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  • ddc:004
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Im Mai 2009 wurde Wolfram|Alpha gestartet, ein Service, der seinen Namen von seinem Entwickler, dem britischen Mathematiker Stephen Wolfram, ableitet. Dem Benutzer soll nicht nur eine Liste von Webseiten als Ergebnis auf Anfragen geliefert werden, sondern Antworten auf konkrete Fragen geben. In diesem Report soll gezeigt werden, warum sichWolframjAlpha von Suchmaschinen abgrenzt und was die Berechnung von Antworten auf natürlichsprachliche Fragen möglich machen kann.
    Description: Wolfram|Alpha was started in May 2009 and it's a service whose name derives from the british mathematician Stephen wolfram. As a result for a request the user is not just supported with a list of websites but with answers for concrete questions. In this report it will be shown why Wolfram|Alpha seperates from search engines and moreover what makes the computation of answers for natural language queries possible.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Executing applications in the Grid often requires access to multiple geographically distributed resources. In a Grid environment, these resources belong to different administrative domains, each employing its own scheduling policy. That is, at which time an activity (e.g., compute job, data transfer) is started, is decided by the resource's local management system. In such an environment, the coordinated execution of distributed applications requires guarantees on the quality of service (QoS) of the needed resources. Reserving resources in advance is an accepted means to obtain QoS guarantees from a single provider. The challenge, however, is to coordinate advance reservations of multiple resources. This work presents a system architecture and mechanisms to coordinate multiple advance reservations -- called co-reservations -- for delivering QoS guarantees to complex applications. We formally define the co-reservation problem as an optimization problem. The presented model supports three dimensions of freedom: the start time, the duration and the service level of a reservation. Requests and resources are described in a simple language. After matching the static properties and requirements of either side in a mapping, the reservation mechanism probes information about the future status of the resources. The versatile design of the probing step allows the efficient processing of requests, but also lets the resources express their preferences among the myriads of reservation candidates. Next, the best mapping is found through an implementation of the formal co-reservation model. Then, the mapping has to be secured, i.e., resources need to be allocated to a co-reservation candidate with all-or-nothing semantics. We study several goal-driven sequential and concurrent allocation mechanisms and define schemes for handling allocation failures. Finally, we introduce the concept of virtual resources for seamlessly embedding co-reservations into Grid resource management.
    Description: Die Ausführung von Anwendungen erfordert oft mehrere, geographisch verteilte Ressourcen. In Grid-Umgebungen gehören diese Ressourcen zu verschiedenen administrativen Organisationen, wobei jede ihre eigene Schedulingregeln verwendet. Das bedeutet, zu welcher Zeit eine Aktivität gestartet wird (z.B. ein Rechenjob), wird vom lokalen Ressourcenmanagementsystem entschieden. Die koordinierte Ausführung von verteilten Anwendungen erfordert Dienstgütegarantien für die benötigten Ressourcen. Das Reservieren von Ressourcen im Voraus ist ein Mittel, um Dienstgütegarantien von einem einzelnen Ressourcenanbieter zu erhalten. Die Herausforderung in dieser Arbeit ist, Vorausreservierungen von mehreren Ressourcen zu koordinieren. Es wird ein System für die Koordinierung mehrerer Vorausreservierungen -- Co-Reservierungen genannt -- für die Bereitstellung von Dienstgütegarantien vorgestellt. Wir definieren das Co-Reservierungsproblem als Optimierungsproblem. Das vorgestellte Modell unterstützt drei Freiheitsgrade: die Startzeit, die Dauer und die Dienstgüte einer Reservierung. Anfragen und Ressourcen werden in einer einfachen Sprache beschrieben. Nachdem statische Eigenschaften und Anforderungen beider Seiten überprüft wurden, ermittelt der Reservierungsmechanismus Informationen über den zukünftigen Zustand der Ressourcen. Dieser Schritt ist so allgemein gehalten, daß er sowohl ein effizientes Bearbeiten der Anfragen erlaubt als auch den Ressourcen ermöglicht ihre Präferenzen auszudrücken. Im Anschluss wird die optimale Zuweisung von Anfragen zu Ressourcen ermittelt. Im letzten Schritt muss diese Zuweisung umgesetzt werden, d.h., entweder alle oder keine Ressource wird allokiert. Es werden mehrere sequentielle und parallele Allokationsverfahren vorgestellt sowie deren Auswirkung auf verschiedene Metriken untersucht. Die Einbettung von Co-Reservierungen in das Grid-Ressourcenmanagement wird anhand des Konzeptes der virtuellen Ressource dargestellt.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Aktuelle Entwicklungen zeigen, dass Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Anwendungen wie Skype oder Bittorrent im Internet immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen. In den letzten Jahren hat es einen explosionsartigen Anstieg an Nutzern und Daten in solchen Netzen gegeben. Dabei stellt der eigentliche Dateitransfer zwischen zwei Rechnern kein großes Problem mehr dar und auch der Speicherbedarf für die große Menge an Daten kann durch die Weiterentwicklung der Hardware gut gedeckt werden. Das eigentliche Problem liegt vielmehr darin, den Rechner zu finden, der die gewünschten Daten hat. Client-Server Architekturen, wie zum Beispiel Napster, haben sich als ungünstig herausgestellt. Wenige Server, die eine große Anzahl an Clients bedienen müssen, sind einerseits sehr anfällig gegenüber Angriffen und Ausfällen (Single Point of Failure)und kommen auch nicht mit der ständig wachsenden Anzahl an Nutzern zurecht. Verteilte Hashtabellen (DHT) bieten hier einen guten Lösungsansatz, der mit einer großen Anzahl an Nutzern skaliert und ausfallsicher ist. Andere dezentrale Lösungen, wie zum Beispiel das P2P Netzwerk Gnutella haben zwar das Problem des Single Point of Failure gelöst, jedoch haben sie starke Nachteile bei der Suche nach Keys. Bei einer Suche wird ein Broadcast verwendet (jeder schickt die Anfrage an jeden weiter) und damit ein enormer Netzwerkverkehr erzeugt. In "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really" wird erklärt, dass eine Suchanfrage bei Standardeinstellungen in der Clientsoftware einen Netzwerkverkehr von 17MB erzeugt. Deswegen wird zusätzlich eine Lösung benötigt, die Keys und Values geordnet verteilt, damit sie gezielt gesucht werden können. Aus diesem Grund beschäftigt sich die folgende Arbeit mit einer völlig dezentralen Architektur, die außerdem eine sinnvolle Platzierung der Keys vornimmt. Die dezentrale Architektur hat den Vorteil, dass die Endgeräte den Hauptteil des Dienstes selbst erbringen und damit jeder zusätzliche Teilnehmer seine eigenen Ressourcen beisteuert. Diese Arbeit präsentiert Chord#, eine dezentrale, skalierbare und selbstorganisierende verteilte Hashtabelle. Chord# wurde ausgewählt, da in dieser Arbeit auch Wert auf Bereichsabfragen gelegt wurde. Diese sind zum Beispiel bei dem Chord Algorithmus nicht möglich, da dieser eine Hashfunktion für die Keys verwendet und somit die Daten zwar gleichmäßig aber unsortiert auf die Teilnehmer verteilt. Es wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe von Chord# auch ohne die Hashfunktion gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Außerdem können durch den Verzicht auf die Hashfunktion Bereichsabfragen ermöglicht werden. Dafür wird der Chord# Algorithmus in Java implementiert (ca. 1500 Zeilen Code) und in dem Forschungsnetz PlanetLab ausführlich auf Laufzeiten, Instandhaltungskosten und Skalierung getestet.
    Description: Recent developments show that peer-to-peer (p2p) applications, such as Skype or Bittorrent have become increasingly important in the internet. Over the last years there has been a rapid growth of both users and data in such networks. However, the actual file transfer between two peers is not really an issue anymore. The same holds true for data storage, since the new hardware grants users enough space to store their data. The real problem is finding the peers that possess the desired data. Client-server architectures like Napster have proven to be ineffective addressing that problem. One or few servers being responsible for many peers are vulnerable to attacks or failures (single point of failure). Additionally, they are unable to cope with the rapidly growing number of peers. Distributed hashtables (DHT) are a good approach to solve these problems, since they scale nicely with large numbers of peers and provide a high tolerance for errors. Other decentralized solutions like the p2p network Gnutella solved the problem of Single Point of Failure but show considerable disadvantages when searching for keys. The peers in Gnutella use a broadcast (sending the message to all peers they know)resulting in massive traffic. According to "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really.", each search using standard client settings yields 17MB traffc. This calls for a different solution, distributing keys and values to peers quickly and efficiently so they can be found fast. For that reason this thesis focuses on a fully distributed architecture using organized key placement. One major advantage of distributed architecture is the fact, that the peers do most of the work themselves. This way, new peers joining the network add resources to it. This thesis presents Chord#, a scalable, self-organizing and completely decentralized DHT. It has been chosen due to its capability to allow range queries. The regular Chord algorithm does not support range queries, because of the hashfunction it uses to evenly distribute the keys among the peers. This results in similar or logical coherent keys most likely not being close together in the network. This thesis shows Chord# achieving same results as Chord - regarding performance costs - without the hashfunction. In dropping the hashfunction this algorithm allows the use of range queries. The Chord# algorithm is implemented in Java (about 1500 lines of code) and thoroughly tested in the research network PlanetLab. The results are evaluated regarding performance, maintenance and scalability.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-11-02
    Description: One of the biggest impacts on the performance of a Distributed Hash Table (DHT), once established, is its ability to balance load among its nodes. DHTs supporting range queries for example suffer from a potentially huge skew in the distribution of their items since techniques such as consistent hashing can not be applied. Thus explicit load balancing schemes need to be deployed. Several such schemes have been developed and are part of recent research, most of them using only information locally available in order to scale to arbitrary systems. Gossiping techniques however allow the retrieval of fairly good estimates of global information with low overhead. Such information can then be added to existing load balancing algorithms that can use the additional knowledge to improve their performance. Within this thesis several schemes are developed that use global information like the average load and the standard deviation of the load among the nodes to primarily reduce the number of items an algorithm moves to achieve a certain balance. Two novel load balancing algorithms have then been equipped with implementations of those schemes and have been simulated on several scenarios. Most of these variants show better balance results and move far less items than the algorithms they are based on. The best of the developed algorithms achieves a 15-30% better balance and moves only about 50-70% of the number of items its underlying algorithm moves. This variation is also very robust to erroneous estimates and scales linearly with the system size and system load. Further experiments with self-tuning algorithms that set an algorithm’s parameter according to the system’s state show that even more improvements can be gained if additionally applied. Such a variant based on the algorithm described by Karger and Ruhl shows the same balance improvements of 15-30% as the variant above but reduces the number of item movements further to 40-65%.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: Entwurf und Entwicklung eines eingebetteten Hauptspeicher-Datenbanksystems mit Snapshot-Reads.
    Description: Design and implementation of an embedded main memory database with snapshot reads.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Schaffung einer Zugriffs-Komponente für das Grid-Datenmanagement-System ZIB-DMS, das dessen transparente Einbindung in den Verzeichnisbaum eines Linux-Systems erlaubt. Dazu wird unter Verwendung des FUSE-Rahmenwerkes ein Userspace-Dateisystem mit Anbindung an das ZIB-DMS konzipiert und implementiert. Im Fokus stehen dabei die Abbildung der erweiterten Verwaltungsmechanismen des Systems auf die limitierte Schnittstelle hierarchischer Dateisysteme und die dazu notwendigen Änderungen am ZIB-DMS.
    Description: The goal of this work is to create an access component for the Grid data management system ZIB-DMS, that allows a transparent integration into the directory tree of a Linux system. For this purpose the FUSE framework is used to design and implement a userspace file system with connections to the ZIB-DMS. The focus is on the mapping of the extended management mechanisms of the system to the limited interface of hierarchical file systems and the therefore necessary changes to ZIB-DMS.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: We present a framework for transactional data access on data stored in a DHT. It allows to atomically read and write items and to run distributed transactions consisting of a sequence of read and write operations on the items. Items are symmetrically replicated in order to achieve durability of data stored in the SON. To provide availability of items despite the unavailability of some replicas, operations on items are quorum-based. They make progress as long as a majority of replicas can be accessed. Our framework processes transactions optimistically with an atomic commit protocol that is based on Paxos atomic commit. We present algorithms for the whole framework with an event based notation. Additionally we discuss the problem of lookup inconsistencies and its implications on the one-copy serializability property of the transaction processing in our framework.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: When planning teams for projects with specific goals, employees of a company have to group together so well, that all necessary knowledge for conquering the project’s challenges are met within the member’s skills. A tool that facilitates semantic web technologies can support the team recruiter, who is responsible for chosing the members of the team, in terms of finding the most efficient combinations of the company’s employees based on their expertises.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: Key/value stores which are built on structured overlay networks often lack support for atomic transactions and strong data consistency among replicas. This is unfortunate, because consistency guarantees and transactions would allow a wide range of additional application domains to benefit from the inherent scalability and fault-tolerance of DHTs. The Scalaris key/value store supports strong data consistency and atomic transactions. It uses an enhanced Paxos Commit protocol with only four communication steps rather than six. This improvement was possible by exploiting information from the replica distribution in the DHT. Scalaris enables implementation of more reliable and scalable infrastructure for collaborative Web services that require strong consistency and atomic changes across multiple items.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Basierend auf einem vorhandenen Ansatz zur Einführung von anisotropen Tetraedern im Randbereich eines reinen Tetraedergitters wird ein Gittergenerator für hybride Gitter implementiert. Das hybride Gitter besteht in Randnähe primär aus anisotropen Prismen und im Inneren der Geometrie aus isotropen Tetraedern. Eine erhöhte Auflösung im Randbereich soll zu besseren Ergebnissen von numerischen Strömungssimulationen führen, für welche eine problemangepasste Diskretisierung des zu untersuchenden Gebietes benötigt wird. In dem zuvor genannten Ansatz wird eine Reihe von Übergangselementen vorgeschlagen, die an scharfen Kanten der Oberfläche platziert werden sollen. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit wird die Idee der Übergangselemente aufgegriffen und bei hybriden Gittern eingesetzt, um auch komplexe Eingabegeometrien vergittern zu können. Der ursprüngliche Gittergenerierungprozess wird überarbeitet und erweitert. Eine neue Menge an Übergangselementen wird eingeführt, es werden gekrümmte Extrusionsvektoren verwendet und es wird die Auswertung der medialen Oberfläche vorgenommen, um Überschneidungen im hybriden Gitter zu vermeiden. Der Gittergenerator wird als Modul in das Visualisierungs- und Analyseprogramm Amira implementiert und die erstellten hybriden Gitter werden auf ihre Elementqualität und die Güte der Strömungssimulationsergebnisse hin überprüft.
