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  • 1995-1999  (88)
  • 1980-1984  (215)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1920-1924
  • 1860-1869
  • 1998  (88)
  • 1981  (215)
  • Gas chromatography
  • Ultrastructure
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The process of ultrastructural changes from nuclei to apoptotic body (1998)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 433 (1998), S. 443-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Apoptosis ; Crescent-shaped spaces ; Ultrastructure ; Nivalenol ; Thymus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  There have been many reports on the formation of apoptotic bodies, but little is known about the cellular pathological processes and the morphological changes involved. We induced apoptotic cell death by administering nivalenol (NIV), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species, and investigated the ultrastructural process of formation of apoptotic bodies. The thymus was examined by electron microscopy 6, 12, and 18 h after administration. Apoptotic cell death was induced in the thymus of NIV-treated mice. The nuclei became invaginated and pinched off to give fragments, and crescent-shaped spaces (CSS) were found around the nuclear envelopes of these cells at quite an early stage. In some of these spaces, myelin figures were observed. We divided the process of formation into four stages and characterized each of them. These are easily recognized in morphological stages and are also useful for clarifying the apoptotic mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004280050272
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Late-onset progressive spinocerebellar degeneration in Brittany Spaniel dogs (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 96 (1998), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Brittany Spaniel dog ; Immunocytochemistry ; Purkinje cell ; Spinocerebellar degeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eight Brittany Spaniel dogs, seven females and one male, between 7 and 14 years old presented with clinical neurological signs of spinocerebellar disease of about 6 months to 4 years duration. Clinically the dogs had a dramatic forward “saluting” movement of the thoracic limbs, hypermetria of the pelvic limbs, cerebellar ataxia and intention tremors. Terminally, dogs crawled in a crouched thoracic posture with neck extension. Lesions were confined to cerebellum, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The most severe lesion was diffuse Purkinje cell loss with massive neurofilament accumulation in degenerating cells. There was some bilateral neuronal degeneration in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord and in the gracilis and cuneate nuclei. There was bilateral sporadic axonal degeneration in the dorsal columns and lateral and ventromedial areas of the spinal cord. The etiology of this syndrome was not determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050865
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterizations of heterotopic neurons in the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 95 (1998), S. 367-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Heterotopic neuron ; Alpha motor neuron ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report concerns a comparative immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and morphometric investigation on heterotopic neurons in the white matter of the spinal cords of 19 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 18 age-matched neurologically normal individuals. The study revealed that the heterotopic neurons were scattered in the white matter, often adjacent to gray matter, that they immunoreacted with the antibody to synaptophysin, and that there were synaptic apparatuses on the surface of their somata and their neuronal processes. Bunina bodies and ubiquitin-positive inclusions such as Lewy body-like inclusions and skein-like inclusions, characteristic of anterior horn neurons of ALS, were present in the cytoplasm of the patients’ heterotopic neurons in the anterior or lateral column of the white matter. These findings suggest that heterotopic neurons in the anterior or lateral column have the characteristics of alpha motor neurons. The average number of heterotopic neurons observed in ALS patients was generally less than in normal subjects. This reduction was correlated with the severity of neuronal loss. The heterotopic neurons in ALS were less susceptible to the degenerative process as compared with spinal cord anterior horn cells. We assume that in this disease the heterotopic neurons may be degenerated and their number diminished after or concomitantly with the depletion of anterior horn neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050812
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hereditary dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy: detection of widespread ubiquitinated neuronal and glial intranuclear inclusions in the brain (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 96 (1998), S. 547-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy ; Nuclear inclusion ; Ubiquitin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined the brains and spinal cords of seven patients with clinicopathologically and genetically confirmed hereditary dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) using an antibody against ubiquitin, and found small, round immunoreactive intranuclear inclusions in both neurons and glial cells in various brain regions. Ubiquitinated neuronal intranuclear inclusions (uNIIs) were consistently found in the striatum, the pontine nuclei, the inferior olivary complex, the cerebellar cortex and the dentate nucleus. Ubiquitinated glial intranuclear inclusions (uGIIs) were found less frequently than uNIIs. Most of the inclusion-bearing nuclei were of an astrocytic nature. Immunostaining with an antibody against DRPLA protein revealed similar immunoreactive neuronal and glial intranuclear inclusions, but in much smaller in numbers compared with uNIIs and uGIIs. Electron microscopy showed that such inclusions were composed of granular and filamentous structures. These findings strongly suggest that, in DRPLA, the occurrence of uNIIs and uGIIs is directly related to the causative gene abnormality (an expanded CAG repeat encoding polyglutamine), that neurons are affected much more widely than previously recognized and that glial cells are also involved in the disease process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050933
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Congenital myopathy with mosaic fibers and interlacing sarcomeres: a new structural myopathy (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 96 (1998), S. 643-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Congenital myopathy ; Muscle fibers ; Ultrastructure ; Myofibrillar disarray
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 44-year-old man presenting with dyspnoic attacks was found to be affected with congenital myopathy, rigid spine, restrictive respiratory insufficiency and cardiomyopathy. Muscle biopsy showed type 1 fiber predominance (65.7%) and hypotrophy, and characteristic changes in 43.9% of the type 1 fibers, consisting in alternating pale and dark staining on alkaline ATPase reacted sections in a mosaic pattern. Ultrastructural examination demonstrated bands of myofibrils at right angles or skew to the remaining myofibrils transversing the fibers. Myofibrillar disarray was always associated with loss of the Z-discs and actin filaments, and often with aggregation of mitochondria. The muscle biopsy findings in this patient suggest a new entity of congenital myopathy with clinical features of rigid spine, cardiomyopathy and restrictive respiratory insufficiency, characterized by peculiar abnormalities of ATPase staining in a mosaic pattern and, ultrastructurally, by zones of disorientation of the sarcomeres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050946
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultracytochemistry of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in Leydig cell precursors and vascular endothelial cells of the postnatal rat testis (1998)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 198 (1998), S. 101-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Adult-type Leydig cells ; Endothelium ; 3β-HSD ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In the biosynthesis of steroid hormones 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) is a key enzyme. The present report describes the subcellular localization of the enzyme in the fetal-type Leydig cells, the fibroblast-like precursors of adult-type Leydig cells and in endothelial cells of interstitial capillaries. Histochemical methods for light microscopy and ultracytochemical methods for electron microscopy were used on rat testes of postnatal day 15. 3β-HSD reactivity was located at subcellular levels by means of the ferricyanide method. A specific, distinct localization of reaction product in the form of copper ferrocyanide precipitates was observed on the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum not only in the fetal-type Leydig cells and the fibroblast-like precursors of adult-type Leydig cells, but also focally in the endothelial cells of interstitial blood capillaries. Topographically, the 3β-HSD-positive precursors were most often found in the outer layer of the boundary tissue and surrounding interstitial blood vessels. The capillaries with 3β-HSD-positive endothelial cells were usually located in the vicinity of 3β-HSD-positive Leydig cells. For the first time, 3β-HSD has been located at the subcellular level in precursors of adult-type Leydig cells and focally in capillary endothelial cells associated with them. Due to the close association between 3β-HSD-positive vascular endothelial cells and Leydig cells a paracrine relationship between the two cell types may be involved in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis by blood-borne luteinizing hormone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050168
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural and functional changes in skeletal muscle in anorexia nervosa (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 95 (1998), S. 632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Anorexia nervosa ; Myopathy ; Muscle biopsy ; Ultrastructure ; Protein-energy malnutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Protein-energy malnutrition in anorexia nervosa is an under-recognised cause of muscle dysfunction. To characterise the skeletal myopathy that occurs in patients with severe anorexia nervosa, muscle function and structure were comprehensively examined in eight young adult female patients with severe (40%) self-induced weight loss. All of the patients showed impaired muscle function on strength and exercise measurement. The maximum voluntary contraction force for the patient group was significantly less than predicted values. Electromyography revealed myopathy in five of the patients, four of whom also had electro-physiological evidence of neuropathy. However, muscle biopsy specimens consistently showed myopathic changes with severe type 2 fibre atrophy but with no evidence of neuropathic changes. Ultrastructurally, there was separation and segmental loss of myofibrils and most biopsy samples contained abundant glycogen granules; we have previously reported that one of the most consistent biochemical abnormalities in these patients is impaired ischaemic lactate responses to forearm exercise. The result of severe protein-energy malnutrition on the musculo-skeletal system is a metabolic myopathy. Although the patients admitted to a variety of abnormal dieting behaviours, such as over-exercising and self-induced vomiting, no association was found between any of these and quantitative histological changes in the muscle biopsy samples. It is recommended that myopathy in anorexia nervosa be treated by instituting an appropriate refeeding programme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050850
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further observations on the gap-junction-rich cells in the deep muscular plexus of the rat small intestine (1998)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 197 (1998), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Interstitial cells of Cajal ; Ultrastructure ; Gap junction ; Intestine ; Motility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Interstitial cells forming many large gap junctions in the region of the deep muscular plexus of the rat small intestine were studied by electron microscopy and by three-dimensional cell models reconstructed from serial ultrathin sections. Two different profiles of cells were observed. Cells of the first profile are characterized by an elongated cell shape and by less electron-dense cytoplasm, containing many mitochondria, well-developed Golgi apparatus and free ribosomes. They mainly connect with smooth muscle cells of the main circular layer. In a three-dimensional cell model, the total area of the gap junctions occupies 1.3% of the cell surface. Cells of the second profile are characterized by the frequent occurrence of slender cytoplasmic processes, higher electron-dense cytoplasm, containing mitochondria, Golgie apparatus and well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous caveolae on the cell membrane. In this cell model, gap junctions occupy 0.8% of the cell surface. The ratio of gap junctions with the same profile of cells to the total gap junction area is 37.7%, which is more than three times greater than the 9.9% in cells of the first profile. These cells were closely associated with nerve terminals. It is likely that these cells with different profiles constitute subtypes with each other and cooperate for regulation of intestinal motility via the transmission of nerve signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050125
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abundant minute myotubes in a patient who later developed centronuclear myopathy (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 95 (1998), S. 547-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Congenital myopathy ; morphometry ; Ultrastructure ; Fetal myogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Centronuclear myopathy (CNM) is a congenital myopathy which manifests itself as a severe neonatal (also termed myotubular myopathy), early-onset, or adult form. The histological pattern of each is marked by a considerable number of nuclei of muscle fibers being internally placed. Owing to their remote resemblance to myotubes, and their expression of developmentally regulated proteins, most authors now favor the concept that myogenesis is arrested or delayed in this disease. We here present two muscle biopsy specimens of a patient with early-onset CNM, taken at the age of 5 months and 14 years, respectively. The first biopsy sample contained internally placed nuclei in 7% of the muscle fibers, abundant minute myotubes, and hypertrophic muscle fibers. The second biopsy sample showed internally placed nuclei in 40% of the muscle fibers, and hypotrophic fibers. We suggest that the histological findings in early-onset CNM are the result of a complex dynamic process, which includes a delay in maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050836
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and permeability features of microvessels in the olfactory bulbs of SAM mice (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 96 (1998), S. 261-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Aging ; Blood-brain barrier ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Senescence-accelerated mouse ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructural features of microvessels showing increased permeability to intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were examined in the olfactory bulbs of senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP8), which showed age-related deficits in learning and memory, and senescence-accelerated resistant mice (SAMR1), which did not show the age-related deficits. HRP was visualized with tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) and diaminobenzidine (DAB) for light and electron microscopic examination, respectively. In the olfactory bulbs of 13-month-old SAMP8 mice, the staining reaction with TMB for HRP appeared in the neuropil of central area (granule cell layer and subependymal layer), in the pia mater and in the vascular wall. Some vessels located in the central area showed several changes observed at the ultrastructural level. The cytoplasm of the endothelial cells, especially in the arterioles, was segmentally thickened and contained numerous vesicles and vacuoles, some of which were HRP positive. The endothelial cell surface was occasionally undulated with microvillous protrusions. Membranous inclusions within the basal lamina, suggesting the cellular (presumably pericytal) degeneration, were frequently observed, especially in venules. The collagen deposits were occasionally observed in the subendothelial space of some vessels. Perivascular cells with vacuolated inclusions or lipid-like droplets were present around some vessels in the central area of the olfactory bulbs of aged SAMP8 mice. On the other hand, in the microvessels located in the areas negative for HRP-TMB reaction, except the vessel walls, the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells with smooth luminal surface was flattened and some vesicles located there contained HRP-DAB reaction product. Weak staining reaction with TMB for HRP appeared also in the central area of the olfactory bulbs of 3-month-old SAMP8 mice and 3- and 13-month-old SAMR1 mice. The cytoplasm of the endothelial cells in the olfactory bulbs of these mice was focally thickened and contained some cytoplasmic vesicles. Occasionally, the endothelial cell surface was moderately undulated with few microvillous protrusions. Membranous inclusions within the basal lamina were not observed in these animals. These findings indicate that the endothelial cells and pericytes in some vessels located in the central area of the olfactory bulb of aged SAMP8 mice, which show staining reaction with TMB for HRP, are ultrastructurally changed, suggesting their altered functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050893
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Barrier recovery is impeded at neutral pH, independent of ionic effects: implications for extracellular lipid processing (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 290 (1998), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Barrier function ; pH ; Stratum corneum ; Lamellar body ; Lipid content ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis requires the postsecretory processing of polar lipid precursors into nonpolar lipid products within the stratum corneum (SC) interstices by a family of lipid hydrolases. A specific requirement for β-glucocerebrosidase (β-GlcCer’ase), which exhibits a distinct acidic pH optimum, is particularly well documented. Therefore, we sought to determine whether the recovery of the barrier after acute insults requires acidification of the SC. We examined permeability barrier recovery by assessing changes in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), SC membrane ultrastructure utilizing ruthenium tetroxide (RuO 4 ) postfixation, and β-GlcCer’ase activity by in situ zymography at an acidic vs neutral pH. Barrier recovery proceeded normally when acetone-treated skin was exposed to solutions buffered to an acidic pH. In contrast, the initiation of barrier recovery was slowed when treated skin was exposed to neutral or alkaline pH, regardless of buffer composition. In addition, enhancement of the alkaline buffer-induced delay in barrier recovery occurred with Ca 2+ and K + inclusion in the buffer. Moreover, the pH-dependent alteration in barrier recovery appeared to occur through a mechanism that was independent of Ca 2+ - or K + -controlled lamellar body secretion, since both the formation and secretion of lamellar bodies proceeded comparably at pH 5.5 and pH 7.4. In contrast, exposure to pH 7.4 (but not pH 5.5) resulted in both the persistence of immature, extracellular lamellar membrane structures, and a marked decrease in the in situ activity of β-GlcCer’ase. These results suggest first that an acidic extracellular pH is necessary for the initiation of barrier recovery, and second that the delay in barrier recovery is a consequence of inhibition of postsecretory lipid processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004030050293
