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  • 1980-1984  (1,554)
  • 1983  (798)
  • 1980  (756)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1,025)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  (528)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1980-1984  (1,554)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equilibrium solubility and permeability of sulfur dioxide in epoxy resin of aliphatic diglycidyl ether (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 6-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Equilibrium sorption isotherms were obtained for the sulfur dioxide-epoxy resin of aliphatic diglycidyl ether system over a temperature range of 1° to 45°C. The sorption isotherms indicated the presence of Langmuir sorption due to specific interaction. This is uncommon for rubbery polymers, though similar behavior was also observed previously. Zimm-Lundberg's clustering analysis indicated a slight tendency for clustering of the penetrant molecules at low temperatures and higher activities. The number of Langmuir sites for sorption was found to be independent of temperature. The mobilities of the molecules sorbed in Henry's law mode and the Langmuir mode were found to be approximately equal. Predictions of the permeability values for this system are presented and compared with other data from the literature. The temperature dependence of different sorption parameters is presented and discussed in detail.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230103
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tensile yield in poly(4-methyl pentene-1)Presented, in part, at the American Physical Society Meeting in Dallas, Texas, March 1982. (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 13-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Uniaxial tension tests to the yield point were performed on a crystalline polymer, poly(4-methyl pentene-1) (PMP) as a function of temperature from 21° to 200°C at a strain rate of 2 min-1. After testing, the specimens showed considerable stress whitening as a result of microvoid formation. Yield energy was found to be a linear function of temperature extrapolating to zero at the melting point (240°C). Thus, the behavior of this crystalline polymer is similar to that of glassy polymers, but with the melting temperature, rather than the glass transition temperature, as the reference point. The ratio of thermal to mechanical energy input to produce yielding is an order of magnitude smaller for PMP than it is for glassy polymers. The ratio of yield stress to Young's modulus is about 0.02, which is typical for polymers. Yield stress is a linear function of log strain rate, which implies that yielding can be described as a segmental flow rate process in which the applied stress biases the activation energy. The activation volume is on the order of 20 monomer unit volumes and increases as the temperature increases. The activation energy is 19 kcal/mol.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230104
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230201
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual stress craze and crack formation in poly(methyl methacrylate)Presented in part at the Fifth International Conference on Deformation, Yield, and Fracture of Polymers, Cambridge, U.K., 1982. (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 211-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of poly(methyl methacrylate) with a central circular hole are compressed, and crazes form on or after unloading, provided that the strain attains or exceeds a threshold value ∊t. Crazes induced in air are transformed rapidly to cracks, but environmental crazes are more stable. These residual stress crazes form at the diameter of the hole on a plane perpendicular to the applied stress direction. In contrast, during loading, crazes form on the vertical plane containing the hole axis. Unloading crazes are relatively insensitive to changes in strain rate, whereas loading erazes have a pronounced rate dependence. Environmental residual stress crazing exhibits an apparent rate sensitivity at constant time, but the critical applied strain ∊t is essentially constant, irrespective of rate, if the sample is in contact with the environment for a sufficiently long time to ensure that the minimum ∊t is obtained. Residual stress crazes appear to initiate at the equator of the hole, and the maximum tensile residual strain, indicated by a strain gauge, occurs in this position.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230409
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Head-to-head polymers 27: Thermal degradation of head-to-head polyisobutylene (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 226-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Head-to-head polyisobutylene degrades at a maximum rate at 320°C, a temperature about 65°C lower than head-to-tail polyisobutylene. Under our conditions, head-to-tail (the regular polyisobutylene) degrades (as do many other disubstituted vinyl monomers) to a high yield of the monomer isobutylene. Surprisingly, head-to-head polyisobutylene also degraded, primarily to isobutylene. Liquid, low-molecular compounds, probably dimers, were also obtained from head-to-tail and head-to-head polyisobutylene. A mechanism of this degradation is proposed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230412
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230501
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A low-energy solvent separation method (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 230-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents a new low-energy method to separate solvents from polymers. The method is based upon the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), a phenomenon exhibited by all nonpolar polymer-solvent systems. Three key issues concerning this new separation method are discussed for the specific system of high cis polybutadiene in a commercial grade n-hexane. The first issue, energy cost, is greatly reduced from present commercial separation processes by avoiding the liquid-vapor phase transition for more than half of the solvent. The predicted energy cost for the new method (not including inefficiencies) is about 15 percent of the present energy cost (including inefficiencies). The second issue, recycling of the dilute phase with terminator, is shown not to be a serious problem, and a solution is suggested based upon available methods. The third issue discussed, and perhaps the most difficult, is the physical separation of the two phases. This is solved by inducing spinodal decomposition, which leads to rapid gravity separation. Several alternative separation scenarios based upon this idea are presented at the end of the article.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230413
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230601
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of two-stage extractor screws (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 299-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A basis for design of two-stage extractor screws is developed with special focus on determining optimum design of the final pumping section in order to maximize pressure-generating capability. Departure from the conventional square-pitch helix angle of 17.7° appears justified in this section of the screw where pressure-development capability is critical to successful performance. Optimization can produce gains of 5 to 30 percent in pressure (or in corresponding length reductions), the exact benefits depending on the non-Newtonian behavior of the melt and on the optimization strategy selected.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230603
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of polyisobutylene-polyurethane block copolymers: I. Macroglycols from ozonolysis of isobutylene-isoprene copolymer (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 337-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of a series of polyisobutylene (PIB) based polyurethanes were studied and compared to those reported in the literature for polyether, polyester, and polybutadiene-based polyurethanes. Good phase separation was reflected in the invariance of the soft segment Tn with increasing hard segment content. Increasing hard segment content resulted in larger domains, higher modulus and lower ultimate elongation. The modulus above the soft segment Tn was higher than that previously reported for polyurethanes of similar hard segment contant; improved phase separation and short contour lengths of the PIB chains were cited as possible causes of this behavior. Stress-strain data indicated a change from isolated to interconnected domain morphology with incerasing hard segment contant. Generally similar trends were seen for all types of urethanes. The overall properties of polybutadiene polyurethanes were closest to those of the polyisobutylene polyurethanes studied. The properties of both of these systems were suggested to suffer from significant synthesis problems in urethane formation due to the incompatibility of the nonpolar hydrocarbon soft segment and the polar diol chain extender. Preliminary environmental tests indicated that polyisobutylene based materials exhibit improved hydrolytic stability and reduced moisture permeability compared to polyether and polyester polyurethanes and greater oxidative stability compared to polybutadiene based materials.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230608
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vulcanization shrinkage of rubber articles with rigid armoring parts (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 350-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper discusses the shrinkage characteristics of armored (reinforced) rubber articles for two types of boundary conditions: (a) cases where the armoring material is neither flexible nor thermoexpansive, and (b) cases where the armoring material has a finite thermal expansion between room and vulcanization temperature. A quantiative analysis of shrinkage strains and stresses is developed for the two boundary conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230609
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An observation on the han-villamizar critical pressure concept in thermoplastic foams (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 354-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This note draws together the Han-Villamizar experimental observations on the critical pressure at which gas bubbles became visible in flowing thermoplastic melts and a simple method of predicting the equilibrium pressure based on gas solubility. It is shown that the observed pressure is 40 to 75 percent of the calculated pressure.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230610
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic mechanical studies of thermal aging in poly(vinyl chloride) (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 390-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of thermal aging on the dynamic mechanical properties of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) are examined in the glass transition (Tg) and β transition (Tβ) regions. PVC, when quenched through Tg and then annealed at 40°C, exhibits a sub-Tg peak in the loss modulus function. The position of the peak moves to higher temperatures with increasing annealing time. The effect is analogous to sub-Tg endothermic peaks previously observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A sub-Tβ peak in the tan δ or the loss modulus functions can be produced by quenching through Tβ. The effect of heating rate on the sub-Tβ peak is explored.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230704
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of strain rate and temperature upon tensile properties of acetal copolymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 216-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The strength and elongation to break of an acetal copolymer were measured at four elongation rates, from 0.2 to 20 in./min, at temperatures from 239 K to 339 K. Both strength and elongation results could be reduced to master curves by means of time-temperature superposition. The temperature dependence of the shift factors was given by an equation of the WLF form, with parameters close to those found for most amorphous polymers, at a reference temperature equal to the γ-transition temperature of the polymer. Extrapolation to much higher testing rates and to much slower creep rates was satisfactory. Similar but less extensive tests were run on two other samples with different molecular weights. The yield stress was independent of molecular weight, but elongation increased with increasing molecular weight at all conditions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230410
