be an inverse relationship between the presence of tubular clusters in the acinar cells, and the degree of pigmentation.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Dendritic spine apparatus ; Synapse ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using techniques for enhanced microtubular preservation, including albumin pretreatment (Gray, 1975), occipital cortex of rats was studied electron microscopically at various ages of development. A close structural relationship was seen between microtubules, sacs of SER and the postsynaptic “thickening” in primordial spines and with the dense “plate” material of spine apparatuses. Stereoscopic preparations in addition show a more complicated substructure than previously described for the “plate”. Microtubules may contribute to the formation of the “plate” of the spine apparatus which in turn is associated with the postsynaptic “thickening” of the mature spine. Possible functional correlates are discussed.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Bupivacaine ; Degeneration ; Satellite cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat lumbrical muscles were incubated in a concentration of 10-2 M bupivacaine for 5 or 15 min and examined after further incubation in the absence of the drug for periods totalling 1, 2, and 3h. Electron microscopy showed that muscle fibers and their component organelles and myonuclei underwent a series of irreversible degenerative changes. However, satellite cells retained their normal morphology under similar conditions. It is concluded that satellite cells are responsible for the rapid regeneration of muscles that follows degeneration induced by bupivacaine. The role of satellite cells in muscle regeneration is discussed.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caudal neurosecretory system ; Poeciliidae ; Electron microscopy ; Salinity changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urophysis or neurohemal contact site of the caudal neurosecretory system of Mollienesia sphenops, the black molly, was studied in animals adapted to an artificial seawater environment. This species of fish was chosen for these studies because of its known ability to osmoregulate and its adaptability to the laboratory aquarium. The urophysis of freshwater acclimated mollys contained an abundance of neurosecretory granules. However, in fish subjected to a seawater environment for one week the number of neurosecretory granules was significantly decreased. In addition, there was an increase in blood cell infiltration of the urophysis.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Sympathetic innervation ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Tupaia belangeri ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has previously been reported that the primitive primate Tupaia belangeri develops a renal failure when exposed to psychosocial stress. In order to learn if this high susceptibility to stress of the Tupaia kidney can be correlated with morphological and functional parameters of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and the renin-angiotensin system, comparative experiments were performed on Tupaia and rat. Our results reveal an outstandingly high potency of the JGA and the renin-angiotensin system in Tupaia as evident from the following findings: The Tupaia JGA contains a great number of epithelioid cells abounding in renin granules (electron microscopy). The renin content of the Tupaia kidney is considerably higher than in the rat (radio-immunoassay). The sympathetic innervation of the kidney and especially of the JGA is abundant in Tupaia (fluorescence and electron microscopy). Catecholamine contents of the kidney and other organs are significantly higher in Tupaia than in rats (spectrophotofluorometry). Our results support the previously developed concept of a potent intrarenal neuroendocrine interaction at the JGA level favouring, under certain conditions of social stress, the development of acute renal failure in Tupaia belangeri.
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 465-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Postcapillary venules ; Calf ; Lymph nodes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the postcapillary “high endothelial venules” (HEV) of lymph nodes in calves was studied light and electron microscopically. These venules were detected light microscopically in the paracortical zone by their high cuboidal endothelium, a distinct basal lamina, the migration of lymphocytes through the vessel wall, and the dominance of lymphoid cells in the lumen, often completely obliterating the latter. Ultrastructurally, the endothelial cells (HEC) of the HEV were characterized by a prominent Golgi complex including many small vesicles, a few lysosome-like bodies, and a specific association between mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (MER). The HEC are connected by desmosomes, whereas the intimate contact points between migrating lymphocytes and endothelial cells could not be classified according to the well-defined junctional types. Lymphocyte migration occurred predominantly intercellularly, i.e., between endothelial cells. Although the overall appearance of the described vessel type in bovines bears resemblance to HEV in other investigated species, several differences occur that most probably are related to species variation.