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The isoprostanes: Unique bioactive products of lipid peroxidation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 5 (1998), S. 415-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Isoprostanes ; Oxidative stress ; Lipid peroxidation ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Human disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of a specific, reliable and noninvasive method for measuring oxidative stress in humans is essential for establishing the role of free radicals in human diseases. Currently, accurate techniques to assess oxidant injury in vivo are extremely limited although a number of approaches are being investigated. Of these, the measurement of specific products of nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation, the F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), appears to be a more accurate marker of oxidative stress in vivo in humans than other available methods. The purpose of this brief review is to acquaint the reader with the IsoPs from a biochemical perspective and to provide information regarding the utility of quantifying these compounds as indicators of oxidant stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02255929
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of starch in surimi gels (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 206 (1998), S. 38-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Starch ; Gels ; Kamaboko ; Surimi ; Gelatinization ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this work was to study the changes undergone by starch during heat-induced surimi gel preparation either with or without added egg white, and their effects on the structure of gels using light and scanning electron microscopy. Gels were made from SA-grade Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) surimi with: (1) salt (3%, w/w); (2) salt and waxy corn starch (3% and 5%, respectively w/w); or (3) salt, waxy corn starch and egg white (3%, 5% and 5%, respectively, w/w). Final moisture was adjusted to 73% or 83%. The gels were prepared by prior setting (40°C, 30 min, followed by 90°C, 30 min) or cooking (90°C, 30 min). The prepared gel was frozen and stored at –20°C (±1°C) until analysis. Samples were observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the starch granules alter according to the processing conditions, with the predominance of crystalline or amorphous morphology depending upon the availability of heat and water. Large cavities formed in the protein gel matrix during setting can trap water; as a result, water availability is limited for starch to swell and gelatinize even in the high-moisture gel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170050210
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative determination of carbohydrates in orange juice by gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 206 (1998), S. 48-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Carbohydrates ; Myo-inositol ; Orange juice quality ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  A gas chromatographic method using a capillary column is described for the quantitative analysis of fructose, glucose, sucrose and myo-inositol in orange juice. The method is evaluated for precision and recovery using phenyl-β-glucoside as an internal standard. The results support the suitability of the method. Carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, sucrose and myo-inositol) were determined in different kinds of orange juice. The determination of carbohydrate composition and ratios of the carbohydrate constituents provide a method to assess orange juice quality, especially the myo-inositol content and myo-inositol/fructose ratio. These new indices, which were found to be lower in samples made from concentrates, provide information on the quality and genuineness of orange juice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170050212
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amounts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in German foods and evaluation of daily intake (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 206 (1998), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Anticarcinogen ; CLA ; Conjugated linoleic acid ; Daily intake ; Foods ; Gas chromatography ; Lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The quantities of the biologically active isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) – C18:2 c9t11 – in 139 German foods were analysed by capillary gas chromatography (results are given as a % of all identified fatty acid methyl esters). The CLA content ranged from 0.40% (Gouda) to 1.70% (Jurassic cheese, Old Emmentaler) in dairy products, from 0.11% (rabbit) to 1.20% (lamb) in meat, and from 0.01% (pike-perch) to 0.09% (carp) in fish. CLA could be detected in neither vegetable fats or oils nor in margarines (CLA 〈0.01%). Crisps, chocolates, cakes and pastries, and other foods have only a negligible CLA content. The average estimated CLA intake in Germany was calculated to be 0.35g CLA/day for women and 0.43g CLA/day for men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170050218
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of gas chromatographic methods for analysis of butyric acid in milk fat and fats containing milk fat (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 206 (1998), S. 213-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Milk fat ; Mixed fat ; Milk fat content ; Butyric acid ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The analysis of butyric acid (C4) is of importance for the determination of the proportion of milk fat in mixed fats. Three gas chromatographic methods were compared with regard to their precision for the measurement of C4, i.e. analysis of butyric acid methyl ester after trans-esterification of fat by sodium methylate (method A) or trimethyl sulphonium hydroxide (method B), as well as analysis of free butyric acid (method C), using an internal standard with each method. The examination of 30 milk fats which varied greatly in terms of their C4 content, using methods A, B and C, resulted in mean values of C4 of 3.42 g/100 g fat, 3.71 g/100 g fat and 3.06 g/100 g fat, respectively. The value determined using method B seemed too high, and this may have been due to the presence of co-eluting artefacts, whereas the value determined using method C was clearly too low, and can probably be attributed to losses during sample preparation. The standard deviation (SD) of 0.015 obtained from repeated analyses using method A was quite good. Results obtained using methods B and C had SDs of 0.029 and 0.074, respectively. Different levels of free fatty acids did not affect the results obtained using method A. When method A was checked by analysis of the reference fat, CRM 164, the C4 level determined was found to deviate from the certified C4 content of 3.49 (± 0.06) g/100 g fat by only 0.05 g C4/fat 100 g. Thus method A proved the most suitable for the determination of the proportion of milk fat in mixed fats by analysis of butyric acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170050245
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in free monosaccharides during storage of some UHT milks: a preliminary study (1998)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 207 (1998), S. 180-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words UHT milk ; Storage ; Monosaccharides ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Changes in the free monosaccharide fraction and non-casein nitrogen during the 3-month storage of five batches of commercial UHT milk were studied. Batches with high residual proteolytic activity showed a considerable increase in galactose, N–acetyl glucosamine and N–acetyl galactosamine levels during the storage period, whereas their glucose and myo-inositol contents remained unaltered. In batches with slight or negligible proteolytic activity no changes in the free monosaccharide fraction were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002170050315
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a new method for analysis of exhaled gas in critically ill patients (1998)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 24 (1998), S. 415-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Acetone ; Gas chromatography ; Isoprene ; Lipid peroxidation ; Microwave desorption ; N-pentane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Application of a new method for analysis of exhaled gas in critically ill patients. Design: Open study. Setting: Surgical intensive care unit of an university hospital. Patients: Thirty-seven consecutive, critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients. Interventions: None. Measurements and results: Chemical analysis of the patient's exhaled gas was based upon substance adsorption and concentration onto activated charcoal, microwave desorption and gas chromatographic separation. Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) exhaled less isoprene than those without ARDS [9.8 (8.2–21.6) vs 21.8 (13.9–41.4) nmol/m2 per min [median (95 % confidence interval)], p = 0.04]. In patients who developed pulmonary infection, pentane elimination increased from 0.4 (0.0–5.4) to 2.7 (0.6–6.1, p = 0.05) nmol/m2 per min and isoprene elimination decreased from 5.2 (0–33) to 5.0 (0–17, p = 0.05) nmol/m2 per min, resulting in a significant increase in pentane/isoprene ratio from 0.1 (0–0.3) to 0.4 (0–15, p = 0.007) when compared to patients without pulmonary infection. Conclusions: The new method allows quantitative analysis of human gas samples with low substance concentrations and is well suited for clinical studies which involve the investigation of metabolic processes in the lung and the body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340050589
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primäres Plattenepithelkarzinom der weiblichen Brustdrüse (1998)
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 19 (1998), S. 373-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Metaplastische Brustdrüsenkarzinome ; Plattenepithelmetaplasie ; Plattenepithelkarzinom ; Immunhistologie ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Zytophotometrie ; Key words Pure squamous cell carcinoma ; Mammary gland ; Squamous metaplasia ; Immunohistology ; Cytophotometry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Squamous metaplasia can be demonstrated in about 4% of all invasive carcinomas of the breast. Primary squamous cell carcinomas of the breast are rare, since they occur in less than 1% of all primary invasive breast carcinomas. In order to classify a breast tumor as a primary squamous cell carcinoma one must exclude an epidermal origin, especially from the nipple region and the possibility of metastatic infiltration of the breast by a squamous cell carcnoma from a different location. Causative and formal pathogenesis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is not clear. A pluripotent embryonal stem cell origin is discussed, considering the phylogenetic descent of the mammary gland from skin appendages. Squamous metaplasia is also suggested to be a precursor of squamous cell carcinoma. Here endocrine stimulation and chronic inflammation may both play an inductive role. The number of published cases of squamous cell carcinomas developing years and decades after implantation of silicon prostheses has increased in recent years. These tumors probably develop on top of squamous metaplasia induced by the inflammatory pseudocapsule. Estimating the prognosis and therapeutic management in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the breast should follow the same guidelines as for other squamous cell cancers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Plattenepithelmetaplasien werden bei etwa 4% aller invasiven Brustdrüsenkarzinome beschrieben. Reine Plattenepithelkarzinome der weiblichen Brustdrüse sind mit einem Anteil von wahrscheinlich unter 1% an allen invasiven epithelialen Tumoren der Mamma selten. Von einem primären Plattenepithelkarzinom der Brustdrüse darf nur gesprochen werden, wenn zum einen der Ursprung von der Epidermis, insbesondere auch im Bereich des Mamillentrichters ausgeschlossen ist und zum anderen keine metastatische Infiltration in die Brustdrüse durch ein Plattenepithelkarzinom anderer Organlokalisation vorliegt. Die kausale und formale Pathogenese der primären Plattenepithelkarzinome der Brustdrüse ist unklar. Zum einen wird ein Ursprung von pluripotenten embryonalen Stammzellen diskutiert, wobei bedacht wird, daß die Brustdrüse entwicklungsgeschichtlich ein Hautanhangsgebilde darstellt. Zum anderen werden Plattenepithelmetaplasien als Vorstufe der Plattenepithelkarzinome diskutiert, wobei neben einer endokrinen Induktion auch länger bestehende Entzündungsreize eine Rolle spielen sollen. In den letzten Jahren wird immer häufiger darüber berichtet, daß oft Jahrzehnte nach Implantation von Silikonprothesen periprothetische Plattenepithelkarzinome entstehen, die wahrscheinlich über die Stufe einer Plattenepithelmetaplasie der entzündlichen Prothesenpseudokapsel entstehen. Die Abschätzung der Prognose und therapeutische Maßnahmen bei primären Plattenepithelkarzinomen der Brustdrüse sollten an den Erfahrungen mit Plattenepithelkarzinomen anderer Organlokalisation ausgerichtet werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002920050300
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and molecular study of plastid inheritance in Abies alba and some Abies hybrids (1998)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 284-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Abies ; Egg cell ; Plastid inheritance ; RFLP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of egg cells in Abies alba was examined to elucidate the lack of maternal inheritance of plastids. Before fertilization, maternal plastids are absent in the perinuclar zone containing mainly mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During egg cell development the maternal plastids are transformed into large inclusions which are situated mostly towards the periphery of the egg cell, and finally disintegrate. As a consequence, they do not participate in zygote formation. RFLP analysis of cpDNA of parental trees and their F1 interspecific hybrids (A. alba×A. numidica, A. alba×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. Alba) using HindIII and BamHI showed a paternal mode of cpDNA inheritance. Paternal inheritance has also been found with PCR/RFLP analysis of cpDNA from parental trees and their hybrids (A. alba×A. pinsapo, A. pinsapo×A. alba, A. pinsapo×A. numidica) using ApaI and HaeIII digests, as well as in the crosses of A. cephalonica×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. cephalonica, A. cephalonica×A. numidica using TagI digests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050155
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in the initiation of the zygotic and parthenogenetic pathway in the Salmon lines of wheat: ultrastructural studies (1998)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 11 (1998), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Egg cell ; Parthenogenesis ; Synergid ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat ; Zygote
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of the egg apparatus of the sexual (aestivum)-Salmon line (aS) and the isogenic but alloplasmic (kotschyi)-Salmon line (kS) of the Salmon system of wheat was studied by transmission electron microscopy 3 days before and during anthesis. Additionally, the zygotic stage of aS, 17 h after pollination, was included. Metabolic activity of egg cells from the sexual line aS was low 3 days before anthesis and increased dramatically after pollination and fertilization. This timing of increased activity was evident because of changes occurring in the egg cell nucleus and nucleolus, polysomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and the completion of the cell wall around the zygote. In contrast to the sexual line, the egg cell of the parthenogenetic line showed high activity 3 days before anthesis. The metabolic and ultrastructural characters observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the kS line 3 days before and during anthesis corresponded with those of the isogenic sexual line aS during anthesis and 17 h after pollination, respectively. High metabolic activity observed in the persistent synergid of kS may be connected with the occurrence of additional embryos in seeds (twins) of this line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050129
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic affiliation and ultrastructure of uncultured magnetic bacteria with unusually large magnetosomes (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 169 (1998), S. 136-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic bacteria ; Biomineralization ; Magnetite ; 16S rRNA ; In situ hybridization ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Natural enrichments of magnetic bacteria from the Itaipu lagoon near Rio de Janeiro were dominated by coccoid-to-ovoid morphotypes that produced unusually large magnetosomes. To determine the phylogenetic position of these unusual microorganisms, 16S rRNA genes were retrieved from bacteria magnetically separated from sediment of the Itaipu lagoon by in vitro amplification and cloning of PCR products into a plasmid vector. Partial sequencing of the obtained clones revealed two clusters of closely related sequences affiliated to a distinct lineage consisting exclusively of magnetic bacteria within the α-subclass of Proteobacteria. For a detailed phylogenetic analysis, several almost complete sequences of the 16S rRNA genes were determined. One representative clone of each cluster provided a PCR template for the in vitro transcription of group-specific polynucleotide probes complementary to a variable region of the 16S rRNA molecule. At least three different morphotypes of magnetic bacteria were reliably identified by post-embedding hybridization of ultra-thin sections. Electron microscopic analyses of hybridized cells enabled for the first time a detailed description of the morphological variety and ultrastructure of phylogenetically identified, uncultured magnetic bacteria. Two distinct coccoid bacteria were identified by the transcript probe complementary to the 16S rRNA sequence mabrj12, whereas the probe complementary to the sequence mabrj58 allowed the identification of an ovoid morphotype that displayed magnetosomes with the largest volumes observed to date.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050553
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visualization of interstitial cells of Cajal in the mouse colon by vital staining (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Interstitial cells (Cajal) ; Large intestine ; Fluorescent dyes ; Vital staining ; Ultrastructure ; Mouse (BALB/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are believed to be a major element in generating the spontaneous rhythm of the gastrointestinal tract. A prominent problem in the study of these cells has been the difficulty in observing them in intact tissues. We used the lipophilic dye DiI to stain ICCs in the submucosal-circular muscle border of freshly dissected mouse colon. The placement of small DiI crystals in this area resulted in the labeling of ICC-like cells. Two main morphological cell types, viz., bipolar and multipolar, were noted. Bipolar cells had two primary processes emerging from the poles of an elongated soma. The mean length of these processes was 78.7 μm. These cells constituted 42.3% of the sample (n=105). Multipolar cells (54.3% of total) had a less elongated soma and extended 3–6 main processes whose mean length was 56.3 μm. These processes showed no preferred direction. The length of the primary processes of bipolar cells was 40% greater than that of multipolar cells (P〈0.02). Three cells (2.9%) had only one primary process. The DiI stain could be converted into a stable electron-opaque product. Electron-microscopic observations showed that these cells had the typical appearance of ICCs reported in previous studies. This staining method should be useful for physiological investigations of ICCs in gastrointestinal tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051058