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The specification of orientation and its development in polymer processing (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A critical review of the specification of orientation and its development in polymer-processing operations is presented. Orientation may in general be specified by orientation distribution functions, but is most conveniently expressed in terms of orientation factors which are second moments of the distribution. The Hermans orientation factor represents polymer-chain orientation for systems with fiber symmetry (uniaxial orientation) and the Hermans-Stein orientation factors express uniaxial orientation for each of the crystallographic axes of crystalline polymers. Biaxial orientation is, however, developed in tubular film extrusion, blowmolding and, indeed, all processing operations other than fiber formation. Orientation factors developed previously by the authors express biaxial orientation in terms of the angles between the machine and transverse directions and the polymer chain axis or crystallographic axes. In flowing polymer melts, the Rheo-Optical Law, which relates birefringence and stress, represents a relationship between polymer-chain orientation and stress. In vitrified polymeric glasses (e.g. polystyrene), the orientation factors are related linearly to the stress field at vitrification. This has been shown experimentally for melt spinning and tubular film extrusion. The results of studies of blowmolding and injection molding are consistent with this. The crystalline orientation factors have also been found to be determined by the stress field at solidification in melt spinning and tubular film extrusion.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230503
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Super strong polymers in planar directions (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 266-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel approach for producing multiaxially oriented polymers with ultrahigh mechanical properties in more than one direction is discussed. According to the approach, which is adaptable to conventional commercial processes, the polymer is processed in a contained geometry at a temperature near to but below the isotropic crystalline melting point under curvilinear flow conditions generated by the combined effects of a compressive force and a rotational force perpendicular to the compressive force. The process is demonstrated with thermoplastic and thermotropic polymers using simple torsional flow. The general features of the process and the properties of the multiaxially oriented polymers are discussed in view of the different flow conditions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230506
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal conductivity of plastic foams (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple equation enabling the prediction of the thermal conductivity of plastic foams, without the aid of adjustable parameters, is proposed. The equation is based on a recurrent method, previously developed, that showed reasonable agreement with experimental results. Ways of decreasing the thermal radiation contribution are shown. In particular, the influence of cell size, radiation transmission through solid membranes, and low-emissivity boundary surfaces are analyzed. Errors involved in steady techniques of measuring the thermal conductivity associated with radiation are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230602
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The length of a transfer unit (LTU) for polymer devolatilization processes in screw extruders (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 323-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we introduce the concept of the length of a transfer unit (LTU) for polymer devolatilization and show that the LTU is an appropriate measure of the effectiveness of the process unit in which the devolatilization operation is conducted. The utility of the concept is demonstrated for the case when the process unit is a twin screw extruder for which values of the LTU were determined from experimentally measured values of devolatilization rates. Values of the LTU were found to depend solely on the fluid mechanics in the extruder as expected and were in good agreement with the predictions of a theoretical expression developed for the system that was studied. Finally, we discuss the implications of the LTU concept in relation to the engineering design and analysis of polymer devolatilization processes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230606
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on whitening phenomena induced by some non-solvents on highly oriented glassy polymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 328-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Whitening phenomena, characterized by optically opaque regions when a highly oriented glassy polymer is immersed in some liquids, were investigated as a function of temperature, extent of molecular orientation, different solvent and molecular weight, using oriented polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) obtained by hot-stretching and cold drawn polycarbonate (PC). Whitened PMMA is highly porous resembling foamed plastics and shows the same Tg as in unwhitened PMMA, while whitened PC is denser with much smaller pores and exhibits melting behavior characteristic of solvent-induced crystallinity. Whitening progresses with a sharp boundary between whitened and unwhitened layers, which advanced at a constant velocity. This feature is similar to Case II transport. However, whitening differs from Case II sorption in that it only occurs in highly oriented polymers in contact with liquids of negligible sorption. Activation enthalpy of 44.1 and 39.7 kcal/mol has been found in a certain temperature range for PMMA/N-methyl formamide (N-MF) and PC/di-isopropyl amine (DIPA) respectively. At a given temperature, a higher extent of orientation leads to faster whitening process. Entropy correlation theory, in which the decrease in the configurational entropy (ΔSc) due to orientation is assumed to approximate an inerease in the activation entropy, was employed to correlate the dependency of the whitening rate on orientation. For hotstretched PMMA, where ΔSc is proportionl to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\alpha ^2 + 2/\alpha - 3) $\end{document} since affine deformation applies, a good correlation is observed. For cold drawn PC, correlation was poor, probably because ΔSc cannot be expressed to be proportational to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (\alpha ^2 + 2/\alpha - 3) $\end{document}. In PMMA, when the molecular weight is in the same order as the average molecular weight between entanglements, the orientation and the whitening rate are both lower than higher molecular weight speciments. This may be due to a smaller number of chain entanglements and consequent chain slippage. In PMMA, whitening induced liquids seem to have a solubility parameter somewhat greater (2.5 ∼ 5.0) than that of PMMA. For PC, no consistent tendency is found.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230607
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyurethane-poly(methyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks: Some mechanical properties (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 394-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical behavior of polyurethane-poly(methyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks (PUR/PAc IPN's) was investigated. Stress-strain and impact resistance measurements were made on IPN's with a variable PUR content. The effect of the degree of crosslinking of each network on the mechanical properties was also studied. It appears that only the ultimate elongation varies largely upon changing the crosslink degree. The results are interpreted in terms of the contribution of each network to the mechanical behavior, but also by the interpenetration of both components and by the phase continuity of the PAc network.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230705
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plane strain fracture toughness of polyethylene pipe materials (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 404-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The plane strain fracture toughness of medium density polyethylene pipe materials has been investigated over a range of test temperatures and rates. Conditions are defined under which valid fracture toughness values can be obtained; at higher temperatures the material is notch-insensitive. Fracture surface morphology is described, and features are compared with predictions from the Dugdale model. The toughness derives from a band of fibrillar, drawn morphology associated with crack initiation or slow growth. The plane strain fracture toughness correlates with percent crystallinity according to the same relationship whether the crystallinity is varied by thermal treatment, comonomer content, or molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230707
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of phenolic fiber-reinforced polymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 776-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fibers made of phenol formaldehyde are relatively new to the market place and are currently manufactured in Japan. They have certain characteristics which make them attractive as a reinforcement for rubber, thermoplastics, and thermosets. This paper will discuss the properties of molded polypropylene thermoplastics as a function of fiber weight percent and surface treatment. It is shown that the elevated temperature properties are improved without sacrifice of low-temperature brittleness.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231405
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase relationships of rigid rod polymer/flexible coil polymer/solvent ternary systems (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 789-791 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Phase diagrams of two types of rigid rod polymer/flexible coil polymer/methanesulfonic acid (MSA) ternary systems were determined by polarized optical microscopy at ambient conditions. The rigid rod polymer is a wholly aromatic high temperature resistant (no measurable Tg) poly (p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole) (PPBT). One of the flexible coil polymers is a wholly aromatic high temperature resistant poly (2,5′(6′) benzimidazole) (ABPBI), the other is a thermoplastic poly[2,2′ -(1-4-phenylene)-6,6′ -bis (3-phenyl-quinoxaline)] (PPQ) with Tg of 359°C. The solvent is methane-sulfonic acid (MSA). The experimentally determined critical concentration points, Ccr, are in excellent agreement with Flory's recent theory. Total phase segregation between the polymer pair in ternary solution was predicted and observed at C 〉 Ccr. Different decomposition mechanisms of phase separation were observed as a function of concentration.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231408
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Injection molding of thermotropic liquid crystal polymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 792-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermotropic liquid crystal polymers consist of rod-like molecules and are often called “self reinforcing thermoplastics.” Their rheological behaviors as well as orientation development during processing are often very similar to those of short fiber-filled composites. Without reinforcement, the polymer shows superior mechanical properties to conventional glass fiber-reinforced engineering resins. The orientation distribution in the crosssection as well as flow patterns in the molded thermotropic polymers are clearly visible to the naked eye due to color differences. This makes it particularly convenient to study the orientation distribution as well as the flow patterns of packing, back flow, jetting, flow instabilities, and weld line formation in injection molding. This paper discusses physical properties of a typical ther motropic polymer and their relationship to mold filling process in the injection molding.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231409
