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  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (453)
  • 1988  (453)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (332)
  • pharmacokinetics  (121)
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Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (453)
Year
  • 101
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: quazepam ; metabolites ; reversed phase ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; solid-phase extraction ; plasma ; sublingual ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A reverse-phase liquid chromatographic method is described for simultaneous quantification of quazepam, and two of its metabolites, 2-oxoquazepam and N-desalkyl-2-oxoquazepam. The method uses a solid-phase extraction procedure to prepare plasma samples. After extraction, the methanolic extract is evaporated; the residue is then reconstituted in a small volume of mobile phase and chromatographed. The total chromatography time for a single sample is about 20 min. A sensitivity of 1 ng/ml for quazepam and its metabolites is attained when 1 ml of plasma is extracted. Analytical recovery of quazepam and its metabolites added to plasma ranged from 87 to 96%. The maximum within-day and day-to-day coefficients of variation for each compound at concentrations of 20 and 60 ng/ml were 7.6 and 11.2%, respectively. The method was applied to sublingual pharmacokinetic studies of quazepam in healthy volunteers.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: methylprednisolone phosphate ; methylprednisolone hemisuccinate ; pharmacokinetics ; saliva analysis ; endogenous hydrocortisone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone and two methylprednisolone esters, the phosphate and the hemisuccinate, were investigated after intravenous administration of the esters to 12 healthy male subjects in two different doses (250 and 1000 mg). Methylprednisolone was formed more rapidly from phosphate than from hemisuccinate. During the first 30 min methylprednisolone levels were three to four times higher after phosphate administration than after hemisuccinate. The mean residence time of the hemisuccinate was significantly longer and the total-body clearance lower than those of the phosphate. Whereas very little of the phosphate (mean, 1.7%) was eliminated unchanged into the urine, there were significant amounts of hemisuccinate (mean, 14.7%) excreted renally and therefore not bioavailable. Methylprednisolone saliva levels paralleled plasma levels; the average saliva/plasma ratio was 0.22. Neither phosphate nor hemisuccinate could be detected in saliva. An average of 7.2% of the administered dose was eliminated in the form of methylprednisolone in urine. Renal clearance was 24 ml/min and not dose or prodrug dependent. For both doses endogenous hydrocortisone levels were lowered after 24 hr. For the 1000-mg dose the depression was still significant after 48 hr. The results indicate that methylprednisolone phosphate results in a faster and more efficient conversion to its active form, methylprednisolone, than methylprednisolone hemisuccinate.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 628-633 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: cimetidine ; cerebrospinal fluid ; clearance ; choroid plexus ; pharmacokinetics ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major goal of this study was to develop a small animal model that could be used to assess quantitatively the clearance of cimetidine from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) under relatively physiologic conditions. In addition, we addressed questions related to the pathways involved in the elimination of cimetidine from the CSF. We administered high and low bolus doses of cimetidine together with inulin, as a marker of bulk flow, into the lateral ventricle of anesthetized rats and sampled CSF from the cisterna magna. Principles of linear pharmacokinetic systems were applied to the data to obtain clearances from the CSF. The clearance of inulin was 2.02 ± 0.22 µl/min, which is in excellent agreement with the CSF production rate of 2.2 µl/min in anesthetized rats. The clearance of cimetidine from the CSF following the administration of a low dose was 11.8 ± 3.1 µl/min, which is in good agreement with the cimetidine CSF clearance in the rat obtained previously in studies using the technique of ventriculocisternal perfusion. A 32% decrease in the CSF clearance of cimetidine (P 〈 0.05) was observed when the high dose was administered, suggesting that CSF elimination is saturable. The clearance of inulin was unaffected by the high dose of cimetidine. This study demonstrates that the technique of lateral ventricle injection and sampling from the cisterna magna is useful in quantitatively assessing the elimination of compounds from the CSF in the rat under relatively physiologic conditions.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ; liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis ; pharmacokinetics ; renal failure ; mongrel dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed for the determination of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in serum or plasma. Plasma DEHP concentrations that were measured by HPLC in specimens obtained from hemodialysis patients were in good agreement with corresponding concentrations that were measured by gas chromatography with selected ion monitoring (GC-SIM) (r 2 = 0.996). Plasma DEHP concentrations were measured after intravenous DEHP administration (1.2–4.4 mg DEHP/kg body weight) to determine the effect of bilateral ureteral ligation on DEHP elimination in the mongrel dog. DEHP plasma clearance (∼6.3 ml/min/kg), steady-state distribution volume (∼0.2l/kg), and terminal half-life (∼50 min) were unchanged in two dogs following bilateral ureteral ligation. DEHP terminal half-life and steady-state distribution volume were substantially smaller (25- to 70-fold) than reported previously in the rat or dog.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: mean residence time ; moment analysis ; pharmacokinetics ; Michaelis–Menten elimination ; compartmental models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Equations for the mean residence time (MRT) of drug in the body and related functions are derived for drugs which are intravenously administered into a one- or two-compartment system with Michaelis–Menten elimination. This MRT is a function of the steady-state volume of distribution and time-average clearance obtained from the dose and area under the curve (dose/AUC). The differences between the MRT calculated by the proposed method and by using the moment theory method (AUMC/AUC) are demonstrated both mathematically and by computer simulations. The validity of the proposed method for calculation of MRT and its relationship to the moment theory result have also been assessed by examining the percentage of the administered dose eliminated and the percentage of the total area attained at MRT and at AUMC/AUC in relation to the dose. The equations evolved should be helpful in clarifying residence time derivations and in defining the disposition characteristics and differences between linear and nonlinear systems. Direct methods are provided for calculation of Michaelis–Menten parameters based on the relationship between MRT and dose.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: capillary gas chromatography ; analysis ; stability ; pharmacokinetics ; carmustine ; lomustine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An expedient, rapid, and sensitive capillary gas chromatographic method for the analysis of l,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) or l-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-l-nitrosourea (CCNU) in plasma is described. Separation of the underivatized nitrosourea compounds was performed on a 0.33-mm-i.d., 25-m fused-silica, SE-30 capillary column, and detection was carried out using a thermionic N–P-specific detector. The compounds were extracted from plasma with benzene with a yield of 〉87%. The assay was linear in the ranges of 0.001 to 0.5 and 0.5 to 25 µg/ml for CCNU or 0.003 to 0.50 and 0.5 to 25 µg/ml for BCNU, with correlation coefficients from 0.9914 to 0.9999 and coefficients of variation (CV) of 〈3.3%. Other antineoplastic agents did not interfere in the assay. The method was employed to study the pharmacokinetics of BCNU in rabbits. The plasma concentration-time curves were fit to a two-compartment model with a mean (SE) α, β, and total-body clearance of 2.898 (0.913) hr−1, 0.1228 (0.0179) hr−1, and 7.211 (2.862) liters/hr · kg, respectively. Further, the stability of BCNU and CCNU in solution was examined at different temperatures. Both compounds were stable in benzene or acetone (4 to 37°C) but labile in plasma even if refrigerated. The apparent rate constants for degradation of BCNU and CCNU were 0.09921 and 0.02853 hr−1 at 4°C and 5.998 and 2.553 hr−1 at 37°C, respectively.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 437-439 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: antipyrine ; dextromethorphan ; drug metabolism ; enzyme induction ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Numerous agents that undergo extensive first-pass metabolism have been shown to inhibit oxidative drug metabolism. To examine whether this effect is related to the chemical structure or pharmacokinetic characteristics of the inhibiting agent, we determined the effect of dextromethorphan (a compound which exhibits pharmacokinetic similarities to, but is chemically dissimilar from, previously studied agents) on the disposition of antipyrine. A single oral dose of dextromethorphan hydrobromide, 100 mg/kg, 1 hr prior to antipyrine administration had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of this model substrate. The administration of dextromethorphan at the same dose twice daily for 3 days and an additional dose 1 hr prior to antipyrine administration resulted in a 33% increase in the clearance of antipyrine. These data indicate that dextromethorphan is capable of inducing hepatic microsomal enzymes. Studies are needed to determine if this effect also occurs upon chronic administration in humans. These data suggest that the pharmacokinetic characteristic of extensive first-pass metabolism is not necessarily associated with inhibition of drug metabolism.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: quantitative structure–activity analysis (QSAR) ; topological approach ; benzodiazepines ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The graph theoretical indices for a series of 13 benzodiazepines were calculated using a graph-path topological method. The total molecule, the ring fragments, and combinations of ring fragments were subjected to a quantitative structure–activity analysis using eight pharmacokinetic parameters. The metabolic clearance and the blood-to-plasma concentration ratios were most highly correlated with the graph theoretical indices, with R values of 0.975 and 0.938, respectively. These correlations were found when the diazepine + benzo fragment and phenyl fragment were used to calculate the graph-path indices. Terminal disposition half-life was correlated with the benzo + diazepine fragment, with R = 0.969. Truncating the graph-path codes by eliminating cycles in the total molecule markedly improved the correlation coefficients. When compared to the graph-path indices for the total molecule, the correlation coefficients for the terminal disposition half-life and metabolic clearance data rose from 0.721 to 0.935 and from 0.770 to 0.968, respectively, using the graph-path indices of the truncated molecule. Intrinsic clearance of unbound drug also was poorly correlated with the total molecule (r 〈 0.7) but rose significantly using the graph-path indices of the truncated moleucle (r = 0.971 and 0.975 for the well-stirred and parallel-tube models, respectively.)