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cutaneous glands of male and female impalas (Aepyceros melampus): seasonal activity changes and secretory mechanisms (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 377-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Cutaneous scent glands ; Apocrine glands ; Myoepithelial cells ; Holocrine glands ; Ultrastructure ; Lectins ; Cytokeratins ; Impala ; Aepyceros melampus (Artiodactyla)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The cutaneous glands of the forehead and the metatarsus were studied by histological and histochemical methods and electron microscopy in adult male and female impalas in various seasons of the year. All glandular areas consist of apocrine and holocrine glands, which, however, occur in different proportions. Our findings in the apocrine gland cells suggest (1) the synthesis and exocytosis of a glycoproteinaceous secretory product stored in secretory granules, (2) typical apocrine secretion of the transformed apical cytoplasm, and (3) transepithelial fluid transport. The Golgi apparatus and apical membrane have binding sites for several lectins (PNA, HPA, RCA I, WGA). Cytokeratins 7, 14 and 19 are expressed at various intracellular localizations, suggesting an active role in the secretory mechanisms. The glands of the male forehead show marked seasonal changes in activity that are correlated with the main phases of the reproductive cycle, with the highest cellular activity occurring during the rut in April/May. The female forehead glands are only moderately developed and do not undergo seasonal changes. The metatarsal glands are of equal size in males and females and show no seasonal changes in activity. This study supports the hypothesis that (1) forehead glands in the male have a signaling role in the rut and (2) the metatarsal glands have a more general, probably social role maintaining and restoring contact between herd members.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051068
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmental muscle fiber lesions after repetitive eccentric contractions (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Muscle injury ; Cytoskeleton ; Sarcomere organisation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Rabbit (New Zealand White)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic techniques were used to analyze the extensor digitorum longus muscles of New Zealand White rabbits 1 h, 1 day, 3, 7, and 28 days after repetitive eccentric contractions. Loss of the cytoskeletal protein desmin was the earliest manifestation of injury. Apart from 1 h post-exercise, all desmin-negative fibers stained positively with antibody to plasma fibronectin, indicating loss of cellular integrity accompanying cytoskeletal disruption. Fiber sizes were significantly increased from 1–7 days after exercise. The large (hyaline) fibers found in histological sections after repetitive eccentric contractions resulted from segmental hypercontraction of the fiber. This phenomenon occurred proximally and distally to plasma membrane lesions of the muscle fiber and necrosis and manifested itself as very short sarcomere lengths. Thus, in serial sections, staining characteristics, sizes and shapes of one and the same fiber often varied dramatically. We conclude that the following sequence of events occurs: cytoskeletal disruptions, loss of myofibrillar registry, i.e., Z-disk streaming and A-band disorganization, and loss of cell integrity as manifested by intracellular plasma fibronectin stain, hypercontracted regions, and invasion of cells. When a fiber is disrupted, the remaining intact fibers apparently take up the tension put on the muscle and later fewer fibers are subjected to eccentric contractions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051108
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron-immunocytochemical localization of P2X1 receptors in the rat cerebellum (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words P2X1 receptor ; Ultrastructure ; Cerebellum ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of the P2X1 subtype of purinoceptors associated with the extracellular activities of ATP was studied in the rat cerebellum at the electron-microscope level. Receptors were labelled with peroxidase-antiperoxidase and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex for immunocytochemistry. Immunoreactivity to P2X1 receptors was localized in subpopulations of synapses between varicosities of parallel fibres of granule cells and dendritic spines of Purkinje cells. Unlabelled varicosities of parallel fibres formed asymmetric synapses with labelled dendritic spines, whereas labelled varicosities of parallel fibres formed asymmetric synapses with unlabelled dendritic spines. P2X1 immunoreactivity was also localized in some astrocyte processes. The functional significance of these findings is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051175
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remodeling of neural, glial, and tracheal cell populations in the developing Manduca wing (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 294 (1998), S. 367-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Neurons ; Glia ; Tracheae ; Wing ; Ultrastructure ; Moth ; Manduca sp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This ultrastructural examination of sensory nerves of the Manduca wing has revealed that extensive remodeling occurs among insect sensory neurons and their associated glial cells between pupation and adult emergence. Systematic counts of axons in particular wing nerves throughout adult development have shown that a decrease in axon number per nerve occurs after day 6. The neurons and glial cells that die are believed to be cells present at pupation that have no apparent sensory function but that probably function as guidance scaffolding for neurons and glia that are born after pupation. Despite the loss of several axons from each wing nerve, these nerves continue to grow in diameter during the latter half of adult development as some of the surviving axons increase severalfold in diameter. Each growing wing nerve in turn apparently functions as a scaffold for the proximal to distal growth of adult tracheae. A correspondence exists between adult nerve pathways and adult tracheal pathways, with each trachea maintaining intimate contact with a wing nerve along its entire length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051186
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the endolymphatic sac in the larva of the Japanese red-bellied newt Cynops pyrrhogaster (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 549-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Endolymphatic sac ; Ultrastructure ; Fluid transport ; Otoconia ; Newt ; Cynops pyrrhogaster (Urodela)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of the endolymphatic sac (ES) of the late stage larva of the Japanese red-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster (stage 57), was examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. The two endolymphatic sacs are located at the dorsal-medial side of the otic vesicle on the dorsal-lateral side of the midbrain in the cranial cavity. The wall of the sac is composed of a layer of cubical epithelial cells with loose, interposed intercellular spaces. The sac contains a large luminal cavity, in which endolymph and numerous otoconia are present. The epithelial cells of different portions of the sac have a similar structure. These cells contain an abundance of cytoplasmic organelles, including ribosomes, Golgi complexes, and numerous vesicles. Two types of vesicles are found in the epithelial cells: the “floccular” vesicle and the “granular” vesicle. The floccular vesicles are located in the supra- and lateral-nuclear cytoplasm and contain flocccular material. The granular vesicles have a fine granular substance and are usually situated apposed to the apical cell membrane. The granular vesicles are suggested to be secreted into the lumen, while the floccular vesicles are thought to be absorbed from the lumen and conveyed to the intercellular spaces by the epithelial cells. The apical surfaces of the epithelial cells bear numerous microvilli. Apparently floating cells, which bear long microvilli on the free surfaces, are observed in the lumen of the ES. Based on the fine structure, the function of the endolymphatic sac of the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051024
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pleated septate junctions in leech photoreceptors: ultrastructure, arrangement of septa, gate and fence functions (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 253-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Septate junctions ; Ultrastructure ; Permeability ; Ions ; Epithelium ; Photoreceptor ; Hirudo medicinalis (Hirudinea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The leech photoreceptor forms a unicellular epithelium: every cell surrounds an extracellular “vacuole” that is connected to the remaining extracellular space via narrow clefts containing pleated septate junctions. We analyzed the complete structural layout of all septa within the junctional complex in elastic brightfield stereo electron micrographs of semithin serial sections from photoreceptors infiltrated with colloidal lanthanum. The septa form tortuous interseptal corridors that are spatially continuous, and open ended basally and apically. Individual septa seem to be impermeable to lanthanum; interseptal corridors form the only diffusional pathway for this ion. The junctions form no diffusion barrier for the electron-dense tracer Ba2+, but they hinder the diffusion of various hydrophilic fluorescent dyes as demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of live cells. Even those dyes that penetrate gap junctions do not diffuse beyond the septate junctions. The aqueous diffusion pathway within the septal corridors is, therefore, less permeable than the gap-junctional pore. Our morphological results combined with published electrophysiological data suggest that the septa themselves are not completely tight for small physiologically relevant ions. We also examined, by CLSM, whether the septate junctions create a permeability barrier for the lateral diffusion of fluorescent lipophilic dyes incorporated into the peripheral membrane domain. AFC16, claimed to remain in the outer membrane leaflet, does not diffuse beyond the junctional region, whereas DiIC16, claimed to flip-flop, does. Thus, pleated septate junctions, like vertebrate tight junctions, contribute to the maintenance of cell polarity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051117
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internal division of capillaries in rat skeletal muscle in response to chronic vasodilator treatment with α1-antagonist prazosin (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 293-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Angiogenesis ; Capillary growth ; Prazosin ; Shear stress ; Skeletal muscle ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Chronic vasodilatation represents a stimulus for capillary growth associated with increased luminal shear stress. We have examined the ultrastructure of more than 2000 capillaries to establish whether the sequence of angiogenesis in response to this stimulus is similar to that described during development and under pathological circumstances. Administration of the α1-blocker prazosin to rats for 2 weeks led to a greater capillary length density in extensor hallucis proprius muscles without any change in capillary tortuosity: J v(c,f)=262±54 compared with 350±17 mm–2, control compared with prazosin (P〈0.002). There were obvious signs of endothelial cell (EC) activation after prazosin treatment, including an increased proportion of capillaries with rough endoplasmic reticulum, large cytoplasmic vacuoles, thickened endothelium and an irregular luminal surface. Capillaries from control muscles had a maximum of three ECs in cross section, whereas four ECs were noted in 0.8+0.5% of capillaries after 1 week (n.s.) and 2.5±0.9% after 2 weeks (P〈0.01) of treatment. This could be due to elongation and/or migration of ECs, as cell proliferation has not been described at these time points. There was also an increase in the proportion of capillaries having a narrow, slit-like lumen (1.7±0.8% of controls; 7.1±1.9% at 1 week; 8.8±2.5% at 2 weeks; P〈0.02), some of which were smaller in size (less than 2 μm diameter) than in controls (3–5 μm) and/or “seamless”, i.e. lacking EC junctions. These may represent newly formed vessels. Focal discontinuity of the basement membrane and abluminal EC processes were rarely seen, and capillary growth by abluminal sprouting appeared to be very infrequent (less than 0.001% of profiles). Of more importance was growth starting from the luminal side. Significantly more thin cytoplasmic processes were observed protruding into the lumen of capillaries after 1 week (47.5±6.2%, P〈0.001) and 2 weeks of prazosin (34.2±5.5%, P〈0.05) than in control vessels (16.7±3.9%). Some of these traversed the entire lumen and connected with endothelium of the opposite side, probably involving membrane fusion, resulting in the appearance of a double lumen. Individual capillaries with a complete double lumen were observed after 2 weeks’ prazosin but comparatively rarely, in only four out of six muscles. These findings indicate a pattern of luminal growth which is completely different from intussusceptive growth previously described during development, and from the abluminal capillary sprouting seen under pathological circumstances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051121
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teliospores of smut fungi general aspects of teliospore walls and sporogenesis (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 204 (1998), S. 155-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Spores ; Ultrastructure ; Entorrhiza ; Microbotryum ; Tilletia ; Ustilago
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The concept and nomenclature for the elements of teliospore walls in smut fungi are presented and a survey of teliosporogenesis is given, as seen by light and transmission electron microscopy. Four developmental types are distinguished: the Ustilago, Microbotryum, Tilletia, and Entorrhiza type. In the Ustilago type, sporogenous hyphae are completely segmented into teliospore initials which are embedded in a hyaline matrix formed by gelatinised hyphal walls (found in species ofAnthracoidea, Cintractia, Heterotolyposporium, Kuntzeomyces, Macalpinomyces, Melanopsichium, Sporisorium, Testicularia, Tolyposporium junci, Trichocintractia, and species ofUstilago infecting members of the family Poaceae). In the Microbotryum type, septate sporogenous hyphae are also completely segmented into teliospore initials, however, they are not surrounded by a hyaline matrix (Microbotryum, Sphacelotheca, Ustilago spp. infecting dicotyledons). A yeast-like budding of teliosporogenic cells is observed for some species ofMicrobotryum, Sphacelotheca, andUstilago infecting dicotyledons. In the Tilletia type, teliospores differentiate locally in the sporogenous hyphae, in an apical or intercalary position, without a hyaline matrix (Conidiosporomyces, Doassinga, Entyloma, Erratomyces, Ingoldiomyces, Neovossia, Oberwinkleria, Rhamphospora, Tilletia). In all these types, the teliospore initials first develop a hyaline sheath under which the ornamentation, the exosporium, sometimes a middle layer, and the endosporium are successively deposited by the fungal cell. In the Entorrhiza type, the teliospores develop inside vital host cells with the wall of the sporogenous hypha included into the teliospore wall. The fungus develops a middle layer and an electron-transparent endosporium inside the hyphal wall while a layer forming the ornamentation is deposited onto the hyphal wall, probably by vesicles of dictyosomes of the host cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280322
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Megagametophytes of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis) in culture: Multiplication of neck cells and the formation of binucleate cells (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 204 (1998), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Neck cell proliferation ; Binucleate ; Douglas fir ; Conifers ; Genetic instability ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To study the effect of culturing on megagametophytes of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis), cones were collected at the time of fertilization and the megagametophytes were removed, then placed on medium. We used a modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 5% lactose and 10% polyethylene glycol 4000. A variety of cell types proliferated including prothallial, neck, and jacket cells. Some of these multiplying cells showed a binucleate condition. The prothallial cells of the apex divided and expanded. The neck cells formed clusters composed of more cells than normally found in situ; though otherwise they showed ultrastructural similarity to neck cells in situ. These neck cells had large numbers of active Golgi complexes, numerous large and small vacuoles, coated vesicles, smooth vesicles, a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, and thickened cell walls. These are the first reports of neck cell multiplication and induction of a binucleate state for gymnosperm megagametophyte cells in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280325
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Callose deposition at plasmodesmata (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 201 (1998), S. 30-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell-to-cell communication ; Plasmodesmata ; Ultrastructure ; Wounding ; 2-Deoxy-D-glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transport of ions and metabolites through plasmodesmata has been thought to be controlled at the neck region where the cytoplasmic annulus is constricted and where callose has also been localised. In order to determine the possible structural and functional effects of callose, its deposition was inhibited through incubation of the plant tissue with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DDG) for 1 h prior to fixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The inhibition of callose formation was monitored through aniline blue-induced fluorescence of callose. The neck region of the plasmodesmata fromAllium cepa L. roots treated with DDG exhibited a funnel-shaped configuration. This is in contrast to the plasmodesmata from tissue not incubated with DDG, which exhibited constricted necks similar to those previously reported. Both initial dissection and glutaraldehyde fixation induced neck constriction in plasmodesmata, however, dissection of tissue increased the frequency of constrictions. The inhibition of callose formation by chemical means showed that the neck constrictions and raised collars in this area are artefacts due to physical wounding and glutaraldehyde fixation. The external electron-dense material observed when tannic acid is included in the primary fixative appears to be unrelated to the deposition of callose at the neck region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280708
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological, structural, and immunological characterization of leaf and chloroplast development in cotton (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 202 (1998), S. 23-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Chloroplast development ; Cotton ; Fluorescence induction kinetics ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Many of the studies of chloroplast ontogeny in higher plants have utilized suboptimal conditions of light and growth to assess development. In this study, we utilized structural, immunological, and physiological techniques to examine the development of the chloroplast in fieldgrown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. “MD 51 ne”). Our youngest leaf sample developmentally was completely folded upon itself and about 0.5 cm in length; leaves of this same plastochron were followed for three weeks to the fully expanded leaf. The chloroplasts at the earliest stage monitored had almost all of the lamellae in small, relatively electron-opaque grana, with relatively few thylakoids which were not appressed on at least one surface. During the development of the thylakoids, the membranes increase in complexity, with considerable stroma lamellae development and an increase in the number of thylakoids per granum. Besides the increase in complexity, both the size and numbers of the chloroplast increase during the development of the leaf. Developmental changes in six thylakoid proteins, five stromal proteins, and one peroxisomal protein were monitored by quantitative immunocytochemistry. Even at the earliest stages of development, the plastids are equipped with the proteins required to carry out both light and dark reactions of photosynthesis. Several of the proteins follow three phases of accumulation: a relatively high density at early stages, a linear increase to keep step with chloroplast growth, and a final accumulation in the mature chloroplast. Photosystem-II(PS II)-related proteins are present at their highest densities early in development, with an accumulation of other parts of the photosynthetic apparatus at a latter stage. The early accumulation of PS-II-related proteins correlates with the much lower ratio of chlorophylla tob in the younger leaves and with the changes in fluorescence transients. These data indicate that some of the conclusions on chloroplast development based upon studies of intercalary meristems of monocots or the greening of etiolated plants may not be adequate to explain development of chloroplasts in leaves from apical meristems grown under natural conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280872