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of a diamine additive on the structure-property relationships of rim polyurethane elastomers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 816-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Structural and mechanical data have been compared for reaction injection molding (RIM) polyurethanes prepared from uretonimine-modified diphenylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI), ethylene glycol (EG), and a polyol (a polyether; Mn ≃ 5000), in order to investigate the effect of addition of a small amount of a polyetherdiamine (PEDA; Mn ≃ 400) to the reaction mixture, A series of specimens containing 18 parts and 30 parts EG, with and without the diamine additive, were examined both as-prepared and after thermal annealing. The specimens were compared in terms of their x-ray crystallinity, elongation, flexural modulus, impact strength, and heat-sag behavior. All of the specimens showed evidence for crystalline hard segments, which are more abundant in the series containing 30 parts EG. The crystallinity is lowest in the as-prepared specimens without the PEDA additive, and is increased by annealing for 1 hour at 120°C. The as-prepared specimen with additive has a hard segment crystallinity similar to that of the annealed specimen without additive. These results correlate with the mechanical property data, which improve as a result of annealing and/or the use of a PEDA additive. It is argued that the use of the polyetherdiamine enhances the phase separation and facilitates hard segment crystallization, leading to better heat-sag behavior. It is significant that the unannealed/with PEDA and annealed/without PEDA specimens have similar properties. Use of PEDA additive improves the green strength and impact strength of molded parts.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231505
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231601
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deformation studies of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends by mechanical-vibrational spectroscopy (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 861-868 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have analyzed the deformation behavior of compatible and incompatible polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) blends by a combination of mechanical and vibrational spectroscopy. Macroscopic properties and segmental orientation were found to be sensitive to molecular weight, strain rate, and temperature of measurement above the glass-transition temperature. Considerably different orientation functions were found for the PS and PVME components. For the experiments carried out above the Tg of the blends, the deformation behavior measured was consistent with expectations of a rubbery network.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231602
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal, mechanical, and rheological behavior of blends of ultrahigh and normal-molecular-weight linear polyethylenes (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 888-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Physical Blends of ultrahigh-molecular-weight linear polyethylene (UHMW LPE) and normal-molecular-weight linear polyethylene (NMW LPE) have been evaluated in terms of melt flow rate, tensile stress-strain behavior, heat of fusion, melting temperature, and crystallinity. The behavior of the blends is intermediate between that of the parent polymers; no synergistic effects are observed. The addition of small quantities of NMW LPE does not improve the flow behavior of UHMW LPE sufficiently to render it amenable to conventional melt processing.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231606
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure of rubber-modified plastic liners (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 560-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to analyze the failure phenomenon of plastic liners in freezers and refrigerators the mechanical properties of the freon blown polyurethane (PU) foam insulator material and the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic liner are determined. The properties considered essential for this problem are the elastic modulus, the tensile strength and the fracture toughness over the temperature range -40 to 20°C. By laminating a layer of the polyurethane foam to the ABS liner and depending on the test temperature brittle to semi-brittle fractures are promoted and the maximum load fracture toughness of the liner material is reduced. The reduction is more severe for notched bend than for single-edge notched tension specimens. Based on these mechanical properties plausible reasons for liner fractures are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231006
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of time independent component of the complex modulus during cure of thermosetting systems (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 586-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A recent development suggests an approach to measure the equilibrium modulus through an impulse method. This paper is to report an attempt to apply such methods in measuring the changes of the equilibrium modulus of a thermosetting system during isothermal cures. Dynamic modulus changes were also measured and the results were correlated with that from the impulse method. At two different temperatures of cure, the equilibrium modulus values measured were very similar when the dynamic measurements showed tan δ = 1. At this point, it is not certain if the measured modulus is the real time independent portion of the elastic modulus, or contains the long relaxation time constant portion of the relaxation spectrum which appears to be pseudo-time independent at the time scale and the instrumental sensitivity of the present experimental set-up. This paper demonstrates the ease with which the impulse technique can be applied and suggests possible limitations or refinements.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231010
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melt flow of polymer blends (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 602-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The production of polymer blends increases at a rate of about 13 percent/y. Most of the commercial blends are multiphase systems of complex morphology, determined by the thermodynamic properties of the components and the rheology. Since the diffusion rates are relatively low, the blends are seldom at equilibrium. In most cases, the blend products have properties imposed by the morphology, created by a particular combination of the thermal and deformational history. There are three main reasons for studying the melt flow of blends: optimization of the processing conditions, search for the appropriate means to generate the desired morphology, and the interest in the basic study of the rheology of these complex systems.In this paper the results published during the last five years are reviewed. The data for polymer blends are compared with those obtained for simpler model systems: liquid mixtures, emulsions, and polymer blends. From the rheological point of view, the blends are divided into three groups: those where viscosity shows positive deviation from the log-additivity rule, PDB, those where the opposite effect is observed, NDB, and the remaining mixed-behavior systems, PNDB. To PDB belong the miscible blends and those with strong inter-domain interactions. To NDB belong those where the interactions are weak. To PNDB belong the blends in which there is a concentration-dependent transition of structure. The shear dependent properties of blends are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231103
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Engineering and molding properties of poly(vinyl chloride), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and polyester blends (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 627-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer blends with varying amounts of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polyester have been developed to produce parts with highly flexible, good impact strength, and flame retardant hinge properties. In the present work, the rheological and dynamic mechanical properties are balanced by changing the blend formulations. It is shown that blends morphology and rheology have greater impact on the dimensional stability and delamination at the surface of the molded hinge parts.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231107
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of miscible binary blend interaction parameters measured by different methods (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 676-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Miscible blends of the polyhydroxy ether of bisphenol-A, Phenoxy, with a series of aliphatic polyesters were studied using melting point depression analysis and sorption to obtain the Flory-Huggins polymer-polymer interaction parameter, B. The B values obtained from these measurements were found to agree well in sign, magnitude, and variation with ester repeat structure and to also agree well with B values measured calorimetrically for mixtures of low molecular weight compounds with structures which are analogous to those of the polymers. These comparisons suggest that the same mechanisms are responsible for the exothermic heats of mixing measured directly for the analog compounds and indirectly for the miscible polymer blends. For this general system, evidence is provided which suggests that hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl group on Phenoxy and the ester moiety is probably responsible for the exothermic interactions and polymer blend miscibility observed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231207
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    A survey of dual phase continuity and miscibility in interpenetrating polymer networks, making use of selective decrosslinking and dissolution of one component: Poly(n-butyl acrylate)/polystyrene (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 693-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A sequential interpenetrating polymer network, IPN, may be defined as a combination of two polymers in network form, at least one of which was polymerized or crosslinked in the presence of the other. Two major problems of interest to sequential IPN's relate to phase continuity and extent of mixing within each phase. A first attempt to define the molar volume of a network is made in terms of the molar volume of the polymer between crosslinks. This permits a thermodynamic calculation of the changes in molecular mixing expected as a function of crosslink density. The experimental system was poly(n-butyl acrylate)/polystyrene IPN's, where the PnBA was crosslinked with acrylic acid anhydride. This last may be selectively hydrolyzed, forming a semi-IPN, and then the PnBA can be extracted. Scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy were carried out at each stage.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231210
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic properties of polyamic acid solutions - precursors of polyimides (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 713-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheology of polyamic acid (PAA) solutions, precursors of polyimides used in microelectronic device applications, has been investigated by dynamic (oscillatory) shear flow measurements. Frequency dependent storage and loss moduli and dynamic viscosity were measured in the frequency range 10-1 to 103 rad/s at 23°C. The storage modulus G′ (ω) and loss modulus G″ (ω) exhibited quadratic and linear dependence in frequency at low frequencies respectively, the viscoelastic fluid behavior commonly predicted for polymer solutions from many molecular theories. At high frequencies both dynamic moduli become proportional to ω2/3. The results show that PAA solutions are very high loss viscoelastic fluids, judging from the loss tangent values which far exceed unity. It is suggested that dynamic viscoelastic properties could be used to monitor the degree of imidization since there is a gradual change from viscoelastic fluids to soft viscoelastic solids to hard viscoelastic solids as PAA is converted to polyimides. Onset of non-Newtonian flow as shown on the frequency dependent dynamic viscosity was in the range 30 to 200 rad/s. The viscoelastic constants, zero-shear rate viscosity ηo and steady-state compliance Je0, where also determined from the dynamic data and compared to previous steady shear flow results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231305