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 106 (1988), S. 1104-1107 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: nootropic drugs ; pharmacokinetics ; behavior ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; 6-mercaptopurine ; targeted drug delivery ; renal transplantation ; intraarterial infusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We developed a canine renal allograft model utilizing implantable infusion pumps and biocompatible catheters to investigate the pharmacokinetics of local immunosuppressive drug administration. Seven mongrel dogs underwent bilateral nephrectomy and autotransplantation of one kidney to the iliac vessels. The proximal end of an infusion catheter directed into the iliac artery was tunneled to a subcutaneously placed programmable pump. A second, sampling catheter was placed with its tip in the iliac vein. Simultaneous regional (iliac vein) and systemic (jugular vein) venous concentrations of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), the immunosuppressive metabolite of azathioprine, were determined during a continuous 24-h intraarterial infusion (10 mg/kg/24 hr). The gradient between regional and systemic 6-MP concentrations was maximal initially when the pump was turned on, continuously decreased until steady state was reached, and disappeared immediately after the pump was turned off. The mean ratio of steady-state iliac vein to systemic 6-MP concentrations was 5.0 ± 1.4, demonstrating a pharmacokinetic advantage of continuous intraarterial 6-MP infusion to the autotransplanted kidney. The novel canine renal allograft model described herein overcomes the technical limitations of earlier models and represents a foundational step in the design of intrarenal infusion patterns of immunosuppressive agents which we expect to prolong survival of the allotransplanted kidney with minimal systemic drug exposure and side effects.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 718-721 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: hydromorphone ; intranasal ; transdermal ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydromorphone following various routes of administration, i.e., intravenous, oral, intranasal, and transdermal, were investigated in rabbits. Hydromorphone plasma concentrations were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HLPC). Comparison of area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) between intravenous and oral administrations showed a low bioavailability of hydromorphone after oral administration. The nasal absorption of hydromorphone was studied by the in situ nasal recirculation technique, and the results showed that hydromorphone is well absorbed from the nasal mucosa. The transdermal permeation of hydromorphone was also evaluated for 24 hr and a steady-state plasma concentration (0.135 µg/ml) was achieved during the 6- to 24-hr periods following the application of a transdermal patch on the inner pinna of the rabbit's ear.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: methemoglobin ; cyanide antidote ; cyanide poisoning ; pharmacokinetics ; rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the administration of methemoglobin (MetHb) prepared in vitro were evaluated in Sprague–Dawley rats given increasing doses of potassium cyanide (KCN). Median lethal dose (LD50) studies were conducted by giving intraperitoneal injections of KCN (in 0.3- to 0.5-ml volumes), then 2 min later administering intravenous (iv) doses of 1000, 1500, or 2500 mg/kg of MetHb through the tail vein. Control rats received an equivalent volume of saline. The resulting LD50 values for KCN were 7.4 ± 1.1, 11.7 ± 1.1, 13.9 ± 1.0, and 14.2 ± 1.0 mg/kg (mean ± SD) for the control (no MetHb) and 1000-, 1500-, and 2500-mg/kg dose groups, respectively. Additional groups of rats were given 1000, 1500, or 2500 mg/kg MetHb and submitted for necropsy. The gross finding of darkened kidneys was present in both dose groups, but became consistent and more prominent in the 2500-mg/kg dose group. Evidence of pathologic changes was not present in other organs. Single-dose pharmacokinetic studies were conducted using iv doses of 1600 and 2500 mg/kg MetHb. The elimination half-life was similar in both doses (62.6 min), but the volume of distribution (95.3 ± 7.2 and 126.3 ± 5.2 ml/kg, mean ± SE) and clearance (1.1 ± 0.1 and 1.5 ± 0.1 ml/min/kg) were significantly different (P 〈 0.05) for the 1600-and 2500-mg/kg dose groups, respectively. From these data we conclude that although MetHb is cleared from the vascular system rapidly, it may be an effective and nontoxic antidote for doses of cyanide up to twice that of the control LD50.
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  • 113
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: mean residence time ; pharmacokinetics ; Michaelis-Menten elimination ; one-compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 114
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: disopyramide ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma proteins ; stereoisomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 72 (1988), S. 259-266 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Anti-epileptic drugs ; pharmacokinetics ; EEG ; photosensitivity ; drug interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In phase 1 evaluation of potential anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), insufficient attention has perhaps been directed to the transition from single, and multi-dose studies in normal volunteers to clinical trials of some weeks duration in patients. Acute single dose studies in epileptic patients already receiving AEDs may reduce avoidable errors in early controlled trials. Acute single dose studies provide the opportunity of obtaining some preliminary evidence of efficacy by observing the effects of the drug on quantified epileptiform EEG discharges, both those occurring spontaneously in long term telemetric recordings and those elicited by standardised photic stimulation in susceptible subjects. The pharmacokinetics of the new drug may be profoundly influenced by the comedication (as illustrated by lamotrigine, the half life of which varies by a factor of 10 depending on comedication). Conversely, the new drug may so influence metabolism of the comedication that the results of add-on trials may be virtually uninterpretable, unless steps are taken to maintain blood levels of the other AEDs. A method of addressing this problem is illustrated in the case of an imidazole, R 57720. Adverse experiences may also occur more readily when a new drug is added to comedication than when it is given to normal volunteers and these problems in chronic trials can be anticipated from acute studies.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: leptomeningeal tumor ; intrathecal chemotherapy ; ACNU ; nitrosourea ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pharmacokinetics, toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of intrathecal ACNU, 3-((4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, were studied in rats to determine if it is a new and effective method for the treatment of malignant leptomeningeal tumors. Pharmacokinetics of intracisternally administered ACNU was studied by macroscopial autoradiography using 14C-labeled ACNU. It was demonstrated that intracisternally administered ACNU distributed in the subarachnoid space and subpial layer of the brain in high concentration and was rapidly eliminated into the systemic circulation. The diffusional transport of ACNU into the deeper part of the brain was limited. More than 3.0 mg/kg of intracisternal ACNU induced progressive loss of the weight of body in normal rats, and 80% of the rat given 6.0 mg/kg died. Increase of capillary permeability, neuronal loss and gliosis were observed in the marginal layer of the brain facing to the subarachnoid space in the rat given more than 3.0 mg/kg of ACNU. Systemic and local toxicity was not observed in the rat given less than 1.5 mg/kg. Therapeutic effect of intrathecal ACNU against leptomeningeal tumors was evaluated in the rat with meningeal carcinomatosis induced by intracisternal inoculation of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells. The median survival time of the rat treated with 1.5 mg/kg of intracisternal ACNU once on day 2 or on day 5 after tumor inoculation was significantly prolonged by 173%, and 214% at maximum, respectively, as compared with that of the untreated animal. These findings suggest that intrathecal ACNU may be of value for clinical trial against leptomeningeal tumors.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Parkinson disease ; levodopa ; pharmacokinetics ; on-off phenomenon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario I principali parametri farmacocinetici periferici della associazione levodopa/carbidopa sono stati studiati in 11 volontari sani ed in 16 pazienti affetti da morbo di Parkinson in differenti stadi di malattia, con e senza fluttuazioni delle performances motorie. Dopo somministrazione per via orale di una dose standard del farmaco (levodopa 250 mg., carbidopa 25 mg.), i valori della concentrazione plasmatica massima, del tempo di comparsa del picco e dell'area sotto la curva concentrazione/tempo sono risultati simili in tutti i gruppi esaminati. La farmacocinetica periferica dell'associazione levodopa/carbidopa non è risultata essere differente nei parkinsoniani che presentavano delle fluttuazioni delle performances motorie in confronto ai pazienti con stabile risposta clinica alla terapia.
