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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 435-438 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: tributyltin ; radiolabelling ; 113Sn ; synthesis ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method of synthesis of tributyl[113Sn]tin,­(n/C4H9)3113Sn(IV), from commercially avail-­able inorganic 113Sn(IV) is presented. Inorganic tin is first extracted in diethyl ether and reacted with C4H9MgCl to produce tetrabutyltin, (C4H9)4113Sn, which is then debutylated with HgCl2. The resulting tributyl[113Sn]tin chloride is isolated from the reaction mixture by successive extractions with hexane and aqueous Na2S2O3. The yield is 40-60% and the product obtained is 〉98% pure. It has the same specific activity as the starting 113Sn(IV), i.e. up to 550 MBq mg-1 Sn, making it suitable for use in environmental fate and toxicology studies at concentrations relevant of those found in the aquatic environment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 439-447 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: high-performance liquid chromatography ; hydride generation ; atomic fluorescence spectrometry ; photo-oxidation ; arsenic speciation ; human urine ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The potential of coupling anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography, hydride generation and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-HG-AFS) for arsenic speciation is considered. The effects of hydrochloric acid and sodium tetrahydroborate concentrations on signal-to-background ratio, as well as argon and hydrogen flow rates, were investigated. Detection limits for arsenite, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and arsenate were 0.17, 0.45, 0.30 and 0.38 μg l-1, respectively, using a 20-μl loop. Linearity ranges were 0.1-500 ng for As(III) and MMA (as arsenic), and 0.1-800 ng for DMA and As(V) (as arsenic). Arsenobetaine (AsB) was also determined by introducing an on-line photo-oxidation step after the chromatographic separation. In this case the limits of detection and linear ranges for the different species studied were similar to the values obtained previously for As(V). The technique was tested with a human urine reference material and a volunteer's sample. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 475-478 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: organomercurials ; symmetrization ; column chromatography ; organomercury halides ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The symmetrization reaction of organomercury(II) chlorides (RHgCl) to R2Hg and HgCl2 in toluene solution under identical conditions using a basic alumina column has been studied­in order to compare the effect of the nature of the R groups on the extent of symmetrization. The efficiency of symmetrization depends markedly on the electron-withdrawing nature of­R, varying from 90-94% for R = trichlorovinyl or phenyl to 11% for R = 2,6-dimethylphenyl.© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 515-517 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 105
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: iron ; clusters ; magnetic properties ; laser vaporization ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Clusters of iron produced in a laser vaporization source have been characterized with time-of-flight spectra and deposited on different substrates for production of films of varying thickness. The magnetic properties of these films with thicknesses of 60 and 120 nm were investigated using an alternating gradient magnetometer. The films exhibit mono-domain behavior from a broad size distribution which has been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Films were also investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy, which showed fast relaxation in the particles at room temperature. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 485-489 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: polysulfone ; chelate-modified polysulfone ; DSC ; thermal stability ; X-ray ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chloro-terminated polysulfones with various molecular weights were chemically modified with bis(2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde)copper(II). The properties of modified polysulfones are compared with the unmodified ones, and an increase in glass transition temperatures, softening points and reduced viscosities of the former materials was observed. In addition, the chelate-modified polymers exhibited excellent thermal stability properties and semicrystalline patterns. Also, they provided transparent and flexible films. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 469-474 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: asymmetric catalysis ; diethylzinc ; alkylation ; chiral heterocyclic alcohols ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The asymmetric alkylation with diethylzinc of five heterocyclic aldehydes and benzaldehyde (for comparison) has been studied in the presence of two optically active amino alcohols: (S)-2-amino-1-butanol (AB) and (1S,2R)-N,N-dibutylnorephedrine (DBNE). A number of chiral (hetero)aromatic secondary alcohols were synthesized in high yields (95-98%) with enantioselectivity up to 92% enantiomeric excess (ee) in the presence of DBNE catalyst. Optically active thienyl and 4-pyridyl derivatives were prepared for the first time by catalytic asymmetric alkylation. The influence of the amount of DBNE on the enantioselectivity was investigated. In contrast to benzaldehyde, 2-furan- and 2-thiophene-carbaldehydes, in the case of 3- and 4-pyridinecarbaldehydes the ee values depend directly on the catalyst concentration. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 521-521 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: HPLC-ICP-MS ; cetaceans ; pinnipeds ; arsenic ; arsenobetaine ; arsenocholine ; whales ; seals ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Total arsenic concentrations and the concentrations of individual arsenic compounds were determined in liver samples of pinnipeds [nine ringed seals (Phoca hispida), one bearded seal (Erginathus barbatus)] and cetaceans [two pilot whales (Globicephalus melas), one beluga whale (Deliphinapterus leucus)]. Total arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.167 to 2.40 mg As kg-1 wet mass. The arsenic compounds extracted from the liver samples with a methanol/water mixture (9:1, v/v) were identified and quantified by anion- and cation-exchange chromatography. An ICP-MS equipped with a hydraulic high-pressure nebulizer served as the arsenic-specific detector. Arsenobetaine (0.052-1.67 mg As kg-1 wet mass) was the predominant arsenic compound in all the liver samples. Arsenocholine was present in all livers (0.005-0.044 mg As kg-1 wet mass). The tetramethylarsonium cation was detected in all pinnipeds (〈0.009 to 0.043 mg As kg-1) but not in any of the cetaceans. The concentration of dimethylarsinic acid ranged from 〈 0.001 to 0.109 mg As kg-1 wet mass. Most of the concentrations for methylarsonic acid (〈0.001 to 0.025 mg As kg-1 wet mass) were below the detection limit. Arsenous acid and arsenic acid concentrations were below the detection limit of the method (0.001 mg As kg-1). An unknown arsenic compound was present in all liver samples at concentrations from 0.002-0.027 mg As kg-1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 110
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 520-520 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 520-520 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: organotin ; N-(2-pyridylmethylene)arylamines ; IR ; NMR ; Mössbauer ; mutagenicity ; sister chromatid exchange ; cell cycle delay ; bone-marrow cells ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diorganotin(IV) dichloride complexes of the type R2SnCl2·L (R = methyl, ethyl, vinyl, t-butyl, n-butyl or phenyl; L = N-(2-pyridylmethylene)arylamine) have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of IR, NMR and 119Sn Mössbauer studies. Investigation of the complexes indicated that N-(2-pyridylmethylene)arylamines form distorted trans-octahedral complexes with R2SnCl2 similar to the well-known R2SnCl2·L. Cytogenetic toxicology testing has been performed for Et2SnCl2·L4 [L4 = N-(2-pyridylmethylene)-4-toluidine] in mouse bone-marrow cells in vivo since such testing is a regulatory requirement before new drugs are released. This tin compound induced delay in cell-cycle kinetics and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) significantly. The effect of Et2SnCl2·L4 was greater when endogenous glutathione (GSH) was depleted by buthionine sulphoximine (BSO). It seems that Et2SnCl2·L4 induces SCEs due to formation of adduct by binding on DNA which could interfere in DNA synthesis and cause delay in cell proliferation. Depletion of GSH could reduce the shielding effect of GSH on chromatin and allows more Et2SnCl2·L4 to bind on DNA. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 113
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No Abstract
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  • 114
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: platinum compound antileukaemic ; cytotoxic ; DNA ; thiosemicarbazone ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: p-Isopropylbenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (p-is.TSCN) (1) reacts with [Pt(µ-Cl)(η3-C4H7)]2 to form a dinuclear [Pt(µ-Cl)(p-is.TSCN)]2 complex (2) and a cyclometallated cluster [Pt(p-is.TSCN)]4 (3). Biological testing of these complexes against HL-60 and U-937 human leukemic cells suggest that complexes 2 and 3 may be endowed with important cytotoxic activity properties since they exhibit IC50 values (50% inhibition of cell growth) in the micromolar range, as does the clinically used drug cisplatin (cis-DDP). Analysis of the interaction of compounds 2 and 3 with DNA indicates that the kinetics of DNA platination due to compounds 2 and 3 is faster than that of cisplatin and that after 24 h of incubation most of the platinum centers are bound to DNA. Thus, it is likely that the cytotoxic activity displayed by compounds 2 and 3 may be correlated with their high level of DNA platination. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 115
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 880-881 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No Abstract
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  • 116
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 819-825 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: monobutyltins ; dibutyltins ; tributyltins ; water ; sediment ; Osaka Bay ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The concentration of tributyltin (TBT) in surface water from Osaka Bay ranged from 0.023 to 0.061 µg l-1 in 1989 and from not detected (ND) to 0.059 µg l-1 in 1990 while the proportion of TBT as a percentage of the total butyltins (BTs) was more than 40%. The concentration of TBT was also surveyed in the Port of Osaka and the Yodo River basin. TBT levels were highest in the estuary (the Port of Osaka), followed by sea areas (Osaka Bay) and rivers (Yodo River basin). A fairly high correlation coefficient between TBT concentration and salinity in water from the estuary and the sea areas was observed. This result shows that the TBT in the estuary water is diluted by seawater. Generally, the TBT concentrations in the water columns were distributed uniformly and the composition of the BTs was also constant. TBT was detected in sediment from Osaka Bay in the range from ND to 0.023 mg kg-1 dry weight with a high ratio of monobutyltin (MBT) to the total BTs. TBT in sediment core was also measured; its concentration decreased with core depth. It was estimated from these measurements that the release of TBT into Osaka Bay began in the 1960s. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 117