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231401
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    Thermal and rheological properties of blends of polystyrene and thermotropic liquid crystals (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 779-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheological and thermal properties of composites of polystyrene (PS) and two liquid crystalline low-molecular-weight additives have been studied. Both additives act as plasticizers as evidenced by decreases in the glass transition and the melt viscosity. In addition both are miscible with PS over a broad range of concentrations. Partial phase diagrams of the two systems are presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231406
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solution processing and properties of molecular composite fibers and films (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 784-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies of fiber wet-spinning and solution processing of films of molecular composites are presented. The rigid rod polymer was poly (p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole) (PPBT) and the flexible polymers were poly (2,5(6′)-benzimidazole) (ABPBI) and poly (2,5(6′)-benzothiazole) (ABPBT). Effects of the flexible polymer molecular entanglements in solution on the processing are discussed. These fibers and films have very high modulus and strength, which improve upon heat treatment. The uniaxial modulus of highly oriented molecular composites follows the linear rule of mixtures.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231407
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High modulus/high strength polyethylene obtained by high-pressure injection molding (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 869-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Increasing the nominal injection pressure up to 500 MP a improves the mechanical properties (modulus and strength) of injection-molded high-molecular-weight high-density polyethylene substantially. By a proper combination of barrel and mold temperature, the modulus of the molded parts (test bars) may be increased at least eight times compared to parts molded at 100 MPa. This improvement is partly due to the formation of high-strength crystalline modifications of the polyethylene induced by flow and pressure. The extent to which these structure modifications occur in the samples molded at various conditions has been determined by thermal analysis (DTA). When increasing the thickness of the samples, a sharp reduction of the modulus and strength was observed, even though the concentration of the crystalline high-strength phase was higher. An explanation of this effect in terms of the relaxation of the tie-molecules connecting the crystallites is suggested.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231603
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rebound test to measure the strength of polymeric materials (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 902-906 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this work it is shown that rebound experiments, carried out at low blow impact and by means of instrumented pendula, can be described in terms of the equation for a freely oscillating linear viscoelastic body with added mass. The experimental and calculated load-time curves are in very good agreement when the behavior of the material is linear viscoelastic; the assumptions made (transitory time shorter than rebound time, and negligible mechanical friction) are thus proved to be reasonable. The rebound test, which can be carried out on unnotched or notched specimens, allows one to obtain quickly and easily relevant material properties such as Young modulus or compliance, stored and dissipated energies, and the upper linear elastic limit at a testing speed not too far from that of impact testing.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231608
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    Profile modification of resist patterns in optical lithography (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 925-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is described to modify profiles of resist patterns in novolac and diazo-oxide containing systems. After patterning of the resist, two successive uniform flood exposures are given, one with deep UV (254 nm) at water-free conditions and the next with near UV (λ 〉 300 nm) at normal atmospheric conditions. The profile which results after development is vertical, concave or overhanging depending on flood exposure conditions and development processing. As the method includes a flood near UV exposure at atmospheric conditions the imagewise exposure energy can be reduced to approximately 35 percent of the normal value. Furthermore it gives also the possibility of using the resist as a deep UV resist. Another important implication is that standing wave effects are completely eliminated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231702
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230101
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    New techniques for the characterization of orientation in semicrystalline polymer moldings (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 257-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes new techniques for evaluating orientation in polymer moldings. Injection moldings of isotactic polypropylene, a semicrystalline polymer, have been used to demonstrate the analytical procedures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230504
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    Parameter design model for corrugated tubing (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is of interest to produce plastic corrugated tubing as strong as possible with a minimum amount of material. Simultaneously, the tubing has to resist stretching, and maintain flexibility for transport purposes. To find the optimum profile geometry, two mathematical models were employed. One model was used to calculate the strength of the tubing per unit length and a second model was used to predict the elongation of corrugated tubing for a given load. Data was then generated for different profile configurations, and plotted for an optimum design procedure. The results showed that, while the wall thickness can be varied during production, the most critical parameter is the corrugation depth. The corrugation depth is fixed by the moldblock design, and the data presented can be used to obtain an optimum geometry.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230508
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  • 45
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    Physical properties of high-pressure ethylene vinylacetate copolymers and their saponified derivatives (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 306-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical properties of high-pressure ethylene vinylacetate (EVA) copolymers having an average melt index of 8.5 g/10 min and a mol% of VA less than 20 are studied. A comparison is made with the properties of their saponified derivatives, the ethylene vinylalcohol (EVAl) co- and ethylene vinylalcohol vinylacetate (EVAlVA) terpolymers. A melt-index effect is noted. Density, thermal, and mechanical properties of EVA copolymers are determined by the degree of crystallinity, which depends on the mol% VA and on the degree of alkyl shortchain branches. EVAlVA terpolymer properties depend on the residual mol% VA. EVAl copolymers proved to have some properties similar to low-density polyethylene. The hydrogen-bonding effect via hydroxyl groups was negligible for this level of vinylalcohol incorporation.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230604
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230701
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  • 47
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    Laminar mixing of polymeric liquids; a brief review and recent theoretical developments (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 357-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work concerns itself with laminar mixing of viscous liquids. The primary focus is on mechanical mixing of immiscible fluids but mixing of diffusing and reacting fluids is also briefly considered. Operations such as thermal homogenization and reactive mixing usually not treated in the context of laminar mixing are also included here. The emphasis is on mixing of polymeric liquids and on basic experimentation and theory. Dispersion of solids, mechanisms of demixing (such as gradient coagulation), properties of mixtures, and the description of mixing equipment are not considered. There are no substantial reviews covering developments of theory and applications in laminar mixing in terms of a fundamental unifying theory and analyses relating operating variables to mixing quality. This review, although an attempt in this direction, is not self sufficient and cannot stand alone without recourse to the indicated references. The reader is assumed to have some familiarity with the literature on mixing. Thus, basic concepts are not explained but merely reviewed. Emphasis is given to recent theoretical developments; application examples are provided. The objective here is to condense results from several diverse sources, to present and extend recent developments, to point out the relation of the subject to seemingly unrelated work, and to suggest areas for further research.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230702
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    Introductory remarks (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 649-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231202
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  • 49
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    Hydrogen bonding in polymer systems (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 669-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The importance of hydrogen bonding interactions in promoting polymer miscibility has been the subject of much recent investigation. In this study, we address the question of the effect of molecular size and geometry on the intensity of the hydrogen bonding interaction. To this end, the interaction of the functional group in various molecules with a variety of acid and base polymer matrices has been monitored using infrared spectroscopy. The “probes” used in this study each contained only one functional group per molecule to prevent intra-molecular association. The probes were acetone, di-n-hexyl ketone, 10-nonadecanone, cyclohexanone, cyclododecanone, isopropanol, 4-decanol, 10-nonadecanol, cyclohexanol, and cyclododecanol. The interactions of the base probes with poly-(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidine fluoride), phenoxy, poly(styrene-co-allyl alcohol), and a variety of cellulosic polymers were studied. Acid probe interactions were measured in poly(pivalolactone), poly(butanediol-1,4-terephthalate), poly-(acetal), poly(∊-caprolactone), poly(vinyl methyl ether), poly(4-methoxy styrene) and poly(ethylene oxide). The effect of the presumably inert poly(styrene) and ethylene-propylene rubber matrices on the probe's functional group was studied for comparison.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231206
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  • 50
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231301
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    Bulk copolymerization of styrene-acrylic esters: Some analysis and design considerations (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 719-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A common framework for the analysis of styrene-acrylic ester systems has been developed by analyzing the pertinent kinetic information. This is shown to lead to a well defined strategy for the design of copolymerization reactors especially in the industrially relevant high conversion region. The existence of stable steady states and its influence on the system parameters has been illustrated for the case of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A novel strategy of a CSTR operated with a recycle is proposed. This is shown to lead to an operation in the unique steady state with the added advantage of a high conversion and uniform copolymer composition. This would seem to be the first such analysis in the high conversion region.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231306
