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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of fluid distributions in porous media by NMR techniques (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 538-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-lattice relaxation measurements are used to investigate pore structures and fluid phase distributions in porous media. A new method for estimating relaxation time distribution functions from measured relaxation data is presented using a B-spline basis to represent the distribution function and Tikhonov regularization to stabilize the estimation problem. Surface relaxivity, which is required to convert relaxation time distributions to pore-size distributions of fluid phase distributions at partial saturations, is determined using pore volume-to-surface-area ratios estimated by NMR diffusion measurements. This approach was validated by analyzing certain model porous media with known pore volume-to-surface-area ratios. The method is demonstrated by determining pore-size and fluid phase distributions of sandstone and carbonate samples, as well as by comparing the pore-size distributions of chalk samples obtained by this methodology with those estimated by mercury porosimetry.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420223
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new solution to emulsion liquid membrane problems by non-Newtonian conversion (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 547-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Emulsion liquid membrane separation processes remain excessively vulnerable to one or more of four major problems. Difficulties lie in developing liquid membranes that combine high levels of both stability and permeability with acceptably low levels of swelling and ease of subsequent demulsification for membrane and solute recovery. This article provides a new technique for simultaneously overcoming the first three problems, while identifying physical indications that the proposed solution may have little adverse effect on the fourth problem (demulsification) and may even alleviate it. Numerous benefits of optimized conversion of the membrane phase into suitable non-Newtonian form are identified, their mechanisms outlined, and experimental verifications provided. These include increased stability, retained (or enhanced) permeability, reduced swelling, increased internal phase volume, and increased stirrer speeds. The highly favorable responsiveness of both aliphatic and aromatic membranes to the new technique is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420224
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420301
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase equilibria and volumetric properties of aqueous CACl2 by an equation of state (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 585-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive equation of state was developed to represent the phase equilibria and volumetric properties of aqueous calcium chloride solutions at temperatures above 523 K. The equation consists of a reference part and a perturbation contribution. The reference function is developed from the statistical mechanical theory for mixtures of dipolar and quadrupolar hard spheres, which agrees well with the Monte Carlo simulation results. In this treatment, calcium chloride is described by the completely undissociated model. The empirical perturbation function is a truncated series of virial expansion terms. Thus, mixing rules are guided by those of virial coefficients, which are derived rigorously from statistical mechanics. The equation reproduces experimental saturated vapor pressures and volumetric data within experimental uncertainty for temperatures to 623 K. At higher temperatures, few and less accurate experimental data are available, but values of the saturated vapor pressures of the liquid have been reported and are represented satisfactorily.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420227
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic contact angles and flow in vicinity of moving contact line (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 601-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A previously developed mathematical wetting model is generalized and applied to the following two closely related situations: the spreading of a liquid over a prewet solid surface and the receding contact-line motion with a microscopic residual film, remaining behind the contact line. An analytical expression for the velocity dependence of the dynamic contact angle is derived. Macroscopic characteristics (the dynamic contact angle and drag force) and the flow field corresponding to the spreading of a liquid over a wet solid surface differ considerably from those calculated for a dry surface. Under certain conditions the flow in the reference frame fixed with respect to the contact line has a region with closed streamlines. The region appears due to the flow-induced Marangoni effect, the reverse influence of the surface tension gradient along the liquid-solid interface caused by the flow on the flow, which gives rise to the gradient. The results are compared qualitatively with experimental data.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420302
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forces on a large cylindrical bubble in an unsteady rotational flow (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 638-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The full Navier-Stokes equations were employed with a single-fluid model and a front tracking scheme to study a large cylindrical bubble in a free shear layer. A general formulation based on work by Auton et al. of the hydrodynamic forces on a finite Reynolds number large bubble in an unsteady, nonuniform and rotational flow was then used to investigate the effects of nonlinear spatial and temporal gradients on dispersion. The resulting bubble dispersion in the full Navier-Stokes solution significantly differ from that by a conventional bubble dynamic equation based on linear spatial gradients and quasi-steady flow. This was due to the adjunct forces not accounted for by such a formulation, which are related to regions of high nonuniformity and unsteadiness. These adjunct forces in the drag/lift direction were correlated with rapid variations of relative bubble velocity and high gradients of the liquid velocity.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420305
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leveling of a film with stratified viscosity and insoluble surfactant (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 623-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The evolution of a film with insoluble surfactant on a wavy horizontal wall differs from flow without surfactant (the way it usually is studied) in that the film passes through different stages. The first stage is as if the surfactant were absent. Once the surface tension gradient - induced by the nonuniform surfactant concentration adsorbed at the free surface - starts resisting the flow effectively, the evolution enters a transitional stage. A final stage is reached once the free surface becomes rigid due to the surface-tension gradient (high elasticity limit) or becomes virtually leveled before the surface-tension gradient is released (low elasticity limit). The velocity profile through the film changes with time, sol fluid is depleted or accumulated at different strata in the film as the flow evolves. The velocity profile and resulting deformations throughout the film can be influenced significantly by the viscosity distribution or stratification, which occurs, for example, when multiple layers of different viscosity are coated simultaneously. A model and applications for the leveling of such a film are presented. The evolution is described in general terms for a film of uniform viscosity and for a film of two discrete layers of different viscosity. Then the three limiting cases are established. For two of these limits, the effect on the exponential decay rate of the flow and the deformation of the different strata or layers is examined when the viscosity is changed in an infinitesimally thin layer or stratum, and in a layer of finite thickness in films of two and three discrete layers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420304
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption of associating molecules in micropores and application to water on carbon (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 809-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general theory for the adsorption of self-associating molecules in microporous structures is developed. The approach is similar to the “chemical” interpretation of nonideality of vapor and liquid phases. The theory displays Type 5 isotherm behavior and can explain Types 1 and 5 transition. Isothermal data are represented by only three parameters: Henry's law constant, saturation capacity, and reaction constant for “cluster” formation in the micropores. When isotherms at different temperatures are available, the theory can be used with five temperature-independent parameters to describe the entire phase behavior including the heat of adsorption. Water adsorption on activated carbon, the most common display of Type 5 behavior, is used to test the theory. Analysis of several data sets indicates that the theory can closely correlate data, provide physically meaningful parameter values in line with carbon properties, and it is highly effective in correlating temperature variation. The reaction enthalpy for water dimerization in the carbon micropores is lower than that in vapor phase. This preliminary conclusion with the theory needs to be supported with more accurate data when available.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420319
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI investigations of fractures and multiphase flow in fractured media (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 820-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The new application of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for characterizing fractures and flow in fractured media is investigated. Specifically, a relaxation-weighted imaging technique is used for selectively highlighting either fracture or porous matrix regions. Many advantages over conventional spin-density MRI techniques for characterizing fractured media are demonstrated. Its use to speed image acquisition is also demonstrated. In addition, a multislice profile imaging technique is used to investigate imbibition and drainage displacement experiments in fractured porous media. These images demonstrate that the fractures can have profound effects on the fluid distributions in multiphase flow.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420320
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model of crystallization in a confined space applied to iron uptake and release by ferritin (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 829-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many living organisms store iron in solid form, Fe(III), as a crystal in the inner cavity of the ferritin molecule. When iron is needed for biosynthesis, a reducing agent reduces Fe(III) into the soluble form Fe2+ released by ferritin. Crystallization and release processes are reversible, and their rates evolve in an identical way as a function of the number n of iron atoms in the molecule. The rate increases with n, showing a maximum value when n is approximately 1,300, and then stabilizes for the highest values of n, which can reach 4,500. On the other hand, plotting the amount of released iron as a function of time gives curves with a sigmoid shape. The proposed model was based on the theoretical description of different steps involved in crystal growth inside the protein shell: several independent crystals grow freely at the inner protein wall, and then a distribution function takes into account possible overlapping of different crystallite clusters, whose further growth is limited by diminution of the available space inside the cavity. The kinetics derived was then used to calculate the release curve as a function of time. Solving the system of differential mass-balance equations was simplified by describing the ferritin population as a large discrete distribution of species. The model fully fitted and explained the variation in the crystallization rate with n, and the sigmoid shape of the release curve as a function of time obtained experimentally in a thin-layer electrochemical cell.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420321