    Description: Based on an existing approach for the introduction of anisotropic tetrahedra near the surface boundary of a tetrahedral grid a grid generator for hybrid grids is implemented. The hybrid grid consists near the surface boundary primarily of anisotropic prisms and inside the geometry of isotropic tetrahedra. An increased resolution near the boundary should lead to better results of numerical flow simulations, which needs a problem specific discretization of the analyzed domain. In the aforementioned approach a set of transition elements is suggested, which should be placed at sharp surface corners. As a part of this diploma thesis the concept of using transition elements is applied for creating hybrid grids even for very complex input geometries. The initial grid generation process is revised and enhanced. A new set of transition elements is introduced, curved extrusion vectors are used and the medial surface is evaluated to avoid intersections in the hybrid grid. The grid generator is implemented as a module for the visualization and analysis tool Amira and the element quality of the generated hybrid grids and the quality of flow simulations performed on the grids are tested.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: We study performance and scaling of the Berlin Quantum Chromodynamics Program (BQCD) on the SGI Altix 4700 at Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ). We employ different communication methods (MPI, MPI with two OpenMP threads per process, as well as the shmem library) and run the MPI version on the two types of nodes of that machine. For comparison with other machines we made performance measurements on an IBM p690 cluster and a Cray XT4.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird eine Serie von Remeshing-Verfahren um die Berücksichtigung von nicht-mannigfaltigen Dreiecksvernetzungen und Merkmalskantenzügen erweitert. Die betrachteten Verfahren arbeiten im Wesentlichen lokal. Daher können die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten Erweiterungen, die nicht-mannigfaltige Kantenzüge und Merkmalskantenzüge betreffen, separat beschrieben werden. Dabei wird ein Ansatz verfolgt, beide Arten von besonderen Kantenzügen aufgrund ihrer Gemeinsamkeiten einheitlich zu behandeln. Dieser besteht zum einen darin, eine Korrespondenz zwischen Kantenzügen auf der Eingabe- und der Ausgabefläche zu erhalten, indem die Remeshing-Operationen auf den Kantenzügen in entsprechend eingeschränkter Weise verwendet werden. Zum anderen wird beschrieben, wie die Abtastdichte der Kantenzüge dynamisch an die Abtastdichte der Umgebung angepasst werden kann, um für weitgehende Isotropie in der Nähe von Merkmalskantenzügen zu sorgen.
    Description: A unified approach for consistent remeshing of arbitrary non-manifold triangle meshes with additional user-defined feature lines is presented. The method is based on local operations only and produces meshes of high regularity and triangle quality while preserving the geometry as well as topology of the feature lines as well as the input mesh.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: This work introduces a novel streamline seeding technique based on dual streamlines that are orthogonal to the vector field, instead of tangential. The greedy algorithm presented here produces a net of orthogonal streamlines that is iteratively refined resulting in good domain coverage and a high degree of continuity and uniformity. The algorithm is easy to implement and efficient, and it naturally extends to curved surfaces.
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird eine neue Strategie zur Platzierung von Stromlinien vorgestellt. Hierzu werden zusätzliche duale Stromlinien verwendet, die --im Gegensatz zur üblichen Definition-- orthogonal zum Vektorfeld verlaufen. Der vorgestellte Greedy-Algorithmus berechnet ein Netz aus orthogonalen Stromlinien, welches iterativ verfeinert wird, was zu einer guten Abdeckung der Domäne und einer gleichmäßigen Verteilung der Stromlinien führt. Es handelt sich um einen einfach zu implementierenden und effizienten Algorithmus, der direkt auf gekrümmten Oberflächen anwendbar ist.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: In dieser Diplomarbeit wird untersucht, wie auf der Basis von Literaturreferenzen ein Zitationsgraph durch ein automatisches Verfahren aufgebaut werden kann. Zur Lösung des Problems werden Probabilistische Relationale Modelle herangezogen. Eine problemspezifische Erweiterung des Modells ermöglicht es, dass bestehende Unsicherheiten im Zitationsgraphen mit Hilfe eines Inferenzverfahrens aufgelöst werden können. Zur Evaluierung des Verfahren werden Experimente auf dem Cora-Datensatz durchgeführt.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Die Diplomarbeit präsentiert ein Transaktionsverfahren für strukturierte Overlay-Netzwerke, das an die Erfordernisse verteilter Informationssysteme mit relationalem Datenmodell angepasst ist. Insbesondere wird der Einsatz von Transaktionen für verteilte Wikis betrachtet, die moderne Funktionalitäten, wie Metadaten und zusätzliche Indexe für die Navigation, unterstützen. Konsistenz und Dauerhaftigkeit der gespeicherten Daten erfordert die Behandlung von Knotenausfällen. Die Arbeit schlägt dafür das Zellenmodell vor: Das Overlay wird aus replizierten Zustandsmaschinen gebildet, um Verfügbarkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Transaktionsverfahren baut darauf auf und verwendet Two-Phase-Commit mit Fehlererkennung und Widerherstellung von ausgefallenen Transaktionsmanagern. Anwendungen wird eine Auswahl an pessimistischen und hybrid-optimistischen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren geboten, die die Minimierung von Latenzeffekten und die schnelle Ausführung von Nur-Lese-Transaktionen ermöglichen. Für die Beispielanwendung Wiki wird der erforderliche Pseudocode angegeben und die verschiedenen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Nachrichtenkomplexität verglichen.
    Description: The diploma thesis presents a transaction processing scheme for structured overlay networks and uses it to develop a distributed Wiki application based on a relational data model. The Wiki supports rich metadata and additional indexes for navigation purposes. Ensuring consistency and durability requires handling of node failures. Such failures are masked by providing high availability of nodes. This in turn is achieved by constructing the overlay from replicated state machines (cell model). Atomicity is realized using two phase commit with additional support for failure detection and restoration of the transaction manager. The developed transaction processing scheme provides the application with a mixture of pessimistic, hybrid optimistic and multiversioning concurrency control techniques to minimize the impact of replication on latency and optimize for read operations. The pseudocode of the relevant Wiki functions is presented and the different concurrency control techniques are evaluated in terms of message complexity.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Die Arbeit präsentiert ein Transaktionsverfahren für strukturierte Overlay-Netzwerke, das an die Erfordernisse verteilter Informationssysteme mit relationalem Datenmodell angepasst ist. Insbesondere wird der Einsatz von Transaktionen für verteilte Wikis betrachtet, die moderne Funktionalitäten, wie Metadaten und zusätzliche Indexe für die Navigation, unterstützen. Konsistenz und Dauerhaftigkeit der gespeicherten Daten erfordert die Behandlung von Knotenausfällen. Die Arbeit schlägt dafür das Zellenmodell vor: Das Overlay wird aus replizierten Zustandsmaschinen gebildet, um Verfügbarkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Transaktionsverfahren baut darauf auf und verwendet Two-Phase-Commit mit Fehlererkennung und Widerherstellung von ausgefallenen Transaktionsmanagern. Anwendungen wird eine Auswahl an pessimistischen und hybrid-optimistischen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren geboten, die die Minimierung von Latenzeffekten und die schnelle Ausführung von Nur-Lese-Transaktionen ermöglichen. Für die Beispielanwendung Wiki wird der erforderliche Pseudocode angegeben und die verschiedenen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Nachrichtenkomplexität verglichen.
    Description: The report presents a transaction processing scheme for structured overlay networks and uses it to develop a distributed Wiki application based on a relational data model. The Wiki supports rich metadata and additional indexes for navigation purposes. Ensuring consistency and durability requires handling of node failures. Such failures are masked by providing high availability of nodes. This in turn is achieved by constructing the overlay from replicated state machines (cell model). Atomicity is realized using two phase commit with additional support for failure detection and restoration of the transaction manager. The developed transaction processing scheme provides the application with a mixture of pessimistic, hybrid optimistic and multiversioning concurrency control techniques to minimize the impact of replication on latency and optimize for read operations. The pseudocode of the relevant Wiki functions is presented and the different concurrency control techniques are evaluated in terms of message complexit
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Berlin als Stadtstaat ist Kommune und Land der Bundesrepublik zugleich und Standort vieler renommier-ter Wissenschafts- und Kultureinrichtungen. In enger Zusammenarbeit der Wissenschaftseinrichtungen mit dem IT-Dienstleistungszentrum Berlin (ITDZ, ehemals Landesbetrieb für Informationstechnik), der für die Behörden Berlins zuständigen Einrichtung, wurde seit 1993 ein landeseigenes Glasfasernetz mit einer derzeitigen Länge von 856 km Glasfaserkabel (je Kabel bis zu 144 Einzelfasern) zur gemeinsamen Nutzung von Wissenschaft und Verwaltung errichtet und weiter ausgebaut. 1994 erfolgte der offizielle Start des Berliner Wissenschaftsnetzes BRAIN (Berlin Research Area Information Network), als durch einen Beschluss des Senats von Berlin die Nutzung des landeseigenen Glasfasernetzes durch die Wissen-schaftseinrichtungen festgeschrieben wurde. Bereits 1995 wurden durch die Wissenschaftseinrichtungen auf diesem Glasfasernetz die ersten sieben Anschlüsse in ATM-Technik (Classical BRAIN-ATM) in Betrieb genommen, 1999 wurden anschließend auch erste Strecken in Ethernet-Technik (Classical BRAIN-GE) betrieben. Diese heterogenen Netze mit unterschiedlichen Netzgeräten wurden dezentral von den Netzadministratoren der beteiligten Einrichtungen nach globalen Absprachen betreut. Die dezentrale Administration erschwerte das Management und die Erweiterungen der Gesamtnetze. Basierend auf den vorliegenden Erfahrungen vereinbarten die Berliner Wissenschaftseinrichtungen, ein technisch neues Verbundnetz in Gigabit-Ethernet-Technik mit einheitlichen Geräten und einem zentralen Netzwerkmana-gement aufzubauen und zu betreiben. Seit November 2003 betreibt BRAIN auf dem landeseignen Glasfasernetz ein auf MPLS-Technik basie-rendes Gigabit-Ethernet-Netz, das „BRAIN-Verbundnetz“, mit den Diensten LAN-to-LAN-Kopplung der Einrichtungen, regionaler IP-Verkehr, Übergang zum Verwaltungsnetz und WiN-Backup. Das BRAIN-Verbundnetz löste die dezentral betreuten Vorläufernetze komplett ab. Von den derzeit 27 BRAIN-Teilnehmern nutzen 24 Einrichtungen an 53 in der Stadt verteilten Standorten die Dienste des BRAIN-Verbundnetzes, 18 Standorte sind mit 1000 Mbit/s und 35 Standorte mit 100 Mbit/s angeschlossen. Für verteilte Standorte einer Einrichtung besteht zudem die Möglichkeit, diese über dedizierte Fasern oder Bandbreiten miteinander zu vernetzen. Seit dem 2. Quartal 2007 wird im Rahmen eines Pilotprojekts der Nutzen eines zentral gemanagten Fibre Channel-Netzwerks "BRAIN-SAN" ermittelt, um Möglichkeiten einer verteilten Datenhaltung der Berliner Hochschulen und wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen zu schaf-fen. Zusätzlich zu den vorgenannten Diensten nutzt der DFN-Verein die BRAIN-Struktur für die Verbindun-gen der X-WiN-Kernnetzknoten in Berlin und Potsdam untereinander und für Zugangsleitungen zu den Anwendern. Mit Stand 2007 nutzt das Berliner Wissenschaftsnetz BRAIN vom landeigenen Glasfasernetz 2100 km Einzelfasern und verbindet insgesamt 43 Einrichtungen (BRAIN-Teilnehmer und DFN-Anwender) aus Wissenschaft, Bildung und Kultur mit 129 Standorten. Der Betrieb von BRAIN wird im wesentlichen durch seine Nutzer finanziert. Das Land Berlin trägt aller-dings pauschal die überwiegenden Kosten für die Wartung des Glasfasernetzes, soweit es vom ITDZ be-reit gestellt wird. Zentrales Planungs- und Steuerungsorgan für BRAIN ist die von der Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wis-senschaft und Forschung eingerichtete BRAIN-Planungsgruppe. Sie besteht aus Mitarbeitern der Rechen-zentren der drei Berliner Universitäten und des ZIB. Nach außen wird BRAIN in rechtlicher und wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht treuhänderisch vom ZIB vertreten, die BRAIN-Geschäftsstelle befindet sich ebenfalls im ZIB.