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    Fiber fracture in reinforced thermoplastic processing (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 743-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The length reduction of reinforcing fibers in short-fiber reinforced plastics during processing has been studied experimentally. It has been shown that fiber volume fraction, initial length, and initial state of dispersion have little effect on the final fiber length. In dilute suspension theory based on shearing flow conditions and fiber properties the flow stresses are found to be compatible with the experimental results and results which are found in the literature.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231309
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  • 53
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    Dynamics of ion beam modification of polymer films (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 931-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin polymer films were irradiated in a high vacuum environment with energetic (∼2 MeV) ions. The emitted molecular species were studied with a quadrupole mass spectrometer during bombardment. The emitted species are predominantly small molecules. The efficiency of emission depends strongly upon the electronic energy loss of the incident ions in the film and, hence, upon the velocity and atomic number of the incident ion. The emission efficiency of all species decreases with increasing damage in the film. By pulsing the ion beam, the time dependence of irradiation induced emission of molecular species from the films has been studied. Emission delays of hundreds of milliseconds are observed in some cases. These delays are found to depend upon the emitted species as well as the host film and seem to be associated with diffusion of the species in the films.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231703
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    Submicron patterns in substituted polystyrene resists by focused-ion-beam lithography (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 941-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Submicron lines in negative working, substituted polystyrene resists by focused-ion-beam lithography were demonstrated. These features were transferred into an underlying molybdenum layer by plasma etching using the resist as an etch mask, with the minimum continuous line having a width of 0.20 μm.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231705
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    Evaluation of poly(allyl methacrylate)-co-(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) as negative electron-beam resist (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 963-967 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(allyl methacrylate)-co-(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) has been evaluated as a high-sensitivity, high-resolution, high temperature-resistant negative electron resist. The effects of molecular weight and polydispersity of the copolymer on its lithographic performance as an E-beam resist were studied. The sensitivity of the copolymer is nearly constant in the weight-average-molecular-weight range of 50,000 to 75,000, and it gradually decreases with a decrease in molecular weight. As expected for a negative resist, the resist contrast increases as the polydispersity is decreased. The sensitivity curve shape of the polymer was independent of the prebake temperature, which varied from 70 to 110°C, and of the various developers used. The exposed coating requires vacuum curing for image optimization. Resolution of 0.5 μm line/space pairs was obtained from a 0.6 μm thick resist by exposing the resist to 10 keV electrons with either a raster-scan-type or vector-scan-type electron-beam exposure machine. After postbaking at 170°C, the resist had good resistance to both chemical etching and dry etching. The plasma-etch resistance was about twice that of PMMA.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231709
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  • 56
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    Copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight for poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate) initiated by ethylaluminum sesquichloride (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There is an increasing body of evidence showing that, for a variety of copolymers, there are significant changes in the copolymer composition over the molecular weight distribution of the polymer. In this work, we have polymerized the copolymer poly(styrene-methyl methacrylate) using ethylaluminum sesquichloride as the initiator. The copolymers produced were fractionated using a semiprep gel permeation chromatograph. The composition of the fractions was determined using infrared spectroscopy. Results show that the percent methyl methacrylate of the copolymers was higher at both the low- and high-molecular-weight regions of the polymers.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230102
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  • 57
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    A model of compression mold filling (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model is proposed for the flow, reaction, and heat transfer during compression molding of thin, flat parts. The isothermal Newtonian version of the model is implemented using the finite element method, and is capable of handling arbitrary planar geometries. Automated mesh expansion and boundary condition modification allow the simulation to run without operator interaction. The model accurately predicts mold filling pattern for non-Newtonian and non-isothermal flows.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230204
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    Mathematical modeling of melting of polymers in barrier-screw extruders (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 86-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some of today's modern screws contain melt-separating secondary (barrier) flights in the transition zone. With increasing utilization of barrier screws, the availability of proper and accurate design methods for the melting zone remains of paramount importance. A modified version of a mathematical model developed by the authors previously is applied to two most common types of barrier screws, viz. - The Mailefer screw (varying pitch and constant depth); - The Barr screw (constant pitch and varying depth). The present analysis provides valuable insight into the operating principles of these screws. A comparative study is presented demonstrating the possible advantages and disadvantages of the Maillefer and Barr screws in relation to conventional compression screws.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230207
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230301
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  • 60
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    Effects of shearing conditions on crystalline orientation and relaxation in polyethylene (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 74-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of shearing conditions (i.e., shear temperature and shear rate) on the degree of orientation of polyethylene (Marlex 6006) and to what extent the induced orientation could be relaxed were examined in this study. Two types of samples were prepared: namely, SIC (shear-induced crystallization) and non-SIC samples. The SIC samples show induction times and possess a high degree of c-axis orientation along the shear direction. The induced orientation of SIC samples can be relaxed to a small extent but does not reach a steady value. Non-SIC samples do not show induction times and they show low degrees of c-axis orientation. The induced orientation of non-SIC samples can be relaxed to a steady state value with an activation energy of 90 kJ/mole. Our results also indicate that, when the shear temperature is at and above 145°C, polyethylene can be sheared up to 200X without introducing any significant molecular orientation even at very high shear rates.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230205
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  • 61
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    Shear stress at polymer/metal interface during melting in extrusion (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 100-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Prediction of the screw horsepower requirement involves, among many others, the calculation of the shear stress (τs) between the solid polymer and the barrel surface during melting. Prediction of the solid bed down-channel velocity also requires the calculation of τs. However, the pseudoplastic nature and strong temperature dependence of melt viscosity make the mathematics of calculating τs extremely difficult.As a first step of developing a reasonable mathematical model for calculating τs, experimental measurements of τs were made over a wide range of metal temperature and sliding speed for five commercial polymers using molded, block samples. Although dependences of τs on metal temperature and sliding speed were found to have similar functionality to those of the dependences of melt viscosity on melt temperature and shear rate, this study showed that τs could not be expressed as a sole function of the melt rheological properties. Our subsequent study, to be reported in a follow up paper, will show that τs must be expressed as a function of the thermodynamic properties and melt density of the polymer as well as the melt rheological properties and the melting conditions.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230209
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    Notch sensitivity and fractography of polyolefins (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The notch sensitivity of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polybutylene (PB) was evaluated using uniaxial tensile deformation and fractographic analysis. Each polyolefin was tested at relatively low and high molecular weights (MW). Only the lower MW HDPE was found to be clearly notch-sensitive. The lower MW PP exhibited some tendency toward notch sensitivity. The lower and higher MW PB, the higher MW HDPE, and the higher MW PP displayed notch strengthening. Whereas PB showed similar notched tensile performance regardless of molecular weight, both HDPE and PP showed higher susceptibility to notch sensitivity at lower molecular weights (and concomitant higher crystallinity). Tendencies toward notch sensitivity or notch stengthening were evidenced in the failure modes of these materials.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230303
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    Some mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane structural foam (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 144-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical response of integral-skin rigid polyurethane foam, with an average density of 300 to 700 kg/m3, to constant rate and creep loading was determined. Sandwich specimens were modeled by layers of a core material and two skins, whose secant moduli had been determined experimentally by separate tests and approximated by linear functions of the density. The effective rigidities of the sandwich in tension and flexure were calculated and compared favorably to experimental measurements. The sandwich structure improved the flexural rigidity of homogeneous foam by a factor of more than 2.20. Tensile creep tests of sandwich specimens at relatively low stress levels (up to about 38 percent of their strength) showed that the creep was nonlinear, but a single creep curve could represent creep of specimens of various densities, provided the relative load on them was the same. A limited number of flexural creep tests led to similar conclusions, but the creep rate was smaller than in tension. Results from torsion tests of core material, compressive tests of sandwich specimens, and tension and compression tests of nonskin rigid foam are included in this article.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230308
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    Correction (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 176-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230311