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 882-883 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No Abstract
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  • 118
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 884-884 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No Abstract
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  • 119
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 861-871 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: diorganotin ; Pyrimidine ; complex ; Mössbauer ; IR ; NMR ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The complexes formed between the diorganotin(IV) moieties, R2Sn(IV), and the ligand 2-mercaptopyrimidine, (H)SPym, were investigated. Complexes R2SnHal(SPym) and R2Sn(SPym)2 [R = Me, iPr, nBu, iBu, tBu, cyclohexyl(Cy), Ph] were synthesized, and characterized by elemental analysis. In the solid state, chelation of SPym through S and N donors was established by IR spectroscopy, and the nature of the environment of tin centers was investigated by 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy. From the dynamics of 119Sn nuclei determined by variable-temperature measurements on representative compounds [Me2SnCl(SPym) and Cy2SnBr(SPym)], as well as by point-charge model treatment of nuclear quadrupole splitting parameters, it was inferred that Me2SnCl-­(SPym) may assume a trans-Me2 octahedral coordination geometry around tin in a monodimensional polymer, or a monomeric trigonal-bipyramidal structure (distorted). The latter type of structure was assigned to the other R2SnHal(SPym) species, while R2Sn(SPym)2 complexes assume a trans-octahedral, or skew trapezoidal, tin environment. In CHCl3-CDCl3 solutions, monomeric species occur (according to vapor-pressure osmometry), where 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic parameters of SPym indicate the persistence of Sn chelation by S and N donor atoms. The Me2SnCl(SPym) species assume trigonal-bipyramidal structures with a chelating SPym ligand, in CDCl3 and C2H5OH solutions, according to the coupling constants 1J(119Sn,13C), as well as IR and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopic data. 119Sn NMR parameters fully correspond with data for the homologous complexes with 2-mercaptopyridine. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 120
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 601-611 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: tributyltin ; triphenyltin ; bioavailability ; bioconcentration factors ; humic substances ; pH dependence ; speciation ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bioconcentration of triphenyltin (TPT) and tributyltin (TBT) was studied in the freshwater organisms Daphnia magna (zooplankton), Chironomus riparius (sediment organism) and Thymallus thymallus (fish yolk-sac larvae). TPT bioconcentration factors (BCFs) at pH 8 were highest for Thymallus (2200), followed by Chironomus (680) and Daphnia (190). The differences could not be fully explained by different total lipid contents. Metabolism and lower bioconcentration were observed for TBT in Chironomus. The BCFs of both TBT and TPT were higher at pH 8 than at pH 5, but the difference was much less pronounced than predicted by the octanol-water partition model. This suggests that, besides the hydroxide species (TBTOH and TPTOH), the cations (TBT+ and TPT+) are also taken up by the organisms to some extent and that the octanol-water partition model underestimates the uptake of the charged species. Low concentrations of humic substances (HS) led to small reduction in the bioconcentration of TPT in Daphnia and Thymallus, and a significant reduction occurred at relatively high concentrations of HS (〉10 mg C l-1). The results of this study provide an important basis for future investigations aiming at a better understanding of the bioavailability and fate of TBT and TPT in freshwater ecosystems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 121
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 651-656 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: butyltin ; TBT ; DBT ; MBT ; beluga whales ; St Lawrence River estuary ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fifty-two beluga whale samples (Six liver samples, and 46 blubber samples including ones from different depths of the fat layer) from the St Lawrence River, Canada, were analyzed for butyltin compounds (mono-, di-, and tri-butyltin) with a view to investigating the occurrence and contamination of butyltin in these animals. A special procedure was also developed for the determination of butyltin compounds in blubber samples with high lipid content (up to 95%). Total-butyltin concentrations in liver samples were found to be much higher than those in the blubber samples. The concentrations of butyltin compounds in blubber samples were observed to be related to their lipid content. Concentration levels of butyltin species in beluga whale were compared with those in other marine vertebrates in other parts of the world. The presence of butyltin compounds in liver and blubber samples suggests the accumulation of these toxicants by beluga whale. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 122
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 613-620 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: manganese oxides ; montmorillonite ; kaolinite ; mercury(II) ; methylation ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of freshwater sediment components such as kaolinite, montmorillonite and birnessite (δ-MnO2) on the biomethylation of mercury(II) in a synthetic growth medium (M-IIY) were assessed. Additions of kaolinite or montmorillonite to media containing mercuriC nitrate [Hg(NO3)2; 12 μg Hg ml-1] had no significant effect on either bacterial growth or the production of methylmercury (CH3Hg+). However, whereas the addition of birnessite resulted in only a small (ca 4%) increase in bacterial growth, it also produced a significant decrease (ca 50%) in the production of CH3Hg+. Further, it was demonstrated that, with the exception of kaolinite, adsorption of mercury(II) onto the sediment components before they were added to the M-IIY medium decreased its bioavailability, i.e., the amounts of CH3Hg+ produced from the adsorbed mercury(II) were significantly lower than those produced from equivalent concentrations of Hg(NO3)2 in the absence of the mineral colloids. In the case of montmorillonite, CH3Hg+ production was decreased by 21% relative to the control system. Most striking was the case of birnessite, in which no CH3Hg+ was detected after a 25 h incubation period and only very small quantities of CH3Hg+ (3-7 ng l-1) were present in the medium after 336 h. These data demonstrate that mineral colloids common in freshwater sediments significantly influence the extent of biomethylation of mercury(II) adsorbed on their surfaces. Birnessite, in particular, is a very effective inhibitor of the biomethylation of surface-bound mercury(II). Therefore, it may be possible to reduce the severity of mercury pollution in some aquatic environments by adding a reactive manganese oxide, such as birnessite, to the system and thereby to inhibit the transformation (methylation) of inorganic mercury(II) into the much more toxic CH3Hg+ species. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 123
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 621-634 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: quality ; phenytins ; mussel ; Certified Reference Material ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organotin contamination of the marine environment can be considered one of the main environmental problems in the last 20 years. Starting from the ‘Arcachon case’, monitoring campaigns have been carried out worldwide in order to evaluate the concentration levels of these compounds in the marine environment. In 1987 the EC Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme (formerly BCR) started a ‘tin speciation’ project to assess and improve the quality of measurements in this field and to make available reference materials. Ten years of study within the framework of this project have produced results in the fields of method development and production of reference materials, particularly for butyltins. The quality of the phenyltin analytical results was lower than for butyltins and further efforts are still needed. To overcome this shortfall, the last certification campaign was aimed towards the certification of phenyltins, as well as butyltins, in a candidate mussel certified Reference Material. The results of the homogeneity and stability tests for phenyltins and of the certification campaign are presented here. The preparation of the material and the analytical methods used in the certification campaigns are also described. The certification of phenyltins was hindered by their lack of long-term stability; nevertheless, the exercise provided information about the state-of-the-art of phenyltin measurements in biological samples. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: precursor ; ceramic ; thermolysis ; silicon ; carbodi-imide ; boron ; hydroboration ; plastic forming ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis, by two different reaction pathways, of boron-modified polysilylcarbodi-imides of general type {B[C2H4Si(R)NCN]3}n (R =­singly bonded organic ligand) and the plastic-forming and the thermal behavior of these polymers are described. Compounds {B[C2H4Si(R)NCN]3}n [2a, R = H; 2b, R = CH3; 2c, R = (NCN)0.5] can be obtained by treatment of the vinyl-substituted polysilylcarbodi-imides [(H2C=CH)(R)SiNCN]n [1a, R = H; 1b, R = CH3; 1c, R = (NCN)0.5] with borane dimethylsulfide BH3·S(CH3)2. The polysilylcarbodi-imides 1a-1c themselves are accessible via the reaction of vinyl-substituted chlorosilanes (H2C=CH)-­(R)SiCl2 with cyanamide H2N-C≡N in the presence of pyridine or by a non-oxide sol-gel process of vinylated chlorosilanes and bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodi-imide, (H3C)3SiN=C=NSi(CH3)3. In the second method for the synthesis of 2a-2c, hydroboration of vinyl-substituted chlorosilanes (H2C=CH)(R)SiCl2 with borane dimethylsulfide, borane trimethylamide or borane triethylamide to yield the tris[(chlorosilyl)ethyl]boranes B[C2H4Si(R)Cl2]3 (3a, R = H; 3b, R = CH3; 3c, R = Cl) is followed by treatment of the as-obtained compounds with bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodi-imide, which results in the formation of the hydroborated polysilylcarbodi-imides 2a-2c. The thermogravimetric behavior of the polymers 1a-1c and 2a-2c up to 2300°C is reported. It is shown that boron-modified polysilylcarbodi-imides are suitable precursors for the preparation of dense bulk ceramics. Therefore, the preparation of green bodies of the hydroborated polysilylcarbodi-imides 2a-2c by plastic forming (PF) is described. A series of experiments points to the fact that the microstructure of the as-obtained ceramic monoliths obtained by subsequent thermolysis of the plastic-formed green bodies is strongly influenced by the conditions during plastic forming. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 125