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  • 59
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 226 (1980), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Cholesteatom ; Knochenzerstörung ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Cholesteatoma ; Bone destruction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Biopsy specimens were obtained at ear surgery of patients with cholesteatoma otitis and were studied by electron microscopy. The osseous tissue decalcified in EDTA demonstrated degradation of collagen matrix as well as extensive degeneration of bone cells. The surface of the eroded bone was found to be in direct contact with the subepithelial connective tissue or the granulation, but not with the keratinizing squamous epithelium of matrix. These results indicate that the bone destruction by cholesteatoma is of non-osteoclastic type and lend support to the view that the keratinizing squamous epithelium do not participate in bone destruction. On the ultrastructural basis, the inflammatory process in the soft tissue adjacent to bone and extensive degeneration of bone cells are considered as cardinal factors for bone destruction in this disease.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung von Knochenbiopsien bei Cholesteatomoperationen zeigt Veränderungen der kollagenen Knochenmatrix sowie eine ausgedehnte Degeneration von Knochenzellen. Dabei findet sich die Oberfläche des veränderten Knochens in direktem Kontakt mit dem subepithelialen Bindegewebe oder mit Granulationen, nicht aber mit dem Plattenepithel selbst. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß entzündliche Prozesse in den dem Knochen benachbarten Bindegewebslagen vorwiegend für die Knochenzerstörung bei Cholesteatom verantwortlich sind.
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 229 (1980), S. 55-68 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Erbliche Taubheit ; Katze ; Elektronenmikroskop ; Membrana tectoria ; Hereditary deafness ; Cat ; Electron microscopy ; Tectorial membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The tectorial membrane is affected at an early stage of the cochlear degeneration in the hereditarily deaf white cat. The membrane first descends towards the organ of Corti with obliteration of the intervening sub-tectorial space in the basal coil during the second post-natal week. Both the microvilli of supporting and Hensen's cells, and the hair cell stereocilia make deep indentations on the under-surface of the membrane. Cells are found insinuated between the tectorial membrane and Corti's organ, and numerous cellular processes occur within the former. A phagocytic function would appear probable for these cells, which seem to originate from the internal sulcus region. The membrane is retracted into the latter around the 2-month stage. At all ages, small spherical structures, which may represent altered interdental cell secretions, are found within the membrane, these becoming calcified in older animals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Veränderungen in der Membrana tectoria treten in einer frühen Phase der cochlearen Degeneration bei der weißen Katze mit erblicher Taubheit auf. Die Membran bewegt sich erst gegen das Cortische Organ mit Obliteration des dazwischenliegenden subtectorialen Raumes in der zweiten postnatalen Woche. Sowohl die Mikrovilli der Hensenschen Zellen und die der Stützzellen als die Stereozilien der Haarzellen machen tiefe Eindrücke auf der Unterseite der Membran. Zellen sind zwischen Membrana tectoria und dem Cortischen Organ gefunden, und viele zellulare Prozesse entstehen innerhalb Membrana tectoria. Eine phagocytotische Funktion würde für diese Zellen möglich sein, die aus der Region des Sulcus internus zu stammen scheinen. Bei älteren Tieren ist die Membran gegen den Sulcus internus retraktiert. Für alle Altersstufen findet man kleine spherischen Strukturen, die veränderte interdentale Zellensekrete vertreten können. Diese Strukturen werden innerhalb der Membran gefunden, und sind bei älteren Tieren verkalkt.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The distribution of the first-passage time is of decisive importance in lift (elevator) design. It yields the easure of performance of the system, the expected number of stops, the interval (i. e. time elapsed between two successive departures from a given floor) and many other parameters and factors determining the required number of lifts in a building. The derivation is based on the transition probability matrix of the operation policy, and consists in solving a system of linear equations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Fourier analysis of numerical accuracy has traditionally concentrated on the propagation behaviour of various methods. When systems of equations in more than one unknown are involved, analysis of propagation accuracy alone is shown to be incomplete. A distribution factor is introduced to complement the Fourier analysis in these cases, and application of the concept to two problems commonly encountered in the water resources field is demonstrated. The distribution factor is shown to provide important information which cannot be obtained from the customary analysis of propagation accuracy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple approximation by nonconforming finite elements is presented that passes the patch test of Irons and Strang but does not yield approximate solutions converging to the solution of the given boundary value problem. It is constructed from continuous piecewise linear functions perturbed by step functions. Further, strange convergence properties of such approximations are explained in all details because they may be typical for the behaviour of nonconforming finite elements violating the basic precondition for convergence.
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  • 64
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 209-223 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The solution of incompressible, viscous flow problems using the primitive variable finite element approach is formulated in a coherent and physically reasoned exposition. In particular, it is shown that terms associated with changes in momentum caused by lack of mass conservation should logically be included in the governing equations. Previous formulations have not considered this possibility. Numerical results are presented to show the effect of inclusion of these extra terms; however, it is concluded from the numerical results for the specific case which was tested that there is no obvious benefit obtained by including these terms.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 237-247 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A dual load method of truss analysis is presented that allows highly nonlinear member behaviour to be followed. In particular, a brittle type of strut behaviour is considered. The method assumes that the inelastic strut response is known and that piecewise linearization of the behaviour is acceptable. An example is given to illustrate the type of problem that can be handled. The example involves negative stiffness of the members and consequently attention must be given to the equation solving procedure for the structure. A comparison is made with some observed test results.