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of polymer-solvent phase equilibria by a modified group-contribution EOS (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 837-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new group-contribution lattice-fluid equation of state (GCLF-EOS), which is capable of predicting the equilibrium properties of polymer-solvent solutions, was developed by modifying the original GCLF-EOS of High and Danner. The GCLF-EOS is a group-contribution form of the Panayiotou-Vera equation of state based on the lattice-hole theory. Group contributions for the interaction energy and reference volume were developed based only on the saturated vapor pressure and liquid densities of low molecular weight compounds. For a mixture, a binary interaction parameter was introduced into the mixing rules. Group contributions for the binary interaction parameter were developed from the binary vapor-liquid equilibria of low molecular weight compounds. This modified GCLF-EOS model gives excellent predictions of solvent activity coefficients both at infinite dilution and at finite concentrations. It is significantly better than the original GCLF-EOS model in its prediction capability. The only input required for the model is the structure of the molecules in terms of their functional groups. No other pure component or mixture properties of the polymer or solvent are needed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420322
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement and correlation of ion activity in aqueous single electrolyte solutions (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 249-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ion-selective electrodes were used to measure the activity coefficients at 298.2 K of individual ions in aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaBr up to of 5 molal and of KCl up to 4 molal. The mean ionic activity coefficients of NaCl, NaBr, and KCl, obtained from the values of the activity coefficients of the individual ions, show good agreement with values reported in the literature. The experimental results show that the activity coefficients are different for the anion and the cation in an aqueous solution of a single electrolyte and that, as expected from the ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions, the activity coefficient of an ion depends on the nature of its counterion. A modified form of the Pitzer's model, which distinguishes between the activity coefficients of the anion and the cation, was used to correlate the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420121
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of mixing on the composition and morphology of tissue-engineered cartilage (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 850-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cartilage constructs were grown using isolated chondrocytes and biodegradable polymer scaffolds made of fibrous polyglycolic acid in the form of 1-cm-dia × 5-mm-thick discs. The scaffolds were seeded in a mixed cell suspension and cultured for up to 8 weeks under static or mixed tissue culture conditions in petri dishes and spinner flasks. Turbulent mixing significantly improved the biochemical compositions and altered morphologies of the cartilage constructs, which were the thickest ones cultured to date in vitro. Constructs from mixed cultures were more regular in shape and contained up to 70% more cells, 60% more sulfated glycosaminoglycan, and 125% more total collagen when compared to constructs from static cultures. Mixing also induced the formation of an outer capsule with multiple layers of elongated cells and collagen fibrils around the inner tissue phase, while statically grown constructs consisted of round cells embedded in cartilaginous matrix. Mixing during cell seeding and tissue culture is thus an important parameter for the cultivation of tissue-engineered cartilage in a range of sizes, shapes and compositions for a variety of clinical applications (e.g., fibrous cartilage for reconstructive surgery or articular cartilage for joint resurfacing).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420323
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical modeling of a solid-state limiting current carbon monoxide sensor (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 876-883 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solid-state carbon monoxide sensor was fabricated using a 9% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) disc sandwiched between two platinum thin-film electrodes. One of the electrodes was coated with a thin layer of 7 CuO · 10 ZnO · 3 Al2O3 catalyst. The sensor showed limiting current behavior at an applied voltage between 0.5 and 1.2 V. Linear response was observed with carbon monoxide in a nitrogen-oxygen mixture at high temperature and limiting current conditions. The linear carbon monoxide concentration range increased with increase in the operating temperature and its sensitivity increased from 2.437 mA · atm-1 CO at 1,023 K to 10.771 at 1,093 K. These characteristics were adequately described by the proposed mathematical model relating the response to the rate processes occurring in the catalyst layer and in the electrochemical cell under limiting current conditions. The model showed that effective sensing and high sensitivity are best obtained using a catalyst with high catalytic activity toward the test solute and proper design and fabrication of the sensor to ensure its high diffusivity in the catalyst.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420325
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stochastic dynamic solution of nonlinear differential equations for transport phenomena (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 889-891 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420327
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chlorinated organics removal from water by plasma-graft filling polymerized membranes (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 892-895 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420328
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption of water vapor into LiBr solutions with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 884-888 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420326
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of surface fines on growth rate of L-SCMC crystals in DL-SCMC aqueous solution (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 896-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420329
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420401
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fickian diffusion in binary mixtures that form two liquid phases (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 910-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New data on the variation of the diffusion coefficient with concentration in binary nonideal liquid mixtures are presented. The diffusion coefficients were measured with laser holography with an improved analysis procedure and are primarily in systems that form two liquid phases. The results show that for such systems the diffusion coefficient is constant if a chemical-potential driving force is used. If, however, the miscibility gap is wide, the Schreiner equation (Schreiner, 1922) is shown to be more accurate than relations that consider the variation of viscosity. Cluster theories developed for diffusion behavior near critical points were found to explain the data well only in water-organic systems on the water-rich side.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420403
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dry superconducting magnetic cleaning of pulverized coal (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420126
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uniqueness and multiplicity in isothermal CMSMPR crystallizers (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420127
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatiotemporal patterns in catalytic reactors (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1041-1068 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The study of spatial structures in heterogeneous reactors is a challenging academic topic, revealing patterns that differ from those known to exist in reaction-diffusion systems exposed to uniform conditions, as well as a practical problem that should affect design and operation procedures of commercial reactors like the catalytic convertor. Experimental observations and mathematical models of spatiotemporal patterns in high-pressure catalytic reactors are reviewed. Patterns in high-pressure reactors, in which thermal effects provide the positive feedback, as well as the long-range communication, usually emerge due to global interaction. Patterns are classified comprehensively by considering reactors of increasing degree of complexity: a wire or ribbon exposed to uniform conditions, a globally coupled catalyst in a mixed reactor or in a control loop, and a fixed bed in which interaction by convection occurs only in one direction. Catalytic wires are not expected to exhibit sustained patterns in the absence of global interaction. Global interactions by external control or gas-phase coupling are shown experimentally and analytically to induce a rich plethora of patterns. Complex motions were simulated to occur due to the interaction of convection, conduction and reaction in a fixed-bed; only a few of these patterns were experimentally observed. Directions for future research are suggested.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420416
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of the ignited state in packed-bed reactor (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1088-1094 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ignited state is associated with a thin reaction zone and a steep temperature gradient ahead of the front. The stability of this front is analyzed for small radial and azimuthal perturbations. The near-equidiffusional assumption is made, and the deviation of the Lewis number from unity is considered as the bifurcation parameter. The analysis shows that the planar front becomes unstable at Lewis numbers above unity after a Hopf bifurcation. The oscillatory front collapses into hot spots or rings which oscillate around the axial axis. For Lewis numbers less than one, a steady-state cellular front structure is found.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420419