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 715-723 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Cubic Silsesquioxanes ; interface ; materials ; hybrids ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cubic silsesquioxanes, [RSiO1.5]x, potentially offer access to organic/inorganic hybrids wherein the exact shape, size and mechanical properties of the inorganic component are perfectly defined. Furthermore, by tailoring the organic functionality bound to silicon, the inorganic/organic interface can also be perfectly defined. Finally, careful selection of the polymerizable groups in the organic moieties can provide good-to-excellent control of the crosslinked density or degree of polymerization of the resulting hybrid materials. Thus, cubic silsesquioxanes may be exceptional model materials for inorganic/organic hybrids. Methods of synthesizing cubes with liquid-crystalline and/or polymerizable organic moieties are described. Some thermal properties are discussed. The catalytic copolymerization of the octavinyldimethylsiloxy-functionalized cube with the octahydridodimethyl-­siloxy-functionalized cube to produce a material with well-defined microporosity and high surface area is described. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 126
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 675-680 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: polymer ; nanocomposites ; silicates ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymer nanocomposites, especially polymer-layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites, represent a radical alternative to conventionally (macroscopically) filled polymers. Because of their nanometer-size dispersion, the nanocomposites exhibit markedly improved properties when compared with the pure polymers or conventional composites. These include increased modulus and strength, decreased gas permeability, increased solvent and heat resistance and decreased flammability. In addition to their potential applications, PLS nanocomposites are also unique model systems to study the structure and dynamics of polymers in confined environments. Using both delaminated and intercalated hybrids, the statics and dynamics of polymers confined over distances ranging from the radius of gyration of the polymer to the statistical segment length of the chains can be studied. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 127
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: polymer ; organocobalt ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rearrangement reaction of an organocobalt polymer with cobaltacyclopentadiene moieties in the main chain (1) was carried out to yield a­new polymer bearing (η5-cyclopentadienyl) (η4-­cyclobutadiene)cobalt moieties in the main chain (2). For instance, a polymer (2) containing pure η4-cyclobutadienecobalt units was obtained as a yellow powder in 79% yield by the reaction of 1 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 110 °C for 1 h in a sealed tube. The polymer (2) obtained was soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, THF and N,N-dimethylformamide and was quite stable under air. It showed good thermal stability and a weight loss of 5% was observed at 482 °C by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). On the other hand, displacement of the triphenylphosphine ligands on the main chain of the organocobalt polymer (1), without rearrangement of the cobaltacyclopentadiene rings, was observed when the reaction was carried out in the presence of appropriate ligands such as P(n-Bu)3. The resulting ligand-exchanged polymer showed different properties in comparison with 1. For instance a polymer bearing tri-n-octylphosphine is soluble in n-hexane, which is a poor solvent for 1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 128
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 749-753 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: polymer ; silicon ; gel ; films ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of organic-inorganic polymer hybrids consisting of carbon-carbon and siloxane chains was investigated by radical polymerization of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAS) followed by acid-catalyzed hydrolytic polycondensation. The condensation of poly(3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) (S-PMA) of various molecular weights Mn =830-12000 prepared by polyaddition provided transparent and flexible free-standing hybrid gel films. The mechanical properties of these films were highly dependent on the carbon-carbon chain length: with an increase in the carbon-carbon chain length, the elasticity of gel films increased, while the tensile strength and Young's modulus decreased. Hydrolyzability of S-PMA decreased with an increase in the carbon-carbon chain length, resulting in the formation of rubber-like films with flexibility. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 129
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 755-762 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) ; sol-gel ; polymer hybrid ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Homogeneous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-silica gel polymer hybrids were prepared by in-situ hydrolysis of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) in a sol-gel reaction mixture with tetramethoxysilane (TMOS). The degree of hydrolysis was evaluated by FTIR and 13C CP/MAS NMR; it increased with an increase in the acid catalyst and reached 85% with 1.6 ml of 0.1 M HCl. The homogeneity of the polymer hybrids obtained was maintained when the reaction was performed at 60 °C. However, the polymer hybrid became turbid with an increase of the amount of catalyst present when the reaction was conducted at room temperature. The homogeneity of the polymer hybrids obtained was evaluated by nitrogen sorption porosimetry of a porous silica that was obtained by charring the PVA hybrid. The results confirmed the molecular-level dispersion of the PVA in the hybrid. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 130
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 743-748 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: carbon black ; surface grafting of polymer ; polymer radical ; radical trapping ; azo-polymer ; peroxy-polymer ; electrical resistance ; poly(ethylene oxide) ; poly(ethylene imine) ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The grafting of polymers onto a carbon black surface based on the trapping of polymer radicals by polycondensed aromatic rings of the surface was investigated. It was found that polymer radicals formed by the thermal decomposition of azo-polymer, peroxy-polymer and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy-terminated polymer are successfully captured by a carbon black surface to give the corresponding polymer-grafted carbon blacks. The grafting of polymers onto carbon black was also achieved by the trapping of polymer radicals formed by the redox reaction of ceric ions with polymers having hydroxyl groups. It was concluded that surface grafting of polymers onto carbon black is effective when there are few functional groups. The electrical resistance of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-grafted carbon black thus obtained is increased drastically to about 104-105 times the initial resistance at the melting point of PEO. This may be due to a widening of the gaps between the carbon black particles by melting of PEO. In addition, it was found that the electrical resistance of a crystalline poly(ethylene imine) (PEI)-grafted carbon black drastically increased to 103-104 times the initial resistance in methanol, ethanol and water vapor, but hardly any change in electrical resistance was observed in n-hexane or toluene vapor. These results suggest the possibility of detecting a slight change in the crystalline structure of PEI upon absorption of solvent vapor as a large increase in the electrical resistance of the polymer-grafted carbon black. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 131
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: reaction ; morin ; hydroxyflavone ; preconcentration ; sample clean-up ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An analytical procedure for the determination of phenyltin compounds in environmental sample waters was studied. Chromatography of mono-, di- tri-phenyltin (MPT, DPT and TPT) was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with the mobile phase comprising methanol/10-2 M H3PO4 (80:20 v/v) at pH 3 and UV detection at 214 nm. To enhance the sensitivity of the detection system, the post-column reaction between morin or 3-hydroxyflavone and phenyltin compounds was formed before fluorescence detection. Several parameters affecting the fluorescence intensity were studied systematically, including the optimum condition for the post-column reagent that was also compatible with the eluent. The parameters concerned in this study were the pH, the percentage of Triton X-100, the ratio of fluorigenic reagent to phenyltin compounds and the amount of methanol in the eluent. Detection limits before the preconcentration process were in the region of 1.5 ppb for TPT and 150-250 ppb for MPT and DPT, respectively. Utilizing solid-phase extraction on a C18 cartridge for sample clean-up as well as preconcentration successfully reduced the detection limit of TPT to the level of ng dm-3 and can be applied to seawater analysis. Recovery in the range 95.0-98.0% was obtained by developing the optimum elution profile in the preconcentration step. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 132
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 133
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: X ray structure ; triphenyltin ; p-ethoxybenzoic acid ; acetylsalicylic acid ; phthalic acid ; salicylaldehydato ; polymer ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Triphenyltin(IV) compounds of p-ethoxybenzoic acid and acetylsalicylic acid contain molecular units with Sn-O bonds and distorted tetrahedral tin centers. The phthalic acid derivative contains two four-coordinate tin atoms between which the phthalic acid unit effectively forms a bridge. The salicylaldehydato compound is polymeric with trigonal bipyramidal tin centers in which the phenyl groups take equatorial positions. The polymerization occurs via the aldehyde oxygen atom bonding to a neighboring tin atom. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 134