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Unusual pattern of mitosis in the free-living flagellateDimastigella mimosa (Kinetoplastida) (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 201 (1998), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Kinetochore ; Kinetoplastida ; Intranuclear microtubules ; Mitosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional ultrastructural organization of the mitotic apparatus ofDimastigella mimosa was studied by computer-aided, serial-section reconstruction. The nuclear envelope remains intact during nuclear division. During mitosis, chromosomes do not condense, whereas intranuclear microtubules are found in close association with six pairs of kinetochores. No discrete microtubule-organizing centers, except kinetochore pairs, could be found within the nucleus. The intranuclear microtubules form six separate bundles oriented at different angles to each other. Each bundle contains up to 8 tightly packed microtubules which push the daughter kinetochores apart. At late anaphase only, midzones of these bundles align along an extended interzonal spindle within the narrow isthmus between segregating progeny nuclei. The nuclear division inD. mimosa can be described as closed intranuclear mitosis with acentric and separate microtubular bundles and weakly condensed chromosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280716
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Cytomorphological characters supporting the taxonomic validity ofCyanothece (Cyanoprokaryota) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 210 (1998), S. 25-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Cyanophyta ; Cyanobacteria ; Cyanothece ; Synechococcus ; Cyanobium ; Ultrastructure ; nucleoids ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fine structure of the type species of the genusCyanothece Komárek 1976,C. aeruginosa, is described and compared with the main cytological characteristics of morphologically related members of the generaCyanobium, Cyanobacterium andSynechococcus. Several morphological features, such as cell walls with thick outer layers containing a special type of vesicles, position of thylakoids, “keritomy” (net-like appearance of protoplast caused by arrangement of thylakoids, net-like nucleoids and/or by tendency to form intrathylakoidal spaces) and a special structure of mucilaginous envelopes were found to be characteristic of this genus, supporting its separate position among coccal cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacteria, cyanophytes). The taxonomic significance of ultrastructural features in all mentioned genera is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984725
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teliospores of smut fungi teliospore connections, appendages, and germ pores studied by electron microscopy; phylogenetic discussion of characteristics of teliospores (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 204 (1998), S. 202-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Spore balls ; Germ areas ; Ultrastructure ; Phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Special features of teliospores in smut fungi are described, including teliospore connections, appendages, and germ pores. Balls of teliospores in species of many different genera cohere by remnants of hyphal walls, sheaths, and sometimes interlocking ornamentation. Teliospores are connected in pairs in species ofMycosyrinx andGeminago by special local structures. Appendages can be formed locally by persistent material from the sheath (Cintractia, Anthracoidea, Sphacelotheca), thickened parts of the spore wall (e.g.,Georgefischeria, Jamesdicksonia, Rhamphospora, Tolyposporella), or persistent walls of sporogenous hyphae (Rhamphospora, genera of the Tilletia relationship). Species ofGeorgefischeria, Jamesdicksonia, andTolyposporella have teliospore walls composed of more than three layers of different electron density. “Germ areas” corresponding to thinner parts of the spore wall are known, e.g., for species ofAnthracoidea, Cintractia, andUstilago infecting members of the family Poaceae, while distinct germ pores, one per teliospore, are found in some species ofThecaphora, “Tolyposporium”, andSporisorium. Teliospores ofMycosyrinx cissi have a germination ring. Characteristics of teliospores are used to discuss the phylogeny of smut fungi. A phylogenetic tree in accordance with teliospore characteristics is compared to those obtained from ultrastructural characteristics of host-parasite interaction, of septal pores, and from sequence data. Aspects of teliospore development help to define taxa at a high systematic level (Entorrhizales, Ustilaginales, Tilletiales/Entylomatales, Microbotryaceae), while details of ornamentation ontogeny delimit groups of genera (e.g., genera related toUstilago on members of the Poaceae andSporisorium, Cintractia andAnthracoidea, Tilletia) or single genera (e.g.,Melanopsichium, Dermatosorus, Mycosyrinx, Doassinga, Rhamphospora). Types of ornamentation (warty, reticulate), middle layers, teliospore balls, and germ pores evolved repeatedly by convergence. The smut teliospore itself probably evolved independently at least twice, or perhaps three (or more) times, in the Microbotryales, in the Entorrhizales, and in a common ancestor of the remainder of the Ustilaginomycetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280324
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teliospores of smut fungi teliospore walls and the development of ornamentation studied by electron microscopy (1998)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 204 (1998), S. 170-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Spores ; Ultrastructure ; Microbotryum ; Tilletia ; Tolyposporium ; Ustilago
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The walls of mature teliospores and the development of ornamentation, as seen by transmission electron microscopy, are described for 37 genera of smut fungi, based on observations of ca. 120 species and on literature. Structural diversity of mature teliospore walls is due to differences in spore wall layers forming the spore wall (endosporium, middle layer, exosporium, ornamentation) and to different elements forming the ornamentation (exosporium, ornaments, sheath, hyphal wall, adjacent fungal cells, material of the host). During teliosporogenesis the outer layers are usually deposited first. At the beginning of the formation of the ornamentation the plasma membrane may be smooth or undulated carrying the developing ornaments on its tips or in its depressions. The ornamentation of some genera appears similar when seen by scanning electron microscopy, but can be the product of different developmental patterns (e.g., warts of species ofFarysia, Tilletia, andUstilago), however, warty and reticulate ornamentation can both be produced by similar developmental processes (shown, e.g., for species ofCintractia andTilletia). Typical structures of the mature teliospore wall and developmental patterns based on homologous similarities are described for the following groups of genera or species:Macalpinomyces, Melanopsichium, Sporisorium, andUstilago infecting members of the family Poaceae;Kuntzeomyces, Testicularia, andTrichocintractia; Anthracoidea, Cintractia, Heterotolyposporium piluliforme, andTolyposporium junci; Glomosporium, Sorosporium, andThecaphora; Conidiosporomyces, Erratomyces, Ingoldiomyces, Neovossia, Oberwinkleria, andTilletia; Entyloma, and genera of the Doassansia group;Liroa, Microbotryum, Sphacelotheca, Ustilago infecting dicotyledons, andZundeliomyces; Aurantiosporium, Fulvisporium, andUstilentyloma. Special characteristics of the teliospore wall were observed for the generaDermatosorus, Doassinga, Entorrhha, Farysia, Mycosyrinx, Rhamphospora, and some species ofTolyposporium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280323
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura: report of a case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study (1998)
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 31 (1998), S. 147-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura ; Mesenchymal cell ; Immunohistochemistry ; CD 34 ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (SFTP) in a 37-year-old woman was reported as a rare pleural tumor based on morphological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies. The results showed that the tumor was composed of spindle-shaped cells forming fascicular and interlacing patterns with a mixture of mature collagen. The tumor cells coexpressed vimentin and CD34 and lacked cytokeratin reactivity. Ultrastructurally, there were abundant collagenous fibrillae surrounding spindle-shaped cells in which the junctional complex, basement membrane-like structure, and microvilli were not seen. From literature review and observation of the morphological features around the tumor, we consider that the tumor originated from the stromal cells subjacent to the mesothelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01553783
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two cases of serous surface carcinoma of the peritoneum (1998)
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 31 (1998), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Serous adenocarcinoma ; Peritoneal neoplasm ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Case report
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two cases of serous surface carcinoma of the peritoneum (SSCP) are discussed. The first patient was a 48-year-old Japanese woman with abdominal pain and fullness. The second patient was a 66-year-old Japanese woman with abdominal fullness. In both patients, laparotomy revealed many tumor nodules on the peritoneal surface. However, the ovaries, the uterus, and other intraperitoneal organs were free from tumors. The serum levels of CA125 were excessively elevated. The tumor cells were arranged in a papillotubular pattern. Mitoses were frequent. Diastaseresistant PAS-positive, and hyaluronidase-resistant alcian blue-positive materials were observed. In immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells showed positive reactions for cytokeratin, EMA, CA125, and HBME-1, and, in contrast, negative reactions for CEA, thrombomodulin, vimentin, and HHF35. In analysis for Ber-EP4, all tumor cells of case 1 were negative, and a few tumor cells of case 2 were positive. Ultrastructurally, hobnail-shaped tumor cells rested on a continuous basal lamina. Each cell was attached to short desmosomes. Microvilli were slender, straight, and short, and some had core rootlets. Many primary lysosomes were aggregated in the basal portion of the cytoplasm. A few well-differentiated ciliated cells were present. These two cases were diagnosed as SSCP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01553784
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    Repair of the surface epithelium after saponin-induced colonic mucosal injury in the rat (1998)
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 31 (1998), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Restitution ; Ultrastructure ; Cell migration ; Colon ; Saponin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The superficial colonic epithelia of rats were exposed to 1.0% saponin solution for 3 min and fixed at various periods thereafter. The repair or restitution process was observed by light as well as by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The exposure of the luminal surface to saponin resulted in uniform and extensive damage to the superficial epithelial cells without affecting the cells in the crypts. At 3 min after saponin treatment, the damaged epithelial cells exfoliated from the mucosa and the basal lamina was exposed. Within 15 min, most of the exposed basal lamina was covered by squamous to low-cuboidal epithelial cells, probably migrating from the crypts. These epithelial cells extended large lamellipodia over the denuded basal lamina. After 15 min the damaged surface was completely covered with epithelial cells, which became columnar at 1 h. Tight junction protein ZO-1 became positive along the restituted epithelium. Proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining showed that proliferation of epithelial cells occurred after the restitution. These results suggest that saponin treatment serves as a good model system to study colonic restitution, which is carried out by rapid migration from the remaining crypt cells, followed by cellular proliferation. Rapid formation of tight junctions spanning the damaged regions allows rapid restoration of the barrier function of the colonic epithelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01547942
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large-volume PTV injection: Comparison of direct water injection and in-vial extraction for GC analysis of triazines (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Programmed-temperature vaporization (PTV) ; Large-volume injection ; Direct water injection ; Triazines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The potential of large-volume PTV injection was studied for the analysis of triazine herbicides in water samples. Direct water injection and in-vial extraction were described and compared. Detection limits were between 0.01–0.02 μg L−1 and relative standard deviations were 〈9%. Both methods are suitable for the analysis of triazines at ppt-level, although in-vial extraction is favourable for water samples with relatively large amounts of matrix components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466783
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Development of gas chromatographic method for determination of cholesterol oxides in meat products (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 42-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Cholesterol oxides ; Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) ; Meat products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method of extraction, purification and gas chromatographic analysis of five cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) (7β-hydroxycholesterol, 5α, 6α-epoxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol and cholestane-3β, 5α, 6β-triol) has been developed. The method is aimed at the determination of COPs in meat and meat products, in particular dry sausages, where large differences in the content of cholesterol and its oxidation derivatives may occur. Linearity of response of trimethylsilyl ethers was defined. The minimum concentration tested was 2.5 μg g−1 in the injected solution. The main feature of the present work is the addition of a purification step of unsaponifiables by SPE on silica cartridges. Extraction recoveries of COP standard mixtures, performed with or without the SPE step, are evaluated. The introduction of the clean-up step results in high purity samples without further losses in the entire process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466784
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast determination of VOCs in workplace air by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase extraction ; Graphitized carbon black ; Volatile organic compounds ; Workplace air
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A fast, simple, and reliable method is presented for the determination of atmospheric semi-volatile organic pollutants at μg m−3 levels. The method has been used to monitor potentially carcinogenic toxic compounds to which workers are exposed in workplaces, and to measure the same compounds in outdoor air.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466786
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Interaction studies of vinychloride with liquid foods by gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid foods ; Food packaging materials ; Vinylchloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The interaction of vinylchloride (VC) with liquid foods, such as water, olive oil and honey, was studied using the relatively new technique of Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography (RFGC). The RFGC method permits the calculation of the VC diffusion coefficient in the liquid phase (water, oil and honey) and the determination of the partition coefficient of VC between the liquid and the carrier gas, as well as the determination of the Henry's constant of VC in the liquid food. From the variation of the above parameters with temperature, thermodynamic parameters (free and excess free energies, enthalpies, entropies and activity coefficients) were calculated for the adsorption of VC by liquid foods. These are discussed in comparison with the same parameters calculated from empirical equations or determined experimentally by other techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466787
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamental relationships in gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 570-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Compressibility correction factor ; Specific retention volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The exact definition of the compressibility correction factor,j, has been extensively discussed in recent literature. In this work, it is shown that this compressibility correction factor has several different interpretations; however, the simplest and most useful meaning involves a correction from the experimentally accessible pressure at the outlet of a column to the average pressure in the column. Also, an unconventional definition of the retention volume of a solute in terms of the sample size and the equilibrium concentration of the solute in the mobile phase is presented. This retention volume definition is presented as an alternative to the common definition ofV R as the volume of carrier gas which passes through the column in a period of time called the retention time. In this discussion, it is emphasized that the temeprature dependence of the specific retention volume is determined by the thermodynamics of the phase distribution process for the solute and not by an equation-of-state for the carrier gas. Finally, the conventional correction of the specific retention volume by a factor of 273/T c can be used to correct a volume of carrier gas to a pseudo-standard state of 273 K and the average pressure in the column; however, this corrected specific retention volume has no relation to the specific retention volume that would be experimentally obtained at this standard state temperature and pressure. compressibility correction factor, and specific retention volume, were examined with regard to the physical interpretation, exact definition and appropriate standard states to be applied to these commonly reported chromatographic parameters. Such arcane discussions are beneficial to the health of science but may lead to confusion among potential and practicing chromatographers. In order to prevent or at least help ameliorate this problem, the following discussion presents a somewhat unorthodox interpretation of the questioned terms along with a pseudo-physical explanation of the so-called retention volume which is ubiquitous throughout the chromatographic literature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467497
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Determination of chlorobenzenes in environmental samples using solid phase microextraction, thermal desorption and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to FID, ECD, MSD, IRD detectors (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 74-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; SPME ; Soil and groundwater samples ; Chlorobenzenes ; Thermal desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A complex method was developed for the determination of chlorobenzenes in soil and groundwater samples. Samples were taken at two sites in Baranya county, where a mixture of chlorobenzene waste was deposited, causing severe contamination in the environment. Clean-up of these sites demands modern and reliable analytical methods. Several sample preparation techniques were used, such as solid phase microextraction (SPME), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and a recently developed thermal desorption method. The applicability of various sample preparation methods was compared by measuring recovery percentages, relative standard deviations and by investigating the matrix dependency of these values. Gas chromatography was used for quantitative determination of chlorobenzenes, using MS, IR, FID and ECD detection techniques. Detection levels were as low as 1 ppt in water, and 10 ppt in soil samples. Chlorobenzene concentration was in the range 1 ppt-1 ppm in water and 100 ppb-100 ppm in soil samples. Identification and calibration of these compounds were performed by quantitative standards. This complex analytical method can be used for rapid and precise quantitative and qualitative determination of chlorobenzenes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467520