    Notes: Abstract The principal peripheral pharmacokinetic parameters of the levodopa/carbidopa association were investigated in 11 healthy volunteers and in 16 patients at various stages of Parkinson disease, with and without the on-off phenomenon. After oral administration of a standard dose of drug (levodopa 250 mg + carbidopa 25 mg) the peak plasma concentrations, peak onset time and area under the curve/time proved to be similar across the groups. There was no difference in peripheral pharmacokinetics of the association between parkinsonian patients with swings in response and those without.
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 16 (1988), S. 331-353 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: Cyclosporin A ; pharmacokinetics ; dose dependency ; oral absorption ; disposition ; healthy subjects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of Cyclosporin A (CyA, SandimmuneR) was studied in 12 healthy male volunteers after oral dosing of 350 mg, 700 mg, and 1400 mg as a drinking solution. Blood samples were collected over 96 hr and analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. Concentration data were evaluated with model-independent and model-based linear pharmacokinetic concepts. Individual CyA concentration-time profiles in whole blood were well described by a two-compartment open model with zero-order absorption for all three doses. Comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters across doses indicates that both absorption and disposition are dose-dependent. Nonlinear disposition is suggested by the significant increase of the terminal half-life from 8.9±4.9hr to 11.9±4.9hr (mean±SD) after a 350 mg and a 1400 mg dose, respectively. Changes in the metabolic activity of the liver with concentration might be responsible for this phenomenon. In addition, the modeling approach indicated that bioavailability decreases with increasing dose. Moreover, the dependence of the rate of CyA absorption (zero-order rate constant) versus dose was well described by a hyperbola. The limited solubility of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract might be responsible for this behavior. The lag time (0.2–0.8 hr) was independent of dose. This value is similar to the time of gastric emptying in fasting volunteers. The duration of absorption for 11 of 12 subjects was in the range 2.5–3.5 hr over all doses and agrees well with the small intestine transit time. Some subjects showed a marked secondary peak at one or two doses, which could be adequately fitted by a model with two successive zero-order inputs. This double-peak behavior was ascribed to the influence of the food on gastric emptying. Dose dependency of disposition and absorption counterbalance each other in the usual dose range. This leads to an almost proportional increase of area under the blood CyA concentration-time profile with increasing dose.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; mass balance ; regional distribution ; regional elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mass balance principles were used to derive a number of terms that are helpful in describing the rate and extent of regional drug uptake. Regional drug uptake was defined as the net movement of drug from the blood perfusing a region into the extravascular space of the region due to the distribution and/or elimination of the drug. By analogy with the traditional physiological definition of flux, net drug flux was defined as the difference in mass per unit time of drug respectively entering and leaving a region via the arterial and venous blood vessels. The timeintegral of net drug flux, net drug mass, was defined as the mass of drug that has entered a region via the arterial blood vessels but has not left the region via the venous blood vessels. For regions in which no drug elimination occurs, the mean regional drug concentration was defined as the net drug mass divided by the mass of the region. When a number of criteria are satisfied, the net drug flux is approximately the rate of drug uptake and the net drug mass is approximately the extent of drug uptake. Several examples are given to demonstrate the broad range of applications of mass balance principles. First, the method was used to characterize the differences between drug distribution and elimination in a hypothetical region using drug concentrations simulated from compartmental models of either distribution alone or distribution with elimination. Second, the whole body distribution net flux was described during a constant rate infusion of iodohippurate (IOH) into a sheep from the difference between the whole body net flux and renal net flux of IOH. Third, the time course of the mean myocardial lignocaine (lidocaine) concentrations in a sheep after an intravenous bolus of lignocaine were described. The time course of the lignocaine-induced depression of myocardial contractility followed more closely the mean myocardial lignocaine concentrations than that of either the arterial or coronary sinus blood concentrations. It is concluded that the use of mass balance principles provides a simple, empirical, and physiologically based method for the determination of the rate and extent of both drug distribution and elimination in regions as simple as single organs or as complex as the whole body.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: lignocaine ; procainamide ; pharmacokinetics ; mass balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mass balance principles were used to describe the uptake and elution of lignocaine (lidocaine) and procainamide in the hindquarters of the sheep. Each of four sheep received a right atrial infusion of either lignocaine · HCl (2.7 mg/min) or procainamide · HCl (5.5mg/min) for 180 min. Paired arterial and inferior vena cava (draining the hindquarters) blood samples were taken at 20-min intervals during the infusion and for 180 min after the infusion. Lignocaine and procainamide mean total body clearances were 2.9 L/min (SD 1.1) and 1.3 L/min (SD 0.2), respectively. An index of the uptake and elution of these drugs in the hindquarters was estimated from the net drug mass per unit hindquarter blood flow;indirect evidence suggested that hindquarter blood flow was constant. All the net mass/flow of procainamide that was taken into the hindquarters during the infusion also eluted after the infusion, demonstrating reversible distribution into the tissues. However, uptake of procainamide was still occurring when blood concentrations were constant, indicating that the concentrations of procainamide in the hindquarters were not in equilibrium with the inferior vena cava concentrations. Lignocaine did not reach constant blood concentrations during the infusion and showed no tendency to reach arteriovenous equilibration; an arteriovenous difference of 22%(SD5%) across the hindquarters was measured during the last 60 min of the infusion. By 180 min after the lignocaine infusions, 79% (SD 8%) of the lignocaine net mass/flow had not eluted from the hindquarters when arterial and venous lignocaine concentrations were not significantly different. This drug could remain uneluted due to metabolism and/or avid tissue binding, and presents difficulties in the interpretation of pharmacokinetic data whether based on arterial or venous blood sampling.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: oxazepam ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; anticonvulsant response ; pentylenetetrazol threshold ; kinetic-dynamic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This investigation developed strategies along which the anticonvulsant effect of oxazepam in the rat could be pharmacokinetically modeled. After determination of the pharmacokinetics of oxazepam, which could be described with a two-compartment model (halflives of distribution and elimination 6 and 52 min, respectively), the drug was administered iv to groups of animals to achieve a serum concentration range of 0.1–2.5 mg/L at 10, 45, and 120 min after administration. At these time points pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was infused slowly until the first myoclonic jerk occurred. The anticonvulsant response, expressed as the elevation of the serum or brain threshold concentration of PTZ, was modeled versus the serum (both total and free) and brain oxazepam concentration, according to the sigmoid E max model. The total serum and brain oxazepam EC50 values are about 0.5 mg/L and 1.1 mg/kg, respectively, and E max 120 mg/L PTZ. No marked differences in pharmacodynamic parameters between the three time groups were found, which indicates that serum and brain are pharmacokinetically indistinguishable from the effect compartment, that there is no (inter) activity of oxazepam metabolites and absence of development of acute tolerance during the investigated time frame. An interfering role of metabolites was also excluded by a direct radioreceptor assay of oxazepam, yielding very similar results as the specific Chromatographic assay. It is concluded that the concentration-anticonvulsant effect relationship of oxazepam can satisfactorily be described by the sigmoid E max model, when utilizing the employed experimental strategies.