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  • 66
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 291-295 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical Laplace transform inversion technique is described, which is a modification of the inversion method using an exponential series representation. By adding an auxiliary function and using Erdélyi's inversion formula, the proposed technique provides the inverse approximation with improved accuracy near t = 0. Numerical illustrations shows that this procedure also works in cases when the original method of schapery fails to give satisfactory results.
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  • 67
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 308-318 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new method for interpolating in triangles is described. Bivariate cubic polynomials are utilized to define an interpolant which assumes arbitrary position and slope on the entire boundary of a triangular domain. Some examples and applications are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 351-360 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Numerical convergence of first- and second-order plate-bending elements is investigated. Using iso-parametric formulation, general bilinear and biquadratic quadrilaterals, with the three moment components and the transverse deflection as dependent variables, are obtained. The same elements are also used as degenerate triangles by collapsing one side. A constant bending moment patch test, applied numerically to the elements, indicated poor performance for linear triangles, while the bilinear, quadratic and biquadratic elements behaved well, with exact results in uniform meshes. Further numerical examples showed the same general trend as the patch test. Although bilinear, quadratic and biquadratic elements were always able to yield the correct solutions with mesh refinements, the linear triangles were in general unable to do so.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 381-404 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The complete two-dimensional partial differential equations for developing laminar flow in a circular tube have been treated by a finite difference analysis. Property variation with temperature, especially that of viscosity, is allowed for in a flexible manner. The continuity and momentum equations, and then the energy equations, are solved by direct elimination at each axial step, and marching procedure used in the axial direction. A new technique is that the stepwise energy balance is rigidly satisfied throughout by using it as a constituent equation in place of the ‘explicit’ wall thermal boundary condition normally used.The analysis predicts the complete developing hydrodynamic and thermal fields, together with friction factors and heat transfer coefficients. It has been tested for a range of fluid velocity and thermal boundary conditions and for various fluids, including high viscosity oils, water and air.Data for constant wall heat flux have already been published. 1,2 Predictions for constant wall temperature presented here are for forced and combined convection and are compared with experimental data of Test3 and Zeldin and Schmidt4.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 464-469 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method for solving two-point boundary value problems associated with systems of first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations is described. It needs four function evaluations at each point and is of order h6, where h is the space chop. Results of computational experiments, which include perturbation of the initial conditions, comparing this method with other known methods are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 470-476 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An algorithm is given to discretize a polygon or curved surface into triangular arrays. The method first involves the manual division of the array into quadrilaterals with specified numbers on rows and columns. The individual points are then filled in automatically and elements are automatically generated. A point of particular importance is that the number of columns or rows may be made to change. A subroutine is given to perform this task.
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  • 72
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 483-494 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An approximate analysis method for calculating local and system geometric imperfection influences on the displacements, stresses and buckling load of imperfect truss structures, is developed. The structural response, as a function of the design variables, is expressed in this approximate analysis which is much faster and cheaper than the ‘accurate’ analysis. The accurate analysis for a particular design is used as a base for each approximate analysis which then gives the response information needed for other designs in the neighbourhood about the base point design. Comparison of the approximate behaviour predictions with accurate results based on the more refined analysis methods shows that the quality of the proposed approximate analysis procedure is adequate for guiding a structural design procedure. It is evident that the approximate analysis is capable of describing the nonlinear behaviour of the structure, but when nonlinearity increases, the quality of the approximate analysis tends to deteriorate.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 575-582 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The usual linear shape function for approximating axial displacement in beam finite elements used as eccentric stiffeners leads to an inconsistency which can result in large errors in the deflection of plates or composite beams. The introduction of an additional degree-of-freedom for these elements circumvents this problem.
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  • 74
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 639-648 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A boundary-location method is developed for finite element simulation of steady, two-dimensional flows of Newtonian liquid with free boundaries. In the method, boundary shape and position and the velocity and pressure fields are determined simultaneously. Inertial, viscous, gravitational, and surface tension effects are included in the development. The complete set of nonlinear finite element equations is solved by a modified frontal method combined with Newton-Raphson iteration to speed convergence. The finite element used to illustrate the method approximates the pressure as a piecewise constant function and the velocity and free boundaries as piecewise linear functions. Example calculations for flow from a slit show that the method can be effective.