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  • 48
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    Quantitative analysis of apolar polysiloxane phases in large-bore capillary columns (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Silicone phases ; Film thickness ; Large-bore capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A technique is described for determination of the amount of bonded phase in commercial columns. It is adapted to the determination of the real nature and the thickness of a siloxane bonded film. Ten-centimeter samples of column are used. The method is tested for large-bore capillary columns. Applications to kinetic studies are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466536
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  • 49
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    On-line sample treatment—capillary gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 313-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sample pretreatment ; Coupling on-line to capillary GC ; Robotization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Sample pretreatment is often the bottleneck of a tracelevel analytical procedure. In order to increase performance, increasing attention is therefore being devoted to combining sample pretreatment on-line with the separation technique that has to be used. In the present review, a variety of procedures in use today for sample treatment coupled on-line to capillary gas chromatography (GC) is briefly discussed. Special attention is devoted to coupled-column techniques such as SPE-GC and LC-GC (SPE, solid-phase extraction; LC, column liquid chromatography) which are topics of much current interest, also because of their frequent use in so-called hyphenated systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466538
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  • 50
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    Electronic Resource
    Capillary gas chromatography of urinary steroids of terbutaline-treated asthmatic children (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase extraction ; Urinary steroids ; Terbutaline treatment ; Asthmatic children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Steroid metabolites have been measured by capillary gas chromatography in the urine of 38 children aged 3–6 years. The children comprised three groups: those with asthma being treated with Terbutaline (13), children with asthma but not undergoing treatment (17), and control children in hospital but free from endocrine diseases (8). There were significant (P〈0.05) differences between the amounts of steroids excreted by the different groups of children. Terbutaline therapy led to elevated levels of tetrahydrocortisone, androstenediol, 11-ketopregnanetriol and a reduced ratio of androgen to cortisol metabolites compared with those for untreated asthmatic children. We assume that Terbutaline does not have a steroid-like mechanism of action but acts by modification of the activity of several adrenocortical enzymes. We suggest a hypothesis whereby the antiasthmatic effect of Terbutaline could not only be a connected with its well-known mechanism of action, but it might be explained as a result of the modification of the production of certain glucocorticoids and androgen hormones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467536
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    Electronic Resource
    Separation of positional isomers on polymeric calix[4]arene-siloxane stationary phases in capillary GC (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 422-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Calix[4]arene-tetramethyldisiloxane stationary phases ; Geometric and positional isomer separations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Poly(p-tert-butyldimethoxydipropyloxycalix[4]arene-tetramethyldisiloxane) (TBCX-TMDS) and poly(dimethoxydipropyloxycalix[4]arene-tetramethyl-disiloxane) (CX-TMDS), have been prepared and used as stationary phases for isothermal capillary gas chromatographic separations of positional isomers. Retention factors and separation factors for the isomers were measured. The isomers investigated were well-resolved on the two phases. Retention of all the solutes investigated is greater on TBCX-TMDS than on CX-TMDS, probably because of extra dispersive interactions of the solutes with thetert-butyl groups of the phase. Separation factors for closely-eluting isomer pairs are similar on the two phases. This seems to indicate either that the solutes are retained by non-inclusion processes or that if the isomer molecules do enter the cavity of the calixarene, i.e. the solute is retained by inclusion, thetert-butyl groups do not play a role in discriminating between the isomers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467714
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Determination of triethanolamine in air samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 443-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Triethanolamine in air
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Low amounts of triethanolamine, collected in ORBO 53 tubes during air sampling, required the development of a very sensitive method for determination. After desorption and silylation reaction with trimethylsilyl imidazole/trimethyl chlorosilane, the derivative was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on an Ultra 2 silica capillary column in single ion monitoring mode (retention time: about 6 min). The method has a detection limit of 1–2 pg with a desorption efficiency of about 81%. Linearity of response was ascertained in the ranges 10–100 ng and 100–1000 ng. Short-term method validation was carried out by intra- and inter-day assays on three amounts for each reference calibration curve. All results satisfied the pre-defined acceptance criteria. In general, the whole procedure was easily performed and was appropriate for our needs. Breakthrough volume was appropriate for our needs. Breakthrough volume was determined on authentic samples and was about 40–60 L, using a flow rate of 1 L·min−1. The amounts of triethanolamine found in the samples ranged from 150 to 250 ng (about 2.5–4.2 μg·m−3).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467718
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  • 53
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    Monitoring of optical isomers of chiral alcohols and derivatives by chiral gas chromatography. Effect of derivatization on the enantio-differentiation (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chiral separation ; Alcohols ; Diols ; Trimethylsilylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic chiral separation of several chiral 2-and 3-alkanols and diols was studied both in their free hydroxyl and in their trimethylsilyl ether forms. First, the derivatization procedure was verified through the identification of the trimethylsilyl ethers formed on the basis of their mass spectra and optimized to obtain quantitative reaction. The optimized procedure was applied to the trimethylsilylation of racemic mixtures of various hydroxyl compounds. The silylation was found to be highly effective in the improvement of the separation of the individual enantiomers. The major advantages of the derivatization process can be summarized as: (i) excellent baseline separation of the enantiomers of the silyl ethers was achieved in contrast to the parent OH-containing compounds, (ii) the sensitivity of detection highly increased, (iii) the separations do not show any significant concentration dependence and finally (iv) the analysis time needed decreased significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467521
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Data correlation in on-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-atomic emission/mass spectrometric detection of unknown microcontaminants (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Atomic emission and MS detection ; Solid-phase extraction ; Aqueous samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A procedure is described for the (non-target) screening of hetero-atom-containing compounds in tap and waste water by correlating data obtained by gas chromatography (GC) using atomic emission (AED) and mass selective (MS) detection. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was coupled on-line to both GC systems to enable the determination of microcontaminants at the 0.02–1 μg L−1 level in 7–50 mL of aqueous sample. The screening was limited to compounds present in at least one heteroatom-selective GC-AED trace above a predetermined concentration level. These compounds were identified by their partial formulae (AED) and the corresponding mass spectra, which were obtained from the GC-MS chromatogram via the retention index concept. The potential of the approach was demonstrated by the identification of target compounds as well as all unknowns present in tap and waste water above the predetermined threshold of 0.05 μg L−1 (tap water) or 0.5 μg L−1 (waste water).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467683
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    Crown ether capped cyclodextrin used as stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 817-822 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Crown ether capped cyclodextrin ; Chiral separations ; Isomer separations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The solution of a new synthesized compound, mono-6-(1'-benzo-aza-15-crown-5)-2, 3, 6- permethyl-β-cyclodextrin, in the moderately polar polysiloxane OV-1701 was coated onto fused silica capillary column. The chromatographic characteristics including column efficiency, polarity and selectivity were studied. Excellent selectivity for the separation of enantiomers and positional isomers was obtained. The results show that the combined effect between the special caves of β-cyclodextrin and crown ether plays a significant role in the separation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467654
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatography with UV-vis molecular absorption spectrometry detection: Data acquisition and treatment when using a diode-array spectrophotometer (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 535-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; UV-Vis detection ; Gas phase absorption spectrometry ; Alcohols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This article describes a theoretical/practical study of the parameters which affect the chromatograms obtained when using a molecular diode-array spectrometer as the detector in gas chromatography. The objective is to offer some rules which permit the identification of the optimum signal/noise relation. To achieve this, we study the effect of the different parameters which affect the noise and how to reduce their impact, as well as alternatives for increasing the signal. All the options tested can be applied by correctly programming the spectrometer with BASIC programs, within reach of any use who has even a small understanding of programming. Finally, we consider the effect that the selection of the acquisition conditions may have on the chromatographic resolution. All the studies are carried out using a mixture of alcohols and phenols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466646
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  • 57
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of a new liquid crystal, 4-[(4-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-4′-cyanoazobenzene and its use as stationary phase in gas-chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 427-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid crystal stationary phase ; Packed columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation ofm-, p-, o- xylenes andm-, p- ethyltoluenes was studied on a packed column with 2,5% of 4-[(4-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-4′-cyanoazobenzene (CBOCA) on Chromosorb W HP 100–120 mesh. The synthesis and study of the mesomorphic behaviour of CBOCA are presented. Temperature range for the separation ofm-, p-, o- xylenes (in this order of elution) is 125–85°C, at cooling. The best separation was achieved at about 90°C. The separation temperature domain ofm-ethyltoluene fromp- ethyltoluene is 160–85°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467715
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  • 58
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    Electronic Resource
    Derivatization of aromatic amines with bromine for improved gas chromatographic determination (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 436-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Water analysis ; Derivatization with bromine ; Aromatic amines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary For improved determination of aromatic amines by gas chromatography and detection with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) a derivatization method based on the bromination of the aromatic ring in an acetic acid medium was developed. In general, all free ortho and para-positions relative to the amino group undergo electrophilic substitution. Separation of at least 30 compounds in a single chromatographic run in 30 min is possible. With this method, 56 aromatic amines were studied and only in 6 cases were no derivatives obtained. Quantitation limits determined from calibration data are 1.2–40 μg L−1 for a 100 mL sample and an injection volume of 1 μL. Previous experiments suggest that both sample and injection volume may be increased to lower the quantitation limit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467717
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  • 59
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of organic matter content in the trace analysis of triazines in various types of soils with GC-NPD (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 450-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Soil samples ; Microwave-assisted solvent extraction ; Nitrogen detection ; Triazine herbicides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Recent work demonstrated that the combination of microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) and capillary gas chromatography with selective nitrogen detection (GC-NPD) is a viable approach for the efficient determination of triazine herbicides in soils. However, for soils with a high organic matter content or the injection of more concentrated extracts to obtain lower LOD's the performance of gas chromatographic analysis of uncleaned extracts is hampered. This results in both a decrease of the chromatographic response of analytes and a decrease in the life time of the column due to coextracted matrix substances. The effect of various types of soils on the chromatographic analysis of triazine herbicides was studied. It appeared that for the investigated samples with an organic matter content below 5% processing of uncleaned extracts is possible. Samples with a higher organic matter content required a cleanup step. A rapid procedure on 100 mg silica cartridges has been developed using solvents compatible with the MASE extracts and the instrumental analysis. Beside the testing with different standard soils, about 120 samples of an ongoing monitoring program involving three different types of soil (organic matter content: 3–37%) were analysed. The selected compounds atrazine, desethylatrazine, desisopropyl-atrazine and simazine could be assayed in the various soil types to a level of at least 2 μg kg−1. For soil samples with a high organic matter content (〉5%), the rapid cleanup procedure allowed the trace analysis of the triazines and considerably increased the life time of the capillary column. Recoveries at levels from 2 to 50 μg kg−1 ranged from 70 to 100% with RSDs ranging from 5.1 to 9.5%. Confirmation of positive samples was carried out by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467719
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  • 60
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    Electronic Resource
    Identification and semi-quantitative determination of a migration contaminant from beverage carton packages into mineral water by on-line solid phase extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS) (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 581-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; On-line SPE-GC-MS ; Beverage carton packages ; Contaminant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An unknown migration contaminant was found in a number of mineral water samples contained in beverage carton packages. This compound was isolated by a fully automatic solid phase extraction system and identified by means of GC-MS as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (TMDD) [126-86-3], which is used as a surfactant in water-based printing inks and migrates during the production of the beverage carton material into the inner polyethylene film and subsequently into the product. The determined concentrations of TMDD ranged up to more than 50 μg L−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466653
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  • 61
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    Direct solid-phase microextraction combined with gas and liquid chromatography for the determination of lidocaine in human urine (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 678-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Solid-phase microextraction ; Local anaesthetic lidocaine ; Optimisation of extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been combined with gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for the determination of lidocaine in human urine. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated fibre was directly immersed into buffered urine. Extraction conditions such as time, pH, ionic strength, temperature, and agitation were optimised. The extracted lidocaine was thermally desorbed in a split/splitless injector for analysis with a GC-FID system or desorbed with liquid in a specially designed SPME-LC interface for analysis with an LC-UV system. After optimisation the method developed was evaluated and validated. Extraction yields of 22% were obtained in about 45 min. The reproducibility of the method is 〈5% (relative standard deviation). For five-times diluted urine, linear ranges were found from 5–1000 and 25–1000 ng·mL−1 for SPME-GC and SPME-LC, with detection limits of 5 ng·mL−1 for SPME-GC and 25 ng·mL−1 for SPME-LC. SPME can be used as a simple sample pretreatment method for the determination of lidocaine in urine by GC and LC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467453
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  • 62
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    Electronic Resource
    Investigation on five novel substituted β-cyclodextrins used as GC stationary phases (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 557-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phases ; β-Cyclodextrin derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Five β-cyclodextrin derivatives, heptakis[2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-(4-nitrobenzyl)-β-CD (CD-I), heptakis [2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-(5-hexenyl)]-β-CD (CD-II), heptakis-(2, 6-di-O-cinnamyl-3-O-methyl)-β-CD (CD-III), heptakis-(2, 6-di-O-cinnamyl-3-O-acetyl)-β-CD (CD-IV) and heptakis(2, 6-di-O-cinnamyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl)-β-CD (CD-V), were synthesized and coated on fused-silica capillary coluns. Their chromatographic characteristics were tested and compared with heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-pentyl)-β-CD (CD-VI) and heptakis (2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl)-β-CD (CD-VII). It was found that the size, polarity, and aromatic property of the substituted group at the 3-position of heptakis (2,6-di-O-pentyl)-β-cyclodextrins greatly influenced their chromatographic properties and separation ability. The introduction of aromatic group or a group containing a double-bond may bring π-π interactions between the host and guest molecules, and therefore increased the separation ability of the β-CDs for substituted benzene isomers. Introduction of cinnamyl groups in to the 2,6-3-position of β-CD has a significant effect on the chromatographic properties of the stationary phases(CD-III-CD-V).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467495