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: adduct ; carboxylate ; Ceratocystis ulmi ; Dutch elm disease ; far-infrared spectroscopy ; fungicide ; Mossbauer spectroscopy ; organotins ; QSAR ; thiazolidin-4-ones ; triphenyltin ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the interest of developing a more effective fungicide to combat Dutch elm disease, our laboratories have synthesized several triphenyltin carboxylates and some 1:1 addition compounds of triphenyltin chloride using 2,3-disubstituted thiazolidin-4-ones as the ligand and screened them in vitro against Ceratocystis ulmi, the causative agent of Dutch elm disease, using a shake culture method. Elemental analyses and spectroscopic data indicate that the structures of the carboxy- lates in the solid state are monomeric with a tetrahedral tin atom with the exception of the furan-2-carboxylic acid derivative, which was found to be polymeric. The triphenyltin chloride adducts are trigonal-bipyramidal with the three phenyl groups in the equatorial plane. Far-infrared data indicate that the three phenyl groups are not co-planar. Screening results for both series of organotins indicate that these two classes of compounds are effective inhibitors of Ceratocystis ulmi, with the adducts having a higher activity. The furan-2-carboxylic acid derivative has a markedly decreased activity compared with the other carboxylates and this is attributed to its polymeric structure. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 135
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 78-78 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 136
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: organotin(IV): organosilicon(IV) complexes ; thiosemicarbazones ; antimicrobial studies ; NMR spectra ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diorganotin(IV) and diorganosilicon(IV) derivatives of the types R2MCl(TSCZ) and R2M(TSCZ)2 (where TSCZ is the anion of a thiosemicarbazone ligand, R=Ph or Me and M=Sn or Si) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, molecular weight determinations and conductivity measurements. The mode of bonding has been established on the basis of IR and 1H, 13C 29Si and 119Sn NMR spectroscopic studies. Some of the representative complexes have also been evaluated for their antimicrobial effects on different species of pathogenic fungi and bacteria in vivoas well as in vitro.The results of these investigations are reported. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 137
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: triarylantimony dichrysanthemate ; plant growth-regulating activity ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of triarylantimony dichrysanthemate compounds of the type Ar3Sb(O2CR)2 [Ar=C6H5, 4-CH3C6H4, 3-CH3C6H4, -CH3C6H4, 4-ClC6H4; R=4-ClC6H4CH(i-Pr), cis-Cl2C:CH trans-Cl2C:CH] have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, 1H NMR spectra and mass spectra. Some activities of these compounds in plant growth regulation have been determined. Their results indicate that the derivatives of cis-dichlorochrysanthemic acid and trans-dichlorochrysanthemic acid significantly promote rooting of excised cucumber cotyledons at 10 ppm. An X ray structure determination has been carried out as follows for Ph3Sb(O2CCHCMe2CMe2)2: orthorhombic, space group Pbcn, Z=4, structure solution with 2385 independent reflections, R=0.035. Lattice dimensions at 26 °C: a=15.616(3) Å, b=10.275(2) Å, c=20.201(5) Å, V=3241(2) Å3, ρ=1.302 g cm-3. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 138
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: cobaltocenium ; ferrocene ; Nafion ; phenytoin ; phenobarbital ; square-wave voltammetry ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two different cationic redox labels, i.e. a ferroceneammonium ion and a cobaltocenium ion, were covalently attached to two antiepileptics, phenytoin and phenobarbital, respectively. The two labeled drugs possess distinct standard redox potentials of 0.39 V for the phenytoin derivative and -0.92 V for phenobarbital derivative (vs Ag/AgCl, Cl- 0.05 M) at a carbon paste electrode. After preconcentration in a polyanionic Nafion-loaded carbon paste electrode the positively charged labeled phenytoin and phenobarbital derivatives could be simultaneously detected in concentration ranges which were relevant to the therapeutic ranges of the antiepileptics, with a view to a future dual-analyte immuno- assay. Square-wave voltammetry permitted detection limits of 5×10-8 M (for the phenytoin derivative) and 2.5×10-8 M (for the phenobarbital derivative) for non-simultaneous detection. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 139
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 145-145 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 140
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: organotin ; tributyltin ; tributyltin oxide ; tetrabutyltin ; degradation ; bioassay ; bioindicator ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The growth response of the alga Chlorella kessleri and the euglenoid Euglena gracilis has been studied as a model system to determine the effects of a tin salt (SnCl4·5H2O) and of some organotin (OT) derivatives, namely tetrabutyltin (TeBT), tributyltin (TBT) and tributyltin oxide (TBTO). Abiotic degradation was studied as well. Cells were exposed to a toxicity series (0-50 μg/mL-1) for the four chemicals in seven-day bioassays. Both microorganisms are tolerant of the inorganic salt, but growth inhibition was significant for all OT compounds, and especially large for TBT and TBTO. Although C. kessleri and E. gracilis are known to be tolerant towards metals and organic chemicals, the present results show that both are sensitive to organotin compounds: the inhibition of the growth was greater for C. kessleri. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: surfactants ; carbohydrate ; carbosilane ; silane ; wetting ; surface tension ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of carbohydrate surfactants bearing carbosilane, silane, polysilane and non-permethylated siloxane moieties is described. These surfactants consist of three structural elements: (1) a silicon-containing moiety, (2) a spacer and (3) a carbohydrate unit. Additionally two different types of mixed structures have been synthesized: (a) single-chained carbosilane-siloxane surfactants and (b) double-chained combinations of carbo- silanes, silanes and siloxanes. The wetting behaviour of the key intermediates, the allyl glycidyl derivatives, has been investigated by static surface tension (γlv, σ) and wetting tension (γsv-γsl, α) measurements on a non-polar perfluorinated surface (FEP® plate). The contact angles obtained for these pure liquids are not a linear function of the surface tension but depend on the polarity of the substructures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 142
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 79-85 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: organic tellurium compounds ; polycondensation ; amino groups ; polyamides ; polyurea ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several new and known organic tellurium compounds containing amino groups (i.e. ArTeBr3, Ar2Te2 and Ar2Te, where Ar= 4-NH2C6H4, 2-NH2C6H4, 4-CH3CONHC6H4 or 2-NH2-5-NO2-C6H3) were prepared by reacting aminoarylmercury chlorides with tellurium tetrabromide in glacial acetic acid. Bis(4-aminophenyl) telluride and bis(2-amino-5-nitrophenyl) telluride were polymerized with aromatic and aliphatic diacid chlorides (i.e. terephthaloyl chloride and sebacoyl chloride), as well as with toluene di-isocyanate, leading to new organic tellurium polyamides and polyurea. All organic tellurium compounds and their condensation polymers were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The thermal stabilities of the resulting polymers were determined by thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric techniques. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 143
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 87-97 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: antitumor ; metal complexes ; amine-carboxyborane ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The amine carboxyborane metal complexes, tetrakis - μ - (trimethylamine - boranecarbo - xylato)acetonitrile dicopper(II) and bis-μ- (morpholine-boranecarboxylato)zinc(II) dihydrate demonstrated cytotoxic activity against human Tmolt3, HeLa-S3 and MB-9812 cell growth.Tetrakis-μ-(trimethylamine-boranecarboxylato)-acetonitrile dicopper(II) and bis - μ - (morpholine - boranecarboxylato)zinc (II) dihydrate inhibited L1210 DNA, RNA and protein syntheses, with greatest inhibitory effects on DNA synthesis. The reduction in DNA synthesis correlates well with inhibition of de novopurine synthesis and the key enzymes involved in this pathway, i.e. IMP dehydrogenase and PRPP amido transferase. These compounds were also observed to induce DNA strand scission but did not appear to intercalate between base pairs of DNA, alkylate bases or cause cross-linking of the strands of DNA. Tetrakis-μ-(trimethylamine - boranecarboxylato)acetonitrile dicopper(II) also demonstrated the ability to inhibit L1210 DNA topoisomerase II activity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 144
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 109-119 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: bioconcentration ; toxicity ; TBTCl ; tilapia ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acute toxicity (96 h) and bioconcentration experiments of tributyltin chloride (TBT) in tilapia were conducted in an aqueous solution with salinity of 15‰, and a toxicity mechanism has been suggested. The 96-h LC50 was 3.80 μg Sn l-1. Bioconcentration factors in different tissues increased in the order muscle〈gill〈viscera. Studies on the metabolism of TBT showed that it can be easily degraded to DBT (dibutyltin) in these tissues. Further degradation of DBT to MBT (monobutyltin) was much more difficult. A mesocosm was used for the first time to study the toxicity of TBT in tilapia. The result demonstrated that the TBT bioconcentration curve changed with the initial concentrations of TBT but the order of bioconcentration in the tissues did not change. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 145
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: phenyltin ; model membrane ; hemolysis ; fluorescence ; 1H NMR ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Phenyltin compounds are known to be biologically active. Their chemical structure suggests that they are likely to interact with the lipid fraction of cell membranes. Using fluorescence and NMR techniques, the effect of phenyltin compounds on selected regions of model lipid bilayers formed from phosphatidylcholine was studied. The polarization of N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) dipalmitoyl-L-phosphatidylethanolamine and desorption of praseodymium ions was used to probe the polar region, whereas the polarization of 1 - (4 - trimethylammoniumphenyl) - 6 - phenyl - 1,3,5-hexatriene p-toluenesulfonate measured the hydrophobic core of the membrane. In addition, changes in the N-(5-fluoresceinthiocarbanoly)dipalmitoyl - L - α - phosphatidyl - ethanolamine fluorescence intensity indicated the amount of charge introduced by organotin compounds to the membrane surface. There were no relevant changes of measured parameters when tetraphenyltin was introduced to the vesicle suspension. Diphenyltin chloride causes changes of the hydrophobic region, whereas the triphenyltin chloride seems to adsorb in the headgroup region of the lipid bilayer. When the hemolytic activity of phenyltin compounds was measured, triphenyltin chloride was the most effective whereas diphenyltin chloride was much less effective. Tetraphenyltin causes little damage. Based on the presented data, a correlation between activity of those compounds to hemolysis (and toxicity) and the location of the compound within the lipid bilayer could be proposed. In order to inflict damage on the plasma membrane, the compound has to penetrate the lipid bilayer. Tetraphenyltin does not partition into the lipid fraction; therefore its destructive effect is negligible. The partition of the compound into the lipid phase is not sufficient enough, by itself, to change the structure of the lipid bilayer to a biologically relevant degree. The hemolytic potency seems to be dependent on the location of the compound within the lipid bilayer. Triphenyltin chloride which adsorbs on the surface of the membrane, causes a high level of hemolysis, whereas diphenyltin chloride, which penetrates much deeper, seems to have only limited potency. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 146