    Description: Berlin as a city state is both local authority and federal state of the Federal Republic, as well as a location of many renowned institutions of research and culture. In close cooperation of the institutions of research with the IT service centre Berlin (ITDZ, the former Landesbetrieb für Informationstechnik) - which is the appropriate facility for the authorities of Berlin - a glass fibre network of a total extension of 856 kilome-tres of fibre optics (144 fibres each cable optic) for the common use of research and administration has been established and advanced since 1993. In 1994, when a resolution of the Senate of Berlin laid down the use of the appropriate fibre networks by the research facilities, this was the official beginning of the Berlin Research Area Information Network (BRAIN). The first seven interfaces in this fibre network in ATM technology (Classical BRAIN-ATM) were already established by the research facilities in 1995. In 1999, first systems run in Ethernet technology (Classical BRAIN-GE). These heterogeneous networks with different interfaces have been supported locally by the network administrators of the research facili-ties following global agreements. Management and advancement of the overall networks were encum-bered by these local administrations. Based on the existing experience, Berlin's research facilities agreed on the building and advancement of a technically new integrated network in gigabit Ethernet technology with standardised facilities and a centrally managed network. Since November 2003 the Berlin Research Area Information Network established a Gigabit Ethernet - called “BRAIN Integrated Network” - based on MPLS technology, including LAN to LAN linking of the facilities, local IP traffic, interface to the administration's network and WIN back-up. This BRAIN Inte-grated Network has completely replaced the locally administered predecessor networks. 24 of 27 BRAIN participants use the services of the BRAIN Integrated Network on 53 locations spread all over the city. 18 locations are connected with 1000 Mbit/s and 35 locations with 100 Mbit/s. Moreover, spread locations of a single facility have the possibililty to communicate by dedicated fibres or bandwidths. From the 2nd quarter 2007 within the scope of a pilot scheme, the advantage of a centrally administered fibre channel network "BRAIN-SAN" will be determined in order to accomplish possibilities of a spread data manage-ment of Berlin's universities and research facilities. In addition to the aforementioned services the DFN association makes use of BRAIN's structure for the connection of the X-WiN-core network nodes in Berlin and Potsdam und for access pathways to the us-ers. As from 2007, Berlin's research network BRAIN uses 2100 kilometres of single fibres from the country's fibre glass network and connects a total of 43 facilities (BRAIN participants and DFN users) from re-search, education and culture with 129 locations. The operations of BRAIN are funded basically by its users. However, the country of Berlin bears most of the costs for the maintenance of the glass fibre network, as far as it is provided by ITDZ. Central planning and steering body for BRAIN is the BRAIN planning group, which has been arranged by the administration of the Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung. It consists of staff from the computing centres of Berlin's three universities and of ZIB. BRAIN is represented legally and economically on a trust basis by the ZIB, where the BRAIN office is located also.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: For medical diagnosis, visualization, and model-based therapy planning three-dimensional geometric reconstructions of individual anatomical structures are often indispensable. Computer-assisted, model-based planning procedures typically cover specific modifications of “virtual anatomy” as well as numeric simulations of associated phenomena, like e.g. mechanical loads, fluid dynamics, or diffusion processes, in order to evaluate a potential therapeutic outcome. Since internal anatomical structures cannot be measured optically or mechanically in vivo, three-dimensional reconstruction of tomographic image data remains the method of choice. In this work the process chain of individual anatomy reconstruction is described which consists of segmentation of medical image data, geometrical reconstruction of all relevant tissue interfaces, up to the generation of geometric approximations (boundary surfaces and volumetric meshes) of three-dimensional anatomy being suited for finite element analysis. All results presented herein are generated with amira ® – a highly interactive software system for 3D data analysis, visualization and geometry reconstruction.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: This work introduces novel internal and external memory algorithms for computing voxel skeletons of massive voxel objects with complex network-like architecture and for converting these voxel skeletons to piecewise linear geometry, that is triangle meshes and piecewise straight lines. The presented techniques help to tackle the challenge of visualizing and analyzing 3d images of increasing size and complexity, which are becoming more and more important in, for example, biological and medical research. Section 2.3.1 contributes to the theoretical foundations of thinning algorithms with a discussion of homotopic thinning in the grid cell model. The grid cell model explicitly represents a cell complex built of faces, edges, and vertices shared between voxels. A characterization of pairs of cells to be deleted is much simpler than characterizations of simple voxels were before. The grid cell model resolves topologically unclear voxel configurations at junctions and locked voxel configurations causing, for example, interior voxels in sets of non-simple voxels. A general conclusion is that the grid cell model is superior to indecomposable voxels for algorithms that need detailed control of topology. Section 2.3.2 introduces a noise-insensitive measure based on the geodesic distance along the boundary to compute two-dimensional skeletons. The measure is able to retain thin object structures if they are geometrically important while ignoring noise on the object's boundary. This combination of properties is not known of other measures. The measure is also used to guide erosion in a thinning process from the boundary towards lines centered within plate-like structures. Geodesic distance based quantities seem to be well suited to robustly identify one- and two-dimensional skeletons. Chapter 6 applies the method to visualization of bone micro-architecture. Chapter 3 describes a novel geometry generation scheme for representing voxel skeletons, which retracts voxel skeletons to piecewise linear geometry per dual cube. The generated triangle meshes and graphs provide a link to geometry processing and efficient rendering of voxel skeletons. The scheme creates non-closed surfaces with boundaries, which contain fewer triangles than a representation of voxel skeletons using closed surfaces like small cubes or iso-surfaces. A conclusion is that thinking specifically about voxel skeleton configurations instead of generic voxel configurations helps to deal with the topological implications. The geometry generation is one foundation of the applications presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 5 presents a novel external memory algorithm for distance ordered homotopic thinning. The presented method extends known algorithms for computing chamfer distance transformations and thinning to execute I/O-efficiently when input is larger than the available main memory. The applied block-wise decomposition schemes are quite simple. Yet it was necessary to carefully analyze effects of block boundaries to devise globally correct external memory variants of known algorithms. In general, doing so is superior to naive block-wise processing ignoring boundary effects. Chapter 6 applies the algorithms in a novel method based on confocal microscopy for quantitative study of micro-vascular networks in the field of microcirculation.
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit führt I/O-effiziente Algorithmen und Standard-Algorithmen zur Berechnung von Voxel-Skeletten aus großen Voxel-Objekten mit komplexer, netzwerkartiger Struktur und zur Umwandlung solcher Voxel-Skelette in stückweise-lineare Geometrie ein. Die vorgestellten Techniken werden zur Visualisierung und Analyse komplexer drei-dimensionaler Bilddaten, beispielsweise aus Biologie und Medizin, eingesetzt. Abschnitt 2.3.1 leistet mit der Diskussion von topologischem Thinning im Grid-Cell-Modell einen Beitrag zu den theoretischen Grundlagen von Thinning-Algorithmen. Im Grid-Cell-Modell wird ein Voxel-Objekt als Zellkomplex dargestellt, der aus den Ecken, Kanten, Flächen und den eingeschlossenen Volumina der Voxel gebildet wird. Topologisch unklare Situationen an Verzweigungen und blockierte Voxel-Kombinationen werden aufgelöst. Die Charakterisierung von Zellpaaren, die im Thinning-Prozess entfernt werden dürfen, ist einfacher als bekannte Charakterisierungen von so genannten "Simple Voxels". Eine wesentliche Schlussfolgerung ist, dass das Grid-Cell-Modell atomaren Voxeln überlegen ist, wenn Algorithmen detaillierte Kontrolle über Topologie benötigen. Abschnitt 2.3.2 präsentiert ein rauschunempfindliches Maß, das den geodätischen Abstand entlang der Oberfläche verwendet, um zweidimensionale Skelette zu berechnen, welche dünne, aber geometrisch bedeutsame, Strukturen des Objekts rauschunempfindlich abbilden. Das Maß wird im weiteren mit Thinning kombiniert, um die Erosion von Voxeln auf Linien zuzusteuern, die zentriert in plattenförmigen Strukturen liegen. Maße, die auf dem geodätischen Abstand aufbauen, scheinen sehr geeignet zu sein, um ein- und zwei-dimensionale Skelette bei vorhandenem Rauschen zu identifizieren. Eine theoretische Begründung für diese Beobachtung steht noch aus. In Abschnitt 6 werden die diskutierten Methoden zur Visualisierung von Knochenfeinstruktur eingesetzt. Abschnitt 3 beschreibt eine Methode, um Voxel-Skelette durch kontrollierte Retraktion in eine stückweise-lineare geometrische Darstellung umzuwandeln, die als Eingabe für Geometrieverarbeitung und effizientes Rendering von Voxel-Skeletten dient. Es zeigt sich, dass eine detaillierte Betrachtung der topologischen Eigenschaften eines Voxel-Skeletts einer Betrachtung von allgemeinen Voxel-Konfigurationen für die Umwandlung zu einer geometrischen Darstellung überlegen ist. Die diskutierte Methode bildet die Grundlage für die Anwendungen, die in Abschnitt 6 diskutiert werden. Abschnitt 5 führt einen I/O-effizienten Algorithmus für Thinning ein. Die vorgestellte Methode erweitert bekannte Algorithmen zur Berechung von Chamfer-Distanztransformationen und Thinning so, dass diese effizient ausführbar sind, wenn die Eingabedaten den verfügbaren Hauptspeicher übersteigen. Der Einfluss der Blockgrenzen auf die Algorithmen wurde analysiert, um global korrekte Ergebnisse sicherzustellen. Eine detaillierte Analyse ist einer naiven Zerlegung, die die Einflüsse von Blockgrenzen vernachlässigt, überlegen. In Abschnitt 6 wird, aufbauend auf den I/O-effizienten Algorithmen, ein Verfahren zur quantitativen Analyse von Mikrogefäßnetzwerken diskutiert.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: One crucial step in virtual drug design is the identification of new lead structures with respect to a pharmacological target molecule. The search for new lead structures is often done with the help of a pharmacophore, which carries the essential structural as well as physico-chemical properties that a molecule needs to have in order to bind to the target molecule. In the absence of the target molecule, such a pharmacophore can be established by comparison of a set of active compounds. In order to identify their common features,a multiple alignment of all or most of the active compounds is necessary. Moreover, since the “outer shape” of the molecules plays a major role in the interaction between drug and target, an alignment algorithm aiming at the identification of common binding properties needs to consider the molecule’s “outer shape”, which can be approximated by the solvent excluded surface. In this thesis, we present a new approach to molecular surface alignment based on a discrete representation of shape as well as physico-chemical properties by points distributed on the solvent excluded surface. We propose a new method to distribute points regularly on a surface w.r.t. a smoothly varying point density given on that surface. Since the point distribution algorithm is not restricted to molecular surfaces, it might also be of interest for other applications. For the computation of pairwise surface alignments, we extend an existing point matching scheme to surface points, and we develop an efficient data structure speeding up the computation by a factor of three. Moreover, we present an approach to compute multiple alignments from pairwise alignments, which is able to handle a large number of surface points. All algorithms are evaluated on two sets of molecules: eight thermolysin inhibitors and seven HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Finally, we compare the results obtained from surface alignment with the results obtained by applying an atom alignment approach.