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    Thermokinetic modeling of an epoxy resin I. Chemoviscosity (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 186-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation can be taken to describe the temperature dependence of viscosity of an amine-cured epoxy resin. Furthermore, for this resin system, the two parameters of the W-L-F equation can be expressed simply as functions of hardener concentration. Since the hardener concentration decreases with advancement, and since the reaction rate equation for advancement is readily determined and known, the viscosity can be calculated over any temperature (cure) cycle.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230404
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    A study of structural development in the high speed spinning of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In recent years the spinning speeds of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber have increased to the point that significant structural development is being observed in the spun yarn. At even higher speeds significant crystallization has been obtained. Data characterizing these yarns will be presented and discussed showing the development of crystals and that the onset of this phenomena is related to the stress at the “freeze point.” The “freeze point” rises from around Tg at low speeds to the order of 200°C at high speeds. The spinline itself has been characterized by velocity and orientation profiles which show the crystallization process is extremely rapid, occurring over a few centimenters of the spinline.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230208
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    The rate of crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by differential scanning calorimetry (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The value of tmax in differential scanning calorimetry is correlated with the crystallization kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The Avrami exponent, n, obtained varies as a result of a change in slope of the curve at the point tn, a secondary crystallization transition. The plot of tn vs. tmax shows a linear relationship. The rate of crystallization depends upon both molecular weight and crystallization temperature. Under a nucleation controlling step, the plot of log tmax vs. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ t_{\max } vs.\frac{1}{{T^2 \Delta T}} $\end{document}gives a linear relationship. Theoretical concepts of the treatment are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230302
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    Aspects of dispersion and flow in thermoplastic-elastomer blends (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypropylene, polystyrene, EP (ethylene/propylene) rubber, and bromobutyl rubber were blended under standardized conditions and the sizes of minor phase domains determined by Quantimet analysis. Dispersion effectiveness was found to depend on the melt viscosities of components under mixing conditions and on their “compatibilty” as inferred here from surface-tension data. Dispersion was optimized when components wet readily at contact surfaces and when melt viscosities were similar. Shear heating during dispersion appeared to offer an empirical index of component compatibilty. Apparent melt viscosities of the blends further reflected the component compatibility factor.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230305
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  • 69
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    Analysis of the puncture of a bisphenol-a polycarbonate disc (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 155-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The finite element technique is applied to analytically predict the response of a disc made of BPA-polycarbonate during a displacement-controlled puncture test with a hemispherical indenter. The analysis includes effects of contact load, large displacements and rotations, and large strains and material yielding. Two general topics are addressed with this analysis. First, it is shown that the load-displacement behavior of impacted, BPA-polycarbonate plates can be accurately predicted over a wide range of engineering interest (strains up to 30 percent) using a bilinear representation of the stress-strain curve and flow theory of plasticity. For this purpose, the von Mises criterion is applied to define yielding in a generalized biaxial stress state, and strain rate effects are incorporated through the use of a yield stress consistent with the initial strain rate during the test. Second, in order to broaden the understanding of results associated with this widely used test, a number of mechanical and material effects are discussed, including large displacements, friction at the clamped support and indenter head, and clamping pressure at the support. Lack of agreement between the present analysis and experimental results with regard to ultimate load at puncture suggests that strain hardening and strain rate hardening of the material during the high-strain portion of the test (30 percent-60 percent) must be more accurately modeled for improved predictive capability.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230309
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    Modeling of transport of small molecules in polymer blends: Application of effective medium theory (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 165-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article concerns itself with the prediction of effective diffusion coefficients of small permeants in binary polymer blends of varying degrees of miscibility and microstructural order. Several models have been critically evaluated with the help of previously published experimental data and in terms of consistency of morphological information provided by small permeants serving as morphological probes. Completely random, two-phase media have been modeled in terms of Effective Medium Theory with the coordination number (z) describing the average morphology. A comprehensive analysis of experimental data has shown a correlation between z and various physical situations. Near the percolation threshold, z attains a maximum value while, above it, z tends to decrease with increasing content of the conductive component. Accurate predictions of effective diffusivity can be made for volume fractions between 0.3 and 0.8 by letting z = 6. Evidence for phase inversion was studied in terms of models with ordered microstructure and transport data.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230310
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230401
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  • 72
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    Analytical melting model for extrusion: Stress of fully compacted solid polymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Our laboratory recently published several analytical equations that can be used to predict the melting rate of fully compacted solid polymers sliding on a heated metal surface, modeling the melting mechanism inside an extruder. These equations were obtained by seeking asymptotic solutions to the differential equations describing the melting mechanism, temperature, and shear-dependent viscosity of polymer melts. Following the same asymptotic approach, we successfully developed accompanying analytical equations for predicting the stress required to slide fully compacted solid polymers on a heated metal surface. The accuracy of these analytical stress equations was found to be reasonable, although not fully satisfactory, by comparing their predictions to the experimentally measured values. The accuracy of the stress calculation is directly related to the accuracy of the viscosity values at high shear rates. The consideration of the temperature and shear dependencies of melt viscosity is most important for accurate prediction of the stress, just as it is for the melting rate. The stress not only depends on the melt rheological properties of the polymer but also on the thermodynamic properties.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230405
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    Investigation of the solvent-evaporation effect on spin coating of thin filmsPresented at the meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry, Las Vegas, March 1982. (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 399-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple empirical relationship exists between the thickness and the solvent-evaporation rate of spin-coated thin films. The thickness of a film formed from an organic solvent solution can be approximated by the relationship\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ D = K_0 \mu ^{0.36} \omega ^{ - 0.50} (E\lambda /C_p)^{0.60} $\end{document}, where μ is the viscosity of the coating solution, ω is the rotation speed, E is the solvent-evaporation rate, λ is the latent heat of evaporation, Cp is the heat capacity of the solvent, and K0 is a constant for volatile organic solvents. A similar relationship for aqueous polymer solutions is\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ D = K_0 \mu ^{0.36} \omega ^{ - 0.50} (1.0 - RH)^{0.60} $\end{document}, where RH is the relative humidity of air around the spin coater and Ka is a constant for aqueous solutions. These relationships are helpful in understanding the mechanism of thin-film formation in spin coating.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230706
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    Process control of injection molding (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper discusses the most important input parameters affecting the conventional injection-molding process and describes a closed-loop control system for determining the interaction between ten process inputs and three output parameters. The input parameters are: back pressure, holding pressure, injection time, open mold time, shot size, clamping pressure, injection pressure, screw speed, and boost cut-off. The output parameters studied are: part weight, maximum cavity pressure, and maximum mold deflection.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230804
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  • 75
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    Highly elastic-constant vicosity fluids (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 459-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheological properties of three types of fluids that exhibit large normal stresses are examined and compared. These fluids have a constant or nearly constant viscosity and can be used as model viscoelastic fluids, covering a range of viscosity from 0.1 to 124 Pa.s. One lubricant, Emkarox FC 31-45000, is shown to have the characteristics of a second-order fluid. Series difficulties encountered in measuring the rheological properties of the Separan - corn syrup solutions (Boger fluids) are reported. The Emkarox and solutions of polyacrylamide (Pusher 700) in mixtures of glycerine and water are proposed as better model fluids.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230808
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    Effect of the addition of EPM copolymers on the properties of high density polyethylene/isotactic polypropylene blends: II. Morphology and mechanical properties of extruded samples (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 489-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the addition of two ethylene-propylene random copolymers (EPM) with different composition on the mechanical properties, thermal behavior and overall morphology of high density polyethylene (HDPE)/isotactic polypropylene (iPP) blends, was investigated on extruded samples. The experimental data showed that the morphology of binary HDPE/iPP blends is drastically modified by these additives and that the ultimate mechanical properties of these mixtures are greatly improved. A reasonable explanation of these results can be ascribed to the fact that these copolymers can act as “compatibilizing agents” in the amorphous regions of the two semicrystalline homopolymers. The extent of such effects is dependent on the chemical structure and/or on the molecular mass of the added copolymer as well as on the HDPE/iPP blend compositions.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230903