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: MMT ; soils ; interactions ; Fourier-transform IR ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and headspace analysis gas-phase infrared spectroscopy (HAGIS) were used to investigate interactions between soils and the gasoline additive methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl (MMT). Various soil samples, as well as alumina and silica substrates, were studied. Each substrate exhibited a splitting or broadening of the degenerate e ν(CO) band of MMT, suggesting an interaction involving one or two of the CO ligands. The adsorption was shown to be reversible under relatively mild conditions using HAGIS. The proposed interaction is of the Brønsted type, involving the carbonyl oxygen and a surface-bound water or hydroxyl group. This type of interaction could stabilize MMT by inhibiting photo-ejection of CO ligands, a common first step in the decomposition of organometallic carbonyl compounds such as MMT. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: trimethylantimony ; molecular rearrangement ; demethylation ; speciation ; hydride generation ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The method of hydride generation for the speciation of antimony compounds was examined with respect to the problem of molecular "rearrangement'. Specifically, demethylation of trimethylstilbine during the analysis of trimethylantimony dichloride (Me3SbCl2) was studied. Previously published observations that enhanced demethylation takes place as a result of inadequate preconditioning of the analytical apparatus were found to be not reproducible. However, demethylation was enhanced as the pH decreased when using two different analytical methods: semi-continuous flow hydride generation-gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG- GC-AAS), and batch-type hydride generation- gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HG-GC-ICP MS). Applications of the hydride generation method to environmental samples revealed differences in analytical results at high and low pH, and enhanced demethylation taking place because of the matrix in a fungal extract sample. The authors recommend that researchers using the method of hydride generation for antimony compounds carefully test the reaction conditions with standard compounds and use the method of standard addition only. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 148
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 145-145 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No Abstract
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  • 149
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: arsenobetaine ; arsenocholine ; trimethylarsine oxide ; tetramethylarsonium iodide ; organic arsenic compound ; arsenite ; arsenate ; marine organisms ; cytotoxicity ; chromosomal aberration ; sister chromatid exchange (SCE) ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Arsenobetaine, arsenocholine, trimethylarsine oxide and tetramethylarsonium iodide, which are contained in marine fishery products, were examined for their potencies on cell growth inhibition, chromosomal aberration and sister chromatid exchange (SCE). Arseno- betaine, the major water-soluble organic arsenic compound in marine animals, exhibited very low cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells. This compound showed no cell growth inhibition at a concentration of 10 mg cm-3 and the cytotoxicity was lower than 1/14 000th of that of sodium arsenite and 1/1600th of that of sodium arsenate towards BALB/c 3T3 cells. The chromosomal aberrations caused by arsenobetaine at a concentration of 10 mg cm-3 consisted mainly of chromatid gaps and chromatid breaks, but in this concentration chromosomal breakage owing to its osmotic pressure is likely to be considerable. No SCE was observed at a concentration of 1 mg cm-3. Arsenocholine and trimethylarsine oxide also showed no cell growth inhibited at a concentration of 10 mg cm-3. However, tetramethylarsonium iodide inhibition the growth of BALB/c 3T3 at a concentration of 8 mg cm-3. These compounds exhibited a low ability to induce chromosomal aberrations at a concentration range of 2-10 mg cm-3 and no SCE was observed at a concentration of 1.0 mg cm-3. These results suggested that the major and minor organic arsenic compounds contained in marine fishery products are much less cytotoxic inorganic arsenic, methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition ; SnO2 ; SnBr4 ; copper(II) acetate ; gas sensors ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) was utilized to produce SnO2 films from SnBr4 plus air, O2 or N2O. SnO2 films were successfully generated using either 222 or 308 nm laser pulses but there was evidence for film contamination when using less than 60 mJ/pulse laser energies at 222 nm. Films were characterized using ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy; the spectra of films with impurities resembled the spectrum of SnBr4. AFM images were obtained which indicated that this LCVD route produced small and fairly uniform SnO2 grains which were 50-100 nm in size. Multiphoton ionization spectroscopy was used to verify that the dissociation of a film dopant precursor, copper(II) acetate, produced gas-phase copper atoms under conditions similar to those used in film deposition experiments. The deposition of SnO2 from SnBr4 plus an oxidant was found to be more efficient than from di-n-butyl tin diacetate but films produced via this new LCVD route, including those doped with copper, were found to be much less sensitive in preliminary gas-sensing screening. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 151
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: tungsten trioxide ; electrochromism ; thin films ; chemical vapor deposition (CVD) ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Crystalline and amorphous thin films of tungsten(VI) oxide can be prepared by chemical vapor deposition using a variety of volatile precursors below 500 °C. Deposition parameters for preparation of WO3 films from tungsten hexacarbonyl [W(CO)6], tungsten hexafluoride (WF6), tungsten ethoxides [W(OEt)x, x = 5, 6] and tetra(allyl)tungsten [W(η3-C3H5)4] are summarized. The electrochromic behavior of these films is comparable with that observed for WO3 films prepared by evaporation, sputtering and electrodeposition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: chemical vapor deposition ; platinum ; palladium ; rhodium ; heterogeneous catalysts ; fluidized bed ; MOCVD ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new one-step method, entitled fluidized-bed metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (FBMOCVD) of preparing highly dispersed metal-supported catalysts is reported. The following complexes were studied and used as CVD precursors in presence of H2: [Rh(μ-Cl)(CO)2]2, Rh(allyl)3, Rh(acac)(CO)2, Pd(allyl)(hfac), Pd(allyl)(Cp), Pt(COD)(CH3)2. (acac, acetylacetonato; hfac, hexafluoroacetylacetonato; Cp, cyclopentadienyl; COD, cyclooctadienyl). In a first approach, depositions on planar substrates were carried out to establish the best experimental conditions to obtain good-quality deposits. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy and electron microprobe studies were realized on the resulting thin films. Analyses of the products contained in the gas phase after and during deposition were performed by mass spectrometry and GC-MS. Finally, catalysts prepared by FBMOCVD were characterized by transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersion spectroscopy (TEM-EDS), metal-loading determinations and specific-surface measurements (BET). Dispersed nanosized aggregates were obtained, showing high activities in alkene hydrogenation and alcohol hydrocarbonylation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) ; precursors ; titanium ; vanadium ; carbonitride ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ceramic thin films containing titanium, vanadium, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen were obtained on steel substrates at 873 K, under nitrogen and helium gases and at low pressure, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from two organometallic precursors, CpTiCl2N(SiMe3)2 and Cp2VMe2 (Cp, cyclopentadienyl). Independent TG-DTA-MS and CVD studies of the two precursors showed their ability to co-decompose within compatible temperature and pressure domains. The mechanism of the reactions occurring inside the CVD apparatus was also approached by GC-MS and NMR analyses of the condensed decomposition products. CVD conducted under He gas confirmed that the formation of nitride resulted from the nitrogen atoms of the precursor, but the nitrogen content in the films remained lower than approx. 5%. Higher nitrogen contents (up to 12%) were only obtained when using ammonia as a carrier gas. Both precursors being air- and moisture-sensitive, high-purity CVD equipment was used to reduce oxycarbide formation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 154
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 189-199 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: single-source precursor ; tetrakis(diethylamido)chromium ; pyrolysis mechanism ; MOCVD ; low-temperature deposition ; chromium carbonitride thin films ; hard metallurgical coatings ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Amorphous chromium carbonitride coatings with a low nitrogen content (3-8 at%) were deposited by low-pressure MOCVD in the temperature range 573-793 K using Cr(NEt2)4 as single-source precursor. This poor nitrogen incorporation is in agreement with the trends predicted by thermochemical calculations. XPS data, resistivity measurements and annealing experiments suggest that the films grown at 573 K are contaminated by organic species due to incomplete elimination of the ligands. The films deposited at higher temperature crystallize upon annealing at 873 K to form an orthorhombic ternary chromium carbonitride phase. The major volatile by-products of the MOCVD reaction were analyzed by 1H and 13C NMR. Their amount and the quasi-equimolar EtN=CHMe/HNEt2 ratio suggest that most of the NEt2 ligands are removed by a stepwise mechanism which probably occurs with other diethylamido complexes of transition metals when they are used as single-source precursors in MOCVD. The incorporation of the metalloid elements in the film is discussed in comparison with recent literature data. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 155