    Description: Die Identifizierung neuer Leitstrukturen (lead structures) zur Entwicklung optimierter Wirkstoffe ist ein äußerst wichtiger Schritt in der virtuellen Wirkstoffentwicklung (virtual drug design). Die Suche nach neuen Leitstrukturen wird oft mit Hilfe eines Pharmakophor-Modells durchgeführt, welches die wichtigsten strukturellen wie auch physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften eines bindenden Moleküls in sich vereint. Ist das Zielmolekül (target) nicht bekannt, kann das Pharmakophor-Modell mit Hilfe des Vergleiches aktiver Moleküle erstellt werden. Hier ist insbesondere die gleichzeitige Überlagerung (multiple alignment) aller oder nahezu aller Moleküle notwendig. Da bei der Interaktion zweier Moleküle die "äußere Form" der Moleküle eine besondere Rolle spielt, sollte diese von jedem Überlagerungsalgorithmus, der sich mit der Identifizierung von Bindungseigenschaften befasst, berücksichtigt werden. Dabei kann die "äußere Form" durch eine bestimmte Art von molekularer Oberfläche approximiert werden, die man als solvent excluded surface bezeichnet. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir einen neuen Ansatz zur Überlagerung molekularer Oberflächen dar, der auf einer diskreten Repräsentation sowohl der Form als auch der molekularen Eigenschaften mittels Punkten beruht. Um die Punkte auf der molekularen Oberfläche möglichst regulär entsprechend einer gegebenen Punktdichte zu verteilen, entwickeln wir eine neue Methode. Diese Methode ist nicht auf Moleküloberflächen beschränkt und könnte daher auch für andere Anwendungen von Interesse sein. Basierend auf einem bekannten Point-Matching Verfahren entwickeln wir einen Point-Matching Algorithmus für Oberflächenpunkte. Dazu erarbeiten wir u.a. eine effiziente Datenstruktur, die den Algorithmus um einen Faktor von drei beschleunigt. Darüberhinaus stellen wir einen Ansatz vor, der Mehrfachüberlagerungen (multiple alignments) aus paarweisen Überlagerungen berechnet. Die Herausforderung besteht hierbei vor allem in der großen Anzahl von Punkten, die berücksichtigt werden muss. Die vorgestellten Algorithmen werden an zwei Gruppen von Molekülen evaluiert, wobei die erste Gruppe aus acht Thermolysin Inhibitoren besteht, die zweite aus sieben HIV-1 Protease Inhibitoren. Darüberhinaus vergleichen wir die Ergebnisse der Oberflächenüberlagerung mit denen einer Atommittelpunktüberlagerung.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: β-Nitrostyrene derivatives of adenosine 5′-glutarates are potent and selective bisubstrate-type inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinase (EGF-R PTK). In an attempt to improve the inhibitory activity, this type of compounds was modified with alkyl spacers of varying length between the nitrostyrene and the glutaryl units. The spacers consisted of 1, 3, 4, and 5 atoms to give compounds of the benzyl, oxyethyl, oxypropyl, and oxybutyl series, respectively (Schemes 1 and 2). Adenosine 5′-esters were prepared in the benzyl and oxypropyl series only. Compared to the compounds in the parent series without spacer (IC50 = 0.7-12 μM), most of the modified compounds inhibited the EGF-R PTK only marginally or were inactive (IC50 ≥ 100 μM). The only exceptions were the free acids 19 and 20 with IC50 values of ca. 5 μM. It is noteworthy that esterification of these two hydrogen glutarates with either MeOH or adenosine yielded inactive compounds, which is in contrast to the corresponding substances without spacers.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and Characterization of the Furo and Thieno Analogues of the Triester of PQQWe report here the synthesis and properties of the furo and thieno analogues of 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-f]quinoline-2,7,9- tricarboxylic acid ( = PQQ), i.e. the furo- and thieno[2,3-f]quinoline-4,5-quinone (FQQ and TQQ, resp.) derivatives B and C, obtained as triesters. The triester of PQQ derivative A is much more stable than the triesters of B or C, and only the triester of A shows strong activity in nonenzymatic catalytic oxidations.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conversion of the conformation of cyclosporin A (CsA) observed in CHCl3 to the receptor-bound state is investigated by two molecular-mechanics methods, template forcing and dynamic forcing. The conformations of CsA in CHCl3 and complexed with LiCl in THF as determined by NMR are used as starting structures. The transition starting from the CsA/CHCl3-derived conformation is hindered by steric interactions of two side chains (MeBmt1 and Val5). While starting with the CsA/LiCl-derived conformation, the conversion is facile. It is illustrated that these calculations, which are of artificial character, using only the starting and final structures of the observed conformational transition during the receptor-binding event, allow an insight into the interactions between the substrates and receptor in terms of an induced fit.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 231-242 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The transfer properties of the ionic species involved in the Williamson ether synthesis by phase-transfer catalysis were investigated using electrochemical techniques developed for the study of polarised liquid/liquid interfaces. This approach allows the measurement of the apparent partition coefficients of the transferring species. From these data, it is proposed that the role of the phase-transfer catalyst salt in the reaction mechanism is to establish a Galvani distribution potential difference between the two phases which in turn acts as the driving force for transferring the reactive aqueous ions to the organic phase.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The (R)- and (S)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-isopropyloxazolidin-2-ones, ((R)- and (S)-2, resp.), pivotal intermediates in the preparation of optically active β-blockers, were synthesized using (R,E)-2-hydroxypent-3-enenitrile (1) as the chiral starting material. In the synthesis of (R)-2, a known cyclization/inversion step was applied.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solutions (2 ml) of small linear and cyclic peptides (4-11), of a peptolide containing nine amino acids and a lactate moiety (12), of the cyclic undecapeptide cyclosporin A (CS, 1), and of the macrolides ascomycin, fujimycin, and rapamycin (13-15) in THF were added to excess LiCl, LiBr, or LiClO4 (up to 3000 equiv. in 40 ml THF) in a calorimeter (calorimetric titration). The enthalpies of interaction measured are in the range of ΔH = -8 to -37 kcal/mol. A similar experiment was carried out with one of the binding proteins of cyclosporin, the human cyclophilin A, to give the thermodynamic parameters for the complexation ΔH = -16, ΔG° = -10 kcal/mol, and ΔS° = -20 cal/mol·deg. at 25° which corresponds to an equilibrium constant K = 2·107 l/mol, in good agreement with the result of independent measurements using different methods. NMR Measurements of the macrolides in (D8)THF containing LiCl show strong down-field shifts of signals of the H-atoms next to C=O and C-OH groups in these molecules.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 17O-NMR signals of four true C-nitroso compounds 1-4 appear at particularly low field (1550-1265 ppm), whereas the dimers (azodioxy type) resonate at ca. 400 ppm and the ‘isonitroso compounds’ ( = quinone-oximes; 5 and 6) at ca. 250 ppm. S-Nitroso compounds ( = thionitrites; 8 and 9) show shift values of ca. 1300 ppm, not far from C - NO; the NO+ ion is much stronger shielded (474 ppm). The results, together with those for higher-shielded nitroso compounds X - NO (X = RO, R2N, Cl, O-) are discussed in terms of (a) resonance stabilization through n-donation from X(π-bond order, approximated by the known barriers of rotation around the X - N bond) and of (b) electronic excitation energies ΔE. The latter are approximated by long-wave (symmetry-forbidden) UV/VIS absorptions and confirmed, where available, by the maxima of the curves of circular dichroism (CD); the CD curve of thionitrite 9 has been measured. It is found that the δ(17O) values of X - NO depend both on bond order and on ΔE, which could not be separated. The higher shielding of NO+ compared with X - N=O is explained on the basis of anisotropy effects, which differ between sp and sp2 systems.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (1S,2R,6R,7R)-4-Phenyl-3,10-dioxa-5-azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-4-en-9-one ((+)-5) obtained in 6 steps from the Diels-Alder adduct of furan to 1-cyanovinyl (1S)-camphanate ((+)-3) was reduced to the corresponding endo-alcohol (-)-6 the treatment of which with HBr/AcOH provided (-)-(3aS,4S,6R,7S,7aR)-4β-bromo-3aβ,4,5,6,7,7aβ-hexahydro-2-phenyl-1,3-benzoxazole-6β,7α-diyl diacetate ((-)-17). Elimination of HBr with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and acidic hydrolysis furnished (-)-(1R,2S,3R,4R)-4-aminocyclohex-5-ene-1,2,3-triol ( = (-)-conduramine C1;(-)-1).
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 10-22 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2′-5′ Adenylate trimers 41-44 carrying the (tert-butyl)dimethylsilyl (tbds) group at the 3′-OH position of various sugar moieties were synthesized via the phosphoramidite method. The use of the (tert-butyloxy)carbonyl (boc) and 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylsulfonyl (npes) groups for 2′-OH protection in neighbourhood to the 3′-O-tbds residue was compared during the synthesis of the target trimers. For other functional positions, the use of the 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl (npe) and 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl (npeoc) blocking groups were favoured.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new and generally applicable synthetic path for the preparation of heteroditopic bis-macrocycles using tri-N-protected tetraazacycloalkanes as building blocks and bromoacetyl bromide as bridging reagent is described. In the first step, bromoacetyl bromide is used as acylating agent for one of the macrocycles, whereas in the second step it is used as alkylating agent for the second macrocycle, thus giving protected bis-macrocyclic amides (e.g. 6). After reduction of the amide moiety and deprotection, bis-azamacrocycles with an ethylene bridge are obtained (e.g. 8). The corresponding homoditopic bis-macrocycles 16 and 17 are also prepared for comparison purpose. Spectrophotometric studies indicate that bis-macrocycle 8, which consists of a 12- and a 14-membered ring, binds two metal ions with equal affinity, whereas compound 13, in which an unsubstituted (cyclam) and a trimethyl-substituted tetraazacyclotetradecane unit (Me3cyclam) are bridged, shows selective metal-ion binding. The first metal ion is always incorporated into the cyclam unit, whereas the second one binds to the Me3cyclam macrocycle. Thus, by sequential addition of two different metal ions, heterobinuclear complexes can easily be prepared. The electrochemistry of the binuclear Ni2+ complexes, studied by CV and DPV, as well as the EPR spectra of the binuclear Cu2+ complexes clearly indicate metal-metal interactions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Flash-vacuum thermolysis of the four diastereoisomeric 5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-caryophyllenes 1-4 at 500-550°/0.1-0.7 Torr leads to the hitherto unreported enantiomers of (6RS,7RS)- and (6RS,7SR)-6,7-epoxy-6,7-dihydro-β-farnesenes ((±)-5 and (±)-6, resp.). In particular, (+)-5 is formed in 45% yield (ca. 90% ee) and is, thus, an attractive chiral building block for natural-product synthesis.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of ceramides, called oceanapins A-F (2-7), which are unique for branching at both the sphingosine and fatty-acid chains, have been isolated as pure compounds from the haplosclerid sponge Oceanapia cf. tenuis of the Coral Sea. Following acid hydrolysis, both the fatty-acid and the sphingosine portions were obtained separately, which allowed their unequivocal structural definition. The absolute configuration was secured via protection of C(1′)-OH and Mosher's esterification at C(3′)-OH of the oceanapins.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The one-electron transfer to large π-delocalized hydrocarbons provides an interesting possibility to crystallize solvent-separated ion-pair salts containing optimally solvated cations. Accordingly, the reduction of 9,10-diphenylanthracene in aprotic THF solution at a sodium metal mirror allows to grow dark-blue prismatic crystals of its radical anion and sixfold THF-solvated sodium cation. The structure of the radical anion is very similar to that recently published for the neutral molecule. According to AM1 hypersurface calculations based on the structural data, the phenyl twist angles obviously must be determined by lattice packing, and the negative charge is delocalized predominantly within the anthracene π system. The counter cation [Na⊕(THF)6], reported ordered for the first time, shows nearly octahedral coordination within a rather densily packed solvent shell. Due to the strong repulsions between the solvent molecules, its isodesmically calculated solvation enthalpy is smaller than that of the analogous dimethoxyethane complex [Na⊕(DME)3].
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 35
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 86-91 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 14N- and 1H-Coupling constants, determined by ESR, ENDOR, and general-TRIPLE-resonance spectroscopy, are reported for the radical cations of tetrazinodi(heteroarenes) 1-8. The results comply with the expectation that donor properties of these compounds are mainly due to the electron-rich dihydrotetrazine ring.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 36
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 70-85 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The biphenyl-containing pseudo-amino acids 2′-(aminomethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid (Abc; 1) and 2′-(aminomethyl)biphenyl-2-acetic acid (Aba; 2) are used as rigid spacers in the backbone of the cyclic peptides cyclo (-Abc-Ala-Phe-Gly-)2 (5), cyclo(-Abc-Ala-Val-Gly-)2 (6), cyclo(-Aba-Gly-Phe-Ala-)2 (7), and cyclo(-Aba-Ala-Phe-Gly-)2(8). Three different interconverting diastereoisomers are found in solutions of each of these cyclopeptides due to the atropisomerism of the biphenyl units. NMR Techniques and molecular-dynamics calculations allow to conclude that the major diastereoisomer of 5 (and 6) in (D6)DMSO adopts a β-sheet conformation. It is proposed that the pseudo-amino acid 1 of (R)-chirality forms, with attached L-amino acids, a H-bonding pattern comparable to a β-turn (see D in Fig. 4 and F).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 37
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 92-99 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vitamin-B12-Catalyzed C, C-Bond Formation: Synthesis of Jasmonates via Sequential Radical ReactionThe Cbl-catalyzed electroreduction of 3-(2′-bromo-1′-ethoxyethoxy)cyclopenten (1a) in presence of 1-cyanovinyl-acetate (8) gave, in a sequential radical reaction (5-exo-trig-cyclization of 1a followed by addition to 8), 1-cyano-2-(2′-ethoxy-hexahydro-2′H-cyclopenta[b] furan-4′-yl)ethyl acetate (10a). This intermediate was transformed to methyl jasmonate (7; four steps) and epituberolide (9; three steps) in 20 and 31% yield, respectively, from cyclopent-2-en-l-ol.
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  • 38
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Synthesis of Azaisomers of the Triester of PQQ: 3H-Pyrrolo[3,2-f]-, 1H-Pyrrolo[3,2-h]-, and 7H-Pyrrolo[2,3-h]quinolinequinone DerivativesWe describe here the synthesis of the title compounds 3-5, starting from highly substituted aminoindoles. The annelated pyridine rings were built up in each case with dimethyl 4-oxoglutaconate according to Corey's procedure. All three o-quinone derivatives 3-5 are stable compounds, comparable to PQQ-triester. The azaisomers vary in biological activity from practically inactive to strong inhibition of the α-amidating enzyme or the ornithin decarboxylase.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 39
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 608-614 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of 2-(1-phenylvinyl)aniline and 4-chloro-2-(1-phenylvinyl)aniline with acetophenone derivatives, 1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanone and 1-(furan-2-yl)ethanone in toluene at 110-115° with toluene-4-sulfonic acid as a catalyst leads in good-to-excellent yields to the 2,2-disubstituted 1,2-dihydro-4-phenyl-quinolines 1-18 (Scheme 1, Table). The structure of the new racemic 1,2-dihydroquinolines 1-18 is determined by NMR spectroscopy. A reaction mechanism proceeding via a 6π-electrocyclic rearrangement of 2-(1-phenylvinyl)anils 19 as the key step is proposed for the formation of these compounds (Scheme 1). The scope and limitations of the novel methods are discussed (Scheme 2).