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    Extrusion and melt spinning characteristics of thermally degraded polypropylene (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 516-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A basic study of the influence of thermal degradation of polypropylene on its extrudate swell and melt spinning characteristics is reported. The degradation reduces swell, changes the shape of the spinline diameter/velocity profile (i.e., the spinline apparent elongational viscosity function), and stabilizes the melt spinning process. The importance of molecular weight distribution narrowing during the degradation process is noted in these studies.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230907
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  • 78
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    The dual-mode solution and transport of water in poly(acrylonitrile) (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 548-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solubility (sorption) and transport measurements with water in solvent-free poly (acrylonitrile)(PAN) (23) have been interpreted in terms of an extension of the “dual-sorption” model for transport of small molecules in glassy polymers. Satisfactory agreement has been obtained between theory and experimental data. An earlier analysis of similar data for water in PAN containing 0.26 percent (by weight) of a residual solvent (1) has been compared with the present results in order to investigate the effects of residual solvent on the dual-sorption and transport parameters for the water-PAN system.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231004
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    Elongation rheology of polyolefins and its relation to processability (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 572-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheology of a variety of polyolefin resins, and resin blends, has been examined under conditions of constant strain rate elongation. These include high, low, and linear low density polyethylene, as well as polypropylene, commercially modified polypropylene, and elastomer blends with polypropylene. Two distinctly different classes of behavior are apparent in the viscosity growth patterns during uniaxial extension. Some resins display unbounded stress growth even at low strain rates. Others quickly attain a time independent value of extensional viscosity even at increased strain rates. The former behavior is identified with favorable blow molding behavior, while the latter was characteristic of resins unsuitable for such processing. The class of elongation behavior depends not only on resin type, but may be influenced by molecular weight distribution or blend morphology.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231008
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  • 80
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231101
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  • 81
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    A phenomenological master curve for viscosity - structure data for two phase polymer systems in simple shear flow (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 610-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A master curve hypothesis is established based on a mass balance and an assumption of continuous stress through interfaces for well dispersed two phase systems with “defined” zero shear viscosity. The master curve, which is in reasonable accordance with experimental data is represented in a double logarithmic plot of log (ηT/T,0) against log \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left({\frac{{\eta _{T,0} M_C H\rho}}{{c^2 RT}}\dot \gamma _T} \right) $\end{document}. Mc is the molecular weight between entanglements, H = M̄w/M̄n, ρ is the density, c is the polymer concentration, all defined for the continuous phase. ηT and ηT,0 are the viscosity and zero shear viscosity of the blend, ηT is the apparent shear rate, R the gas constant, and T is absolute temperature.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231104
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  • 82
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    The stability of blends of incompatible thermoplastics (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 614-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Conventional thermodynamic reasoning would predict that it would be very difficult to melt blend incompatible polymers and that if such blends were made they would be highly unstable and would phase separate upon heating. A method has been developed to melt blend incompatible polymers (such as poly(methylmethacrylate) and polyethylene) to form two continuous interpenetrating phases and that upon prolonged heating the stability of the structure is increased rather than decreased.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231105
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  • 83
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    Mechanical properties of injection molded blends of poly(ethylene-terephthalate) and poly(amide-6,6) (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 637-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Data have been obtained regarding the tensile and impact behavior of pure poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polyamide 6,6 (PA) and blends of PA in PET in concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 30 and 35 percent by weight of PA. The measurements were carried out at -40, 23 and 70°C. Dispersion and sample preparation were carried out in a reciprocating screw injection-molding machine. All blends exhibited brittle behavior and low strength, when compared to pure components. Although some enhancement of mechanical properties might be realized by orientation, it is suggested that the observed behavior might be attributed to the low quality of dispersion achievable in injection molding process. This conclusion is supported by microscopic evidence.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231109
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  • 84
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    On the application of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to the elucidation of specific interactions in miscible polyester-poly(vinyl chloride) blends (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 658-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: FT-IR spectroscopic studies have been performed in an attempt to elucidate the nature of the specific interactions occurring in miscible poly(∊-caprolactone) (PCL)-poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends. Studies of low molecular weight analogues, polymer/solvent mixtures and blends of PCL and α-deuterated PVC are presented. The results strongly suggest that a hydrogen bonding type of interaction between the carbonyl bond of PCL and the α-hydrogen of PVC exists in compatible PCL-PVC blends.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231204
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  • 85
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    Competitive equilibria in miscible polymer blends and low molecular weight analogues: A fourier transform infrared study (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 663-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relative magnitudes of specific interactions are compared by setting up competitive equilibria in mixed solvent systems. The positions of the equilibria are determined spectroscopically by resolving the overlapping absorptions of the two solvation states. This technique is applied to the study of interactions between polyesters (or model compounds) and a variety of solvents which mimic possible interacting centers in halogenated polymers. Using the same technique of resolving overlapping bands, it is also demonstrated that in a miscible blend of polycaprolactone and Phenox (a polyhydroxyether of bisphenol A) only a relatively small proportion of the carbonyl groups of polycaprolactone are involved in specific interactions with the Phenoxy.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231205
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  • 86
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    Fourier transform infrared studies of poly(vinyl chloride) blends with ethylene Co- and terpolymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 682-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The miscibility of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with various ethylene copolymers and terpolymers were investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy. All blends reported were 50/50 by weight. In blends of PVC with ethylene/dimethyl acrylamide copolymer (E/DMA), frequency shifts were observed in the amide carbonyl (proton acceptor) and the α-hydrogen of PVC (proton donor) characteristic bands. In blends of PVC with ethylene/ethyl acrylate/carbon monoxide terpolymer (E/EA/CO), both the ester carbonyl and the ketone carbonyl characteristic frequencies showed mutual shifts and appeared as if they merged together. Small frequency shifts were also observed in the α-hydrogen of PVC characteristic bands. In blends of PVC with ethylene/vinyl acetate/carbon monoxide terpolymer (E/VA/CO), the ester carbonyl frequency showed a shift while that of the ketone carbonyl was essentially unchanged. On the other hand, in PVC blends with ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (E/VA), the ester CO frequency did not show any shift, which is consistent with their observed immiscibility. Thus, it is clear that incorporating a ketone —C=O in ethylene/ester copolymers to form the corresponding terpolymers enhances their miscibility with PVC as earlier proposed on the basis of dynamic mechanical studies. Similar results were shown for blends of PVC with ethylene/2 ethyl hexyl acrylate/carbon monoxide terpolymer (E/2EHA/CO). Frequency shifts imply specific interactions which suggest polymer-polyer miscibility on a molecular scale.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231208
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    Review on processing ultra high tenacity fibers from flexible polymer (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 697-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The various efforts up to date on the processing of ultra high tenacity fibers from flexible polymer have been summarized in this report. Some significant parameters correlating well with ultra high tenacity have been found through consideration of experimental results of polyethylene, despite the wide diversity in the processing techniques, degrees of drawing, thermal conditions, and molecular weight characteristics. It has been concluded from those parameters that ultra high tenacity fibers can be only attained by processing techniques satisfying the following structural principles simultaneously: 1.ultra drawing with draw ratio above 20 for increasing the number of tie molecules and the degree of molecular orientation.2.reduction of the small angle x-ray scattering intensity, correlating to an increase in the number of tie molecules.3.increase in molecular chain length for reducing the intermolecular chain slip at polymer chain ends.4.increase the slope of the Griffith plot, a manifestation of reducing defeets and flaws in microfibrils.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231302
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    A novel technique for measuring the impact properties of a tough polyethylene (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 708-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel technique is described which enables reliable fracture toughness measurements to be made in impact test on relatively small specimens of a tough polyethylene. Composite specimens have been made in which a tough polyethylene is sandwiched between two layers of a more brittle polyethylene. The overall fracture toughness is interpreted on the basis of simple additivity of the strain energy release rate associated with each of the component layers. Brittle plane strain failures were obtained for specimens in which the relative thickness of the layers was varied over a substantial range and the fracture toughness of each layer determined by suitable extrapolation. The fracture toughness of the brittle layer obtained in this way agreed well with direct measurements on that material.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231304