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    Determination of heats of vaporization and gibbs free energies of alkylbenzenes on GC stationary phases of different polarity (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Heats of vaporization ; Gibbs free energies ; Kováts retention indices ; Alkylbenzenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In our paper we propose a new method for the determination of heats of vaporization (ΔH vap(i)) and the Gibbs free energies of vaporization (Δμp(i)) for individually selected alkylbenzenes, chromatographed on stationary phases of low and medium polarity. The method is based on a new thermodynamic description of the Kováts retention index (I (i)) making use of Trouton's rule. In fact, we attribute physical significance to two empirical relationships, well known from the literature. We can describe thermodynamically the magnitude ofI (i) using two relations, each of them potentially useful for further determination of δH vap(i) and Δμp(i). A comparison was made of the results obtained with the use of our new approach and of those already existing in the literature attained in a completely different way. The comparison suggests that the calculated δH vap(i) and Δμp(i) values are thermodynamically acceptable and hence correct, and the data suit into the series of similar values determined on stationary phases of different polarity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467523
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  • 64
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    Electronic Resource
    Separation of polychlorinated biphenyls from chlorinated pesticides using aminopropyl bonded-phase cartridge and determination by GC-ECD (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Polychlorobiphenyls ; Clorinated pesticides ; Organochlorine separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatography of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in water samples is carried out after adsorption from a 25–500 mL sample, on a cartridge containing 100 mg aminopropyl-bonded porous silica. The clean-up step in which the PCBs and chlorinated pesticides are separated in different eluates is achieved by passing 25 mL of 40% aqueous methanol through the NH2 Sep-Pak cartridge. The PCBs are desorbed with 500 μL ethylacetate, which is concentrated and analysis by GC-ECD. The average recovery, at 1 ppb is 〉97% with a standard deviation 〈2. The limits of detection are 0.1 ng μL−1 and 5 pg μL−1 respectively for Cl3-PCB and Cl8-PCB congeners. In the separation of PCBs from the chlorinated pesticides tested in this work, only the Aldrin is adsorbed for 60% with the PCBs by the NH2 Sep-Pak cartridge. The method described is rapid, simple and reproducible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467685
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  • 65
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    Electronic Resource
    Characterisation of GC stationary phases in multilinear retention model (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 728-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phases ; Prototypical phases ; Retention model ; Retention value ; Dipolarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Stationary phases are characterised in a multilinear retention model by retention data of a set of selected prototypical substances. Prototypical stationary phases confirm the application of prototypical substances in the retention model. For comparison, 27 stationary phases are characterized with solute descriptors of the solvation model. New adjusted substance factors are calculated for 33 selected compounds for a new characterization of GC stationary phases in the extended retention model with retention values, calculated from retention indices and b-values of the n-alkane equation. Substance dipolarityD N-factors are separated from πN, the adjusted dipolarity-polarisability. New substance factors give satisfying correlation results and new explanatory factors as phase descriptors for 27 stationary phases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467640
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  • 66
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    Electronic Resource
    Precision of milk fat quantitation in mixed fats by analysis of butyric acid (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 758-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Butyric acid ; Milk fat content ; Mixed fats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Quantitation of the milk fat content in mixed fats is of interest in food analysis. It can be achieved by calculation from the butyric acid (C4) content in the mixed fat and a mean C4 content for pure milk fats. Alternatively, instead of applying a C4 mean value, the C4 content in the actual milk fat can be used if this reference sample is available. A recently improved analytical method based on gas chromatography of butyric acid methyl ester using an internal standard has been applied to determine the milk fat content in mixtures with beef tallow, lard, soybean oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, palm kernel oil and palm oil ranging from 1 to 90% milk fat content. Within the whole range of mixtures, mean absolute deviations between the determined and the actual milk fat content were below 0.5% and the maximum absolute deviation was not more than 1.0% when using the reference sample. The overall mean absolute deviation was 0.04% for milk fat contents of 1 to 10% and 0.28% for milk fat contents of 10 to 90%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467644
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  • 67
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    Electronic Resource
    Determination of acids in Brazilian sugar cane spirits and other alcoholic beverages by HRGC-SPE (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 751-757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Brazilian sugar cane spirit ; Lower fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method for the analysis of seventeen acids in a water/ethanol matrix is described. The diluted samples were first concentrated by solid phase extraction. Nonanoic acid was the internal standard. A good separation profile was obtained for all compounds, including the isomers: n and iso-butyric acids, n and isovaleric acids and n and iso-caproic acids. The method is fast, sensitive (20–30 μg L−1) and has a good reproducibility (4–7 %). The recovery was in the range of 94%–116% for the medium chain acids (C7-C16). This method allowed the identification of fourteen acids in caninhas and other spirits. The total acid content and the profile of the exportation type caninhas are similar to the ones obtained for several international beverages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467643
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  • 68
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    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatography with UV-vis molecular absorption spectrometry detection: Increasing sensitivity of the determination of alcohols and phenols by derivatization (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 542-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; UV-Vis detection ; Gas phase absorption spectrometry ; Derivatization ; Alcohols and phenols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method is proposed for the determination of alcohols and phenols based on their derivatization to benzoates and gas chromatography-gas phase molecular absorption spectrometry. All parameters affecting the derivatization reaction, such as the solvent, basic medium, benzoyl chloride and stirring time, were optimized. Chromatographic and instrumental conditions were also studied. Finally, a calibration study was performed and the results were compared to that obtained by the direct determination of the compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466647
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  • 69
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    Gas chromatography analysis of organophosphorous pesticides in plant samples (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 156-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gel permeation chromatography ; Organophosphorous pesticides ; Plant samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The work presents a GC method for the determination of six organophosphorous pesticide residues in cabbage. Chopped cabbage was blended with acetone, then extracted with the mixture of n-hexane:methylene chloride (1:1). The extract was purified on a GPC column packed with BioBeads SX-3 gel. The pesticides were eluted with the mixture of methylene chloride:cyclohexane (1:1) at the flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1. After concentrating the extract was analysed by GC. Nearly 100 samples of cabbage were analysed; trace residues of dimethoate (about 0.05 ppm) were found in 10 samples. The average recoveries of the pesticides were above 80% with a relative standard deviation mostly less than 10%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467534
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  • 70
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    Gas chromatographic determination of major sterols in edible oils and fats using solid-phase extraction in sample preparation (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 745-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase extraction ; Rapeseed oil ; Sterols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A capillary gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of major plant sterols and cholesterol in edible oils and fats. In the sample preparation procedure reversed-phase, solid-phase extraction with C18 adsorbent was used to extract the unsaponifiable matter and for sample cleanup after saponification. Sterols were quantitated as their trimethylsilylether derivatives using an internal standard method (betulin). The method was validated by recovery tests and analysis of two reference materials representing vegetable oil mixture and milk fat matrices. Average recoveries of spiked cholesterol and cholesterol acetate in rapeseed oil were 103±4% (n=12) and 101±3% (n=10), respectively. The sterol values determined in the reference materials were found to be in a good agreement with their given certified or indicative values. Applied to edible oils and fats, plant sterols and cholesterol at levels〉20 mg kg−1 could be accuratively quantitated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467642
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    Headspace gas chromatography analysis of toxic contaminants in ethoxylated alcohols and alkylamines (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace sampling ; Ethoxylated alcohols ; Ethoxylated alkylamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Headspace-gas chromatography was used to determine the contents of toxic 1,4-dioxane, ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol in ethoxylated alcohols and alkylamines, and in commercial cosmetics and washing products. A Permaphase PEG capillary column was used for the determination of 1,4-dioxane and ethylene oxide and a DB-17 column for ethylene glycol determination. Dimethylformamide was used as the solvent in the determination of 1,4-dioxane and ethylene oxide, and undecanol in the case of ethylene glycol. The detection limits for ethylene oxide, 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol are 1,2 and 10 μg·g−1, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467686
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  • 72
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    Calix[4]arene derivatives as stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 689-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phases ; Calix[4]arene derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two new kinds of calix[4]arene derivatives, 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis(isopropylcarbamoyl-methoxy)-26,28-diundecenyloxy calix[4]arene (C[4]A) and 25,27-dibutoxy-5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-26,28-diundecenyloxy calix[4]arene (C[4]B), have been synthesized for use as stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography with OV1701. These stationary phases demonstrate high column efficiencies, wide operating temperature ranges, good thermal stability and excellent selectivity for aromatic isomers, especially phenol compounds. Their inclusion properties are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467455
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  • 73
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    Comparison of methods for prediction of the retention data of aromatic hydrocarbons on UCON LB 550X and on polydimethylsiloxane (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 721-723 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Correlation equation ; Alkylbenzenes ; Naphthalenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A detailed statistical analysis is presented for comparing the validity of selected literature-recommended equations with the unified retention index concept for calculating the retention indexes of alkylbenzenes on UCON LB 550X and naphthalenes on polydimethylsiloxane. Comparison with literature sources shows that the unified retention index provides the smallest residual error for a set of aromatic hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467460
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  • 74
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    Quantitative analysis of residual synthetic polystyrene adsorbent in drugs by curie-point pyrolysis gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Pyrolysis GC ; Residual polystyrene ; Streptomycin ; Vitamin B1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Residual synthetic adsorbent, cross-linked polystyrene, used in drug purification has been analyzed quantitatively by Curie-point pyrolysis gas chromatography. The peaks of intact polystyrene adsorbent in the pyrogram were used as key peaks for quantitative measurement of residues of the adsorbent in vitamin B1 and streptomycin sulfate. It was shown that them-ethylstyrene orp-ethylstyrene peaks in the pyrolyzates were suitable for determination of polystyrene adsorbent content. The levels of residual adsorbent in the drugs were found to be 〈0.1 %, the value stipulated by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). In quantitative evaluation of an adsorbent content of 0.1 % the precision was 3.6 % and 2.7 % for vitamin B1 and streptomycin sulfate, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466582
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  • 75
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    Retention indices of alkenes and the corresponding epoxides on a capillary column coated with cyanopropyl methyl silicone phase (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 230-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Alkenes ; Epoxides ; Retention index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention indices or five 1-alkenes, seven branched alkenes and five cycloalkenes and the corresponding epoxides were determined at two temperatures on a fused-silica capillary column coated with cyanopropyl methyl siloxane to interpret their chromatographic behaviour. The standard deviation was 0.2 index units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466587
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  • 76
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    Determination of safrole in differentAsarum species by headspace gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 685-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace sampling ; Safrole ; Asarum species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The development of a headspace GC method (HS-GC) to determine the safrole content in differentAsarum species from China and Europe, using eugenol as internal standard, is presented in this paper. The best results could be achieved by thermostating the samples at 100°C for 30.0 min, adding 10 μL of water to each sample. Optimum pressurisation and injection time showed to be 3.0 min and 12 s, respectively. GC separation was performed on an SE-54 column. The HS-GC results for safrole were in good agreement with those obtained by direct GC analysis of the dichloromethane (DCM) plant extracts. The investigated Asarum samples showed great deviations concerning the safrole content even within the sameAsarum species, e.g.Asarum himalaicum from Sichuan contained 0.0051% of this compound, the same species from the province of Hebei 0.53%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467454
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  • 77
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    Gas chromatographic analysis of phthalate esters in plastic toys (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 724-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Phthalate esters ; PVC ; Plastic toys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method for the analysis of 10 phthalate esters in plastic toys is described. The samples are soxhlet extracted in dichloromethane and phthalate esters in the extract are analysed by GC. Detection limits of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phathalate, di-n-nonyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate and benzyl octyl phthalate were approximately 5 ppm. The detection limits of diisononyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate, which are mixtures of several isomers, were approximately 200ppm. Analysis of 17 plastic toys revealed that only PVC-toys contained phthalate esters. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisononyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate in concentrations up to 40% were present in the PVC-toys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467461
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  • 78
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    Analysis of cyanide in blood by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and capillary gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase microextraction ; Headspace sampling ; Cyanide in blood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Cyanide can be extracted from whole blood samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a Carbowax/divinylbenzene-coated fiber. During heating a vial of a whole blood sample containing cyanide and acetonitrile as internal standard (IS) at 50°C in the presence of Na2SO4, a Carbowax/divinylbenzene-coated SPME fiber was exposed in the headspace of the vial for 45 min to allow adsorption of cyanide and IS. The fiber needle was then injected into a capillary gas chromatography (GC) instrument equipped with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. The headspace SPME-GC with a Supel-Q PLOT fused silica capillary column gave large peaks for cyanide and IS; almost no interfering peaks appeared. Recoveries of cyanide dnd IS from human whole blood were 3.02–4.06% and 0.21%, respectively. The calibration curve for cyanide added to human blood showed excellent linearity in the range of 0.04–4.0 μg mL−1; the detection limit was about 0.02 μg mL−1. The coefficients of intra-day and inter-day variation were not greater than 7.1 and 9.2%. Good correlation (r 2=0.999) was found between the present SPME-GC method and the conventional microdiffusion colorimetric method. Data on determination of cyanide in rat blood after intraperitoneal administration are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466583
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  • 79