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 40
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 622-630 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 2′-deoxyisoguanosine (1) was synthesized by a two-step procedure from 2′-deoxyguanosine (5). Amination of silylated 2′-deoxyguanosine yielded 2-amino-2′-deoxyadenosine (6) which was subjected to selective deamination of the 2-NH2 group resulting in compound 1. Also 2′,3′-dideoxyisoguanosine (2) was prepared employing the photo-substitution of the 2-substituent of 2-chloro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (4). The latter was synthesized by Barton deoxygenation from 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (3) or via glycosylation of 2,6-dichloropurine (12) with the lactol 13. Compound 1 was less stable at the N-glycosylic bond than 2′-deoxyguanosine (5). The dideoxynucleoside 2 was deaminated by adenosine deaminase affording 2′,3′-dideoxyxanthosine (17).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A crude hydrate 6 and a crystalline hemiacetal 7 of glyoxylamide 4 were prepared from crotonamide 5 (Scheme 2). Particularly hemiacetal 7, but also 6 and the ‘dimer’ 8 (obtained from 7) may serve as homochiral auxiliaries. The structure of 8 was determined by X-ray analysis. By arenesulfonyl halides, tryptimines 12-14 of 4 were diastereoselectively transformed into spirotricycles 15-17 and 19.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of 2′-benzamido-2′-deoxyadenosine analogues were synthesized in an effort to find new lead structures for the treatment of sleeping sickness. The 2′-deoxy-2′-(3-methoxybenzamido)adenosine (1h) was proved to be a selective inhibitor of the parasite glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase which confirms the modeling studies. The solution-state conformation of 2′-(thiophene-2-carboxamido) analogue 1d demonstrates a 2′-endo conformation, an orientation of the thiophene ring under the ribose moiety, and the base part occupying a ‘syn’/‘anti’ equilibrium.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 43
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 645-654 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The decomposition of cyclohexyl diazoacetate (5a) in the presence of the chiral [Rh2{(2S)-mepy}4] catalyst leads to a 3:1 cis/trans mixture of bicyclic lactone 6a with an enantiomeric excess of 95-97% (cis) and 90% (trans). The conformationally rigid tert-butyl derivatives 5b and 5c afford, in the presence of the same catalyst, 6b and 6c, respectively, via insertion into the equatorial C—H bonds exclusively, with ee's of ca. 95%. A remarkable degree of induction (92-95%) results in the lactone 6g upon decomposition of 1-isopropyl-2-methylpropyl diazoacetate (5g). The diazoacetates derived from 1-methylcyclohexanol, cyclopentanol and 1-methylcyclopentanol (5d-f) afford under similar conditions insertion products with higher diastereoselectivity, but significantly lower enantioselectivity. Other dirhodium catalysts are less efficient.
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  • 44
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 661-667 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The first synthesis of (Z)-neomanoalide (4) and an improved synthesis of its (E)-isomer 3 was accomplished in a concise, regiocontrolled manner by exploiting 2-[(tert-butyl)dimethylsiloxy]-4{[(tert-butyl)dimethylsiloxy]-methyl}furan (6) as the key reagent. Lithiation of 6 and subsequent reaction with the (2Z)- or (2E)-isomer of (6E)-3-{[(tert-butyl)dimethylsiloxy]methyl}-7-methyl-9-(2′,6′,6′-trimethylcyclohex-1′-enyl)nona-2,6-dienyl bromide (5), followed by hydrolysis, afforded the corresponding neomanoalide.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 2,4-bis-functionalized phenol 1 is dehydrogenated regioselectivity with potassium ferricyanide, affording the corresponding p-quinonemethide 2. Hydrolysis of 2 affords a mixture of dithioacetal 5a and benzaldehyde 6; 1,6-addition of thiols to 2 gives the dithioacetals 5 of benzaldehyde 6; reaction of 2 with 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (= 2,2′-dimethyl-2,2′-azobis(propanenitrile)) leads to 9a, 9b, and 10, addition products of the 1-cyano-1-methylethyl radical. The structures of all products are confirmed mainly by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and the mode of their formation is discussed.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformational space of the trisaccharide α-L-Fuc-(1→2)-β- D-Gal-(1→3)-β -D-GalNAc-1-OPr (2) and of its component disaccharide moieties α -L-Fuc-(1→2)-β -D-Gal-1-OMe (3) and β -D-Gal-(1→3)-β- D-GalNAc-1-OPr (4) was investigated with the aid of molecular-mechanics energy minimizations and molecular-dynamics simulations. These calculations suggested the occurrence of two conformations for each compound characterized by different φ and Ψ glycosidic angles. However, 1H-NMR investigation of D2O solutions of 2-4 indicated a sure preference for one of the two conformers with a contribution of the other one ranging from negligible to low.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis on solid phase of a new derivative of the anticoagulant protein hirudin is described (see Scheme and Fig.1, I). The henicosapeptide is a bivalent conjugate of the C-terminus of hirudin and of the active-site-binding tetrapeptide D-Phe-Pro-Arg-Pro linked via a tetraglycine spacer. The peptide, for which the name hirufos was coined, incorporates a stable phosphono derivative of L-phenylalanine which, combined with the other structural modifications, leads to a potent anticoagulant agent. Synthesis was readily achieved by the (9H-fluoren-9-yl)-methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) strategy followed by acidolytic cleavage from the resin and deprotection, including the liberation of the crucial phosphonic group on L-phenylalanine.
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  • 48
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 691-708 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tri-o-thymotide (TOT) clathrates are enantiomorphous and enantioselective (chiral cages). It was shown that an external molecular reactant can diffuse into the TOT host crystal lattice and reacts with the included molecule (guest) in characteristic ways, differing from those occurring in liquid solutions. Several aspects of the action of hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr) on the chemical behavior of included oxiranes were investigated for solid-gas and solid-liquid (aqueous) systems. Under well established experimental conditions, these reactions gave regiospecifically one target product and were asymmetric. The included substrate underwent first an acid-catalyzed allylic isomerization that is cage-specific and mostly quantitative. In sheer contrast, strong basic conditions were required to promote, in reduced yield, the analogous transformation in solution. The regiospecificity and enantioselectivity of several intra-crystalline conversions allowed the accurate determination of the absolute configuration of several guest molecules. Kinetic measurements were achieved that disclosed some striking features of this new type of heterogeneous reactions. Tentative models for the cage stereoselective mechanisms are briefly discussed.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The complex formation by Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ with tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (N(CH2CH2NMe2)3, Me6tren) was investigated at 25° and at an ionic strength of 1, using VIS spectroscopy and potentiometric measurements. The stability constants of these complexes are compared with those of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (N(CH2CH2NH2)3, tren), obtained under the same conditions. The values of the constants for Me6tren are much lower than those for tren, due to the bulky Me substituents. The values of the constants can be correlated with the ability of the individual metal ions to adopt coordination number 5. This appears to be easier for Cu2+ and Co2+ than for Cd2+ and Zn2+ and is very difficult for Ni2+. The 1:1 complexes [ML(H2O)]2+ are monoprotonic acids whose pKs values are similar or lower than those of the corresponding aquametal ions. The X-ray crystal structure of the copper(II) complex [Cu(SO4)(Me6tren)] · 8H2O reveals pentacoordination at the central ion. The UV/VIS spectra of the aqueous solutions of the Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ 1:1 complexes confirm that the same coordination number is present also in these complexes.
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  • 50
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 1768-1772 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure of peregrine (1), a norditerpenoid alkaloid isolated from Delphinium peregrinum var. elongatum BOISS., was revised on the basis of the 1H-COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and ROESY NMR spectra and of the X-ray analysis of its parent alcohol 2. Some of the 13C-NMR resonances of 1 and the related alkaloids peregrine alcohol (2), 14-O-acetylperegrine (3), bicoloridine (4), bicoloridine alcohol (5), 6-O-acetylbicolorine (6), bicolorine (7), and 14-O-acetylbicolorine (8), were also reassigned.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The antivirally active 3′-deoxyadenylyl-(2′-5′)-3′-deoxyadenylyl-(2′-5′)-3′-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin trimer core) was modified at the 2′- or 5′-terminus, by attachment of cholesterol via a carbonate bond (→ 15) or a succinate linker (→ 16 and 27) to improve cell permeability. The corresponding monomeric conjugates 4, 7, and 21 of cordycepin were prepared as model substances to study the applicability of the anticipated protecting groups - the monomethoxytrityl (MeOTr), the (tert-butyl)dimethylsilyl (tbds), and the β -eliminating 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl (npe) and 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl (npeoc) groups - for the final deblocking steps without harming the ester bonds of the conjugate trimers. The syntheses were performed in solution using phosphoramidite chemistry. The fully protected trimer conjugates 13, 14, and 26 as well as all intermediates were characterized by elemental analyses, UV and 1H-NMR spectra. The deblocked conjugates 15, 16, and 27 were pure according to HPLC and showed the correct compositions by mass spectra. Comparative biological studies indicated that cordycepincholesterol conjugate trimers 16 and 27 were 333- and 1000-fold, respectively, more potent inhibitors of HIV-1-induced syncytia formation than cordycepin trimer core.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pyrophosphoric-acid-analogue phosphonoformic acid (pfa) and the amino-acid-analogue (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid (ampa) both form, in the deprotonated state, i.e., as -OOC-PO32- and H2N—CH2—PO32-, respectively, five-membered chelate rings with metal ions. pfa inhibits both phosphate transport and virus replication, while ampa is a metabolic product of the common herbicide glyphosate ( = N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine). The acidity constants of H2pfa- and H2ampa± as well as the stability constants of the [M(Hpfa)], [M(pfa)]-, [M(Hampa)]+, and [M(ampa)] complexes, where M2+ = Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Cu(2,2′-bipyridyl)2+, Cu(1,10-phenanthroline)2+, Zn2+, or Cd2+, have been determined by potentiometric pH titrations in aqueous solution at 25° and I = 0.1M (NaNO3). The structures of isomeric complexes and the connected intramolecular equilibria are deduced and evaluated based on the equilibrium constants measured and those calculated via the pKa values of the above mentioned ligands and previously established log K vs. pKa straight-line plots (H. Sigel et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 1992, 75, 2634) for a simple phosphonate-M2+ coordination. pfa forms stronger complexes than ampa with all the above mentioned metal ions, with the single exception of [Cu(ampa)] which is slightly more stable than [Cu(pfa)]-. In neutral solutions, more precisely at pH of ca. 6, pfa complexes of alkaline-earth-metal ions retain one phosphonate-bound proton, [M(Hpfa)], while those of the transition-metal ions chelate with the trianionic ligand, pfa3-. In accord with increasing ligand-basicity, the stability-constant order for all metal-ion complexes is oxalate 〉 pfa 〉 pyrophosphate but, owing to proton competition in pyrophosphate, in neutral solutions metal-ion complexation of pfa3- competes with P2O74-. With ampa alkaline-earth-metal ions interact only with the phosphonate group of even the dianionic ligand (though Mg2+ appears to form a low fraction of a [Mg(ampa)] chelate) while transition-metal ions form chelates which are comparable in stability to those of glycinate.