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heating and bonding mechanisms in ultrasonic welding of thermoplastics (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 726-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study of the heating and bonding mechanisms in ultrasonic welding is described. Polystyrene specimens were joined under a variety of welding conditions while the temperatures at the interface and within the interior of these specimens were measured. The power input, amplitude of vibrations, and amount of deformation during welding were measured concurrently. In general, the rate of heating at the interface is greatest at the beginning of the weld cycle, but slows markedly after the interface temperature reaches approximately 250°C. The interface temperature peaks well before the weld is completed. Temperatures within the body increase most rapidly at temperatures near the glass transition temperature. Welded specimens were broken on a special testing apparatus under combined torsional and compressional loads to determine the weld strength. The results show that weld strength is dependent on the amount of energy input and the degree to which material flows out of the interface region. Possible mechanisms for heating and bonding during ultrasonic welding are discussed in light of the observed behavior.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231307
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Azide-phenolic resin UV resist (MRL) for microlithography (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 935-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(4-vinylphenol) sensitized by an aromatic monoazide compound (4-azidochalcone), called MRL (Micro Resist for Longer wavelengths), has been prepared and evaluated as a negative UV resist. The resist is sensitive to radiation in the 300 to 400 nm region. The sensitivity of MRL is comparable to that of a positive quinonediazide photoresist under exposure to unfiltered light from a high pressure Hg lamp. An aqueous base developer removes the unexposed areas of MRL with no evidence of swelling of the exposed areas, indicating its high resolution capability. The main products in the exposure of MRL films are found to be primary and secondary amines. It is concluded that the formation of secondary amines attached to the polymer chain is responsible for the insolubilization of the exposed MRL in the base developer.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231704
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Thermal aging study of carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene and poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile)-reactive liquid polymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 222-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A thermal aging study of carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTB) and poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile) (CTBN) reactive liquid polymers has been conducted at 50°, 75°, 100°, and 125°C. All CTB and CTBNs are stable at 50°C aging. On aging at higher temperatures prior to use, viscosities of CTB and CTBNs increase, and terminal carboxylic acid functional groups start disappearing. Rate of viscosity increase and rate of carboxylic acid functional group disappearance increase with higher aging temperature and also with higher cyano group concentration in the polymers. The major cause of rapid viscosity increase and disappearance of carboxylic acid functional groups seems to be crosslinking between terminal carboxylic acid groups and cyano groups, which form imide structures. Crosslinking among the unsaturation in polybutadiene segments may contribute to the slow, steady viscosity increase. No acid-anhydride formation and decarboxylation reaction, which may also result in viscosity increase and disappearance of carboxylic acid functional groups, are observed during the thermal aging at elevated temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230411
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  • 92
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    Editor's note (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 421-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230802
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic mechanical and thermomechanical properties of silicone-polycarbonate block copolymers (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 439-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Representative random, alternating block copolymers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and bisphenol-A-polycarbonate (BPAPC) were studied by thermomechanical and dynamic mechanical techniques. Data on glass transition temperatures (Tg), heat-deflection temperatures (Td), Vicat softening temperatures (Ts), coefficients of linear expansion (α), stress-strain, and stress relaxation for four PDMS-BPAPC block co-polymers are presented. The effect of casting films from mixed n-hexane-methylene chloride solution on the thermomechanical and dynamic mechanical properties was also studied.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230805
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  • 94
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    Masthead (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230901
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  • 95
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    Steady-shear rheological behavior of the suspension of spherical particles in a second-order fluidPresented in part at the Macromolecular Science Division of the 65th Annual Canadian Chemical Conference meeting in Toronto (1982). (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 465-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we study the rheological behavior of a dilute suspension of rigid spherical particles in a second-order fluid. We extend the results of viscous fluids to discuss the expression for the bulk stress tensor of a second-order fluid and also obtain an approximate solution to the shear flow problem of this fluid. By combing these results, we write an approximate constitutive equation for the bulk stress tensor for such a suspension and study it in a shear flow. It is found that the new equation predicts no variation in the shear viscosity, but predicts enhancement of the pre-existing non-Newtonian nature of the suspending fluid with regard to the normal stress functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230809
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Influence of mineral oils on polystyrene fracturePresented at the “III Coloquio Nacional de Macromoleculas”, Nov. 22-26, 1982. Caracas-Venezuela (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 498-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene specimens coated with mineral oils of different viscosities were tested in tension. It was found that craze initiation and tensile fracture stresses, and also the breaking energy decreased with decreasing oil viscosity, all being lower than for specimens tested in air. Crazes formed in oil showed a lower fibril volume fraction and thicker fibrils than air crazes. The most striking difference in the fracture patterns was found in the initiation regions, where a globular morphology appears as a result of fibrils breakage at the stages of slow propagation, these globules becoming bigger with decreasing viscosity of the oil environment. Since the polymer-oil interfacial tensions are similar for the different oils, the trends in mechanical properties and craze and fracture morphologies cannot be attributed to a surface energy effect, but to plasticization because the deterioration in the polymer properties and the increasing craze fibrils thickness go along with the plasticizing ability of the oils.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230904
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of polynorbornene and ethylene-propylene terpolymer blends (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 530-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this study characteristics of polynorbornene (PNR) and ethylene-propylene terpolymer (EPDM) blends were examined in terms of compatibility, cocuring, and ozone resistance. For most of the blend compositions, two glass transition temperatures (Tg) at about -30 and -50°C were observed from differential scanning calorimetry data for both uncured and cured samples. The transitions correspond to the Tg's of the component polymers, suggesting that the blends are microheterogeneous. The two-phase blends are difficult to cocure as evidenced by the fact that tensile strengths of the blends, when plotted as a function of blend composition, deviate from the linear or additive behavior. Improved cocuring of the blends, however, can be achieved by matching the cure rates of the components. The ozone resistance of the blends containing 25 percent or more EPDM was substantially improved as compared with that of PNR. Therefore, the newly developed PNR can be used for applications requiring ozone resistance by properly blending it with EPDM.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760230909
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Sandwich injection molding of thermotropic copolyesters and filled polyester (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 632-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mold filling studies have shown that thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyesters of p-hydroxybenzoicacid (PHB) and polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) fill by an advancing front mechanism similar to flexible chain polymers. The structure and orientation developed during filling as determined on solid specimens by an etching method, X-ray diffraction, and shrinkage study on thin microtomed samples appear to be most pronounced at the surface. Based on this information copolymers of 60 and 80 mole percent PHB/PET were co-injection molded with filled PET under various processing conditions. Because of the low viscosity of the copolyesters, they readily coated filled PET under most processing conditions to give a sheath/core structure. The bending modulus of co-injection molded bars with as little as 35 percent PHB/PET was as high as the sample consisting of 100 percent liquid crystalline copolyester. Electron micrographs of fracture surfaces revealed excellent adhesion between the two polymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231108
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly (butyleneterephthalate)-ethylenevinylacetate polymer blends (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 750-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymerization of dimethylterephthalate (DMT) and 1,4-butanediol (4G) carried out in the presence of about 15 weight percent of ethylene-co-vinylacetate copolymers (EVA), gave blends with average dimensions of the “soft domains” of a few microns. During polymerization, reaction between EVA and poly(butyleneterepthalate) (PBTP) takes place leading to the formation of macromolecules of PBTP-g-EVA and crosslinked EVA in addition to unreacted EVA and linear PBTP. These different chemical structures can be fractionated by selective solubility and quantitatively measured. Their relative amounts depend particularly on the percentage of vinylacetate (VA) in the initial EVA and on the time of reaction. During polymerization there is a retarding effect on the increasing of the molecular weight of linear PBTP which can be ascribed to the lower volatility of the acetate by-products, derived from the reaction with EVA, which act as monofunctional impurities.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231310
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  • 100
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    Characterization of fast-cure resins for reaction injection molding (1983)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 756-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The interest in reaction injection molding of urethane and non-urethane resins has generated a need for a greater understanding of the molding behavior of these reactive systems. The kinetics and rheology of a given resin must therefore be well characterized in order to understand and model the molding process. This often requires semi-empirical correlations rather than strict theoretical considerations. A method of fully characterizing such systems by combining adiabatic reactor and IR studies with viscometer data is therefore described. This results in time-temperature-conversion-viscosity correlations which can be directly utilized in molding studies. Such methods are applied to polyurethane and epoxy systems in the work presented here. It was found that very different activation energies are obtained for the same epoxy-amine system using different kinetic characterization techniques.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760231311
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