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    Synergistic effects in mixed gas chromatographic stationary phases consisting of dibenzo-18-crown-6 and MPBHpB (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 575-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mixed stationary phases ; Dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether ; MPBHpB ; Synergistic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The synergistic effect is investigated in mixed gas chromatographic stationary phases containing dibenzo-18-crown-6 +MPBHpB [o-methyl-p-phenylene-bis-(p-heptoxy benzoate)], [o-methyl-p-phenylene-bis-(p-heptoxy benzoate)], with benzene/cyclohexane, cyclokexanes, phenols, alcohols and aniline derivatives as sample compounds pairs. Some of the separations reveal positive or negative synergistic effect. This effect depends on the temperature, the mixing ratio and the linear velocity of the carrier gas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467498
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  • 80
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    Sulfuric acid pretreatment for the simultaneous GC screening of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in herbal essential oils (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 587-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides ; Herbal medicine ; Essential oils ; Sulfuric acid treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and new clean-up method utilizing sulfuric acid treatment is demonstrated to identify and quantify the level of organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residue concentrations in herbal essential oils by gas chromatography (GC). Essential oils fortified with pesticides, that are extracted from herbs by steam distillation are partitioned with 65% acetonitrile/water(v/v) and treated with sulfuric acid at different reaction times and sulfuric acid concentrations. Optimal conditions, to avoid interference from essential oils in gas chromatographic analysis, is 17% (v/v) of a mixed phase ratio of sulfuric acid to organic solvent (hexane/ethyl ether=9∶1, v/v) and a reaction time of 30s. The response of the flame ionization detector (FID) is linear for all pesticides determined. Recovery of pesticides from fortified herbs studied are in the range of 75% to 111% (RSD, 4% to 11%) for OC, and 72% to 116% (RSD, 2% to 11%) for OP. Although sulfuric acid treatment destroys carbamate and some organophosphorus pesticides, this method has efficiently reduced matrix interference and provides a rapid, economical clean-up method with excellent linear data having low coefficients of variation for the GC analyses of BHC isomers, DDD, DDE, DDT, chlorothalonil, chloropyrifos, tetradifon, fenitrothion, malathion, and parathion in matrices of herbal essential oils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467500
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    Enantiomeric separation of unusual secondary aromatic amino acids (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Enantiomeric separation ; Chiral derivatization ; Unusual secondary aromatic amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary High-performance liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic methods were developed for the separation of unusual secondary aromatic amino acids. Amino acids containing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronorharmane-1-carboxylic acid and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-carboxy-2-carboline moieties were synthetized in racemic or chiral forms. The high-performance liquid chromatography was carried out either on a teicoplanin-containing chiral stationary phase or on an achiral C18 column. In the latter case the diastereomers of the amino acids formed by precolumn derivatization with the chiral reagents 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate or 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-L-alanine amide were separated. The gas chromatographic analyses were based on separation on a Chirasil-L-Val column.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467516
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    Urinary steroid analysis of women with effluvium (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 86-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Methoxime-silyl derivate ; Urinary steroids ; Women with effluvium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Urinary steroid metabolites were measured by capillary gas chromatography in 25 women (aged 33.3±12.0 years) with effluvium and 16 control healthy laboratory workers women (aged 34.6±8.4 years). There was significant elevation in the level of a number of steroids and steroid metabolites. The elevation of most steroid metabolites refers to the increased steroid secretion of the adrenal and the high cortisol metabolites levels may be do to stress in some of the patients with effluvium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467522
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    Enantioseparation of the compounds of technical toxaphene (CTTs) on 35% heptakis (6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-di-O-Methyl)-β-cyclodextrin in OV1701 (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 565-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chiral stationary phases ; Enantioseparation ; Toxaphene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of the enantiomers of the compounds of technical toxaphene (CTTs) on heptakis(6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (β-TBDM) has been studied by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). Enantiomers of eight of the nine CTTs under investigation were separated on this chiral stationary phase. Separations of the enantioners of CTTs have hitherto been achieved ontert-butyldimethylsilylated β-cyclodextrin (β-BSCD). The chiral resolution values and separation factors of the CTTs on β-TBDM have been compared with those obtained on β-BSCD. Although several components coeluted, enantioselective determination of three CTTs was possible in an extract of seal blubber. For each CTT the first-eluting enantiomer was enantioenriched. Enantioselective accumulation of2-endo, 3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,-8,8,9,10-octachlorobornane (B8-1412) in biota has been established for the first time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467496
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    Determination of triacylglycerol composition of idiazabal cheese (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 579-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Ewe's cheese ; Triacylglycerols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Triacylglycerols from Idiazabal cheese fat were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) with a non-linear gradient of acetone in acetonitrile and a light-scattering detector. Molecular species of triacylglycerols were predicted by a simple and a multiple linear regression analysis of logk of the LC peaks and molecular variables such as equivalent carbon number of the possible triacylglycerol, chain length and number of double bonds of each fatty acid of the triacylglycerol. Predicted results were confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids in the LC peaks. The main triacylglycerols of Idiazabal cheese fat contained butyric acid, butyroyl-dipalmitin, butyroyl-myristoyl-palmitin and butyroyl-palmitoyl-olein. The most abundant triacylglycerols were those with even partition numbers of 36, 34 and 38.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467499
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    Charge-transfer interactions between nucleophilic compounds and chromatographic packings containing chemically bonded Cu(II) complexes (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 284-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Metal complexes ; Chemically bonded phases ; Thermodynamic parameters ; Specific interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Results are presented of studies of packings containing copper (II) acetylacetonate (acac), hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfac), and chloride, chemically bonded via β-dik-etonate groups. The retention parameters retention factor (k) specific retention volume (V g), and molecular retention index (M e) were measured and used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters free energy of adsorption (ΔG a) heat of adsorption (−ΔH a), and entropy of adsorption (ΔS a). These parameters enable, characterization of specific interactions between aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons, ethers and thioethers and metal complexes chemically bonded, to a silica surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467684
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  • 86
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    Ultrastructural study of the mechanism of perineural extension in pancreatic cancer (1998)
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 31 (1998), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Peripheral nerve ; Cancer ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nerve invasion is one of the biological features of pancreatic cancer, and its mechanism remains to be determined. In this paper, we report on 37 pancreatic cancer specimens observed by immunohistochemical and electron microscopical techniques. The results showed that pancreatic cancer directly invaded and destroyed the perineurium. At the early stage of disease, the peripheral nerve and synaptic membrane were easily destroyed by cancer cells, and invasion and metastasis continuously advanced along the perineural space and central side of nerves. These results suggest that the soft tissue and nerve plexus on the dorsal region of the pancreas may contribute to the recurrence of pancreatic cancer after duodenopancreatectomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01547946
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    Ultrastructural study of capillary angiogenesis in rat fetal hearts: Role of fibroblasts and myocardial clefts (1998)
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 31 (1998), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Rat fetal heart ; Capillary angiogenesis M ; Myocardial cleft ; Fibroblast ; Desmosome-like structure ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To determine the course of capillary angiogenesis in the rat fetal heart, transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the development of both capillaries and cardiomyocytes. In the 15-day-old embryo, the coronary vessels had spread into the superficial space. In the 16-day-old embryo, the coronary vessels began to enter the myocardium. In the 17-day-old embryo, the terminal vascular bed had developed and a marked increase in the population of myocytes was evident. In capillaries entering the myocardium, the outgrowth of endothelial cells into the myocardial cleft was evident. These clefts were formed by intercalated disk and desmosome-like structures. The fibroblasts were always found close to the capillaries or in contact with endothelial cells during the fetal stage to the first neonatal week. In the interstition period, the fibroblasts were not found close to the capillaries. These results are discussed in relation to the role of myocardial clefts and the role of fibroblasts in fetal capillary angiogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545700
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    Malignant myoepithelioma of the oral palate: Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies and survey of the literature (1998)
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 31 (1998), S. 200-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Malignant myoepithelioma ; Oral palate ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Malignant myoepithelioma arising in the palatal gland is extremely rare. The present study demonstrated ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of malignant myoepithelioma transformed from long-standing benign myoepithelioma occurring in the palatal gland. Microscopically, the tumor mass was composed of plasmacytoid cells and epitheloid cells. The malignant feature was seen only at the area adjacent to the bone. Immunohistochemically, most of the cells were S-100 positive, whereas vimentin and keratin were only partially positive. Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) was positive at the peripheral cells of the solid nests and epitheloid cells with myxoid stroma. Ultrastructurally, filament-rich cells, tonofilament-rich cells, and filament-poor cells were observed. At the area adjacent to the bone, the cells implying malignancy were filament-poor cells in which the luminal structures could be detected. From these findings, a scarcity of filaments in myoepitheliomatous components may imply a malignancy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545702
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    The ultrastructure of oligodendrogliomas (1981)
    Springer
    Neurosurgical review 4 (1981), S. 17-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Astrocytoma ; Oligodendroglioma ; Ultrastructure ; Astrocytom ; Oligodendrogliom ; Ultrastruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 7 Oligodendrogliome, davon 2 mit uniformem Zell-Typ, 4 mit Zell- oder Gewebs-Unregelmäßigkeit, 1 mit glioblastomatösen Veränderungen wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Tumorzellen zeigten 2 Haupttypen mit morphologischen Übergängen zwischen beiden auf. Die Hauptformen wurden als Typ 1 (undifferenziert) und 2 (differenziert) definiert, gestützt auf die Anzahl anaplastischer Zellen im jeweiligen Tumor und auf die Beobachtung nicht-neoplastischer Oligodendrocyten nach Mori and Leblond (21). Die meisten Tumorzellen aller Fälle wiesen ähnliche licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Charakteristika auf, einschließlich der Zell-Anordnung und ihrer Tendenz, zytoplasmatische Fortätze zu bilden. Diese Befunde waren auch in den glioblastomähnlichen Tumoren zu erkennen und bestätigen damit deren Oligodendrogliom-Komponente. Außerdem fand man regelmäßig in allen Tumoren eine Zunahme der Größe und Zahl der Mitochondrien, reichlich intrazytoplasmatische Strukturen und Mikrotubuli. Auch Zellen mit zytoplasmatischen Filamenten waren vorhanden, die als reaktive Astrocyten oder als oligodendrogliale Tumorzellen angesehen wurden. Daher scheinen weder zytoplasmatische Filamente noch Mikrotubuli ein spezifisches morphologisches Kriterium für Oligodendroglia oder Astrocyten zu sein. Das Überwiegen einer dieser beiden Strukturen erlaubt jedoch eine zytogenetische Zuordnung. Die zytologischen Charakteristika sind zwar keine spezifischen morphologischen Kriterien; die Feststellung ihrer Anwesenheit gibt jedoch wichtige diagnostische Informationen.
    Notes: Summary Seven Oligodendrogliomas (2 with uniform cell type, 4 with cellular or tissue variability, and 1 with glioblastomatous changes) were examined ultrastructurally. The tumor cells were of two principal types with morphologic transitions between the two main types. The two principal cell types were identified as type 1 (undifferentiated) and type 2 (differentiated) on the basis of the number of anaplastic cells in an individual tumor and on the observations of Mori and Leblond (21) on non-neoplastic oligodendrocytes. Most of the tumor cells in all tumors exhibited similar histologic and ultrastructural characteristics including their arrangement and their tendency to form cytoplasmic processes which sometimes formed short stacks. These features were also recognizable in the glioblastomatous example and confirmed the presence of an oligodendroglial component. In addition to these characteristics, an increase in size and number of mitochondria, abundant intracytoplasmic structures, microtubules were regularly present in virtually all tumor cells. Cells rich in cytoplasmic filaments were present. These were identified as reactive astrocytes or as oligodendroglial tumor cells. Thus neither cytoplasmic filaments nor microtubules appear to be specific morphological markers for oligodendroglia or astrocytes; only the predominance of one of these structures permits cytogenetic identifications. The cytologic characteristics are not specific morphologic markers; however, recognition of their presence provides important diagnostic information.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01787229
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of differentiating preameloblasts from tooth germs of the permanent dentition ofMacaca mulatta andMacaca arctoides (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 603-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Preameloblasts ; Tooth germs ; Monkey ; Enamel ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cytodifferentiation of inner enamel epithelium and the adjacent connective tissue from the tip of the cervical loop to the initiation of enamel elaboration in twoMacaca species was examined. Ten- to twelve-month-old specimens were fixed by perfusion and the permanent tooth buds were prepared for transmission electron microscopy. At the cervical loop proper, inner enamel epithelium cells have lobed nuclei, a paucity of cytoplasm, and wide extracellular spaces; the basal lamina facing the dental papilla is straight. With increasing distance from the tip of the cervical loop, the following changes occur gradually: (a) preameloblasts elongate from 15 to 45 µm, and their organelles, particularly mitochondria and profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, become more numerous; (b) extracellular spaces decrease between preameloblasts starting at the basal (infranuclear) end; (c) the basement membrane becomes convoluted and associated with aperiodic fibers; (d) preodontoblast projections penetrate the aperiodic fibers; (e) collagen fibers subjacent to the basement membrane increase in density, with particularly thick fibers paralleling the aperiodic fibers. These modifications occur within three-fourths of the distance from the tip of the cervical loop to the mineralization front. The condensation of preodontoblasts is followed immediately by predentin synthesis. Concomitantly, the basement membrane breaks down and the aperiodic fibers are engulfed by preameloblasts. Preameloblast projections penetrate junctional predentin, contact mineralized dentin, and enamel synthesis ensues. At this stage the ameloblast is 45 µm long, the nucleus is central or basal, the Golgi apparatus has migrated apically, but the Tomes' process has not yet formed. The results indicate that odontogenesis inMacaca monkeys more closely resembles human odontogenesis than does that in the murine rodents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409498
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemischer und mikromorphologischer Nachweis von Lipiden in der Dünndarmschleimhaut von Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 59 (1981), S. 561-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Lipids ; Intestinal mucosa ; Diabetes mellitus ; Biochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Lipide ; Dünndarmschleimhaut ; Diabetes mellitus ; Biochemie ; Ultrastruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hyperlipidämien sind ein häufiger Befund bei Diabetes mellitus. Da neben der Leber auch die Dünndarmmukosa endogene Lipoproteine synthetisiert, war es von Interesse, bei 11 Erwachsenen mit juvenilem Diabetes und bei 7 Patienten mit Altersdiabetes den Lipidgehalt der Dünndarmmukosa zu bestimmen. Als Kontrolle dienten 11 nicht diabetische Patienten. Nach einer Nüchternperiode von 12–14 h erfolgte zunächst eine Blutabnahme zur Bestimmung von Nüchternblutzucker, Serumlipiden und glykosyliertem Hämoglobin AI, daraufhin wurden mittels einer hydraulischen Biopsiesonde oder endoskopisch mehrere Dünndarmbiopsien entnommen und zur biochemischen, histochemischen und elektronenoptischen Auswertung entsprechend aufgearbeitet. Biochemisch unterschieden sich die Patienten mit juvenilem und mit Altersdiabetes weder hinsichtlich der Serumlipidwerte noch der intestinalen Lipidkonzentrationen von den Kontrollpersonen. Auffallend war allerdings, daß Patienten mit Altersdiabetes eine signifikant höhere intestinale Triglyzeridkonzentration aufwiesen, als Patienten mit juvenilem Diabetes (p〈0,005). Nüchternblutzucker und Hämoglobin AI waren bei beiden Patientengruppen mäßig erhöht. Histochemisch waren sowohl bei den Patienten als auch bei den Kontrollpersonen Lipidpartikel in der Mukosa nachweisbar, allerdings mit großen individuellen Unterschieden. Elektronenoptisch unterschieden sich die Patienten mit Altersdiabetes nicht von den Kontrollen. Nur einer der Patienten mit juvenilem Diabetes zeigte gehäufte Lipidpartikel in den Zisternen des Golgi-Apparates. Somit konnte weder biochemisch, histochemisch, noch elektronenoptisch eine abnorme Lipidakkumulation in der Dünndarmschleimhaut von Patienten mit gut kontrolliertem Diabetes mellitus festgestellt werden.