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 201-220 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: MOCVD ; molybdenum oxycarbide ; chromium oxycarbide ; coating ; kinetics ; microstructure ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A review of the coating kinetics of molybdenum and chromium oxycarbides and a study on the properties of deposited films are reported. Molybdenum carbonyl, chromium carbonyl and their mixture were used to prepare coatings at temperatures between 170 and 450 °C on SS304 or SiC substrates by a process of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The processing parameters of the coatings, such as the evaporation of precursors, coating pressure and temperature, are discussed along with the coating rates, compositions and other microstructural information, so to reveal the kinetics of the coating process on two different substrates. In addition, the chemical composition, crystalline phases and microstructure of the coatings obtained in various conditions are presented with the evidence interpreted by various electron-microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, including XRD, EDS, EPMA and XPS. The dependence of some properties, such as hardness, adhesive strength and corrosive resistance of the coatings on SS 304, on their composition and the deposited phases, i.e. as a function of coating temperature and pressure, is reviewed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 156
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 221-236 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: MOCVD ; barium ; liquid delivery ; mixed-metal species ; aerosol-assisted CVD ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conventional MOCVD techniques require molecules displaying volatility and constant vapor pressure. Metal oxide precursors, i.e., β-diketonates, or classical or functionalized metal alkoxides are mostly solids. The various approaches used to tailor volatility are discussed with barium derivatives as an example. The relationships between sublimation temperature and molecular weight suggest that volatility can be optimized on the basis of molecular weight.   Aerosol-assisted CVD (AACVD) can use a larger range of precursors since volatility is no longer crucial. The solvent is an undesired ballast in a CVD process. High solubility of the precursors in the selected solvent is thus desirable. ‘Stability’ here includes the absence of precipitation which would change the stoichiometry of the feed solution for multicomponent oxides. Precipitation is often promoted by hydrolysis; stability toward moisture is thus desirable. The use of mixtures of precursors based on different ligands (β-diketonates, β-ketoesterates, alkoxides) can lead to ligand exchange reactions giving homometallic species, sometimes of low solubility, or mixed-metal species by self-assembly, thus improving solubility and stability toward moisture. These aspects are illustrated in compositions related to high-Tc superconductors. Novel copper, yttrium, cerum(IV), barium-copper, yttrium-copper and praseodynium-copper species are reported. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 157
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 293-293 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 158
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 159
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 294-294 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 160
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 161
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 295-296 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 162
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 296-296 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 163
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 164
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 296-297 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 165
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 297-297 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 166
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 167
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 298-298 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 168
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 237-241 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: tin ; iodomethane ; solubilization ; methyltin species ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dissolution of tin metal by iodomethane-water mixtures has been studied and the influence of several parameters on both the extent and rate of reaction investigated. The rate-determining step shows a pseudo-first-order dependence on iodomethane (CH3I). The reaction is strongly dependent upon both water and oxygen. The activation energy of only 16 kJ mol-1 is interpreted in terms of a facile bond-breaking and making process at the metal surface, generating methyltin species. Analysis by hydride generation and GC-AA confirmed the formation of methylated species ranging from monomethyl- to tetramethyl-tin; inorganic tin (from hydrolysis) was the major form, however. These findings are similar to those made earlier by us on the solubilization of arsenic from GaAs by alkyl halide-water mixtures, and a similar multi-step scheme is proposed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 169
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 243-251 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: arsenic ; speciation ; algae ; Fucus gardneri ; arsenosugar ; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ; inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Arsenic speciation in a brown alga, Fucus gardneri, collected in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, was carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). Hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) was used for total arsenic determination. The relative amounts of some arsenosugars 1 in growing tips are found to be different in comparison with the remainder of the plant. Fucus samples collected in summer contain 9 ppm of total arsenic. Most of the arsenic species are extractable. Fucus samples collected in winter contain relatively higher amounts of arsenic, 16-22 ppm, but only low amounts of this are extractable. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 170
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 253-256 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: disilane ; gas source MBE ; synchrotron radiation ; silicon hydride ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Surface hydrogen and growth mechanisms are investigated for synchrotron radiation (SR)-assisted gas source molecular beam epitaxy (SR-GSMBE) using Si2H6 on the Si(100) surface in the low-temperature region. The surface silicon hydrides (deuterides) are monitored in situ during the epitaxial growth by means of infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy with a Si(100) substrate and a CoSi2 buried metal layer. It is concluded that the chemisorption of gas-phase reactive species such as SiHn and H generated by SR irradiation and the subsequent hydrogen desorption are the key mechanisms of SR-GSMBE at low substrate temperatures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 171
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Rochow reaction ; cesium chloride ; rubidium chloride ; silicon impurities ; action of promoters ; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cesium chloride- and rubidium chloride-promoted Rochow contact masses based on both technical-grade and highly pure silicon have been investigated in the Rochow reaction and by REM/EDX surface analysis. The alkali-salt promoters seem to act analogously to the well-known zinc promoter, by localizing the reaction to distinct reactive areas and keeping free the surface area for the reaction, probably for the formation of catalytically active Cu-Si surface species. The alkali salts exhibited their promoting action only in combination with the impurities within the technical-grade silicon. Otherwise, they acted as blocking poisons. The promoter action of alkali chlorides in contact masses based on technical-grade silicon is possibly connected with the formation of salt melts, containing alkali chlorides and impurities. These melts, analogously to zinc chloride, could dissolve oxidic impurities from the silicon surface which otherwise would enhance the blocking of potentially active surface by extensive copper deposition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 172
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: carbohydrate surfactants ; wetting behaviour ; siloxane ; silane ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The wetting behaviour of carbohydrate surfactants bearing siloxane, carbosilane, polysilane or silane moieties has been investigated. By static surface tension (γlv, σ) and wetting tension (γsv-γsl, α) measurements on a non-polar perfluorinated surface (FEP®), the contact angles of aqueous surfactant solutions above the critical micelle formation concentration (cmc) were determined. Surface tension and wetting tension react independently on defined changes in the chemical structure of the surfactant molecules. Siloxane surfactants reduce the surface tension most effectively, whereas for a neopentyl-substituted silane derivative the lowest solid/liquid interfacial tension was found. The data for isomeric siloxanes, carbosilanes and silanes suggest that donor-acceptor forces at solid interfaces have a maximum range of about 4.5 Å. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 173
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: carboxylation ; methane ; carbon monoxide ; ytterbium(III) acetate ; manganese(II) acetate ; sodium hypochlorite ; acetic acid ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method of synthesis of acetic acid in water has been developed from the carboxylation of methane with carbon monoxide using lanthanide catalysts. Ytterbium(III) acetate has been found to be the most active catalyst among the compounds of the lanthanide series in the carboxylation reaction of methane with carbon monoxide. Sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide was used as the oxidant in this reaction. Sodium hypochlorite exhibited more favorable activity than hydrogen peroxide in the reaction. The catalytic activity was improved by the addition of transition-metal salts such as manganese(II) acetate. The best result has been found at a ratio of manganese(II) acetate to ytterbium(III) acetate of 1:10. The optimum reaction conditions (reaction temperature, 40 °C; time, 20 h; methane, 20 atm; carbon monoxide, 5 atm) have been obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 174
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 298-299 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 175