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  • 75
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 685-699 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The choice on an efficient direct integration procedure for linear structural dynamic equations of motion is discussed. It is suggested that as accuracy parameter the truncation error on the exponential terms contained in the modal contributions of the exact solution be assumed. This error does not always coincide with the local truncation error. These considerations were used to design an unconditionally stable one-step method whose accuracy is 0(h4). Numerical comparisons with some well-known integration schemes showed the efficiency of the proposed method.
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  • 76
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 713-731 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a generalized method which generates linear, triangular, quadrilateral and pentahedral elements for the finite element method. Depending on geometrical and material variations, the region to be discretized is manually divided into blocks such as lines, triangles, quadrilaterals, pentahedrons and hexahedrons in several appropriate co-ordinate systems. However, no connectivity information of the adjacent blocks is required by the user as input. The continuity of the generated nodal co-ordinates and element configurations at the block interface are automatically maintained to describe the geometry of structures, no matter how these five types of blocks are connected. Furthermore, a mesh grading algorithm which generates reliable mesh grade distributions in the interior of the triangular and quadrilateral blocks is established corresponding to the arbitrarily defined subdivision numbers for each edge line of blocks. This algorithm is extended to the mesh grading in the interior of the hexahedral and pentahedral blocks. Element numbers are also renumbered in this scheme, in addition to node numbers, in order to increase the computational efficiency of the global matrix assembly. Additional facilities, i.e. loading data generation, boundary condition data generation and so on, are also discussed. An illustrative and a practical example are given to demonstrate the capabilities of this scheme.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 773-778 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The shape functions of serendipity rectangular elements had originally to be found by inspection. More recently an algorithm has been developed to formalize the construction of these shape functions. Here a simple expression is found for the interpolation function of the most general serendipity element. The shape functions can be derived immediately.
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  • 78
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 955-980 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A series of finite element algorithms for the calculation of the post-buckling behaviour of structures are proposed. The algorithms represent a finite element implementation of a variational principle for nonlinear eigenvalue problems. Incremental amplitude solution schemes are defined. Numerical results are presented for the post-buckling behaviour of specific structures with linear and nonlinear pre-buckling states.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1041-1052 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 80
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980) 
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  • 81
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 935-942 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 82
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 991-1020 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents isoparametric formulation for the three-dimensional transition finite elements. The transition finite elements are necessary for applications requiring the use of three-dimensional isoparametric solid elements and the curved shell elements. These elements provide proper connections between the two portions of the structure modelled with three-dimensional solids and the curved shell elements. The element properties are derived and presented in detail. Numerical examples are also presented to demonstrate the accuracy and the applications of such elements in three-dimensional stress analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1261-1278 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A hybrid-stress element is developed for the analysis of thin and moderately thick plates. The independent transverse displacement and rotations are interpolated by the 12-node cubic Serendipity shape functions. All components of stress are included and 36β stress assumption is used. The element stiffness possesses correct rank and numerical results indicate that the element does not lock in the thin-plate limit. Results obtained using the present element are compared with those obtained using a 12-node assumed-displacement based Mindlin plate element with reduced integration; the present hybrid-stress element is shown to yield superior accuracy for all cases considered. In addition, the accuracy of the present element is compared against that of analogous 4-node and 8-node hybrid-stress Mindlin plate elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1280-1280 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 85
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1083-1094 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper is concerned with the solution of the three-dimensional potential problem for electromagnetic river gauging. It extends previous ideas of joining finite elements in an interior region to one infinite external element treated by the boundary integral method1,2 to this case where there are two external infinite elements representing the river and the ground. The boundary continuity conditions on the infinite river-ground interface, as well as the internal-external interfaces, are dealt with by introducing a variational principle with relaxed continuity requirement3.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1107-1107 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 87
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1129-1148 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1113-1127 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Various boundary methods are considered for the numerical solution of the linear wave equation. The solution in the interior region is obtained using the Lax-Wendroff method. The theory of Gustafsson, Kreiss and Sundström is used to establish stability and the theory of Sköllermo is used to compare the accuracies of the various methods. The accuracy predictions are compared with computed results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1161-1175 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The technique of fixed-interface modal synthesis used to solve large structural eigenvalue problems is extended to fluid-structure eigenvalue problems with a view to efficient solution of problems involving localized modifications. Three cases are considered: namely, those fluid or fluid-structure vibration problems directly analogous to the structural case; the modification of the fluid model of a structure enclosing a compressible fluid; and the modification of fluid and structural models of a structure enclosing an incompressible fluid. Examples of the three cases are given, as are estimates of the computation that can be saved when using the methods to avoid resolving modified eigenvalue problems. It is also shown that the hard-walled modes of a fluid enclosure can be used to modify the incompressible-fluid modes of the fluid-structure system to account for a degree of compressibility in the fluid. An example and computation estimates are given.