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A completely analytic method for evaluating three-center nuclear attraction integrals for STOS is presented. The method exploits a separation of the STO into an ‘evenly loaded’ solid harmonic and a OS STO. The harmonics are translated to the molecular center of mass in closed finite terms. The OS STO is translated using the Gegenbauer addition theorem; 1s STOS are translated using a single parametric differentiation of the OS formula. Explicit formulas for the integrals are presented for arbitrarily located atoms. A numerical example is given to illustrate the method.
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  • 124
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 125
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 87-113 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two three-dimensional numerical schemes are presented for molecular integrands such as matrix alements of one-electron operators occuring in the Fock operator and expectation values of one-electron operators describing molecular properties. The schemes are based on a judicious partitioning of space so that product-Gauss integration rules can be used in each region. Convergence with the number of integration points is such that very high accuracy (8-10 digits) may be obtained with obtained with a modest number of points. The use of point group symmetry to reduce the required number of points is discussed. Examples are given for overlap, nuclear potential, and electric field gradient integrals.
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  • 126
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new definition of a canonical set of bonded functions has been introduced. For a given configuration with r singly occupied orbitals and given multiplicity, the set exhibits symmetry properties of a group of order r. It simplifies the evaluation of the energy matrix H as well as the orthogonalization procedure.
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  • 127
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 369-369 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 128
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 129
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 373-394 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We examine various perturbation-variational approximations for molecular electronic energy when the fifth-order perturbational energies are available. Such theories require very little additional computation once the sequence of perturbation energies are known yet supply a bound even when the peturbation sequence is poorly convergent. We choose for computational examples results obtained very rapidly from a zeroth order wave function consisting of doubly occupied localized bonds and examine polarization within these bonds, delocalization, and bond breaking. In general, we find that the fifth-order energy itself, and especially the [2, 1] Padé approximant on this sequence, are especially accurate in estimating the total energy and more accurate than any variational scheme when the zeroth order localized wave function is a good description of the electronic structure. The variational results, however, are nearly as accurate, and a [1, 0] Padé on the sequence of variational results is remarkably robust, even in those cases where the perturbation sequence is poorly defined.We also examine several scaling techniques, or partitionings of the Hamiltonian. Although these scaling techniques do accelerate convergence of the perturbation sequence, none that we examine give better results, than the [2, 1] padé, which is independent of any scaling.
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  • 130
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 131
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new MO-LCAO description of the nephelauxetic effect is proposed based on the concept of the topological atom and on the method of reduced density matrices. This approach allows one to overcome some conceptual difficulties of ligand-field theory and to derive effective parameters of d-d electron repulsion of a bound transition-metal in a proper way. The two ligand-field mechanisms of the nephelauxetic effect - the central field covalency and the symmetry-restricted covalency - are clarified and generalized. In addition, a new factor, important for the nephelauxetic effect is found: its size-dependence on the region of the topological atom.
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  • 132
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 47-71 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A Hartree-Fock (HF) self-consistent field (SCF) crystal orbital (CO) formalism for two- and three-dimensional (2D/3D) solids on the basis of semiempirical CNDO/INDO (complete neglect of differential overlap; intermediate neglect of differential overlap) Hamiltonians is presented. The employed SCF variants allow for the treatment of atomic species up to bromine under the inclusion of the first (i.e., 3d) transition metal series. Band structure investigations of 2D and 3D materials containing more than 30 atoms per unit cell are feasible by the present SCF HF CO formalism. The theoretical background of the computational scheme is given in this contribution. Special emphasis is placed on physically reliable truncation criteria for the lattice sums, the adaptation of the crystal symmetry in k space, as well as the suitable choice of domains in Brillouin zone (BZ) integrations required in the determination of charge-density matrices. The capability and limitations of the semiempirical SCF HF CO approach is demonstrated for some simpler solids by comparing the present computational results with those of ab initio CO schemes as well as conventional numerical methods in soid-state theory. The employed model solids are graphite and BN (2D and 3D networks for both solids) as well as diamond, silicon, germanium, and TiS2.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 143-160 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dynamics of a model triatomic hydrogen bond are analyzed through classical mechanics. The approximate separability of the equations of motion induces the existence of an adiabatic invariant for the intramolecular mode motion. This mode is governed by a Mathieu equation, a feature already present for the antisymmetric mode in symmetric triatomics. The corresponding spectrum readily obtained as the Fourier transform of a classical trajectory shows that the fundamental frequency is shifted to lower values owing to the anharmonicity of the potential. We observe also a substructure of combination lines generated by a nonlinear resonance with the intermolecular mode. These properties are consistent with experimental observation. In a four-atoms model, the lines are split when intramolecular Fermi resonance occurs. When the intermolecular mode becomes chaotic there is no vibrational heating of the intramolecular neighboring mode which tends to behave like a local isolated oscillator.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 85-86 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 87-87 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 136
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 137
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 121-131 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new and very simple one-range expansion of the 0s function is derived and employed as the starting point of three recurrence relations which allow the expansion of arbitrary Slater functions over displaced centers. Convergence of the expansions, both pointwise and in norm, are analyzed, and three-center nuclear attraction integrals are chosen for a further test of the formal developments and the numerical behavior of these expansions.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 193-193 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 139
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 207-216 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two molecular charge similarity index (CSI) methods are further evaluated for practical application: one method based on a simple CNDO-type approximation to the electron density function and the other based on an ab initio pseudo total charge density function. The test system consists of isosteric analogues of dimethyl ether and methoxy acetic acid. The effects of differences in skeletal structure on the CSI measure of electron density similarity about corresponding atoms is estimated, and two new developments are presented for application of the ab initio-based method: (1) an INDO-type approximation which improves the efficiency of the CSI calculation; and (2) a FOCUS feature which enables comparisons of local molecule regions.