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Nickel-σ-organyl complexes ; dispersed atomic Ni(0) ; Ni(I) ions ; silica ; EPR ; FMR ; spectrum calculation ; strain ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dispersed atomic nickel(0) is formed during the reaction of the nickel-σ-organyl complexes with silanol groups at temperatures below 373 K. That nickel is oxidized to Ni(I) by protons of the silanol groups in a consecutive step. The Ni(I) portion amounts to about 70% w/w of the Ni used. Six different Ni(I) species are detected by electron paramagnetic resonance. They are stabilized by interaction with the silica surface and the organic moieties; they act as anchor ions for the Ni(0) atoms. Ni(0) crystallites stabilized in this way are about 0.5 nm in diameter after a treatment at 373 K. The influence of the Ni(I) ions on the collective, magnetic properties of the clusters is revealed by calculation of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra using the independent-grain approach according to Schlömann and Kotyukov. A strain of about 10 GPa is brought about in the nickel crystallites by the interaction with Ni(I) ions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 176
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: magnetization reversal ; iron oxide particles ; SQUID ; atomic force microscopy ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report first measurements of the magnetization reversal of monodisperse 30 nm and 50 nm ferromagnetic Fe3O4 particles. These particles are produced in a carrier gas as an aerosol by spray pyrolysis. After production and size selection, they are precipitated on a silicon chip with a niobium SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) incorporated on its surface. By changing a magnetic field in the plane of the SQUID, we can measure the magnetization reversal of the particles by the flux they induce into the SQUID. The angular dependence of this reversal is determined by rotating the magnetic field around the SQUID. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images have confirmed the particle size and revealed the position of the collected particles. If the particle concentration is too high, we cannot detect changes in the magnetic moment of a single particle, but measure the magnetic properties of the whole assembly. If only a few particles are found on the SQUID loop the angular dependence of the magnetic reversal of a single particle can be measured; this result is compared with a simple model of magnetization reversal. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 177
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 337-340 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: porous silicon ; luminescence ; light-assisted etching ; atomic force microscopy ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present an investigation into a new technique for producing luminescent porous silicon with controlled lateral microstructure. The process is based on the effect of laser-assisted stain etching of silicon with hydrofluoric acid solution. With the further goal of preparing two-dimensional periodical arrays of luminescent microdots, we studied the accuracy of the technique by etching single submillimetre structures with a low-power laser. The size and exact position of the etched area are controlled by laser focusing and movement, respectively, with submillimetre accuracy. Samples exhibit orange luminescence when illuminated with UV or blue light.We have studied the dependence of the efficiency of the luminescence, the structure and the rate of etching on parameters such as the HF concentration, the intensity and wavelength of illumination and the doping level of the silicon wafer. Optimization of the process parameters, and consistency with assumed mechanisms of luminescence and etching process, are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 178
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 341-346 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: silver halides ; nanoparticles ; pseudoisocyanine ; stability ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pseudoisocyanine (PIC) was adsorbed on colloidal silver halide nanoparticles where it formed aggregates (J-aggregates). The nanoparticles were prepared using a surfactant (AOT)/n-heptane/water microemulsion. The molecules of pseudoisocyanine replaced the molecules of surfactant (AOT) on the surface of the nanoparticles and caused an instability of the silver bromide dispersion. The stability could be improved by two methods: either by using an adsorption inhibitor (e.g. p-xylene) or by adding another surfactant (CTAB). The adsorption has also been carried out at low temperature: the stability of the particles was then improved, and the J-aggregates are smaller. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 179
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: colloidal manganese ; ESR ; susceptibility ; antiferromagnetism ; superparamagnetism ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reduction of MnBr2·2THF (THF = tetrahydrofuran) using K[BEt3H] yields the organosol [Mn·0.3THF]x. According to the UV/Vis, ESR (electron spin resonance spectroscopy), HRTEM (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and XAS (X-ray absorption spectroscopy) data, this nanosized metal colloid consists of small THF-stabilized Mn0 particles which show, in susceptibility investigations, a diminished magnetic coupling as deduced from the Weiss temperature, Θ = 96 K. The Neél temperature TN is likewise strongly reduced in comparison with the bulk value (95 K). The THF-stabilized Mn0 particles exhibit superparamagnetism below 20 K, with a partial blocking at 10 K, and to our knowledge represent the first colloid consisting of particles of an elemental antiferromagnetic metal. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 180
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: mesoporous ; oxides ; nanostructures ; luminescence ; zeolites ; guest/host ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ordered porous inorganic compounds can now be synthesized with pore sizes between 0.3 nm and several tens of nanometers. The sharp pore size distribution of such materials and the ordered pore arrangement open possibilities for using them to organize matter on the nanometer scale. This overview highlights different aspects of this topic, using four selected examples: the spatial organization of molecules with high molecular hyperpolarizability to create a frequency-doubling element; the encapsulation of a laser dye which results in a new class of solid-state lasers; the encapsulation of small metal clusters in mesoporous ordered oxides; and the encapsulation of semiconductor clusters in such oxides. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 181
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 401-408 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Metallocene ; Ziegler-Natta ; Polypropylene ; α-Olefins ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of propylene using a mixture of racemic metallocenes and Ziegler-Natta catalysts was investigated. The polypropylene was obtained as a mixture of a fine powder and beads, with the powder being absorbed partially on the beads. The relative amount of the powder can be controlled by the concentration of the metallocene. The compatibility between the components of the mixed catalytic systems and the effect of the components on the rate of polymerization and on the properties of the new polymers were studied. The metallocene system dramatically affects the melt viscosity, isotacticity and molecular weight of the polymers. The two catalytic systems are able to act jointly, producing different polymers, for which separate melting and crystallization temperatures are obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 182
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: density functional calculation ; binuclear metal carbonyl ; Cr2(CO)6+ ; laser ablation ; molecular beam ; optimized structures ; dissociation energy ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Density functional calculations have been made on a binuclear metal carbonyl ion Cr2(CO)6+ found in our laser ablation-molecular beam (LAMB) experiment. Optimized structures are calculated for three different conformations: T33 of D3d symmetry with three terminal carbonyl groups on each chromium atom, B2T22 of D2h symmetry with two bridging carbonyl groups and two terminal carbonyl groups on each chromium atom, and B4T11 of D4h symmetry with four bridging carbonyl groups and one terminal carbonyl group on each chromium atom. The most stable conformation is T33 which is 36.76 and 286.44 kJ mol-1 lower in energy than B2T22 and B4T11, respectively. The difference of conformation exerts a significant influence on the internuclear distance between chromium and the carbon of terminal CO, but hardly on the Cr-Cr bond length. For B2T22 and B4T11, longer C-O distances for bridging carbonyls compared with those for terminal ones indicate effective π*-back donation from the chromium atom to the bridging carbonyl groups. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Cr2(CO)n+ (n = 0-6) observed in our previous experimental study can be explained qualitatively by comparison of the excess energy produced in the formation of a Cr+-Cr bond with the CO dissociation energy of Cr2(CO)6+. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 183
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 467-468 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 184
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 468-468 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 185
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 186
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: metal clusters ; quantum-size effect ; nanostructures ; size effects ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Meta-cluster compounds can be exploited advantageously to study the evolution, with increasing size of the molecules of the physical properties of metal clusters from molecular to bulk-metal behavior. The metal-cluster molecules are well-defined, stoichiometric, chemical compounds. The molecules consist of a metal core of a variable number of atoms, surrounded by a shell of ligand atoms or molecules. Depending on the compound, the type of metal atom may be varied, whereas the core size can be changed from a few up to several thousands of atoms. Accordingly, these materials provide excellent model systems for monodisperse metal particles, embedded in a dielectric matrix, and can be investigated by the well-known experimental techniques of solid-state physics. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 187
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 815-818 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: desilylation ; hydroxyquinones t-butyldimethylsilyl ethers ; potassium fluoride ; tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Desilylation of a series of hydrolytically stable hydroxyquinone t-butyldimethylsilyl ethers was achieved in high yields by the use of potassium fluoride in the presence of catalytic amounts of aqueous 48% hydrobromic acid (HBr), or basic aluminium oxide (Al2O3), and tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (Bu4NF) as cleaving agents. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 188