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  • 90
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1239-1260 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The assumed-stress hybrid finite element model is examined for application to the bending analysis of thin plates. A hybrid-stress functional is defined by using a Mindlin-type displacement assumption and including all components of stress. The Euler equations and matrix formulation corresponding to this functional are examined to assess the effects of plate thickness, and a rationale is presented for the selection of stress assumptions so that locking is avoided in the thin plate limit. To illustrate these concepts, a series of linear displacement quadrilateral elements are derived and tested, and the best of these elements is identified for suggested implementation in general-purpose computer programs.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1315-1324 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An algorithm is presented for reducing the frontwidth of finite element meshes. The technique takes an arbitrary input scheme and reorders the elements so as to reduce the frontwidth. A number of examples are presented to demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1335-1341 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This review attempts to place in perspective the wide variety of computer methods which are available for constructing irregular computational grids. Several different approaches exist for each aspect of the construction task: creation of the points, recognition of neighbouring points that define grid elements, enumeration of the points with indices, optimization of the positions of the points for computational advantage, and variation of point density throughout the grid.
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  • 93
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1381-1393 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element method is used to analyse heat and mass transfer problems in porous media, in which the thermophysical properties are allowed to vary as functions of temperature and moisture. An example is given of the application of the method to the problem of timber drying.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1570-1574 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for solving field problems using a finite element formulation, to be executed with the aid of a micro-computer. In order to reduce the requirements regarding memory space, the coefficients of the matrix defining the system of equations are not stored, but calculated when they are needed, in a modification of the usual finite element procedure. The method is applicable to all problems for which Gauss-Seidel iteration converges, and can handle problems involving more than 100 degrees-of-freedom on a computer with 8,000 bytes memory. Computing time may run up to several minutes per cycle of iteration, but on a small, personal computer, this is still acceptable.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1659-1680 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element formulation for the adhesive of a lap joint is presented. The element is based on the assumptions common to the theories of Goland and Reissner and Ojalvo and Eidinoff. Deficiencies of the lap joint theories of those workers and of a previous finite element formulation of the adhesive are pointed out and the covergence of the new formulation to their results is discussed. Experimentally determined extreme fibre strains in the adherends are compared with those determined numerically using the new finite element formulation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1730-1733 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1747-1769 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite elements with polynomial interpolation functions of a degree higher than 2 are used comparatively little on large FEM systems, except in shell elements. However, the author has had several years' experience in the use of the so-called ‘isoparametric, reduced Hermitian element’,4 Which has behaved excellently in an industrial as well as an educational environment. The reason for the interest in the Hermitian concept is that the overcompatibility of the element reduces the number of unknowns, the solution time and the discontinuities in stresses between elements.Explicit formulae for the family of interpolation polynomials of order q and degree p = 2q + 1 are given and hierarchical Hermite elements are introduced. The families of Hermite and serendipity elements are isomorphic and the latter may thus be extended to arbitrary high order.For some problems the equidistant node configuration in Lagrange elements of degree 3 and higher is not optimal with respect to smoothness, and a new type of element, the ‘Lobatto element’, is introduced.The methods consistently produce results of an accuracy which is above the requirements of usual engineering applications, but in graphics smoothness of curves is important for a convincing representation. The methods are of particular interest in industries working with structures composed of almost linear materials with well-known properties.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1771-1812 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An assessment of flat triangular plate bending elements with displacement degrees-of-freedom at the three corner nodes only is presented, with the purpose of identifying the most effective for thin plate analysis. Based on a review of currently available elements, specific attention is given to the theoretical and numerical evaluation of three triangular 9 degrees-of-freedom elements; namely, a discrete Kirchhoff theory (DKT) element, a hybrid stress model (HSM) element and a selective reduced integration (SRI) element. New and efficient formulations of these elements are discussed in detail and the results of several example analyses are given. It is concluded that the most efficient and reliable three-node plate bending elements are the DKT and HSM elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 15 (1980), S. 1613-1626 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The method of infinite elements is briefly reviewed. New more logical and general formulations of infinite elements are presented. The simplicity of the programming is emphasized. Results are given for elasticity and potential problems. Future extensions are discussed.
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