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  • 140
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 247-266 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The distribution of energy levels of an N-identical-particle system among the irreducible representations of the permutation group is examined for a “spin-free” problem. There are calculated the sums of powers of the eigenenergies obtained from the original N!-fold degenerate energy level when the interaction between the particles is switched on. The first-order perturbation theory is applied. Some results of the present approach are shown to be equivalent to the results of the Weyl's theory of the permutation group. The distribution of energy levels is found to be symmetric with respect to the average energy level belonging to a self-conjugate representation. For a special case of the Coulomb interaction the wave function of the highest level is fully symmetric, whereas that of the lowest level is fully antisymmetric with respect to the interchange of the coordinates of any two particles. The average energy and the dispersion of the levels belonging to a given representation are calculated for some N.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 289-300 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown how the properties of the one-particle Green's function lead naturally to the definition of the so-called natural energy orbitals. These orbitals allow the fully correlated total energy of a system to be written in Hartree-Fock-like fashion and might therefore provide a bridge between sophisticated correlated wave functions and approximate theories of chemical structure and reactivity based on a Hartree-Fock-like energy expression. Moreover these orbitals form the basis for a self-consistent scheme to calculate the one-particle Green's function. The relation between these natural energy orbitals and the extended Koopmans' theorem is considered. Finally it is shown that the exactness of the lowest extended Koopmans' ionization potential implies the linear independence of the corresponding Dyson orbital from all other Dyson orbitals.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 309-323 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The shape wave u(r) is defined in such a way that the square of its absolute value gives the shape of the electron charge density for a nonrelativistic many-electron system: |u(r)|2 = ρ(r)/∫ρ(r) dr, where ρ(r) is the total electron charge density. The u(r) is treated as the probability amplitude for the shape of the electron charge density in the real three-dimensional space. The secular equation of the u(r) is given as L(r)u(r) = λu(r), where L(r) and λ are a real Hermitean operator and the eigenvalue, respectively. This equation has the form of the spinless one-particle Schrödinger equation. The potential is local and is a functional of ρ(r), and so we need a self-consistent field procedure to solve it. For equilibrium state shape wave u = ueq, which is temperature-dependent, and for stationary state shape wave u = u0, respectively, Leq(r)ueq(r) = λequeq(r) and L0(r)u0(r) = λ0u0(r). For one-electron systems, the latter equation reduces to the Schrödinger equation for a stationary state, with the usual eigenvalue λ0 = E0. In general, λ is identified with the Gibbs chemical potential μG. Boundary conditions such as the cusp condition at a nucleus and exponential decay at an infinitely large distance from the nucleus are easily implemented. In case L(r) allows complex eigenfunctions, u(r) = A(r)eiS(r), the hydrodynamical potential appears in the secular equation for the real amplitude A(r). The real phase S(r) satisfies the equation of continuity. By introducing «apparatus» operators [16], the excited state shape wave is also obtained. Comparisons are made with a recent discussion of Levy, Perdew, and Sahni [3].
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 401-406 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 144
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 67-84 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A class of thromboxane antagonists exists where the prostaglandin side chain containing the C16 hydroxyl moiety is replaced by a phenyl ring, and the bridged six-membered pyranose moiety by cyclohexane, pyranose and dioxane ring systems. Analysis of antagonist potency data in terms of a binding constant model previously used for membrane bound receptor-drug interactions shows that the major patterns of antagonist potency are governed as much by axial/equatorial conformer preference of the phenyl moiety and its orientation as by electrostatic effects of the aliphatic ring oxygen atoms. The conformational restriction of the two substituted side chains of the σ-bonded 6-membered ring is shown to be a primary requirement for binding to thromboxane receptors, and a quantitative separation of electrostatic and conformational components in the potency data is attempted.
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  • 145
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 119-135 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio calculations have been performed to investigate hydrogen bonding and ion-molecule association in complexes of H2O with the neutral, protonated, and Li+ complexes of N-formylformaldehyde and N-formylformamidine. In the complexes with the neutral bases, H2O assumes an in-plane bridging position in the amide and amidine regions. The most stable complex is the bridging N-formylformamidine-H2O complex in the amidine region, which has an MP2/6-31 + G(d,p) binding energy of -9 kcal/mol. Hydrogen bonded complexes of H2O with the oxygen-protonated bases have open structures with the protonated bases as proton donors, and binding energies ranging from -16 to -24 kcal/mol. Nitrogen protonation of N-formylformamidine leads to an equilibrium chelated hydrogen bonded structure with a stabilization energy of -21 kcal/mol. When Li+ associates with these bases at a carbonyl oxygen, hydrogen-bonded bridging structures with H2O reappear, and wobble complexes exist in the amide and amidine regions of N-formylformaldehyde and N-formylformamidine. These complexes have binding energies of -13 to -14 kcal/mol. However, the most stable comples has H2O directly bonded to Li+, with an MP2 binding energy of -30 kcal/mol. No hydrogen bonded structures of H2O with N-formylformamidine exist in the amide region when Li+ associates with this base at the C=N group. Hydrogen bond energies computed at the single-determinant Hartree-Fock level with the 6-31G(d) basis set approximate correlated MP2/6-31 + G(d, p) energies to within 1 kcal/mol for all of the neutral and charged complexes. However, when H2O is bonded to Li+, HF6-31G(d) association energies overestimate MP2/6-31 + G(d, p) energies by 3 kcal/mol.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 301-304 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The role of the boundary conditions is emphasized in determining the relation between the counting problem, posed by Coulson and solved by the number theorists, and the physical problem from which it arises. The surface energy term, which Coulson sought, does exist, but only when the periodic boundary conditions, which he used, are replaced by the finite box conditions.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 325-332 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The graph theory of molecular orbitals including second neighbor interactions (η) is considered here. Graphical methods of getting the characteristic polynomial for the π system of a conjugated molecule are given. It is shown that the characteristic polynomial can be factorized if there are symmetries in the molecule.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 375-383 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calculations have been made at the minima of the X1A1 ground state of the ozone molecule. The equilibrium geometries have been obtained by means of CID calculations. The criterion adopted for the choice of configurations gives realistic results. CIPSI calculations at the two minima lead to an estimated gap of 0.92 eV between them.Our results agree with the analysis of previous theoretical works on the relative stability of open and cyclic zone structures, showing that the D3h minimum is stable relative to the ground state dissociation limit.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 407-415 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ground state energies of finite Hubbard molecules are calculated by numerically solving the Lieb-Wu equations for a complex Hubbard repulsion parameter U. From the positions of the singular points located in the complex plane, the radii of convergence of the perturbation expansions for the ground state energies are determined.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 445-455 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple procedure has been created for indexing the spin-free configurations of an N-electron system in spin state S. This indexing has been linked to a procedure for generating the matrix representations of the generators of the unitary group U(n) to enable a direct configuration study to be undertaken.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 485-486 
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 152
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 509-515 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A perturbation expansion which connects the hydrogenic limit energy density functional to the Thomas-Fermi functional is discussed. This perturbation series, where the Coulomb energy density functional is treated as the perturbation to the hydrogenic limit functional, is, in fact, the q = (N/Z) expansion of Thomas-Fermi theory. A truncated form of the first-order correction to the functional provides further insight into the model which treats the ground state energy as a local functional of the electron density.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 103-118 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A formalism for a computational treatment of the polarization of a solvent and polar solutes immersed in it is presented. The solvent is modeled as a continuum dielectric. Polarization effects are represented by a polarization charge density at the dielectric boundaries and by induced dipoles at the polarizable atoms. Applications of this formalism with nonpolarizable atoms have led to excellent agreement between the calculated and experimental hydration enthalpies of a variety of polar molecules. A problem of the choice of the charge distribution of the solute is addressed in calculations of the solution dipole moment and hydration enthalpy of polarizable molecule of water in solution. Experimental values of these properties were well reproduced in calculations starting with point charges fitted to the vacuum dipole moment of the water molecule. Tests calculations for spherical models and for a 13-residue peptide show good convergence of the computational method. It is shown in calculations on simplified models that a change in the exposure of a charged side chain can lead to large changes in the potential inside protein measured at a fixed distance from the charge and at the same depth from the protein surface. Calculations performed for the C-peptide of the ribonuclease suggest that the differential screening of partial charges can reverse the sign of the vacuum potential of the helix dipole.