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactor of vapor-phase graft polymerization of reactive monomer onto porous hollow fiber (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1095-1100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel reactor for the modification of a porous hollow-fiber membrane up to 1 m in length is presented. The polyethylene hollow fiber irradiated with an electron beam was exposed to the vapor of an epoxy-group-containing vinyl monomer (glycidyl methacrylate) in a cylindrical reactor rotated at 1 rpm. Construction of the hollow fibers resulted in a diffusion-controlled reaction system, which led to the nonuniformity of degree of grafting (dg), whereas the shuffling of the hollow fibers by rotating the cylindrical reactor provided a higher reactivity (dg = 110% for 100 min at 300 K) and uniformity (standard deviation = 4.5%) of dg.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420420
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drying with internal heat generation: Theoretical aspects and application to microwave heating (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 359-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model of simultaneous heat and mass transfer presented describes drying with internal heat generation. Since a liquid expulsion phase is observed, a numerical procedure was developed to account for saturated and unsaturated zones and to model the liquid expulsion. The model was validated by a drainage experiment. An experimental rig was built to conduct microwave drying experiments in well-controlled conditions using capillary porous body (light concrete) as test material. Two types of drying (high and low power) were distinguished, depending on whether or not boiling occurred in the sample. The heat source term in the medium was determined from the experimental results. The numerical results agree with the experimental observations in terms of drying kinetics and transfer mechanisms. This allows a very accurate description of the transport phenomena and the liquid expulsion phase associated with high-power drying.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420206
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Backone family of equations of state: 1. Nonpolar and polar pure fluids (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1116-1126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Helmholtz energy F is written as the sum F = FH + FA + FPol, where FH is the hard-body contribution, FA the attractive dispersion force contribution, and FPol either the quadrupolar or dipolar contribution. Here, a new expression for FA is constructed by a simultaneous correlation of experimental data of methane, oxygen, and ethane. The resulting equations for F with only three or four substance-specific parameters are tested for several nonpolar, quadrupolar, and dipolar fluids. In the correlation of large data sets good results are obtained. The significance of the approach, however, is in the good to excellent prediction of all thermodynamic properties in the whole fluid region based on a parameter fit to only four experimental data - two vapor pressures and two saturated liquid densities.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420423
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laboratory batch reactor method for kinetic study of chemical vapor deposition (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1108-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A lab-scale nonflowing reactor was built to study chemical vapor deposition reactions. Mass spectrometry is used to follow reaction pathways and to determine instantaneous reaction rates throughout film growth. In each experiment, the kinetic rate dependence on concentration for a wide range of concentrations is observed as reactants convert to products. This method of obtaining kinetic data is efficient in terms of sample loading, gas usage, and time, since over 200 instantaneous rate/composition pairs can be determined from one 30-min deposition. Because the rate is determined from gas-mass balance, rather than film-thickness measurements, an unlimited number of rate studies can be made on one sample. As a test case, the SiH4 reduction of WF6, used to deposit tungsten during integrated-circuit production, was investigated in the 0.64-L nonflowing laboratory reactor. Gas compositions were measured 2 mm from the growing surface, throughout time, with a mass spectrometer equipped with a capillary sampling tube. Tungsten was deposited on the 95°C surface, and SiHF3 was the primary silicon fluoride reaction product for most tested conditions. A multiple-regression analysis of 1,975 instantaneous composition/rate pairs gives orders of 1.22 in silane, 0.27 in hydrogen, and -2.17 in WF6. The ratio of SiF4 to SiHF3 stays low and constant until the gas becomes silane-rich. The evolution of the instantaneous rate over time implies that a minimal level of thermal activation of the reactive gases is necessary for the deposition to be surface-rate-limited. Preliminary heat-transfer models of the wire substrate imply that heat transfer to the gas phase is in the Knudsen regime.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420422
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Air purification in a reverse-flow reactor: Model simulations vs. experiments (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1139-1148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behavior of a reverse-flow reactor was studied for the purification of polluted air by catalytic combustion. A heterogeneous one-dimensional model was extended with a heat balance for the reactor wall. An overall heat transport term is included to account for the small heat losses in radial direction.The calculations are compared to experimental data without using fit parameters. The agreement between simulations and experiments is generally good. Discrepancies can be explained mainly by inaccurate kinetic data and experimental uncertainties. At low gas velocities and for small reactor diameters, the one-dimensional model failed and a two-dimensional model must be developed to improve the predictive potential.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420425
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditional statistics in turbulent scalar mixing and reaction (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1149-1152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Abstarct.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420426
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of cell-target encounter by random filopodial projections (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1127-1138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dynamic projections from the surface of many motile cell types provide for variable contact with the extracellular environment and can be important in regulating cell migration events. For example, during nerve development and regeneration, the sensory motile tip of the axon exhibits long, slender filopodia projecting from the growth cone periphery. Extension and retraction of these filopodia continually remodel the points of contact between axon and surroundings. Experimental studies show that filopodial contact with specific extracellular features can guide subsequent growth cone migration, suggesting a potentially important means of engineering nerve growth to repair nerve injury or construct biological neural networks. A simulation model is presented of the dynamic filopodial structure on the nerve growth cone based on recent experimental characterization. The model is analyzed to obtain quantitative relationships between average filopodial characteristics, which are commonly measured experimental quantities, and the underlying parameters of individual filopodium dynamics. It is then applied to simulate encounter between a growth cone and its target due to filopodial dynamics alone. Filopodial contribution to growth cone-target encounter is summarized in terms of a mean encounter time that is reminiscent of a first passage time for a diffusing particle. The parametric relationships in this study provide a basis for further investigation of filopodial-mediated mechanisms in nerve growth and other cellular processes.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420424
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of wall roughness on the hydrodynamics in a circulating fluidized bed (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1153-1156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420427
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Taylor dispersion for the measurement of probe diffusion in polymer solutions (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1157-1163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420428
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    Apparent size-dependent growth of potash alum crystals by agglomeration (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1170-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420430
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robust Smith-predictor controller for uncertain delay systems (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1033-1040 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Necessary and sufficient conditions for the robust stability and performance of the Smith-predictor controller, modeled under a norm-bounded uncertainty, are given in a general formulation. In addition, a practical stability condition is obtained as a special corollary of the main results. These conditions provide useful and practical guidelines for the development of a systematic robust design method. In particular, an application is developed for the robust control of first-order deadtime systems with simultaneous uncertainties in all three parameters of the model. A simulation example and the results of a case study on the robust level control of a coupled-tanks apparatus are provided for illustration.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420415
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of the wall effect in a packed bed by a hemispherical lining (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1181-1186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420432
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-solid mass transfer in a jetloop reactor (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1187-1190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420433
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Output-feedback control of nonlinear plants (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2540-2554 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For multiinput-multioutput nonlinear plants whose state-feedback control problem is solvable with complete or partial output linearization, the output-feedback problem is addressed by combining the state-feedback controller with a suitable closed-loop state inferer (detector). A candidate closed-loop detector was built to study the stability of the resulting plant-controller interconnection. As a result, sufficient conditions for closed-loop asymptotic nominal stability, as well as a systematic and simple design-tuning procedure, are obtained. The stabilization of an open-loop, unstable, free-radical homopolymerization reactor was studied as an application example.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420914