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  • 53
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 1773-1780 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure of the Sb2F11 salt of the 2-phenyladamant-2-yl cation, 1 · Sb2F11, was determined at 183 K (P21/c, R1 = 0.0652, σ(C—C) = 0.02 Å), because earlier published results indicated a charge delocalization from the cationic C(2) into the σ framework (C—C hyperconjugation) and a bending of the C(2) bridge. In the structure of 1, a displacement of the C(2) bridge by 7.8(12)° from the symmetrical position and C—C bond-length deviations from expectation values were found which are in agreement with preferential C—C hyperconjugation on one face of C(2). The interactions of 1 with two Sb2F11 counterions nearest to C(2) also indicate different behaviour of the two faces of C(2). The benzylic resonance in 1 is confirmed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bicyclic monoselenoacetal 7, easily obtained from (±)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one (6) via a radical addition-acyl migration sequence, was converted to racemic 12-epiprostaglandins 3 and 4. The key intermediate was the all-cis-formyllactone 2b related to Corey lactone (see 12; Scheme 1). The presence of a (tert-butyl)-dimethylsilyl protective group for the 11-OH substituent (prostaglandin numbering) was found to be crucial in avoidingβ -elimination and epimerization during the Wittig-Horner reaction (Scheme 2). Epimerization at C(12) at the formyllactone stage (see 2b) was also possible and gave the known precursor 1b of naturally occurring prostaglandins and analogs.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: While trialkylamines and dialkyl(phenyl)amines do not react with CS2 in the sense of an addition reaction, the analogous phosphines react smoothly. Attempts to interpret the reaction course on the basis of semiempirical, HF, MP2, and MP4 calculations of energy changes failed completely. To understand why Me3P or Me2PhP react so vigorously (liquid phase, 300 K) with CS2, CASSCF and MRSDCI calculations must be carried out.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 0The bipyridyl-armed tetra-p-(tert-butyl)calix[4]arenes 1-5 were synthesized from tetra-p-(tert-butyl)-calix[4]arene A and 6-(bromomethyl)-6′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine (B) by direct base-strength-driven regioselective O-alkylation or by stepwise procedures. Preliminary complexation studies of the ligands 1-3 with CuI affording the complexes 6-8 are described.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (Hydroxymethyl)bilane synthase (HMBS) catalyses the conversion of porphobilinogen (2) into the (hydroxymethyl)bilane derivative 3, a linear tetrapyrrolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of haem, chlorophyll, and related pigments. The conversion involves the sequential formation of four intermediate covalent enzyme-substrate complexes, before the product is released. We analysed the pre-steady-state kinetics of the formation of the complexes, taking advantage of their remarkable chemical stability allowing chromatographic separation. The experimental approach involved the generation of the complexes while HMBS was immobilised on an anion-exchange column. A solution being 0.2 Km in substrate was pumped through the column during a time interval which was varied to sample the pre-steady-state period. Then, the enzyme and enzyme-substrate complexes were eluted and their proportions evaluated. A computer simulation of the pre-steady-state time course, in combination with a χ2 fitting to the experimental data, allowed the specificity constants kcat/Km for the individual steps of the process to be derived. By repeating the analysis with variants of HMBS in which specific amino acids were replaced by others, we demonstrated that it is possible to trace the consequences of amino-acid replacements down to the individual steps of the reaction sequence. Since the positions of the amino acids concerned in the three-dimensional structure were known, detailed structure-function relationships become evident in this way.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cyclic oligomers of (R)-3-hydroxyvaleric acid (3-HV) are prepared from the monomer by three different methods, giving various ratios of the oligomers. The macrocycles containing three to twelve 3-HV units (12- to 48-membered rings) are isolated in pure form by chromatography. The triolide 3 can be separated by distillation and isolated on large scale. Biopol, the copolymer of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoic acid (3-HB) and (R)-3-hydroxyvaleric acid (3-HV), is degraded to mixtures of Me- and Et-substituted triolides (‘mixolides’) with high crystallization tendency. The X-ray crystal structures of the tetrolide 4, pentolide 5, hexolide 6, heptolide 7, and of two ‘mixolides’ (with inclusions of solvent) have been determined (Figs. 3-7, 10, and 11) and are compared with those of the corresponding 3-HB derivatives reported previously. From the structural data, a 31 and a 21 helix of 3-HV can be modelled, and the latter one compared with helix structures of P9(3-HB) and P(3-HV) derived from stretch-fibre X-ray scattering. Crystals of a water-containing NaSCN complex of the triethyl triolide 3 were obtained in good quality for X-ray analysis. The structure (Figs. 12, 13, and Table 6) contains an interesting array of C=O and H2O O-atoms around the Na+ ions along a channel-type tube (a-axis of the crystal) which may be relevant to the role of P(3-HB) and P(3-HV) as components of cellular ion channels.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By conventional peptide-coupling methods (C to N direction; mixed anhydride, bis(2)-oxooxazolidin-3-yl)phosphinoyl chloride (Bop-Cl), or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 2-amino-2-methyl-3-(methylamino)-propionic acid and 2-amino-2-ethyl-3-(methylamino)propionic acid ( = 2-amino-2-[(methylamino)methyl]butanoic acid) are incorporated in the central position of tri-, penta-, and heptapeptides (see 3-7, 21, and 22). The fragment coupling of the β -amino group of the diamino-acid moiety in a tetrapeptide led to partial epimerization, and thus, two epimeric heptapeptide derivatives were actually obtained (7 and epi-7). The final deprotection to the free heptapeptide (involving a Me3SiI cleavage of BocNH and MeOCONH, a saponification with NaOH, and HPLC purification) gave both the desired product (isopeptide 21), with the β -amino group inside the peptide backbone, and a product (peptide 22) of transpeptidation, with the α-amino group of the diamino acid incorporated and a (methylamino)methyl group as the side chain. Peptide 22 is completely converted to the isopeptide 21 by prolonged treatment with base. The heptapeptide 21 was analyzed by elaborate 2QF-COSY and NOESY NMR measurements in H2O/CD3OD at -5° (Table, Fig.); there is no indication for β -sheet or helical structures, a fact which was also confirmed by CD measurements.
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  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 2070-2070 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The triphenylstannyl β-D-glucopyranoside 4 was synthesized in one step from the 1,2-anhydro-α-D-glucopyranose 3 with (triphenylstannyl)lithium (Scheme 1). Transmetallation of 4 with excess BuLi, followed by quenching the dianion 7 with CD3OD gave (1S)-1,5-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-[1-2H]-D- glucitol (8) in 81% yield (Scheme 2). Trapping of 7 with benzaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, or acroleine gave the expected β-D-configurated products 11, 12, and 13 in good yields. Preparation of C-acyl glycosides from acid chlorides, such as acetyl or benzoyl chloride was not practicable, but addition of benzonitrile to 7 yielded 84% of the benzoylated product 14. Treatment of 7 with MeI led to 15 (30%) along with 40% of 18, C-alkylation being accompanied by halogen-metal exchange. Prior addition of lithium 2-thienylcyanocuprate increased the yield of 15 to 50% and using dimethyl sulfate instead of MeI led to 77% of 15. No α-D-anomers could be detected, except with allyl bromide as the electrophile, which yielded in a 1:1 mixture of the anomers 16 and 17.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantiomerically pure C2-symmetric 1,4-diols embodying bicyclic C-frameworks were synthesized by means of asymmetric carbo-Diels-Alder reactions as key steps (Scheme 1). They were investigated as chiral ligands in the enantioselective addition of ZnEt2 to aromatic aldehydes. In the presence of 20-40 mol-% of the titanates formed from these diols and [Ti(i-PrO)4] at -78°, the respective 1-arylpropanols were obtained with enantiomer ratios up to 93:7 (Scheme 2, Table).
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxidative transformation of synthetic (+)-aristoteline ((+)-6) into other metabolites which had been isolated from Aristotelia species was investigated. Thus, treatment of (+)-6 with I2 as the single oxidant furnished the naturally occurring indole alkaloids (+)-makonine ((+)-9),(+)-aristotelinone ((+)-11), or (+)-11, 12-didehydroaristoteline ((+)-7) in good yields, the selectivity of the oxidation process depending on the chosen reaction conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation and screening of twenty new ligands, all analogs of α,α,α′,α′-tetraaryl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanol (TADDOL), for the Ti-catalyzed asymmetric addition of methyltri(isopropoxy)titanium and diethylzinc to benzaldehyde are described. These ligands have the dioxolane ring of the TADDOL's replaced by cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexene, cyclohexane, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene and -heptane and bicyclo[2.2.2]octene and -octane moieties; several have H-atoms or alkyl groups in place of the aryl groups, and nine of them have C2 symmetry. X-Ray crystallography and molecular mechanics are used to analyze the structure of the ligands, and two structural features appear to correlate with selectivity: (i) the torsion angle for the chelating O-atom and the ortho-C-atom of the axial Ph group (a small, ca. 19°, angle is optimum, Fig.8) and (ii) the “degree of perpendicularity” of the axial Ph group (Fig. 9). Competition experiments indicate that TADDOL 1a catalyzes both the methyltitanium and diethylzinc additions ≥ 50 times faster than the related dioxolane analogs 12a, 12c, and 12e (Scheme 7), indicating that both axial and equatorial aryl groups (see Footnote 6) are necessary for ligand-accelerated catalysis of these reactions. A refined mechanistic hypothesis is presented (Fig. 10) to explain the selectivities observed for these new ligands. Our analysis suggests that a combination of structural features appear necessary for good catalytic efficiency and high selectivity. These features, especially the rather subtle conformational effects, appear to be optimized (among the ligands tested) in the TADDOL's.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 66
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 2117-2124 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In a theoretical investigation of the structure and reactivity of indole derivatives of tricarbonylchromium(0), we have used two different semi-empirical quantum chemical models derived from the extended Hückel molecular-orbital (EHMO) formalism. The first one, based on the atom-superposition and electron-delocalization (ASED) method, is used to optimize the geometry of the systems; it is shown to lead to results in satisfactory agreement with experiment in the case of the complex for which X-ray structural data are available, the average errors being 0.03-0.05 Å for bond distances and 5° for bond angles. The second one consists of a local reactivity index, made of the intermolecular interaction energy between the organometallic substrate and a model reactant. It is seen that this procedure is able to reproduce the experimental trends as to the most reactive regions of the systems investigated towards nucleophilic and electrophilic addition reactions.
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  • 67
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 2133-2141 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,3-Thiazole-5(4H)-thione oxides 2 were prepared by oxidation of the corresponding 1,3-thiazole-5(4H)-thiones 1 with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (Table 1). Addition reactions of 2 with organolithium and Grignard reagents yielded 4,5-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl methyl sulfoxides of type 4 via thiophilic attack (Table 2). Whereas the reaction with the organolithium compounds proceeded with fair-to-excellent yields, the Grignard reagents reacted only very sluggishly. The sulfoxides 4 could also be prepared via oxidation of 4,5-dihydro-4,4-dimethyl-5-(methylthio)-1,3-thiazoles of type 3 with m-chloroperbenzoic acid, together with the corresponding sulfones 5 (Scheme 1).
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The α-D-allo-diol 9 possesses an intramolecular H-bond (HO—C(3) to O—C(1)) in solution and in the solid state (Fig. 2). In solution, it exists as a mixture of the tautomers 9a and 9b (Fig. 3), which possess a bifurcated H-bond, connecting HO—C(2) with both O—C(1) and O—C(3). In addition, 9a possesses the same intramolecular H-bond as in the solid state, while 9b is characterized by an intramolecular H-bond between HO—C(3) and O—C(4). In solution, the β-D-anomer 12 is also a mixture of tautomers, 12a and presumably a dimer. The H-bonding in 9 and 12 is evidenced by their IR and 1H-NMR spectra and by a comparison with those of 3-8, 10, and 11. The expected regioselectivity of glycosidation of 9 and 12 by the diazirine 1 or the trichloroacetimidate 2 is discussed on the basis of the relative degree of acidity/nucleophilicity of individual OH groups, as governed by H-bonding. Additional factors determining the regioselectivity of glycosidation by 1 are the direction of carbene approach/proton transfer by H-bonded OH groups, and the stereoelectronic control of both the proton transfer to the alkoxy-alkyl carbene (in the σ-plane) and the combination of the thereby formed ions (π-plane of the oxycarbenium ion). Glycosidation of 9 by the diazirine 1 or the trichloroacetimidate 2 proceeded in good yields (75-94%) and with high regioselectivity. Glycosidation of 9 and 12 by 1 or 2 gave mixtures of the disaccharides 14-17 and 18-21, respectively (Scheme 2). As expected, glycosidation of 12 by 1 or by 2 gave a nearly 1:1 mixture of regioisomers and a slight preference for the β-D-anomers (Table 4). Glycosidation of the α-D-anomer 9 gave mostly the 1,3-linked disaccharides 16 and 17 (α-D β-D) along with the 1,2-linked disaccharides 14 and 15 (α-D 〈 β-D, 1,2-/1,3-linked glycosides ca. 1:4), except in THF and at low temperature, where the β-D-configurated 1,2-linked disaccharide 15 is predominantly formed. Similarly, glycosidation of 9 with 2 yielded mainly the 1,3-linked disaccharides (1,2-/1,3-linked products ca. 1:3 and α-D/β-D ca. 1:4). Yields and selectivity depend upon the solvent and the temperature. The regioselectivity and the unexpected stereoselectivity of the glycosidation of 9 by 1 evidences the combined effect of the above mentioned factors, which also explain the lack of regio-complementarity in the glycosidation of 9 by 1 and by 2 (Scheme 3). THF solvates the intermediate oxycarbenium ion, as evidenced by the strong influence of this solvent on the regio- and stereoselectivity, particularly at low temperatures, where kinetic control leads to a stereoelectronically preferred axial attack of THF on the oxycarbenium ion.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Condensation of 3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline (4) with 4-methylnicotinoyl chloride (12) in refluxing pyridine gives 5,6,13,13a-tetrahydro-2,3-dimethoxy-8H-isoquino[2,1-b][2,7] naphthyridin-8-one (11), along with some of its 13,13a-didehydro derivative 7. A similar reaction of 4 with 4-(chloromethyl)nicotinoyl chloride (14) affords, in addition to 7, the isomeric product 10,11-dihydro-7,8-dimethoxy-13H-pyrido[4′,3′:3,4]pyrrolo[2,1- b][3]benzazepin-13-one (3). Analogous pairs of products are obtained from 3,4-dihydro-6,7-(methylenedioxy)- and 3,4-dihydro-6,7,8-trimethoxy-isoquinolines (15 and 18, resp.). The structure of 3 was established by extensive NMR data and confirmed by single-crystal X-ray studies. Structure 7 has the ring system of the Alangium alkaloids like alangimarinc (1), while the isomeric ring system 3 is predicted to be present in nature on biogenetic reasoning.