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present models for the interaction of glucocorticoids: dexamethasone (DEX), dexamethasone-21-mesylate (DEXM) and deacylcortivazol (DAC) with the hexanucleotide sequence d(TGTTCT)2 (CORE sequence) found in the long terminal repeat of MMTV. These models are obtained by computer-aided geometry simulation with energy minimization technique, making use of the empirical potential energy functions. We have considered both intercalative and nonintercalative binding. Differences in the glucocorticoid activity of these steroids are explained on the basis of stereochemical and energetic differences. A model is proposed for interaction of the steroid-receptor complex with the hormone-responsive element (HRE).
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  • 155
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 191-199 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recently, one of the members of this group (Fritz) has observed some unusual properties of rouleaugenic polymer solutions. It was found that the diffusion coefficient of polystyrene spheres in these solutions displayed an expected fall followed by an unexpected rise in values when the radii of these particles are changed. In this paper we present some of these experiments and provide a thermodynamic interpretation of the rise in the values of the diffusion coefficient.
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  • 156
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 235-245 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Data and analyses are presented on the first synthetic polypeptide system to exhibit mechanochemical coupling; the mechanochemical coupling can also be demonstrated to be both polymer-based and solvent-based with respect to where the result of the change in the chemical potential is focused. Both polymer-based and solvent-based processes are the result of chemomechanical transduction in which the change in chemical potential results in a change in the temperature at which an inverse temperature transition occurs. In the polymer-based process, the contraction/relaxation occurs due to a change in the chemical nature of the polypeptide; in the solvent-based process there is no change in the chemical nature of the polypeptide on contraction or relaxation, but rather the change in chemical potential changes the state of hydration of the polypeptide. The new mechanochemical system provides an experimental system with which to clarify and to quantitate what may be called aqueous mediated apolar-polar interaction energies in polypeptides and proteins with hydrophobic groups that may be variously exposed to the aqueous solution or buried within the folded polypeptide or protein. Furthermore, it is noted that any conformational change exhibited by a polypeptide or protein that is the result of a binding of a chemical moiety, the change in chemical nature of a bound moiety or the change in chemical potential of the medium can be viewed in terms of mechanochemical coupling or chemomechanical transduction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 157
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 275-285 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A modified cluster approach for modeling local chemisorption phenomena is suggested on the basis of the linear combination of Gaussian-type orbitals (LCGTO) Xα method. Contractions of the fitting bases are employed to take into account the reduced polarizability of a surface cluster and to access larger cluster sizes. Furthermore, embedding of a cluster in the surface is mimicked by Gaussian broadening of the one-electron levels leading to fractional occupation numbers via a self-consistently determined Fermi energy of the cluster. As a first application results are presented for the clusters NinNa (n = 5, 9, 17) modeling the low coverage limit of the chemisorption system Ni(100)/Na. Calculated bond length, binding energy, and induced “surface” dipole moment show fair agreement with experimental values, indicating a substantial covalent character of alkali bonding on transition metal surfaces even in the zero coverage limit.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 158
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 319-328 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The spectra and characteristic polynomials of polyhedral cluster graphs containing 4-120 vertices are obtained. Some of the polyhedral graphs considered such as icosahedron, Archimedene etc., are models for some interesting clusters such as C120. For the Archimedene the spectra and delocalization energies are obtained with and without bond alternations. The characteristic polynomials and spectra of all the polyhedral clusters considered in this investigation are unique.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 159
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 383-405 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The multireference many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) method is presented pedagogically. The distinctions between complete and incomplete model spaces are discussed. All second- and third-order diagrams for the diagonal and off-diagonal elements of the effective Hamiltonian matrix are presented in a compact form for complete and incomplete model spaces, including a new treatment of the renormalization diagrams. Illustrative numerical results are presented for the excitation energies of C2H4 using an incomplete single excitation model space, and for a study of FH potential energy surfaces with several different sizes of reference space.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 160
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 457-463 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dirac-Fock balanced Gaussian basis calculations that employ an extended nucleus model (see Ref. 11) have been performed on Be and Ne atoms by systematically enlarging the basis set. As expansion size increases, the total energy smoothly converges toward the numerical Dirac-Fock limit from above. The balanced expansion method does not introduce any of the variational instabilities that have plagued the early Dirac-Fock basis expansion calculations.
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  • 161
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 481-490 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Generator Coordinate Approximation (GCA) is the general approximation scheme for molecular systems devised to improve the Adiabatic Approximation (AA). This is achieved by replacing the familiar product-type molecular wave function by a convolution product-like state. One can demonstrate via Born-Oppenheimer perturbation theory that for vibration-rotation levels near potential energy minima the GCA results are bracketted by the exact and adiabatic values, subject to the use of good quality electronic states as input (e.g., the Hellman-Feynman theorem needs to be satisfied accurately). We investigate the relevance of the GCA for energy levels near avoided crossing regions using a system modeled on the EF 1Σ+g state of hydrogen. The results of numerical experiments on this system are very encouraging (80-90%) of the nonadiabatic effects is recovered. This numerical success awaits theoretical explanation.
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  • 162
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 279-300 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We analyze the theoretical basis of a procedure to determine an unknown normalization factor in discretized wave functions, which we have successfully used in a series of calculations of resonance widths for atomic and molecular systems. By reducing this determination to that of a suitable interpolation function for the energy eigenvalues, the problem is easily solved when atomic basis sets are chosen according to simple rules. Illustrations of our procedure are presented for atomic, molecular, and model systems; renormalized wave functions are compared with the exact ones for these model systems. The resulting method of renormalized continuum wave functions has a wide range of application in the study of long-lived quasibound states (predissociation, autoionization, photoionization, unimolecular reactions, etc.).
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  • 163
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 349-367 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Transmission of vibrational excitation energy conserved in cis-conformation of retinal to the outlet proton channel is considered from the perspective of quantum theory. A distribution of vibrational excitations in the channel is found; it allowed to calculate the magnitude of the directed drift proton current. The differences between velocities of proton movement in active and passive channels are considered. A transition of retinal from cis- to all -trans- conformation with the subsequent capture of proton by Schiff base out of the inlet channel is described. The lack of proton in this channel, i.e., in the H-bonded chain, is eliminated at the expense of the capture of a proton out of the cytoplasmic water enviroment. The correspondence between theoretically established states and spectroscopically identified forms of bacteriorhodopsin (inter-mediates L, M, N, and O) is proposed.
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  • 164
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 395-401 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A comparison of different many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) calculations of the ground state rotational and vibrational constants of SiS is made. The calculations are performed up to the complete fourth-order MBPT level, and in all cases two basis sets are utilized. The results of the third-order and some incomplete fourth-order calculations are in good agreement, but the complete fourth-order is among the worst as compared with the experimental data. Analysis of the different contributions to the calculated correlation eneriges points towards the necessity of including even higher-order terms of the(MBPT) expansion.
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  • 165
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 403-443 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The partitioning of the vibrational-electronic Hamiltonian is presented. This partitioning is based on a new quasiparticle transformation that is constructed in such a way that the adiabatic approximation is included into the unperturbed Hamiltonian; nonadiabacity, anharmonicity, and electron correlation are treated as perturbations. We also present the second quantization treatment for bosons. The many body perturbation theory expansion for the vibrational-electronic Hamiltonian is suggested. A comparison of this approach is made with gradient techniques.