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas holdup in bubble column reactors operating in the churn-turbulent flow regime (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2627-2634 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive experimental study of gas holdup in bubble columns of varying diameters, fitted with different distributor types, using several liquids is presented. Air was used as the gas phase. Experiments to test the influence of gas density were also carried out with He, Ar, and SF6. A generalization of the two-phase model for gas-solid fluidized beds was used to interpret the experimental data where the “dilute” phase is identified with the “large” bubble population and the “dense” phase with the liquid phase where the “small” bubble population is entrained. Gas holdups in dilute and dense phases were determined from dynamic gas disengagement experiments.In the churn-turbulent regime of operation, voidage of the gas in the dense phase was independent of the superficial gas velocity. Reilly et al.'s correlations for the gas holdup and superficial gas velocity at the regime transition point estimate the gas voidage of the dense phase and the superficial gas velocity well through this phase. Corresponding correlations of Wilkinson et al. significantly underpredict dense-phase parameters. The experiment showed that the dilute phase or large bubble holdup in bubble columns, operating at superficial gas velocities 〉 0.1 m/s, is independent of liquid properties, how the gas is distributed and the density of the gas phase. But it is affected significantly by the column diameter. Relying on hydrodynamic analogies with a gas-solid-fluid bed, a simple correlation was developed that is considerably more accurate than the Wilkinson correlation that significantly overpredicts large bubble holdup.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420923
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Model for the reaction-rate-limited dissolution of solids with Etch-rate heterogeneities (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2654-2660 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The coalescence of isotropic etch pits observed in the dissolution of semiconductor substrates is studied using a discrete model for the evolution of the surface under reaction-rate-limited conditions. The model discretizes the solid into cubic elements and repetitively applies dissolution rules to the individual elements. The rate of mass removal is based on the number and arrangement of the element's exposed faces and the specified reaction-rate parameters. Detailed knowledge of the surface normal is not required. The model shows that even at moderate etch pit densities, the effects of the coalescence do not significantly alter the trends observed for noncoalescing etch pits.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420926
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autotuning for model-based PID controllers (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2687-2691 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420930
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Holdup and solvent extraction characteristics in electrostatic liquid-liquid contactor (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2683-2686 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420929
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    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical process engineering: A guide to the design of electrolytic plant. By F. Goodridge and K. Scott, Plenum Press, 1995, 312 pp., $59.50 (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2698-2698 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420932
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PDF modeling of turbulent-mixing effects on initiator efficiency in a tubular LDPE reactor (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2926-2940 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of turbulent mixing in the reaction zone of a tubular low-density polyethylene reactor was studied by combining a Lagrangian composition probability density function (LCPDF) code with a computational fluid-dynamics code. Because the LCPDF code can treat the chemical reaction terms in a turbulent flow without resorting to moment closures, it is used to describe the temperature and scalar fields of reactants including initiator and monomer molar concentrations, and the moments of the molecular weight distribution. The chemical reaction terms are efficiently dealt with using a three-parameter chemical lookup table that contains the temperature and composition changes as functions of initiator and monomer concentrations and temperature over a small time step. The reaction-rate constants from the study of Lee and Marano (1979) are functions of temperature and pressure. The flow fields are obtained using the k - ε turbulence model. Because the temporal and spatial evolution of all fields in the reactor can be simulated, it is possible to study the effect of the initiator injection location, flow rate and temperature of the monomer and initiator feed streams on polymerization in considerable detail. Moreover, by observing the probability distribution of the composition fields, a better understanding of hot-spot formation is achieved, leading to improved reactor designs.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421020
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particles flow pattern and local heat transfer around tube in moving bed (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1621-1626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow visualization of flowing particles around a tube of various types of tube arrangements in a moving bed was studied using X-ray video films to obtain a relation between particles behavior and local heat-transfer coefficients. A stagnant part of solid particles was observed on the tube in the case of a staggered arrangement. This part did not appear in the case of the single tube and the single row of tubes. The measured local heat-transfer coefficients around a tube was decreased in this stagnant part. Furthermore, influences of different tube arrangements both on flow patterns of particles and on local heat-transfer coefficients between tubes and bed were examined.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420613
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistics of multiple particle breakage (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1600-1611 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for generating theoretical breakage distribution functions for multiple particle breakage is presented. It starts with the joint probability function that accounts for all the child particles; it is then reduced to the marginal probability function commonly used in the breakage equation. This method is flexible enough to allow the user to choose the number of child particles and the functional form to be used. The method is demonstrated with both product and summation functions with a power-law form. To facilitate the use of these theoretical functions for statistical analyses, a companion discretized breakage equation is developed. The new equation guarantees the conservation of mass and correct prediction of the total number of particles despite discretization. It is easy to use because it is a set of ordinary differential equations and applicable to both equal-size and geometric-size intervals. Simulation results show that different breakage distribution functions coupled with different breakage rates can produce almost indistinguishable particle-size distributions, signifying the need for further work in this area.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420611
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Coagulation and fragmentation: Universal steady-state particle-size distribution (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1612-1620 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A population balance model presented describes simultaneous coagulation and fragmentation during shear-induced flocculation. Given sufficient time, a floc-size distribution reaches steady state that reflects the balance between coagulation and fragmentation. The model agrees with experimental data for the evolution of the average floc size. Higher shear shifts the steady-state size distribution to smaller sizes. When the steady-state size distributions obtained at various shear rates are scaled with the average floc size, however, they collapse onto a single line. This indicates that the steady-state floc-size distribution is self-preserving with respect to fluid shear. This distribution is universal for the employed coagulation and fragmentation rates provided that less than 5% (by number) of the particles remain unflocculated. This result is supported with experimental data on shear-induced flocculation of polystyrene particles, although a detailed quantitative comparison is limited by the irregular structure of the flocs.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420612
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    Transport phenomena and kinetics in an extravascular bioartificial pancreas (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2668-2682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A bioartificial pancreas, consisting of immobilized islets encapsulated within hollow fibers, is investigated as an alternative treatment for insulin-dependent diabetes. A mathematical model is developed to determine whether this configuration of the bioartificial pancreas can yield an insulin response to a glucose challenge with the appropriate dynamics in diabetic humans. The model consists of the 2-D mass-conservation equations for glucose and insulin within the hollow fiber and capillaries. The equations contain terms for insulin-production kinetics by porcine islets and glucose-consumption kinetics. The boundary conditions account for transport resistances of the fiber membrane, the tissue surrounding the implant, and a thin film within the capillaries. The equations are coupled to a pharmacokinetic model of the circulatory system. The calculations show that an optimized design with this configuration will be feasible for human use and requires a total volume of 4.6 mL to reach the target insulin concentration in the bloodstream following a glucose challenge. The parameters and processes controlling the system performance are discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420928
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  • 49
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    Innovations in supercritical fluids: Science and technology. Edited by K. W. Hutchenson and N. R. Foster, ACS Symp. Ser. 608, American Chemical Society, 1995, 408 pp., $125.95 (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2698-2699 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420933
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lateral thermal dispersion in gas-liquid cocurrent downflow through packed beds (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2977-2983 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421025
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    Reaction coordinates for heterogeneous flow reactors: Physical interpretation (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2987-2989 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421027
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    Computational modeling in semiconductor manufacturing. Edited by M. Meyyappan, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 1995, 363 pp., $89.00 (hardcover) (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2994-2995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421031
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    Diffusion measurements through embedded zeolite crystals (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3001-3007 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the first time, a macroscopic method was used to measure directly diffusivity of fast diffusing species such as methane in silicalite. A form of Wicke-Kallenbach technique was applied to measure intracrystalline diffusivity. The technique uses a single embedded zeolite crystal as a membrane and a mass-selective detector to determine the transient mass response and hence the diffusion flux passing through the membranne. A concentration-difference driving force is used rather than a pressure-difference driving force. The diffusivities calculated from both adsorption and desorption transients were in excellent agreement, thus providing a check for the self-consistency of the data. The diffusivities of carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, propane and butane in silicalite between 30 and 70°C have been compared with those from the literature. The diffusivities reported here are between those measured with microscopic methods and those measured with other macroscopic methods.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421102