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  • 70
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 182-193 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe the synthesis of short double-stranded DNA fragments (see 4 and 13) which are capped on both ends by an optimally designed linker molecule. The new structures are stable with respect to hybrid dissociation and should have implications in physical studies involving double-stranded DNA as well as in the antisense area for the specific modulation of gene expressions.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nucleophilic substitution of 6β-chloro-7,8-didehydro-4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan (1) and 8α-bromo-6,7-didehydro-4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan (2) with lithium cyano(methyl)- and (aryl)cyanocuprates(I) (5a-c) was accompanied by allylic rearrangement with both change and retention of orientation of the substituting group (Scheme 1, Table 1). Nucleophilic substitution in 7,8-didehydro-4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6α-yl methanesulfonate (3) and 7,8-didehydro-4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6β-yl methanesulfonate (4) proceeded without allylic rearrangement with both change and retention of the orientation of the substituting group (Scheme 2, Table 1). X-Ray diffraction studies of the products 6,7-didehydro-4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-8α-phenylmorphinan (6b) and 7,8-didehydro-4,5α-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl-6β-phenylmorphinan (7b) were carried out (Figs. 1 and 2).
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  • 72
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 194-202 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various 2-substituted purine and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 2′-deoxyribonucleosides with methylthio (13a), chloro (13b), methoxy (9b), and oxo (2, 3) substituents at C(2) are prepared. They are obtained either via stereoselective nucleobase-anion glycosylation or by base transformation. A three-step synthesis of the unknown 2′-deoxyisoinosine (2) from 2′-deoxyguanosine (15) is described. Compound 2 as well as its 7-deazapurine derivative 3 exhibit strong fluorescence.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Use of the 2-dansylethoxycarbonyl ( = 2-{[5-(dimethylamino)naphthalen-1-yl]sulfonyl}ethoxycarbonyl; Dnseoc) group as an intermediate 5′-OH protecting group in oligodeoxyribonucleotide synthesis using the automated phosphoramidite approach is described in a model study to an alternative strategy in RNA synthesis.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure of (-)-corycavinium (+)-10-camphorsulfonate has been investigated by X-ray analysis. The structure of (-)-corycavinium ion ( = (-)-(7S,13S,14R)-5,6,13,13a-tetrahydro-13a-hydroxy-7-methyl-2,3;9,10-bis(methylenedioxy)-8H-dibenzo[a,g]quinolizinium), has been determined. The conformation with B/C-cis-conjunction, a twisted half-chair of ring B, and a half-chair of ring C, as well as α-oriented substituted groups N…Me, C…Me, and C…OH is revealed. Feeding experiments with cell suspension cultures of Corydalis incisa (Papaveraceae) defined the intermediacy of (-)-corycavinium in the route from protoberberine-type to hexahydrobenzo[c]phenanthridine-type of alkaloids. On the basis of the present crystal conformation, the stereospecificity of the relating enzyme is biogenetically considered.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Symmetrical Azopyridinone Dyes: Synthesis, Spectrophotometrical and Acidobasic Properties, Metal-Complex Formation and Kinetical Investigation of the Azo-Dye FormationThe 13 substituted symmetrical azopyridinone dyes 2a-n were synthesized and their VIS spectra measured. The pK*a values of some dyes and of pyridinone coupling components were determined in MeOH/H2O 64:36. The metal-complex formation of the dyes with Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ was investigated, and complex-formation constants of the 1:1 complexes were determined in H2O for 2k (Table 2) and in dimethylformamide/H2O 1:1 for some other azopyridinone dyes (Table 3). The mechanism of the azo-dye formation was investigated and found to be much more complicated than expected. A mechanism of the coupling reaction was developed (see Scheme 4) and fitted by least-squares calculations.
    Notes: NO ABSTRACT.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The relation between H-bonding in diequatorial trans-1,2 and axial, equatorial cis-1,2-diols and the regioselectivity of glycosidation by the diazirine 1 was examined. H-Bonds were assigned on the basis of FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectra (Fig. 1). Glycosidation by 1 of the gluco-configurated diequatorial trans-2,3-diols 4-7 yielded the mono-glucosylated products 16/17/20/21 (69-89%); 1,2-/1,3-linked products (37-46:63-54), 24/25/28/29 (60-63%; 1,2-/1,3-linked products 46-51:54-49), 32-35 (69-94%; 1,2-/1,3-linked products 45-52:55-48), and 36/37/40/41 (59-63%; 1,2-/1,3-linked products 52-59:48-41), respectively (Scheme 1, Table 3). The disaccharides derived from 4, 5, and 7 were characterized as their acetates 18/19/22/23, 26/27/30/31, and 38/39/42/43, respectively. Glycosidation of the galacto-configurated diequatorial 2,3-diols 8 and 9 and the manno-configurated diequatorial 3,4-diol 10 by 1 (Scheme 2, Table 3) also proceeded in fair yields to give the disaccharides 44-47 (69-80%;1,2-/1,3-linked products ca. 1:1), 48-51 (51-61%;1,2/-1,3-linked products 54-56:56-54), and 56/57/60/61 (71-80%; 1,3-/1,4-linked products 49-54:51-46), respectively. The 1,3-linked disaccharides 56/57 derived from the diol 10 were characterized as the acetates 58/59. The regio- and stereoselectivities of the glycosidation by 1 were much better for the α-D-manno-configurated axial, equatorial cis-2,3-diol 11 and the galacto-configurated axial, equatorial cis-3,4-diol 13 (1,2-/1,3-linked disaccharides ca. 3:7 for 11 and 1,3-/1,4-linked disaccharides ca. 4:1 for 13; Scheme 3, Table 4). The regio- and stereoselectivity for the β-D-manno-configurated cis-2,3-diol 12 were, however, rather poor (1,2-/1,3-linked products 48:52). The 1,2-linked disaccharides 66/67 derived from 12 were characterized as the acetates 70/71. Koenigs-Knorr-type glycosidation of the cis-diols 11-13 by 2 or 3 proceeded with a similar regio- and a higher stereoselectivity (α-D 〉 β-D with the donor 2 and α-D 〈 β-D with the donor 3) than with 1, with the exception of 12 which did not react with 2. The regioselectivity of the glycosidations by 1 agrees fully with the H-bonding scheme of the diols and with the hypothesis that the intermediate carbene is preferentially protonated by the most weakly H-bonded OH group. The regioselectivity of the glycosidation by 2 and by 3 is determined by a higher reactivity of the equatorial OH groups and by H-bonding. Several H-bonded and equilibrating isomers of a given diol may intervene in the glycosidation by 1, or by 2 and 3, resulting in the same regioselectivity. The low nucleophilicity of 12 and the low degree of regioselectivity in its reaction with 3 show that stereoelectronic effects may also profoundly influence the nucleophilicity of OH groups.
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  • 77
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 323-333 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The luminescent EuIII ion has been used to probe the metal-binding sites of bovine α-lactalbumin (BLA) in D2O. Upon addition of apo-BLA to an EuIII-containing solution, the intrinsic luminescence of the protein is quenched, and the EuIII luminescence is enhanced. Luminescent titrations point to there being at least two different metal-binding sites in the apo-protein. Curve analysis of the high resolution 5D0←7F0 excitation spectra reveals the existence of three different environments for the bonded EuIII ions. Two environments, labelled Ia and Ib, give 5D0←7F0 bands very close in energy; they contain four negatively charged groups and are assigned to one site we identify as the calcium-binding site. Site I is protected from solvent influences and is somewhat rigid, since it displays selectivity towards lanthanide ions. The origin of the two similar environments Ia and Ib could not be determined unambiguously. The third environment is ascribed to a nonspecific metal-binding site in which the EuIII ion is more exposed to the solvent (site II). It is sequentially populated after saturation of site I, and its population is pH-dependent. The affinity constant of EuIII for this site was estimated from the excitation spectra: log K2app = 3.5(1). Assignment of the metal binding sites has been facilitated by comparison with model compounds, [Eu(dota)]- (dota = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane N,N′,N″, N‴-tetraacetate), [Eu(dtpa)]2- (dtpa = diethylenetriamine tetraacetate), and [Eu(bsa)] (bsa = bovine serum albumin). The usefulness and limits of the use of curve-analysis procedures to unravel the various components of 5D0←7F0 excitation spectra in biological materials are also discussed.
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  • 78
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 351-371 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of four electropolymerizable 2,2′-bipyridinium salts with tuned reduction potential (E1∘) is described (N,N′-ethylene-4-methyl-4′-vinyl-2,2′-bipyridinium dibromide (4; E1∘ =-0.48 V), 4-methyl-N, N′-(trimethylene)-4′-vinyl-2,2′-bipyridinium dibromide (5; E1∘= -0.66 V), N,N′-ethylene-4-methyl-4′-[2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl]-2, 2′-bipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate) (6b; E1∘= -0.46 V), and 4-methyl-4′-[2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl]-N, N′-(trimethylene)-2,2′-bipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate) (7b; E1∘= -0.66 V)). E1∘-Tuning is based on the torsional angle C(3)-C(2)-C(2′)-C(3′), imposed by the N,N′-ethylene and N,N′-(trimethylene) bridge. The vinylic compounds 4 and 5 undergo cathodic, the pyrrole derivatives 6b and 7b anodic electropolymerization on glassy carbon electrodes from MeCN solutions, yielding thin, surface-confined films with surface concentrations of redox-active material in the range 5 · 10-9 〈 Γ 〈 2.10-8 mol/cm2, depending on experimental conditions. The modified electrodes exhibit reversible ‘diquat’ electrochemistry in pure solvent/electrolyte. Copolymerization of 6b or 7b with pyrrole yields most stable electrodes. Bi ayer-film-modified electrodes were prepared by sequential electropolymerization of the monomers. The assembly electrode/poly-6b/poly-7b behaves as a switch, it transforms - as a Schmitt trigger - an analog input signal (the electrode potential) into a digital output signal (redox state of the outer polymer film). Forward-(electrode/poly-7b/poly-6b) and reverse-biased assemblies (electrode/poly-6b/poly-7b) were coupled to the electrochemical reduction of redox-active solution species, e.g. N- (cyanomethyl)-N′-methyl-4,4′-bipyridinium bis(hexafluorophosphate) (8). Zener-diode-like behavior was observed. Aspects of redox-polymer multilayer-film assemblies, sandwiched between two electronic conductors, are discussed in terms of molecular electronic devices.
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  • 79
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 372-382 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Single crystals of 1-[2,4,6-tri(tert-butyl)phenyl]-2-phenylphosphaethene (PPPE) and of 2D- and 13C-enriched PPPE were studied by ESR after X-ray irradiation. Two phosphorus-centered radicals were trapped in the crystals. The first one was characterized by its 31P, 1H-, and 13C-hyperfine tensors, the second one exhibited coupling with 31P only. Comparison of these parameters with those predicted by ab initio calculations on some phosphinyl species indicates that these two radicals probably result, on the one hand, from an addition of a H-atom to the C-atom of the P=C bond and, on the other, from a cyclization of the parent molecule. The proposed mechanisms are consistent with the mutual orientations of the hyperfine eigenvectors and bond directions in the undamaged molecule. A C-centered radical which results from an addition of a H-atom to the P-atom of the phosphaethylene bond is also detected.
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  • 80
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 419-419 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 81
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 420-423 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two new C2 chiral bidentate phosphorous ligands have been prepared in enantiomerically pure form. The two phosphorous centers bear electron-withdrawing groups ((CF3)2CH—O, C6F5) and are linked by a trans-cyclopentane-1,2-diol-derived bridge. Photolysis of [Cr(η6-C6H6)(CO)3] in the presence of these two new ligands and of two previously reported bidentate phosphites, and fluorophosphinites (L) afforded [Cr(η6-C6H6)(CO)L] complexes. IR Spectral comparison of the complexes shows the new ligands to be intermediate in their bonding properties between alkyl phosphites and CO.
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  • 83
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 429-434 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: From guanosine (1) as starting molecule, protected arabinoguanosine derivatives such as phosphoramidite precursors and arabinoguanosine (18) itself were prepared in high yields. Inversion of the configuration at C(2′) was achieved by introduction of the (trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl residue and subsequent displacement by nucleophiles like acetate, bromide, and azide. The guanine moiety was protected at the amide function by the 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl (npe) group on O6 and at the NH2 function by the 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl (npeoc) group.
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  • 84
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 453-462 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 4,4-Disubstituted Imidazole Derivatives from the Reaction of 3-Amino-2H-azirines with SalicylamideReaction of 3-amino-2H-azirines 1a-c with salicylamide (7) in MeCN leads to imidazoles 10 and 11 in different rates, depending on the conditions. In the case of 1a and 1b, 11a and 11b, respectively, have been obtained as the main product at 50°; in reactions at 80°, 10a and 10b are the favored products (Tables 1 and 2). 2,2-Dimethyl-3-(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)-2H-azirine (1c) reacts with 7 in MeCN mainly to 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-3,5-dihydroimidazol-4-one (10a); in boiling toluene, 11c is formed with low preference (Table 3). The structure of the products has been established by spectroscopic means, and in the case of 10b and 11c, by X-ray crystallography. Two different reaction mechanisms for the formation of the products are discussed (Scheme 2).