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 541-549 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: organotin speciation ; analytical validation procedure ; organotin sediment extraction ; Grignard derivatization ; organotin extraction stability ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of several extraction variables such as acid concentration and strength (e.g. for HCl and HOAc), the presence of complexing agents (e.g. tropolone, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate) in the extracting mixture, solvent polarity (e.g. hexane, toluene) and sonication time for native butyl- and phenyl-tin compounds from sediment was evaluated. A toluene-HOAc mixture (10:4) yields the highest extraction efficiency for all the analytes and minimizes the degradation of trialkyl- and triaryl-tins during the extraction under sonication. In addition, losses of underivatized monobutyltin and monophenyltin were minimized in several steps of the analytical procedure. The analytical procedure developed was validated against existing CRMs for butyltin determination. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 189
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 667-673 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: polysilanes ; poly(dimethylsiloxane) ; polyphosphazenes ; atom transfer radical polymerization ; controlled/‘living’ radical polymerization ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recent advances in the synthesis of block, graft and star polymers containing inorganic macromolecular species are described. Anionic copolymerization techniques were used in the for-­mation of diblock copolymers of poly(styrene-block-methylphenylsilylene) and poly(isoprene-block-methylphenylsilylene) by the ring-opening polymerization of 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetraphenylcyclotetrasilane initiated by living anionic polystyrene and isoprene respectively. Hydrosilation of an attachable initiator onto telechelic vinyl- or hydrosilyl-terminal or­-pendant poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) yielded a PDMS macroinitiator. This macroinitiator was used in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene and isobornyl acrylate to produce ABA triblock copolymers. As a model for graft copolymers from a polyphosphazene backbone, chemical trans-­formation of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene­resulted in hexafunctional molecules containing either benzyl bromide or bromopropionyl moieties. The initiator 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexakis[4-(2-bromopropionyloxymethyl)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene was used in the ATRP of styrene to yield a polymer with a narrow, monomodal molecular weight distribution. Chain extension of this star polymer with isobornyl acrylate is also described. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 190
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 695-705 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: poly(silylenemethylene) ; polycarbo-­silane ; silicon carbide ; precursor ; polysilaethy-­lene ; disilacyclobutane ; pyrolysis ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Work carried in the authors laboratory on Si-CH2-Si bridged polycarbosilanes is reviewed. In pursuit of high-yield polymeric precursors to silicon carbide, convenient synthetic routes to both linear and hyperbranched polycarbosilanes having a ‘[SiH2CH2]n’ compositional formula have been developed. The linear [SiH2CH2]n polymer was prepared by ring-opening polymerization of a substituted disilacyclobutane, and was studied both as an analogue of polyethylene and as a high-yield precursor to SiC. Elaboration of the methods employed to prepare this polymer has yielded a wide range of new poly(silylenemethylene)s (PSMs) of the type [SiRR′CH2]n, where R and R′ can be a wide range of different groups, including a series of symmetrically disubstituted polymers with R = R′ = F, alkyl and alkoxy which form crystalline solid phases and various amorphous, atactic polymers having different R and R′ groups. By using (Si)-Cl replacement reactions analogous to those developed previously for polydichlorophosphazene, as well as hydrosilation reactions similar to those used for [Si(H)(Me)O]n, a series of side-chain polymers having various groups attached to Si through Si-C or Si-O bonded linkages were obtained. Similar polymer modification reactions have recently been developed for the branched oligomer/polymer analogue of these linear polycarbosilanes, leading to hyperbranched species with functional substituents, including a di(ethyleneoxy) methyl ether-terminated derivative which readily dissolves lithium salts. The results of studies of these novel ‘inorganic/organic’ hybrid polycarbosilanes are described and their properties are compared with those of related carbon-backbone and siloxane polymers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 191
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    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12 (1998), S. 787-792 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium ; amminolysis ; precursor ; pyrolysis ; titanium nitride ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Precursors possessing Ti-N bonds were prepared by the reactions between Ti(NMe2)4 and each of three diamines H2NCH2CH2NH2, Me(H)NCH2CH2N(H)Me, HN(CH2CH2)2NH (Ti(NMe2)4:diamine = 1:2), and were converted into ceramics by pyrolysis. The reactions with H2NCH2CH2NH2 and HN(CH2CH2)2NH led to the formation of insoluble solids, whereas a soluble oil was obtained by the reaction with Me(H)NCH2CH2N(H)Me. The pyrolyses under argon gave carbon-rich Ti(N,C,O) phases,­but those under NH3- N2 resulted in the formation of Ti(N,C,O) phases with higher nitrogen contents. Despite the difference in precursor structures the pyrolysis behavior of three precursors under argon was rather similar, suggesting that the precursor obtained from Me(H)NCH2CH2N(H)Me was effectively cross-linked during pyrolysis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 192
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 104-117 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Computational fluid dynamics methods are used to provide three-dimensional simulations of a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) autoclave reactor under normal operating conditions. For the conditions used, the reactor is not very well mixed; thus, the common model approximation of a perfectly stirred reactor is not warranted. The simulations verify the sensitive nature of the polymerization reactors and indicate a need for optimizing operating parameters.
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  • 193
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 118-126 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous approach was developed for the simulation of the decoking of an industrial cracking furnace. A one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model, which accounts for the interfacial gradients between the process gas and the coke surface, was used to simulate reactor coils. Both the combustion and steam gasification of the coke layer were taken into account. The reactor model for the decoking was coupled with a detailed firebox simulation model. The initial profile of the coke layer thickness, required for the decoking calculations, was obtained by a run-length simulation. The evolution with time of the temperature distribution inside the cracking coil and in the furnace was generated simultaneously, which made it possible to understand the decoking operation in detail and to predict its duration accurately.
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  • 194
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A semibatch flow scheduling strategy proposed by Teymour and Ray (1989, 1996) is evaluated for a polymerization reaction conducted in a pilot-plant reactor. The reaction used is the free radical terpolymerization of styrene, α-methyl styrene, and acrylic acid monomers initiated by an organic peroxide initiator and carried out in the presence of a reactive glycol ether solvent. This strategy was tested in both single batch and sequential semibatch modes. The process was shown to produce polymer of constant molecular weight properties and composition as inferred from acid number and monomer conversion measurements. This process could be used for obtaining polymer products from a semibatch reactor that are of comparable quality to CSTR products. Results indicate success of this process at meeting this objective; however, practical considerations relating to agitation and temperature control need to be properly addressed to ensure this success.
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  • 195
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady-state simulation of a cocurrently cooled autothermal fixed-bed reactor was carried out using a 2-D heterogeneous mathematical model. The ammonia synthesis was chosen as a case study. Unlike the not-autothermal cocurrent reactor, which is unconditionally stable, the autothermal cocurrent reactor shows multiple steady states within a broad range of operating conditions. This finding, not reported in the literature, is explained through the mass transport from the bottom to the top of the reactor, associated with a feedback of energy. The feedback of heat, which is inherent to autothermal reactors, leads to an ignition-extinction phenomenon similar to that found in the countercurrent configuration. The influence of different parameters on the stability of the autothermal cocurrent reactor was analyzed. The regions where steady-state multiplicity occurs were compared with those presented by the autothermal countercurrent reactor. The influence of an additional heat exchanger on the reactor stability was considered.
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  • 196
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 277-280 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 197
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 265-267 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 198
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 268-272 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 199
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 339-344 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the boiling heat-transfer characteristics in a thermosyphon condenser-reboiler of air-separation plants. The test section was a plate-fin heat exchanger of practical size of 0.106 m width and 2.56 m length. The testing fluid was nitrogen. Experiments were carried out within a range of pressure from 150 to 300 kPa, submergence from 1.95 to 2.80 m, and heat flux up to 11 kW/m2 under constant wall-temperature condition. The liquid superheat at the onset of boiling was rather significant. The boiling heat-transfer coefficients obtained agreed well with Chen's correlation modified by Colburn's J factor within a mean deviation of 9.3%.
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    AIChE Journal 43 (1997) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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