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    Measurement of transverse and axial apparent dispersion coefficients in packed beds (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3041-3054 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The axial and transverse apparent dispersion coefficients of three solvents in two packed chromatographic columns were determined by pulsed-field-gradient nuclear-magnetic resonance in a range of mobile phase velocity. The column beds were packed with 5- μm particles of porous C18 silica or 30-μm particles of silica. The solvents used were methanol and acetonitrile (in an 80:20 ACN/water solution) in the former case and acetone in the latter. The coefficients were determined over a range of particle Peclet numbers from less than 0.1 to approximately 10 in the former case and 40 in the latter. The data obtained with short dispersion times were fitted to the correlations suggested by Giddings, Horvath and Lin, Huber, and Knox. These data agreed well only with the Giddings equation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421106
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    Synthesis of waste interception and allocation networks (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3087-3101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article introduces the novel concept of synthesizing waste-interception networks (WINs) and incorporates it within a mass-integration framework for the global allocation of pollutants. The essence of this notion is to provide selective interception and rerouting of undersirable species at the heart of the process instead of dealing with the pollutants in the terminal waste streams. It also provides a unified framework for simultaneously tackling gaseous and liquid pollution. Several tools are developed to track the pollutant throughout the process and determine the optimal interception policies. The problem is formulated as an optimization program that seeks to determine the optimum locations for intercepting the pollutants, extent of separation, and separating agents to carry out the interception tasks. Furthermore, the WINs can be used within a mass-integration scheme for the global allocation of species throughout the plant. These new concepts and associated mathematical formulation are demonstrated using a case study on the removal of a chlorinated hydrocarbon. This approach has benefits over conventional recycle/reuse (such as MEN synthesis).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421109
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    Characteristics of a new gas-induced reactor (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3146-3152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A newly developed gas-induced reactor for gas-liquid heterogeneous reactions presented here has no baffle on the inner wall of the tank body. Inside the reactor tank, two in-series 45° pitched blade downward turbines enclosed by a draft tube were employed. As the turbines rotate at high speeds, a central gas vortex is formed downwardly along the central shaft from the free surface of the liquid toward the upper turbine. The gas is then induced by the upper turbine and mixes with the input gas. After that, the mixed gas is broken into bubbles by the lower turbine and dispersed through the liquid vortex. With the formation of gas and liquid vortexes, the reactive gas was able to circulate in the liquid phase to achieve high gas utilization. The experimental studies were on the heterogeneous ozonation reaction of a reactive dye (C.I. Reactive Blue 19). Major experimental parameters, such as impeller speed, input concentration of ozone, input flow rate of ozone and liquid volume, were changed to investigate the characteristics of the gas-induced reactor. This gas-induced reactor achieved high gas utilization ratio, short reaction time, and high recovery of the unreactive gas.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421114
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    Study of polymer melt flow in sequential injection molding process (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1706-1714 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental studies of polymer melt flow in the filling and post-filling stages of the injection molding process were performed using the sequential injection of transparent and colored polystyrene resin. Effects of fountain flow in the filling stage, geometrical factors caused by edges and corners, as well as flow through contractions and expansions, were identified. Significant polymer melt flow which increases with increased packing pressure was observed in the post-filling process. The melt flow is more concentrated around the gate area than away from the gate. It was also found that the polymer melt flows across the gap center, resulting in partial annihilation of the weld line. Simulations based on the control-volume/finite-element method employed within each gapwise layer combined with the dual-filling-parameter technique were developed to trace the advancements in melt fronts for both skin and core materials. Numerical simulations show reasonable consistency with experimental results in both skin and core material distribution. If the edge effect is taken into account using a shape factor as a geometrical correction, the simulation accuracy is further improved.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420622
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    Effect of powder bed on critical heating rates for thermolysis of ceramic injection moldings (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1715-1722 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mass transport during pyrolysis of the degradation product of a polymeric binder used for ceramic molding is analyzed. Two series resistances to transport are incorporated: the diffusion of the product of degradation through its parent polymer during decomposition and the permeation of vapor through a static powder bed used to support the molding. The model predicts the critical rate of heating, Zc, above which defects caused by boiling of the organic phase occur at the center of the molding. For the system modeled, the permeability of the powder bed has little effect on Zc if the moldings are small but this is not the case for large moldings where well-packed fine powders should be avoided and the thickness of the powder bed should be kept to a minimum.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420623
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    Masthead (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421201
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    Self-diffusion in liquids predicted by a theory of flow through granular media (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3333-3339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new semiempirical model for prediction of self-diffusion phenomena in liquids is proposed. Assuming anlogy between the concept of a free volume in liquids and a porosity of a granular medium, a capillary model of the granular bed and the Kozeny-Carman theory was applied to determine self-diffusion coefficients in liquids. The dimensionless free volume in liquids was evaluated using a combination of the proposed dependence and an appropriate formula available in the literature. The new model was tested for 89 sets of data concerning self-diffusion of different chemical substances at several values of a temperature. The average error of a prediction was between ± 1% and about 3% for some data points.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421205
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    Corrections (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1771-1771 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420628
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    Mathematical modeling of supercritical extraction of sage oil (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1765-1771 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Modeling of supercritical CO2 extraction of essential oils from leaves was studied using sage at 90 bar (9 MPa) and 50°C. The fractional separation of the extracts enabled essential oil to be obtained. Four mean sage particle sizes ranging from 0.25 to 3.10 mm were tested. The model proposed was based on differential mass balances performed along the extraction bed. Experimental data suggest that the internal mass transfer was the controlling stage for the extraction process. Different hypotheses were tested on vegetable matter geometry, and their incidence on the model performance was evaluated. The particle shape proved to be a key factor in fitting experimental results, which were fairly good when the conventional spherical geometry was replaced by a realistic slab geometry. Diffusivity of the solute in the solid matrix was used as the only adjustable parameter of the model; its best fit value was 6.0 × 10-13 m2/s. The effect of the introduction of particle-size distribution into calculations was also tested. To verify if the external mass-transfer mechanisms influence the extraction process, experiments at two different CO2 flow rates were also performed. Simplified models were also considered, and the extent of approximations was evaluated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420627
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    Dynamics of the free rise of a light solid sphere in liquid (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1789-1792 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420630
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    New approach to analysis and design of Smith-predictor controllers (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1793-1797 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420631
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    Measuring vapor-liquid equilibrium for aqueous-organic systems: Review and a new technique (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1772-1788 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of aqueous-organic mixtures is important in understanding the physical chemistry behind the contamination and remediation of contaminated surface water, ground water and unsaturated soils. The state of the science is assessed, and available VLE and solubility data are reviewed comprehensively for several organic compounds. Benzene, toluene, o-, m-, p-xylene, ethylbenzene, chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), and trichloroethylene (TCE) were included in this study. Correlations are provided for estimation of VLE as a function of temperature. A new VLE apparatus was developed to extend experimental techniques found in the literature. Partitioning data for several aqueous-organic systems were measured. The collected data compared very favorably to data available in the literature. The new procedure is capable of providing high-quality data over a wide range of liquid concentrations and temperatures.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420629
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    Masthead (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420701
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    Ceramic reactor for use with corrosive supercritical fluids (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1798-1799 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420632