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  • 85
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 445-452 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The optically active urobilin model compound 7 was synthesized, in which Me groups instead of H-atoms are bound to the asymmetric centers, thus preventing loss of chirality by tautomerization. The key intermediate of the eleven-step synthesis of 7 is the 1,4,5,10-tetrahydro-10-hydroxy-1-oxo-11H-dipyrrin-9-carboxylate rac-2, which could be resolved into enantiomers by fractional crystallization of the corresponding methyl N-[1-(naphth-1-yl)ethyl]carbamates 3 and 4. The absolute configuration of enantiomerically pure (-)-2 was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis of its camphor-10-sulfonate 5. As the CD spectrum of the urobilin analogue 7 obtained from (-)-(R)-2 displays a positive Cotton effect, the present results prove, in connection with previous work, that substitution of Me groups for the H-atoms bound to the asymmetric centers of a chiral urobilin chromophore do not influence the relationship between absolute configuration of the latter and its helicity.
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  • 86
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 745-753 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrogen bonding of the triol 4 in chlorinated solvents was studied by IR (CH2Cl2 and CCl4) and 1H-NMR spectroscopy (CDCl3), and the regioselectivity of the glycosidation of the triol 4 by the diazirine 1 is predicted on the basis of two assumptions: preferred protonation of the intermediate glycosylidene carbene by the OH group involved in the weakest intramolecular H-bond, and attack in the π-plane of the thereby generated oxycarbenium cation either by the reoriented oxy anion, or by a properly oriented vicinal OH group. Glycosidation led to the disaccharides 5-10 (Scheme) which were separated and characterized as their acetates 11-16, to the lactone azines 17 and to the 2-(benzyloxy)glucal 18. In agreement with the predictions, glycosidation in non-coordinating solvents gave the 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-linked disaccharides in decreasing relative amounts. Glycosidation in THF proceeded with a lower degree of regioselectivity and led preferentially to the β -D-anomers, except for the minor, 1,4-linked disaccharides, where THF had only a weak influence on stereoselectivity at room temperature and led to a slight increase of the α -D-anomer at -80°.
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  • 87
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 771-777 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new rearrangement product of podophyllotoxone was obtained by reaction with strong bases. In vitro cytotoxities of this substance and some derivatives were determined using L-1210 and KB cell lines.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dynamic behaviour of twelve polysubstituted derivatives of [Ir4(CO)12] has been investigated in solution, using 2D-EXSY, and VT-31P- and 13C-NMR. [Ir4(CO)6(μ2-CO)3(η4-diarsine) PPh3] and [Ir4(CO)6(μ2-CO)3(η4-nor-bornadiene)(PMePh2)] exhibit two isomeric forms in solution, which interconvert through an intramolecular change of basal face. The related cluster [Ir4(CO)6(μ2-CO)3(η4-norbornadiene)PPh3] exists as a single isomer in solution. It displays rotation of CO ligands about the apical Ir-atom, followed by two consecutive changes of basal face. The tetrasubstituted clusters with two chelating ligands [Ir4(CO)5(μ2-CO)3(η4-diolefin)2] also exhibit rotation of apical CO's, the activation energy increases with greater steric hindrance of the radical ligands. A quantitative analysis of the 31P- and 13C-2D-EXSY spectra followed by simulation of the corresponding VT-NMR spectra of [IR4(CO)5(μ2-CO)3(μ2-L)2] (L = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane and 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) revealed a pairwise averaging of the P-atoms, caused by two parallel changes of basal face averaging all CO ligands. In addition, the restricted rotation of ligands about the apical Ir-atom was identified at higher temperatures. The remaining clusters are either rigid on the NMR time scale, or display CO-scrambling about a single Ir-atom.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of a new type of oligonucleotide (‘bicyclooligodeoxynucleotide’ = bcd(Xn)) displaying less conformational flexibility in its sugar-phosphate backbone is described, and a characterization of the pairing properties and energetics of the decamers bcd(T10) and bcd (A10) with each other and with complementary RNA and DNA sequences by UV-spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques is given. The results can be summarized as follows: (i) bcd(T10) pairs less strongly to complementary RNA and DNA, whereas bcd(A10) forms stronger duplexes relative to the natural system. (ii) bcd(A10) discriminates between a complementary oligodeoxynucleotide with a mismatch in the center in the same way as d(A10), indicating equal base-pairing selectivity. (iii) bcd(A10) forms more stable triplexes with d(T10) of the pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine (py · pu · py) motif than d(A10). (iv) The stability of duplexes containing a bicyclic strand is more sensitive towards salt concentration. The higher sensitivity in bcd(A10) containing duplexes is due to a higher differential cation uptake. (v) Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis of duplex-formation enthalpies shows ΔHvH in all duplexes containing bicyclooligonucleotides to be more negative than ΔHcal, which is compatible with the formation of catenated structures. (vi) Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) provides a complete set of thermodynamic data including duplex and triplex association constants for the systems d(A10)/d(T10), bcd(A10)/d(T10), d(A10)/bcd(T10), bcd(A10)/bcd(T10). (vii) All duplexes containing bicyclic strands show a (numerically) reduced pairing entropy term with respect to that of the natural system. (viii) Enthalpies from DSC and ITC are similar, suggesting that the enthalpic contribution from ordered single strands to the overall duplex-formation enthalpy plays a minor role in the duplexes investigated.
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  • 90
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 800-818 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New tricyclic spacers, readily available through fourfold Mannich reaction of substituted dibenzyl ketones, were introduced into a series of ten H2O-soluble cyclophanes with spacious preorganized cavity binding sites. These spacers provide H2O-solubility with amine or crown-ether functionality remote from the cyclophane cavity while directing functional groups such as keto or OH groups in a precise geometrical array inside the cavity. The cyclophanes were designed to include organic substrates via a combination of apolar and specific polar functional group interactions. The X-ray crystal-structure analysis of the tritopic receptor 18 with one potential neutral-molecule and two cation-binding sites showed a large rectangular open cavity with dimensions of roughly 9 × 14 Å and a spacing of 9.7 Å between the O-atoms of two convergent C=O groups. Despite the binding-site preorganization, cyclophanes incorporating two of the new spacers did not show any substrate binding in aqueous solutions. The failure of these systems to function as receptors is mainly due to steric hindrance to important cyclophane aromatic ring-guest interactions. Also, the favorable solvation of the intracavity functionality may prevent the formation of complexes. Hybrid receptors constructed from the novel spacers and diphenylmethane units were found to bind flat aromatic substrates as well as bulky [4.2]paracyclophanes. The observed large differences in stability (ΔΔG°〉 2 kcal mol-1) of the complexes formed by three structurally closely related hybrid receptors with convergent C=O, OH or CH2 groups and 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carbonitrile as guest can be explained by a strong solvation effect of the convergent functional groups on apolar inclusion complexation.
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  • 91
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 778-799 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mono(glucosylthio)hydroquinone 2 was prepared by S-glycosidation of 2-mercaptobenzene-1,4-diol and by addition of the acetylated 1-thioglucose 3 to benzo-1,4-quinone (Scheme 1). The second, higher yielding procedure was adopted for the preparation of a range of (glucosylthio)hydroquinones. Addition of 3 to 2-chlorobenzo-1,4-quinone, followed by oxidation gave the 1-thioglucosides 7 and 12 (1.3:1), while addition of HCl to the (glucosylthio)quinone 4 and oxidation gave mainly 12 (Scheme 1). Similarly, the bis(glucosylthio)hydroquinone 33 was obtained from 3 and 4 (Scheme 4), and the (cellobiosylthio)hydroquinone 18 from the thiol 16 and benzo-1,4-quinone (Scheme 2). Addition of the 4-thioglucoside 21 to benzo-1,4-quinone (→22) and to 4 was followed by oxidation to yield the mono(glucosylthio)quinone 23 and the disubstituted quinones 24 and 25, respectively (Scheme 3). A mixture 24/25 was also obtained from the addition of 3 to 23. The tris(glucosylthio)hydroquinone 36 was obtained by addition/elimination to the dichloroquinone 29 or the dimesylate 31, which was prepared in a simplified way (Scheme 4). The tetrakis(glucosylthio)hydroquinone 37 was obtained from 3 and chloranil, followed by reduction. The acylated hydroquinones were deprotected (→5, 9, 14, 19, 27, 34, and 38), and oxidized to the corresponding quinones (6, 10, 15, 20, 28, 35, and 40). The (glucosylthio)quinones 6, 15, 20, 28, and 35 were tested as time-dependent inactivators of a retaining β-1,4-glucosidase from Agrobacterium faecalis (Abg), which has a strong exo-glucosidase action (Table 1). Similarly, compounds 20, 28, and 35 were tested with a cellulase from Cellulomonas fimi (Cex) which degrades cellulose and cellooligosaccharides by hydrolysis of a cellobiose unit from the nonreducing terminus. The most effective inactivators for Abg were 6, 15, and 35, which inactivated this enzyme with similar second-order rate constants. (Glycosylthio)quinone 28 was the worst inactivator and did not show normal saturation behaviour. Inactivation of Cex by the (glycosylthio)quinones was 3-500 times slower than that of Abg. The three inactivators 20, 28, and 35 had approximately the same efficacy with Cex, suggesting that they bind to this enzyme in a similar mode. Further, the Ki values observed are very similar to Km values measured for aryl cellobiosides, implying that they bind at the active site.
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  • 92
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 819-828 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Macrocyclic Imides: Versatile Synthons in Ring-Enlargement ReactionsMacrocyclic imides differ from phthal- or succinimids in their increased electrophilicity. This property makes them versatile synthons for reactions with several nucleophiles. If a nucleophile is attached to the N-substituent of the imide, an intramolecular reaction will occur leading to ring-enlarged products. Use of N, O, and C nucleophiles for this synthetic pathway is reported. Synthetic transformations of e.g. cyclododecanone leads to 17-, 18-, or 19-membered macrolides, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21, 27, 30, in three to five steps.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Triazole-diones and naphthoquinone are shown to add in a photochemical [4+2] reaction to the strongly twisted title diene 1. With 1, 4-naphthoquione, the process is also accompanied by a [2+2] cycloaddition. When the pure atropisomer (-)-1 is irradiated in presence of 2, 3-dichloro- 1, 4-naphthoquinone (9), the axial chirality of the diene is preserved. Moreover, it is found to exert complete control over the chirality induced in the resulting spiro-dihydropyrane 10. Absolute configuration are determined by X-ray crystallography. In absence of a photo-dienophile, the axially chiral, dextrorotatory 6-phenyldibenzo[a,ccyclootene] ((++)-11) undergoes a stereospecific electrocyclization to give levorotatory 4b,6a-dihydro-5-phenylcyclobuta[l]phenanthrene ((-)-13). Thus, only one out of two possible, disrotatory modes of ring closure is preferred.
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  • 94
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 838-849 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Based on a retrosynthetic analysis, a concept for the synthesis of all stereoisomers of the C(1)-to-C(6) segment of phomenoic acid has been developed. Both enantiomers of the chiral synthon 9 were prepared starting from rac-epoxy-diester 10. They were converted to both enantiomers of the epoxyalcohol, 16 and 21, respectively, using Sharpless epoxydation. They served as building blocks for the synthesis of the tetrol derivatives 20 and 22, respectively. All four stereoisomers were obtained in optically pure form. They contain the correct assembly of protected functional groups, allowing selective deprotection in view of further transformations.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chiral N-(2-benzoylethyl)-N-tosylglycinamides 1a-c were prepared from the C2-symmetric pyrrolidines 5a-c. Irradiation of these ketones 1a-c gave cis-3-hydroxyprolinamides 10-12 in moderate to good yields (Scheme 3). The de of the photocyclizations depended on the size of the substituents in positions C(2) and C(5) of the chiral pyrrolidine auxiliaries. In addition, the de varied with the reaction temperature, allowing the determination of activation-parameter differences. The structure of products 10-12 were established by NMR and X-ray analyses.
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  • 96
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 859-868 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reactivity of singlet oxygen (O2(1Δg)) with edta and its metal complexes with Al3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, and Mn2+ was investigated. The emission of singlet oxygen at 1270 nm in D2O was measured in order to determine the quenching efficiency of edta and edta-metal complexes for different metal/edta ratios. The sum of the rate constant (kr + kq) of the chemical reaction between singlet oxygen and the acceptor (kr) and of the physical quenching of singlet oxygen by the acceptor (kq) was obtained by a Stern-Volmer analysis. Measurements of the oxygen consumption in H2O were used to determine quantum yields of the sensitized photooxidation, and the combined results of these experiments allowed the determination of kr and kq separately. A strong isotope effect was observed between the deuterated and the hydrogenated solvents. This effect was shown to be independent of the analytical procedure used. The isotope effect, as well as the reactivity of edta and its metal complexes, depend markedly on the complexed metal ion.
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  • 97
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 882-882 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Racemic 6-ethenyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one (23), 5-ethenyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one (25) and their ethylene acetals 24 and 26, respectively, were derived from the Diels-Alder adduct of furan to 1-cyanovinyl acetate (27). The Diels-Alder additions of 26 to dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, to methyl propynoate, to N-phenylmaleimide, and to methyl acrylate were highly exo-face selective, as were the cycloadditions of methyl propynoate to dienones 23 and 25 and of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to ethylenedioxy-diene 24. The cheletropic additions of SO2 to 23-26 gave exclusively the corresponding sulfolenes 57-60 resulting from the exo-face attack of the semicyclic dienes under conditions of kinetic and thermodynamic control.
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  • 99
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994), S. 883-883 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 77 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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