    Notes: Summary Hyperlipemia is a frequent finding in diabetes mellitus. As not only the liver, but intestinal mucosa as well synthesizes endogenous lipoproteins, we have investigated the small intestinal mucosal lipid content in 11 adult patients with juvenile onset diabetes and in 7 patients with maturity onset diabetes. Eleven non-diabetic patients served as controls. After a fasting period of 12–14 h blood was drawn for determination of glucose, lipids and glycosylated hemoglobin AI. Then several small bowel biopsies were performed by an hydraulic multiple biopsy tube or endoscopically and the specimens were processed immediately for further biochemical, histochemical and electronmicroscopical workup. Patients with juvenile and with maturity onset diabetes did not differ from controls with regard to serum lipids and to intestinal mucosal lipids determined biochemically. Surprisingly, patients with maturity onset diabetes exhibited a significantly (p〈0,005) higher concentration of intestinal mucosal triglycerides than patients with juvenile onset diabetes. Fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin AI levels were slightly elevated in both groups of diabetic patients. Histochemically lipid particles were demonstrable in intestinal mucosa of diabetics and of controls with equal variability. The electronmicroscopical appearance of intestinal mucosa did not differ between diabetic patients and controls. Only in one patient with juvenile onset diabetes an accumulation of lipid particles within the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus was observed. In conclusion, neither biochemically, nor histochemically, nor electronmicroscopically an abnormal accumulation of lipids could be found in the small intestinal mucosa of patients with well controlled diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01716457
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meningeal granulocytic sarcoma without evidence of leukemia (1981)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 392 (1981), S. 111-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Granulocytic sarcoma ; Chloroma ; Meningeal sarcoma ; Ultrastructure ; Myelogenous leukemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An unusual case of meningeal granulocytic sarcoma without evidence of Leukemia is presented. The patient, a 40 year old female, presented with a chronic subdural haematoma. Three months later a large meningeal tumor was discovered adjacent to the previous haematoma and was found to be a granulocytic sarcoma by the use of electron microscopy. The tumor was treated by surgical excision followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The patient remains free of symptoms and without evidence of leukemia in the peripheral blood or bone marrow 9 months after the diagnosis was established. The ultrastructural findings in the tumor and diagnostic difficulties often encountered are emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430554
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Granularkörpermyopathie (sog. Reducing Body Myopathy) (1981)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 392 (1981), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Reducing body myopathy ; Classification ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die sog. reducing body myopathy, eine sehr seltene progressive muskuläre Krankheit, zeigt neben einer unspezifischen herdförmigen Muskelfaserdegeneration als typisches morphologisches Merkmal Muskelfasereinschlüsse, die reduzierende Eigenschaften aufweisen. Die nosologische Einordnung des Krankheitsbildes blieb bisher ungeklärt. Es wird über ein 15 Jahre altes Mädchen mit einer zunehmenden allgemeinen Muskelschwäche und Muskelatrophie berichtet, bei dem in der Muskelbiopsie neben unterschiedlichen regressiven Veränderungen zahlreiche Fasereinschlüsse beobachtet wurden, die u.a. in der Lage sind, ohne Substrat Tetrazoliumsalze in Gegenwart von Menadione zu reduzieren. Feinstrukturell sind diese Einschlüsse aus Granula von 12–16 nm Durchmesser zusammengesetzt. Eine Schwester der Erkrankten leidet seit vielen Jahren an einer klinisch und morphologisch gleichartigen Krankheit. Die sog. reducing body myopathy muß daher in die Gruppe der congenitalen Myopathien mit strukturellen Besonderheiten eingeordnet werden. Nachdem darüber hinaus bei anderen Muskelkrankheiten ebenfalls Fasereinschlüsse mit reduzierenden Eigenschaften vorkommen können, die jedoch in ihren übrigen strukturellen und histochemischen Eigenschaften keine Übereinstimmung mit den bei der sog. reducing body myopathy nachweisbaren Inclusionen besitzen, sollte das Krankheitsbild nach seinem führenden morphologischen Merkmal, den offenbar nur hier vorkommenden granulären Fasereinschlüssen, benannt werden. Es wird vorgeschlagen, die sog. reducing body myopathy als Granularkörpermyopathie zu bezeichnen.
    Notes: Summary Reducing body myopathy is a very rare progressive muscular disease. Apart from a non-specific circumscribed muscle fiber degeneration it displays muscle fiber inclusions which have reducing properties as a typical morphological feature. The nosological classification of the disease is not settled. A case in a 15 years old girl is reported. She suffered from a progressive muscular weakness and atrophy and in a muscle biopsy regressive changes were obvious. Furthermore, multiple eosinophilic muscle fiber inclusions were also observed, which exhibited reducing properties. They consist of electron dense granules with a diameter of 12–16 nm. Since a sister of the patient has suffered for many years from a clinically and morphologically similar muscle disease, reducing body myopathy apparently belongs to the group of congenital myopathies with structural abnormalities. Muscle fiber inclusions with reducing properties also occur in another myopathy, in which they structural and histochemical differ widely from those found in reducing body myopathy. The reducing body myopathy is better named after its typical morphological property, the granular inclusions. It is proposed to name it “granular body myopathy”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430552
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural changes of bone marrow in canine cyclic hematopoiesis (CH dog) (1981)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 390 (1981), S. 93-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cyclic hematopoiesis ; Bone marrow ; Ultrastructure ; Nuclearcytoplasmic asynchrony ; Döhle-like bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pathogenesis of cyclic hematopoiesis (CH) in the grey collie dog is still unknown. It has been proposed that periodic bursts of necrosis of the bone marrow neutrophils would induce cyclic arrests of the stem cell differentiation. In the present study, the sequential changes undergone by the erythroid and neutrophil series of the bone marrow of CH dogs were evaluated by electron microscopy. Erythroid cells presented quantitative periodic oscillations but the morphologic features of both immature and mature cells were normal. On the contrary, nonspecific necrotic changes were observed to occur in the myeloid series. Those abnormalities, which were more marked between days 9 and 11 of the cycle, mainly involved the immature cells and, to a lesser extent, the mature neutrophils. The number of necrotic cells was variable in different cycles, but always represented a small portion of the myeloid cells. In addition, few bone marrow macrophages displayed signs of phagocytic activity containing cell debris. The ultrastructural changes of the myeloid series were accompanied by an abnormal decrease of peroxidase activity and the permanence of large acid phosphatase-positive Golgi complexes in mature neutrophils, as defined by morphologic criteria. Döhle-like arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum were present in many cells. Our findings suggest that an asynchronic development of myelocytes occurs as a result of regulatory abnormalities related to the congenital defect of the bone marrow which interferes with the differentiation and maturation of the stem cells. Necrosis in some myeloid cells would be a secondary phenomenon rather than a causal factor for the cyclic arrest of cell maturation as has been previously submitted. Furthermore, the small size of the necrotic cell population could not justify the production of “inhibitors” in sufficient amounts as to block the normal evolution of the bone marrow stem cell pool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00443900
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the normal human aortic media (1981)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 392 (1981), S. 199-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Aortic media ; Human ; Ultrastructure ; Elastin ; Smooth muscle cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural organization of the adult human aortic media was studied utilizing aortic biopsies from 14 patients, ranging in age from 28 to 67, who underwent cardiac surgery. Apart from solid elastic elements the tissue spaces contained a vast amount of ill-defined thin streaks of elasin, an observation much facilitated by utilizing a selective elastin staining technique. In favorable sections, these streaks were found to be continuous with the solid elastic laminae. Furthermore, most medial smooth muscle cells were in close contact with the thin streaks, but almost none directly with the elastic laminae. The smooth muscle cells had also virtually no connection with collagen fibers. These observations are in contrast with the organization of elastin and with cell-to-stroma connections in the more extensively studied rodent and porcine aortas; they bring into question the role of the smooth muscle cells in the regulation of the viscoelastic properties of the human aortic wall. Other findings were: large number of nexuses connecting the smooth muscle cells, a very small degree of smooth muscle cell degeneration, and the presence of flocculent, fine-granular material investing all formed elements, but especially associated with the thin streaks of elastin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430821
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Morphologie und Diagnostik des Zellweger Syndroms (1981)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 393 (1981), S. 103-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger-) syndrome ; Morphological diagnosis ; Ultrastructure ; Peroxisomes ; Autopsy ; Catalase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A female newborn, the second child of healthy non consanguineous parents, exhibited muscular hypotonia, areflexia, apathy, seizures, hepatomegaly and failure to thrive since birth. The peculiar skull shape was lacking. In the urine pipecolic acid and trihydroxycoprostanoic acid were excreted. At the age of seven weeks she died of bronchopneumonia. Lightmicroscopy revealed malformations and deficiency of myelinisation in the brain, renal cysts and fatty metamorphosis in the enlarged liver, which showed only minimal siderosis. Ultrastructurally no peroxisomes could be found in liver and kidney. No peroxisomes were detected by histochemical demonstration of catalase in frozen liver tissue which was taken immediately after death and stored for three months. Absence of peroxisomes is pathognomonic for the cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger and occurs in the liver irrespective of duration and degree of liver damage. It is best demonstrated by enzymehistochemical electron microscopy. With this method peroxisomes can be visualized even 30 h post mortem. In deep frozen normal liver tissue the activity of catalase remains very stable and enables the identification of peroxisomes even after a 12 months period of storage. In the cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome of Zellweger, frozen liver tissue should be stored for biochemical and diagnostic enzymehistochemical studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430874
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of fetal stem arteries of human placenta in normal pregnancy (1981)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 393 (1981), S. 133-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Term, normal human placenta ; Fetal arteries ; Ultrastructure ; Specialized processes of smooth muscle cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fetal stem arteries of the 3rd order of 50 normal placentas obtained at term of unevenful pregnancies were examined by transmission electron microscopy with the aim at providing a base-line information for the assessment of similar arteries in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The results showed that the endothelial cells often protruded with a considerable portion of their cellular body into the lumen, and that the intercellular junctions between the neighbouring cells were confined largely to their short basal segments. Numerous myoepithelial junctions were formed between the processes of the endothelial cells and those extending from the smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the adjacent medial layer. At times the “participating” processes of the SMC were entirely enclosed within the endothelial body. Collagen fibrils increased in number between the SMC and the interstitium broadened progressively from the inner to the outer arterial layers. Small cellular processes devoided of a basement membrane and of most cytoplasmic organelles were numerous in the interstitium; these were traced to the main bodies of the medial SMC. It is postulated that the “naked” SMC-processes are susceptible to injury of a nature much more subtle than that affecting the main body of the SMC, since these processes were often swollen and appeared edematous in an otherwise innocuous mural environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431070
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary adenocarcinomas of the human urinary bladder: Histochemical, immunological and ultrastructural studies (1981)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 393 (1981), S. 165-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Urinary bladder adenocarcinomas ; ABH isoantigens ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissue specimens from ten patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder were examined. Most of these tumors were associated with either foci of transitional cell carcinoma and/or with glandular metaplasia of the bladder epithelium. The mucin produced by the neoplastic cells was PAS, alcian blue, mucicarmine, PB/KOH/PAS, and RPB/KOH/PAS-positive. ABH isoantigens of these tumors were not always deleted. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells resembled goblet cells. Their plasma membrane had numerous microvilli with prominent glycocalyx. Proliferation and attenuation of tight junctions were noted. The gap junctions were few and small. Two types of desmosomes were found. The ultrastructural features of the neoplastic cells were attributed in part to the malignant transformation and in part to the direction of their differentiation. We have not observed any distinctive morphologic, histochemical, immunologic or ultrastructural features that might be diagnostic for these adenocarcinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431074
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina and cervix uteri (1981)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 393 (1981), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Malignant melanoma of the vagina ; Malignant melanoma of the cervix ; Malignant melanoma ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report concerns a very rare case of primary malignant melanoma involving the vagina and cervix uteri occurring in a 45-year-old woman. The clinical, light-microscopic and ultrastructural findings are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431080
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the lung (1981)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 394 (1981), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma ; Sarcoma ; The lung ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the lung is reported. The tumour margin was well circumscribed, showing an expanding border and no capsule. The main part of the tumour was composed of spindle-shaped fibroblast-like cells arranged in broad fascicles with a partially storiform pattern. Other parts of the tumour were arranged in a haphazard pattern, containing many mononucleated and multinucleated giant cells. Ultrastructurally six differnt cell types were encountered. The dominant type was a fibroblast-like cell; also present were many giant cells and some histiocyte-like cells, together with their intermediate forms, and few undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. We consider this tumour to have developed from the peribronchial connective tissue; it has the same cellular composition as the malignant counterpart arising in soft tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431675
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