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    Influence of membrane walls on particle dynamics in a circulating fluidized bed (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3550-3553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421225
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    Molar mass distribution and solubility modeling of asphaltenes (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3533-3543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Attempts to model asphaltene solubility with Scatchard-Hildebrand theory were hampered by uncertainty in molar volume and solubility parameter distribution within the asphaltenes. By considering asphaltenes as a series of polyaromatic hydrocarbons with randomly distributed associated functional groups, molar volume and solubility parameter distributions are calculated from experimental measurements of molar mass and density. The molar mass distribution of Athabasca asphaltenes is determined from interfacial tension and vapor pressure osmometry measurements together with plasma desorption mass spectrometry determinations from the literature. Asphaltene desnities are calculated indirectly from mixtures of known concentration of asphaltene in toluene. Asphaltene density, molar volume, and solubility parameter are correlated with molar mass. Solid-liquid equilibrium calculations based on solubility theory and the asphaltene property correlations successfully predict experimental data for both the precipitation point and the amount of precipitated asphaltenes in toluene-hexane solvent mixtures.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421222
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    Influence of time on crystal attrition in a stirred vessel (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3554-3558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421226
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    Critical coagulation concentration of counterions (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3567-3570 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421229
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    Effect of heterogeneous mechanisms during reburning of nitrogen oxide (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1968-1976 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NO reduction through heterogeneous mechanisms is a major concern when coal or lignite is used as reburning fuel. Reburning was simulated in an alumina flow reactor operated with a synthetic flue gas at a stoichiometric ratio of 1.1, at 1,100°C and with a residence time of approximately 0.2 s. Reburning fuels used include methane, one bituminous coal, two lignites, chars derived from the bituminous coal and two lignites, and the bituminous coal char impregnated with CaO. Reburning with chars indicates that heterogeneous mechanisms are more important than homogeneous mechanisms when lignites are used. This high reactivity renders lignite char an even more effective reburning fuel than the parent lignite, while char from the bituminous coal produces little activities at stoichiometric ratios above 0.75. Bituminous coal char impregnated with CaO demonstrates higher NO reduction efficiency than the original char. Effects of SR on NO reductions imply that oxygen atoms, required for the NO and HCN conversions in homogeneous mechanisms, are not required in heterogeneous mechanisms. In fact, they inhibit the surface NO reduction. The first-level kinetic analysis indicates that the surface area is not the only contributor to a remarkable increase in NO reduction of lignite char, and chars of different origins seem to follow different mechanisms or to have different controlling steps in the overall reaction scheme.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420717
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    Surface fractality of wood charcoals through small-angle X-ray scattering (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2014-2024 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Geometrical properties of the pore-solid interfaces of devolatilized charcoals from the pyrolysis of fuel woods in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor were investigated through small-angle X-ray scattering. Specifically, surface morphological features of the interfaces were characterized by a single parameter indicative of the degree of surface roughness, that is, the surface fractal dimension, dSF, at various retention times. The surface fractal dimensions of the original wood samples prior to devolatilization were approximately identical for all species within the range between 2.00 and 2.15, over a length scale from 55 to 600 Å, and those for the respective charcoals from these wood samples were influenced to different degrees by the retention time, τ, in the reactor. The dSF's of the mesopores of charcoals of all the species attained maxima at a value of τ equal to 35 s and decreased subsequently with an increase in τ. The analysis of this unexpected trend was facilitated by the values of the mean radii of gyration of the pores, estimated through the Guinier plots. The results imply that when the retention time of the charcoals in the reactor is prolonged, the mechanism of pore enlargement and smoothening of the interfaces can play a dominant role in altering the surface morphology and thereby influence significantly the kinetics of chemical reactions in heterogeneous porous systems.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420722
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    Effective viscosities in thin ionic micellar liquid films (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2005-2013 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thin liquid films stabilized by surfactants above the critical micelle concentration exhibit stratification or stepwise dynamic thinning. A continuum hydrodynamic model is outlined for stepwise film thinning that incorporates equilibrium micellar structuring through self-consistent oscillatory disjoining pressures and effective viscosities. Effective viscosities as functions of thickness are evaluated with an extension of the local average density model, considering dilute colloidal suspension shear viscosities and solvent effects. To establish local shear viscosities, structured DFT micellar profiles, coarse-grained densities, and disjoining pressure are used. Ionic micelles and other colloidal systems with repulsive interactions show structured effective viscosities that are generally less than the corresponding homogeneous solution shear viscosity, bounded by the pure solvent viscosity and that of the bulk micellar solution. For 0.1 and 0.2-M sodium dodecylsulfate micellar solutions, the effective viscosities are less than 5 and 10%, respectively, below the homogeneous fluid viscosity, except at small thicknesses, indicating that the micellar film thins faster than a pure water film of the same thickness.Calculated thinning curves closely resemble experimental observations in the stepwise thinning behavior, displaying decreasing slopes and increased step durations at later times. Despite the micellar structuring within the film, the ionic micelles do not contribute appreciably to the viscous resistance of the thinning film. Rather, Reynolds' film thinning is obeyed, with the equilibrium oscillatory disjoining pressures driving the stepwise dynamics. The shear viscosity of the ionic micellar film is well approximated by that of the bulk solution.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420721
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    Perturbation analysis of Thomas and Windle's model of Case II transport (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2025-2035 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thomas and Windle's model of Case II transport is analyzed for a semiinfinite medium by a singular perturbation technique. Two adjacent boundary layers separate equilibrated and dry regions. A thin boundary layer of width ∼ O(M-1/2/ln M), where M (≫1) dictates how rapidly the mixture's viscosity decays with liquid concentration, sits next to the equilibrated outer left region. Here, quasi-steady diffusion balances relaxation. A thicker intermediate layer of width ∼ O(M-1/2) separates the lefthand boundary layer and the dry outer region on the right, where both relaxation and unsteady diffusion participate in the transport. Matching the solutions at leading order specifies the moving front's speed, v: v ∼ M1/2. The analysis indicates that relaxation significantly affects the nearly dry region just ahead of the moving front. This disagrees with the widely accepted view that ordinary diffusion dominates in the nearly dry righthand region. Approximating that ordinary diffusion dominates in this region leads to a stepexponential concentration profile at the front and a simple analytical solution for the front speed, v with the correct M scaling. This approximate result accurately predicts the values of v determined by direct numerical solutions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420723
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    Solvatochromic characterization of the liquid phase in liquid - supercritical CO2 mixtures (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2047-2056 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The solvatochromic dye phenol blue (N, N-dimethylindoaniline) is used to characterize the solvent strength (polarity) of the saturated liquid phase in a series of solvent-carbon dioxide binary mixtures. Data were obtained at 35 and 55°C and at pressures up to ∼70 bar. Five solvents were investigated - acetone, cyclohexane, methanol, THF, and toluene. The polarity of the liquid phase decreases significantly with increasing pressure due to the increasing carbon dioxide content of this phase at equilibrium. For example, the polarity of acetone saturated with carbon dioxide at 35°C and ∼60 bar is equivalent to the polarity of pure cyclohexane at ambient pressure. The local environment about the dye is significantly richer in the polar liquid component than the bulk composition would indicate. The degree of enrichment reflects concentration effects at low pressure, and both concentration and pressure effects at high pressure where the mixtures are highly compressible. The NRTL model of Renon and Prausnitz is able to predict these local compositions with reasonable accuracy except at CO2-rich conditions where compressibility effects are important.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420725
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  • 77
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    Improved thermodynamic parameters for prediction of structure H hydrate equilibria (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2036-2046 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved set of all the thermodynamic and molecular properties required for the prediction of the existing 20 systems of Structure H (sH) hydrate phase equilibrium data is presented. The statistical thermodynamics model was based on the van der Waals and Platteeuw theory, and the spherical core Kihara potential was used for guest-water interactions. Optimized Kihara parameters and reference thermodynamic properties were derived from experimental data of over 20 sH hydrate forming systems. The model could fit all the existing sH hydrate data within an accuracy of ± 6%. Inhibitor predictions were also shown to fit recent data with no adjustable parameters. The feasibility of using hydrate cage occupancies to derive refined Kihara parameters of the guest molecules was investigated. Possible existence of sH hydrates at cryogenic temperatures was also established based on the model.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420724