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  • 166
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 479-479 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 167
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The two-dimensional (2D) band structure of (polyphthalocyaninato)Ni(II), Ni(ppc), has been analyzed by a self-consistent field (SCF) Hartree-Fock (HF) crystal orbital (CO) formalism based on an INDO (intermediate neglect of differential overlap) type Hamiltonian. The calculated HF band gap of Ni(ppc) amounts to 0.24 eV. The highest filled band is a ringlike a1u combination (D4h symmetry label) localized at the carbon sites of the organic fragment. Remarkable hybridization in the valence band leads to the considerable band width Δ∊v of 2.92 eV. This value is close to the Δ∊v numbers which are conventionally encountered in one-dimensional metallomacrocycles. The effective width of the states in Ni(ppc) is 13.8 eV. In graphite a net π interval of 13.0 eV is predicted by the present CO formalism; i.e., the energetic distribution of the π electrons is roughly comparable in both 2D solids. The Ni 3d states in Ni(ppc) are far below the Fermi level which is calculated at -4.9 eV; they are predicted between -12.2 and -16.4 eV in the mean-field approximation. Quasi-particle corrections lead to a significant shift of these strongly metal-centered states. Important electronic structure properties of Ni(ppc) are compared with those of 1D metallomacrocycles with similar molecular stoichiometry. The total density of states distribution of Ni(ppc) has been fragmented into projected (ligand π and σ, Ni 3d) contributions in order to allow for a transparent interpretation of the 2D band structure.
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  • 168
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A set of 20 nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whose mutagenicity has been determined in the Ames test, has been studied using octanol-water partition coefficients (P) as a measure of relative hydrophobicity and molecular orbital energies to account for variation in their electronic characteristics. A good structure-activity relationship was found using log P and ∊LUMO. The latter were taken from the results of ab initio calculations performed by Maynard, Pedersen, Posner, and McKinney [7] and were also calculated by the MNDO method. The dependence of mutagenicity on hydrophobicity was found to be similar to that observed for triazenes [2]. ∊LUMO values calculated by MNDO and STO-3G were found to be strongly correlated, and the role of hydrophobicity in correlating mutagenicity was not significantly affected by the molecular orbital model employed.
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  • 169
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 103-106 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Finiteness is usually imposed as a condition for physical admissibility of a wave function. Examination of this condition in both position- and momentum-space shows that finiteness of the wave function at the origin in one space implies “linear” integrability in the reciprocal space, except in some pathological cases. Some implications of this result are discussed.
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  • 170
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 217-224 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory of the Baker-Gammel approximants is applied to the spectral density function associated with the adjacency matrix. As a result, various upper and lower bounds to topological invariants are obtained in a systematic manner. In particular, the (N, M)-type lower bound to the total π-electron energy of benzenoid hydrocarbons is derived for the first time.
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  • 171
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 179-190 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hydration-free energy, energy, and entropy of monovalent ions are calculated using the extended RISM integral equation theory and computer simulations. Plots of these thermodynamic quantities against 1/R, where R is the Lennard-Jones radius, lie on two distinct curves corresponding to cations and anions. This result is attributed to differences in the microscopic structure of solvent surrounding the ions. Charge distribution functions are used to analyze solvent structure. It is found that the modified Born formula proposed by the Latimer et al. gives good agreement with the RISM results for the energy and the free energy, but not for the entropy. A microscopic interpretation of Latimer formula is attempted in light of the statistical mechanical theory.
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  • 172
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Since the introduction of dynamical simulated annealing (DSA) by Car and Parrinello in 1985, there has been growing interest in the use of nonlinear optimization to perform electronic structure calculations. We review here the complementary method of steepest descents (SD), a first-order treatment designed for local optimization. Modifications are discussed to adapt SD to a supercell treatment of metallic systems using a plane wave basis. An application to the Zintl phase compound NaTl is presented. The application of separable nonlocal pseudopotentials to improve this momentum space formalism is discussed.
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  • 173
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 245-255 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structural and energetic results are reported from a series of ab initio calculations on ground state CuCl2-4 in D2d and D4h conformations. All-electron Hartree-Fock calculations including geometry optimization have been carried out with large basis sets reaching triple-zeta valence plus f-function quality. Several ab initio effective core potentials and valence basis sets for Cu and Cl have been tested and evaluated based on comparisons of calculated results obtained at the Hartree-Fock or correlated (Moller-Plesset perturbation theory) levels with the all-electron and experimental data. The optimized structural parameters provided by all-electron or effective core potential methods are very similar, but they differ from averaged experimental data. Thus, the calculated CuCl bond lengths are typically 0.15-0.20 Å too large, and the ClCuCl bond angle (D2d) is 10-15° too small. The square planar (D4h) conformation represents a transition state and not a structural minimum for CuCl2-4. The energy difference between the two conformations (D4h - D2d) is consistently 16-18 kcal/mol at the Hartree-Fock level but approaches 10-12 kcal/mol at the highest levels of theory applied (UMP4(SDTQ)).
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  • 174
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 287-296 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ground state energetics and equilibrium geometries of neutral and positively and negatively charged clusters of Li3, Li2H, Li2Na, Li2Mg, and Na2Li have been obtained from a self-consistent field-linear combination of atomic orbitals-molecular orbital calculations within the Hartree-Fock approximation. The correlation energies are included perturbatively using the Möller-Plesset scheme up to the fourth order. The geometries of all negatively charged clusters are found to be linear with bond lengths that are, in general, larger than their neutral or cationic counterparts. The adiabatic electron affinities and ionization potentials are calculated and compared with earlier theoretical results. The addition of an electron to the neutral cluster is found to stabilize the cluster further against dissociation. The spatial distribution of the electrons in these clusters is studied to determine the extent to which electrons added or taken out are localized in the clusters. Mulliken population analysis is also used to elaborate the charge state of the anionic and cationic clusters.
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  • 175
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 337-342 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple proof is given for the thermodynamic inequality F - F0 - 〈H - H0〉0 〈 0 in the case when the two Hamiltonians H and H0 do not commute.
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  • 176
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 377-382 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron correlation energies are calculated for a series of small molecules by fourth-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP4) and by quadratic configuration interaction methods. A method is suggested for partitioning the correlation contributions beyond fourth order that result from single, double, and triple substitutions. Detailed comparison of the results reveals that termination of the MP perturbation series at fourth order is inadequate for some electron-deficient species (inadequate treatment of double substitutions), for triply-bonded molecules (overestimation of the triples effect), and for some unsaturated radicals (poor treatment of single substitutions).
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  • 177
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 549-556 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some general properties of complex coefficient closed-shell molecular orbital calculations (CRHF) are examined. These types of calculations can be useful for describing systems where the restriction of real coefficients requires multideterminant wave functions. Examples of systems where CRHF calculations are useful are presented. These examples include singlet O2, singlet Cr2, and CH2+4.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 178
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 575-591 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Visualization techniques have proven extremely valuable for understanding the dictates controlling asymmetric organic reactions. A series of chemical reactivity models has been developed, which provide a convenient connection between the structural and reactivity aspects important in chemical systems. Structural information is conveyed through the use of shading, while reactivity information, evaluated at points located upon the structural model, is displayed coincident with structure using the color dimension hue. The utility of the resulting four-information-dimensional image can be appreciated by the speed at which all the information presented is assimilated and interpreted by the viewer. While having been demonstrated to be useful in understanding the dictates of asymmetric organic reactivity, the visualization techniques discussed here should be applicable to the description of problems in molecular interactions and structure-activity relationships in general.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 179
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of gas-phase electron transfer reactions for a variety of metal-containing reactants have been studied by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Classes of ion/molecule processes studied include both self-exchange (thermoneutral) and exoergic cross reactions. The molecules investigated include metallocenes and octahedral coordination complexes of the transition elements. In a few cases, direct comparisons of condensed-phase and gas-phase reactivities can be made. The experiments with octahedral coordination complexes are the first studies of Werner-type metal complexes in electron-transfer reactions in the gas phase. Simple theoretical models involving unimolecular rate theory, classical reorganization barriers, and quantum mechanical approaches are used to rationalize the dependence of the overall rates of these reactions on the molecular properties of the reactants. In particular, the role of Franck-Condon factors in charge-transfer reactions is examined, and theoretically estimated factors are compared with experiment for a typical metallocene, ferrocene.