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  • 78
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    Gas flow dynamics in hollow-fiber membranes (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2094-2099 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420732
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    Masthead (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420801
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  • 80
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    Single-pellet dynamics for the soil organic matter effect on dichloromethane sorption (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2090-2093 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420731
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  • 81
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    Boundary effects on the sedimentation and hindered diffusion of charged particles (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2101-2111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general formalism is developed to examine the sedimentation of a charged particle in a bounded system at small Peclet numbers and small particle-surface potentials. The excess viscous force is evaluated using a generalized form of the Lorentz reciprocal theorem, eliminating the need to calculate the detailed fluid flow around the charged particle. Specific calculations are provided for the sedimentation of a charged sphere in a concentric (uncharged) spherical cavity. Boundary interactions increase the magnitude of the excess force at small Debye lengths, with the opposite effect seen at very large Debye lengths. A general solution is presented for the sedimentation velocity for an arbitrary particle in both unbounded and bounded systems in the limit of very thin double layers. The excess force under these conditions is proportional to the square of the Debye length, with the proportionality constant being a function of the detailed system geometry. These results provide important insights into the transport of charged particles in porous membranes and chromatographic materials.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420802
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  • 82
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    Convective wall-to-suspension heat transfer in circulating fluidized bed risers (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2112-2117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mechanistic model, which incorporates recent findings on the fluid dynamics in the riser of the circulating fluidized bed (CFB), is developed for predicting the suspension-to-wall heat-transfer coefficient in the riser. It is assumed that heat transfer between the gas-particle suspension and the riser wall takes place by the contact of both particle packets and an emulsion phase on the wall. A characteristic length (L), that is, a sliding distance of the emulsion phase along the heat-transfer surface, is introduced in the model, enabling the effect of the length of heat-transfer surface to be evaluated. It is found that the heat-transfer coefficient decreases with increasing L, but becomes increasingly insensitive to L when L is larger than 1 m. Agreement between model prediction and measurement is encouraging over a range of operating conditions, heat-transfer surface length, and riser diameters.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420803
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  • 83
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    Dynamic rectification of data via recurrent neural nets and the extended Kalman filter (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2225-2239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The presence of autocorrelated measurement errors and/or measurement bias in process measurements poses serious problems in the rectification of data taken from dynamic processes. The proposed procedure to resolve these problems involves the use of recurrent neural networks (RNN) and the extended Kalman filter (EKF). By interpreting RNNs within a nonlinear state-space context, a state-augmented EKF can be used to optimally estimate both the states of the RNNs and noise and bias models. RNN models can be identified off-line and utilized for data rectification within the extended Kalman filter in process environments in which badly autocorrelated measurement errors exist in the data. The same technique is also used to estimate measurement bias present in both process input and output variables. This approach has the advantage that models developed from “first principles” are not required and that rectification can be performed solely on the basis of the contaminated dynamic data.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420812
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    Optimal design of dynamic systems under uncertainty (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2251-2272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fundamental developments of a unified process design framework for obtaining integrated process and control systems design, which are economically optimal and can cope with parametric uncertainty and process disturbances, are described. Based on a dynamic mathematical model describing the process, including path constraints, interior and end-point constraints, a model that describes uncertain parameters and time-varying disturbances (for example, a probability distributions or lower/upper bounds), and a set of process design and control alternatives (together with a set of control objectives and types of controllers), the problem is posed as a mixed-integer stochastic optimal control formulation. An iterative decomposition algorithm proposed alternates between the solution of a multiperiod “design” subproblem, determining the process structure and design together with a suitable control structure (and its design characteristics) to satisfy a set of “critical” parameters/periods (for uncertainty disturbance) over time, and a time-varying feasibility analysis step, which identifies a new set of critical parameters for fixed design and control. Two examples are detailed, a mixing-tank problem to show the analytical steps of the procedure, and a ternary distillation design problem (featuring a rigorous tray-by-tray distillation model) to demonstrate the potential of the novel approach to reach solutions with significant cost savings over sequential techniques.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420814
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    Phase equilibria for aqueous protein/polyelectrolyte gel systems (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2335-2353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A molecular-thermodynamic analysis is directed toward predicting the partitioning of aqueous proteins into charged hydrogels. This analysis takes into account size exclusion by the network, electrostatic interactions, and the osmotic-pressure difference between a hydrogel and its surrounding solution. Electrostatic interactions in the polyelectrolyte gel can be described by Debye - Hückel theory, or the Mean Spherical Approximation, or Katchalsky's cell model for polyelectrolyte solutions. The cell model gives best agreement with experimental partition coefficients for cytochrome c. The quasi-electrostatic potential difference between a gel and its surrounding solution demonstrates how the electrostatic contribution to the protein partition coefficient depends on protein charge, gel-charge density, and solution ionic strength. Finally, a qualitative guide is presented for design of a polyelectrolyte gel such that it exhibits specified swelling and partitioning properties.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420823
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    Estimation of gas wall shear stress in horizontal stratified gas-liquid pipe flow (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2369-2373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420826
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    Masthead (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421001
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  • 88
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    Simple empirical nonlinear model for temperature-based high-purity distillation columns (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2692-2697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420931
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  • 89
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    Polymer surfaces from physics to technology. By Fabio Garbassi, Macro Morra, and Ernesto Occhiello, Wiley, New York, 1994, 462 pp., $95.00 (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2699-2700 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420934
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  • 90
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    Group-contribution lattice-fluid EOS: Prediction of LLE in polymer solutions (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3223-3230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The modified group-contribution lattice-fluid equation of state (GCLF-EOS) was applied to predict liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) in polymer solutions. The modified GCLF-EOS is a group-contribution form of the equation of state by Panayiotou and Vera based on the lattice-hole theory. Group contributions for the interaction energy and reference volume were developed based only on the saturated vapor pressures and liquid densities of low-molecular-weight compounds. For a mixture, group contributions for the binary interaction parameter were developed from the binary vapor-liquid equilibria of low-molecular-weight compounds. This modified GCLF-EOS model can be applied to predict LLE behavior in polymer solutions with the same group-contribution parameters as used for predicting the vapor-liquid equilibria. The only input required for the model is the structure of the molecules in terms of their functional groups.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421123
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  • 91
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    Radiative transfer in photocatalytic systems (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 532-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Radiation absorption at the surface of catalytic particles is the initial step of photocatalytic oxidation reactions currently considered for their potential effectiveness in the treatment of polluted water with traces of highly toxic organics. Owing to the presence of catalyst particles within the fluid phase, the radiation field within a photocatalytic reactor results from the absorption and scattering within the participating medium. An annular reactor with a coaxial central lamp was considered, and the resulting 2-D radiation field was analyzed using a Monte Carlo technique to solve the radiative transfer equation. Results are discussed based on the relevant optical parameters, and a heuristic is derived for the design and rating of a photocatalytic reactor. To exploit the reaction volume effectively, the order of magnitude of the optical thickness should be close to unity, and for a given value of the absorption coefficient the catalyst with the lowest albedo should be selected; however, a precise evaluation of the phase function is not crucial to a relable representation of the radiation field.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420222
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  • 92