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  • 180
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 679-696 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By calculations on CuCl2-4, CuBr2-4, and NiO10-6 clusters it is shown that a first-order configuration interaction (CI) calculation significantly improves the d-d and charge transfer (CT) spectra of ionic transition metal compounds. The first-order CI introduces delocalization (covalency) effects in the dn states, thus increasing the effective ligand-field splitting which is always underestimated at the Hartree-Fock (HF) level. It is demonstrated that this HF + first-order CI treatment is strongly related to a valence bond model. In this model the delocalization is introduced by explicit interactions with relaxed CT states. After account has been taken of the physically very different atomic correlation effects, a very good agreement with experimental d-d spectra is obtained, using only a small cluster. The effect of first-order CI on CT states is to account for hole localization and polarization effects which lead to reductions in the CT excitation energies in the order of 2-3 eV.
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  • 181
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 737-738 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 182
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction field (RF) model of solvent effects, implemented within the SCF-CNDO/2 scheme of calculation, has been applied to analyze the proton transfer in the NH3…HCOOH system in the presence of several polarizable media. The aim of such a study was to characterize the tatutomeric equilibrium between the neutral and zwiterionic forms of H-bonded amino acids in aprotic solvents. Qualitative results concerning the energetics of this equilbrium show the stabilization of two different H-bonded complexes, corresponding to two separate minima in the free energy surface. These well known double minima potentials are found to be dependent on both the intermolecular N—O distance and the strength of the reaction field. The behavior of this model is qualitatively consistent with experimental observations of nitrogen-substituted amino acids in solution: both show, for low values of the dielectric constant, tautomeric equilibria where the H-bonded complexes appear to be more stable than the corresponding monomeric forms. The charge transfer process associated with the proton migration along the H-bond is also discussed. It is found that the amount of charge transferred increases with the N—O distance and with the RF strength, In order to test the general approach and compare it with previous work, calculations on the real monomeric systems glycine, β-alanine, and γ-amino butyric acid was also performed.
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  • 183
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Analytical intermolecular potentials for the Fe+-H2O and Feo-H2O systems have been determined from ab initio calculations. Interaction energies for a lot of points along the two potential energy surfaces were calculated using Huzinga's MINI-2 basis set. The results obtained were fitted to an analytical function containing 11 adjustable parameters that we have already used with success for the Fe2+-H2O system. The goodness of the generated intermolecular potentials is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 184
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 159-167 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The quasirelativistic CNDO/1 method has been in investigating the geometry, electronic structure, and redox stability of metal complexes. The systems of [Co(NH3)6]q and [MCl4]q, M being Ni, Pd, and Pt, have been studied. A modified Germer model of solvation has been implemented into the method. This yields reliable results on the redox stability of complexes in aqueous solutions. The calculated excitation energies resemble the electronic spectra of [MCl4]2- complexes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 185
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    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 186
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 127-158 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 4-31G wave functions have been computed for five purines and pyrimidines. The calculated deformation densities have been partitioned into atomic fragments, which were integrated to yield atomic multipole moments. The transferability of atomic fragments between related molecules was verified by constructing model maps for uracil and guanine from appropriate fragments of cytosine and adenine. Model electrostatic potentials calculated from the moments of model atoms are similar to the corresponding 4-31G potentials. Comparison of 4-31G and 4-31G** deformation densities of cytosine provides simple rules for estimating the effects of polarization functions on the atomic multipole moments of most atom types occurring in the purines and pyrimidines. These rules were applied to the other molecules and yielded reasonable approximations for their molecular dipole moments. Substituting CH3 for H has little effect on the deformation density beyond the substitution center.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 187
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 543-553 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An adiabatic formalism in the degenerate or quasidegenerate subspaces, which does not depend on the particular form of the switching function g(α, t), is outlined. A general factorization theorem for the dynamic operator Sα(t, t0 | g) is proved. This theorem enables one to formulate the perturbation expansion for the effective Hamiltonian and the wave operator which is free from the adiabatic divergencies.
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  • 188
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 579-579 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 189
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 445-465 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A formalism is developed for the construction of relativistic symmetry-adapted molecular basis functions under consideration of time reversal invariance. The theory is applicable to the finite double point groups Cn, Cnh, Sn, Cnv, Dn, Dnd, Dnh, T, Th, Td, O, and Oh. It is based on the LCAO method. A projection operator technique is employed to construct molecular symmetry orbitals from atomic orbitals. The search for linearly independent basis function is simplified by means of group theoretical considerations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 190
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 467-475 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For the Hartree-Fock ground state of atomic two-electron systems, the variational function of Wilson and Silverstone, φ(r) = (a + kr)-1 exp(-kr) / (4π)1/2, can be optimized in two complementary ways. For small values of the atomic number Z, all intergrals have been calculated numerically and optimization can be performed accurately. However, as Z increases, loss of significant figures is increasingly detrimental to the optimization process. For sufficiently large values of Z, the integrals may be replaced by asymptotic expansions in terms of (2a)-. As a result of optimization, the parameters and expectation values can be given as expansions in terms of (32Z)-1/2. Both methods yield good results for Z ≈ 25, so that the whole range of Z can be treated accurately. The results have been compared with those derived from other analytical two-parameter functions. It is found that φ(r) is indeed the outstanding two-parameter function, at least for small and intermediate values of Z.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 191
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 529-542 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Extended Hückel molecular orbital calculations have been made for the silver adatom-pyridine complex in order to reveal the very chemical nature of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The variation of the behaviors of the bond orders and charge densities as functions of the Ag—N distance and the net charge on the Ag atom, which is applied voltage dependent, is demonstrated. The calculated optical transition of the system can accommodate the experimental observation that as the wavelength of the exciting line shifts from 4880 to 6328 Å, the surface-enhanced Raman signal is enhanced more. Most interesting is the fact that the calculations reproduce well the experimental observation that there is an applied voltage on the electrode at which the surface-enhanced Raman signal is a maximum. The calculations show that the charge transfer enhanced mechanism is mostly due to the transfer of electrons from the silver atom to the pyridine molecule. Several useful overlap integrals involving d orbitals not available in the literature before are listed in the appendices for convenient reference.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 192
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 577-577 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 193
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 583-584 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 194
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper, an SPG function, which is associated with an extreme point of the set of N-representable second-order reduced density matrices, is used to perform the calculation of the ground state energy of LiH with the variation of internuclear separation. The result of our calculation essentially is in accordance with that of AGP function.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 195
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 497-527 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A Fifth-order constant denominator perturbation treatment of all single and double excitations occuring in the third-order perturbation wave function is presented for the perturbation configuration interaction using localized orbitals (PCILO) method. Contributions from triple and quadruple excitations which decay back to singles and doubles at third order are automatically included in this theory. This method is computationally very fast, with an execution speed proportional to N3, Where N is the number of orbitals present. A [2,1] Padé approximate involving only singles and doubles contributions through to fifth order is shown to be remarkably accurate.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 196
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 33 (1988), S. 563-566 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Owing to an error in his determination of the repulsion integral and the kinetic energy. Hall's results [1] for the ground state of atomic two-electron systems are wrong. Here these results have been corrected. For Z ≤ 5, the results have been obtained by determining the pertinent integrals numerically: but for Z ≥ 5, these can be found sufficiently accurately from Z expansions.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 197
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 307-307 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 198
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    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 199
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 9-14 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By means of the SPG function which is associated with an extreme point of the set of N-representable second-order reduced density matrices, an attempt is made to perform the calculations of the ground states of some atoms with four electrons such as Be. The results show that the SPG function is as suitable as the well-known AGP function for approximating the ground states of atoms and molecules.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 200
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    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 34 (1988), S. 191-192 
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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