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    Extension of a generalized quartic equation of state to pure polar fluids (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 562-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized four-parameter quartic equation of state (EOS) proposed by Shah and coworkers (1992, 1994) was extended to polar fluids. To use the new generalized quartic EOS for polar fluids, only four characteristic properties of the pure compound are required - critical temperature, critical volume, acentric factor, and dipole moment. For nonpolar fluids, the previous equation is recovered and its superior performance for nonpolar fluids is retained. A new set of coefficients for polar fluids for the EOS was determined from multiproperty regressions using literature data for various physical and thermodynamic experimental properties of 30 pure compounds. These regressed coefficients, which are functions of the critical temperature, critical pressure, acentric factor, and the dipole moment of the fluid, were generalized. The accuracy of this equation of state is evaluated with the new set of regressed coefficients to predict thermodynamic properties of pure polar compounds, including vapor pressure, density, residual enthalpy, enthalpy of vaporization, and second virial coefficient. The capability and accuracy of this quartic equation of state are also compared with the well-known Peng-Robinson EOS.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420225
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  • 93
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    Solvation thermodynamics of gas solubility at sub- and near-critical conditions (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 571-584 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The recently developed formalism for describing the solute-induced effect in dilute near-critical mixtures is extended to fluids composed of anisotropic molecules through the statistical mechanical interpretation of the derivative (∂P/∂x2)T,p∞ whose critical value is the Krichevskii parameter.Rigorous expressions for Henry's constant and the solute distribution factor along the orthobaric curve are derived in terms of the volumetric and entropic solute-induced local effects, and the quasi-linear behavior of their orthobaric density dependence away from the solvent's critical point is rationalized.The formalism is illustrated with integral equation calculations of the orthobaric density dependence of several solvation thermodynamic quantities for an infinitely dilute volatile solute in near-critical solutions of hard-sphere Yukawa fluids.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420226
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    Generalized method for prediction of saturated liquid volumes using Van der Waals volumes (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 595-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420228
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  • 95
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    Transport of n-paraffins in zeolite T (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 68-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transport of n-heptane, n-nonane, and n-dodecane in zeolite T was studied using a gravimetric uptake technique. The sigmoidal shape of the uptake curves indicated the existence of a nondiffusional resistance in the transport process. To compute the transport parameters, an approach based on the temporal moments of the uptake curves was developed. A model involving an external resistance dependent on the local slope of the sorption isotherm best represented the data. No evidence of the “window effect” reported by Gorring was found. The measured diffusivities decrease with chain length, while the activation energies remain essentially constant. Both resistances (diffusional and nondiffusional) depend strongly on lattice loading, and their relative contributions for the transport time change as saturation is approached.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420108
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  • 96
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    Fluidization characteristics of biobone particles used for biocatalysts (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid-solid fluidization characteristics of irregularly shaped Biobone particles were studied in a fluidized bioreactor column 2.35 m high and 0.1 m dia. The wet biobone particles had a density of 1,890 kg/m3. Two size ranges were studied: 1.70-2.36 mm and 1.25-2.36 mm. The Biobone is a natural cheap material composed of collagen, which is a strong protein structure, embedded with microcrystals of hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate, and it is an excellent matrix of commercial importance used for the immobilization of enzymes, whole cells and other biocatalysts. Fluidization characteristics of Biobone particles, which include measurements of pressure drops, holdups, minimum fluidization velocities, particle entrainment, and residence time distributions at different water superficial velocities, are reported. Because of the highly irregular shape of Biobone particles, new fluidization behavior was observed, which was much different from the fluidization behavior of spherical particles reported in the literature. A new channeling index, Ic, is proposed to quantify the channeling characteristics of fluidized Biobone particles, and a new parameter, α, was developed to distinguish the transition between fixed and fluidized states of the Biobone particles.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420109
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  • 97
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    Journal review. Azeotropic distillation (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 96-130 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent and ongoing research in the distillation of nonideal mixtures is reviewed focusing on advances in the methodologies for the synthesis, design, analysis and control of separation sequences involving homogeneous and heterogeneous azeotropic towers. Maps of residue curves and distillation lines are examined, as well as geometric methods for the synthesis and design of separation sequences, trends in the steady-state and dynamic analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous towers, the nonlinear behavior of these towers, and strategies for their control.Emphasis is placed on the methods of computing all of the azeotropes associated with a multicomponent mixture, on the features that distinguish azeotropic distillations from their zeotropic counterparts, on the potential for steady-state multiplicity, and on the existence of maximum and minimum reflux bounds. Important considerations in the selection of entrainers are examined. For the synthesis of separation trains, when determining the feasible product compositions, the graphical methods are clarified, especially the conditions under which distillation boundaries can be crossed and bounding strategies under finite reflux. The application of geometric theory to locate the fixed points, at minimum reflux, is reviewed in connection with homotopy-continuation algorithms for this purpose. The use of homotopy-continuation algorithms, especially for the steady-state simulation of heterogeneous azeotropic distillations, is justified. Methods for phase stability analysis are reviewed in connection with the location of real bifurcation points at phase transitions, an important feature of algorithms for the dynamic simulation of heterogeneous azeotropic distillations.
    Additional Material: 47 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420110
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  • 98
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    Effects of isomorphic compounds on the purity and morphology of L-isoleucine crystals (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 147-153 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: L-Isoleucine and the isomorphic amino acids L-leucine and L-valine serve as a model system in the examination of the effects of impurities on the purity and morphology of crystals recovered from batch crystallizations. Factors are determined that influence crystal purity and, concomitantly, crystal size and shape. Characteristics of the L-isoleucine crystal are determined by X-ray analysis and compare favorably with the literature. These and literature characteristics of L-leucine and L-valine are used in simulations to evaluate possible mechanisms by which lattice substitutions with impurities lead to size and morphological changes.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420112
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  • 99
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    Recuperative parametric pumping in adsorptive membranes (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 131-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recuperative parametric pumping in adsorptive membranes, a cyclical adsorptive separation process, can lead to two distinct mechanisms of separation: rejection and preferential transport. During rejection, the adsorptive membrane rejects an adsorbing solute while permitting the transport of nonadsorbing solutes. During preferential transport the reverse occurs; the adsorptive membrane selectively transports an adsorbing solute while preventing the transport of nonadsorbing solutes. Switching from rejection to preferential transport can be accomplished by merely decreasing the ratio of the stroke volume (cyclical volume of solution pumped into and out of the membrane) to the membrane void volume. Preferential transport, earlier called an “inverse separation,” results from the adsorbing solute crossing over from an adsorbing to a desorbing region in the interior of the membrane and is governed by the shape of the equilibrium isotherms and by process variables. In experiments with lysozyme and a membrane chromatography cartridge, selectivities obtained by preferential transport were on the order of 5 and agreed with theoretical predictions. Theoretical predictions suggest that to further improve separation by preferential transport, experiments need to be conducted on low dispersion membranes (Pe 〉 104) and that both rejection and preferential transport can lead to continuous concentrated streams of the adsorbing solutes.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420111
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal frequency response method for the study of mass-transfer kinetics in adsorbents (1996)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 700-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The frequency response method measuring the temperature and pressure of an adsorbent sample determines the mass- and heat-transfer kinetics in adsorbents, especially in zeolites. The temperature of the sample (large crystals or monolayers of pellets) is measured by infrared detection. The main aspects of the in-phase and out-of-phase functions as given by an analytical bidispersed model are described. They depend on characteristic times related to kinetic paprameters. Experimental results on adsorption of water on NaX zeolite (crystals or pellets) show that this method allows heat transfer to be very clearly delineated from mass-transfer modes and the separation of different mass-transfer modes. For a bidispersed sample, macro- and microporous mass-transfer parameters may be obtained with the same sample. Results on a contaminated 5A zeolite-propane system show the presence of mass-transfer resistance at the pellet surface. The infrared temperature measurement associated with the frequency response appears to be powerful in determining kinetic adsorption, and gives more information than the pressure measurement.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420311
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