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  • 2010-2014
  • 1965-1969  (2,081)
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  • 201
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 55-57 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Red blood cell count and haemoglobin content for blood of normal adult salamanders, Taricha granulosa, are presented. The RBC count is some 4 × 104/mm3 blood and the haemoglobin level some 4.5 gm/100 ml blood. Some evidence suggesting transient changes in these levels for a brief period immediately following hibernation is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 202
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The capillary network of the papillary layer of the enamel organ was studied with the electron microscope. Mandibular incisor teeth of ten-day old Swiss albino mice were fixed in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, postfixed in osmium tetroxide and prestained with 0.5% uranyl acetate prior to being embedded in Epon. Examination of ultrathin sections revealed the presence of fenestrations approximately 500 Å to 700 Å in diameter within the most attenuated regions of the capillary walls. In most instances the fenestrations appeared to be closed by diaphragms usually consisting of a thin membrane with a thicker centrally located button of electron opaque material.The presence of fenestrated capillaries within the papillary region of the enamel organ lends further support to the concept that papillary cells are engaged in transport functions during the maturation of enamel.
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  • 203
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of satellite cells surrounding neurons in the superior cervical ganglia of the rabbit is described. These observations form a basis for the interpretation of fine structural changes which occur in the satellite cells after post-ganglionic section. Early changes consist of an increased number of micropinocytotic vesicles indicating an enhanced uptake of extracellular materials. The mitochondria increase in length and lie close to the plasma membranes, reflecting the increased energy requirement of these cells. Many develop intramitochondrial granules which may be concerned with the transport of water or ions. Later, at the height of chromatolysis, the satellite cells increase their quantity of granular reticulum and many possess agranular sub-surface cisternae whose function may be to direct material synthesised in the satellite cells to the nerve cell surface. Individual layers of satellite cell cytoplasm may slide over one another to accommodate the increased size of the neurons during chromatolysis. The satellite cell processes appear thickened and contain large numbers of fine filaments which may be formed by the breakdown of microtubules.
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  • 204
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 205
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 359-372 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Various parameters of ovarian activity were determined for the intact or hypophysectomized pregnant mouse, as a baseline to establish the nature of luteotropic hormones in this species.Seventeen per cent of White Swiss mice with a vaginal plug were not pregnant at subsequent stages of gestation. The greatest number of failures occurred between days 12 and 15 of pregnancy, coinciding with the temporary absence of antral follicles and regressive changes in the vaginal epithelium. This suggests that there is a period of transient hormonal imbalance before full placental function is established, which is responsible at this time for the peak in embryonic mortality.Two periods of luteal growth were apparent between days 1 and 4 and 10 to 14 of pregnancy. The first histologic evidence of luteal regression occurred at day 16, correlating with renewed squamous cell proliferation of the vaginal mucosa.There were no significant differences in the number of ova shed on day 1 of pregnancy (11.0 ∓ 0.5 ova) and the subsequent number of embryonic swellings at any stage. Gestation in intact pregnant mice lasted 18 days (n = 2) or 19 days (n = 36). The number of young counted late on day 1 post partum (9.1 ± 0.5) was significantly less than the number of embryonic swellings as a result of maternal cannibalism.Hypophysectomy on day 1 of pregnancy led to rapid histologic degeneration of the corpus luteum. In this feature, the mouse resembled the hamster rather than the rat. Day 10 of pregnancy represented the earliest time at which, at least in some animals the pituitary could be removed and pregnancy continue. Following hypophysectomy from day 11 on, luteal activity, continuation of pregnancy, fetal and placental weight and vaginal histology were comparable to intact, pregnant mice. This is similar to the hypophysectomized rat in the latter half of pregnancy but differs from the situation in the hamster.On the basis of the present findings and results in the following paper, it appears likely that the mouse placenta, in addition to secreting a prolactin-like hormone, also produces other gonadotropins.
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  • 206
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of differentiating heterophils and eosinophils of the slender salamander, Batrachoseps attenuatus, was studied with electron microscopy. Enzymes of the granules of both cell types appear to arise from the Golgi cisternae. An agranular stem cell was not observed and the least differentiated cell type encountered was an “early” promyelocyte having small granules which are morphologically distinct from mature granules of either the heterophil or eosinophil series. Heterophil myelocytes and later stages contain only one population of granule which is fibrous in content. Eosinophils likewise possess but one type of granule; the granules are larger than those of heterophils, have a homogeneous content, and lack the crystallin core so characteristic of mammalian eosinophils.
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  • 207
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of Kupffer cells of canine liver has been studied and described. Kupffer cell nuclei were elongated and irregular in shape having a prominent double nuclear envelope containing scattered ribosomes on the outer membrane. Mitochondria were small, relatively scarce, and contained few mitochondrial granules. Elements of endoplasmic reticulum were scarce and highly irregular in form. In general, the cytoplasm was less dense than hepatocytes and contained fewer organelles which were less compactly arranged than in hepatocytes. Microbodies were not observed in any of the Kupffer cells studied. The cytoplasm contained various numbers of large phagosomes but consistently contained numerous dense cytosomes of various sizes. The most striking finding was that many cytosomes and phagosomes contained large numbers of short microtubules approximately 350 Å in diameter which were arranged in clusters and were associated with membanes.
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  • 208
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In order to evaluate pathological alterations of the inclusion bodies of Type II cells in the mammalian lung, normal morphology of inclusions has been studied in rabbit, sheep, rat, mouse, dog, hamster and guinea pig. In rabbit, and sheep the fetal development of the inclusions has also been investigated.After a standard method of fixation, three different types of inclusions have been found in the species studied. The first type of inclusion is seen in the fetal rabbit, fetal sheep, dog, rat and mouse. In these species the inclusions contain heavily osmiophilic, coarsely lamellar material. In all of these species, the inclusions seem to form from an interaction between tubulo-vesicular bodies, located near the Golgi apparatus, and multivesicular bodies. These are certain variations in the appearance of the inclusions among these species.The second type of inclusion is seen in the hamster and guinea pig, in which lightly osmiophilic material accumulates during the maturation of the inclusions. In these species, a granular dense body seems to occupy an important role in the formation of the inclusion bodies.In the third group, the postnatal rabbit and sheep, the inclusions appear vacuolated.It is postulated that the seemingly inconsistent results of the acid phosphatase activity of inclusions in several species may indeed be a reflection of species differences in the mode of formation of inclusion bodies.
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  • 209
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Hearts of mice were fixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Epon, sectioned for electron miscroscopy and stained with uranyl acetate. Various regions of these hearts were examined for neuromuscular relationships. Unmyelinated nerve bundles with partial Schwann cell investment, frequently are present within the perivascular spaces of capillaries and arterioles in the myocardium of all regions studied. Neuromuscular junctions are located in the myocardium of the right atrium, the inter-ventricular septum and the outer ventricular walls. Neuromuscular junctions seem to be absent from the myocardium of the apex. Previously reported neuro-effector relationships within various tissues are discussed in relation to the findings of this study.
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  • 210
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 163 (1969), S. 587-593 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin samples from 16 genera and 19 species of bats were studied histologically. These and review of the literature revealed musculi arrectores pilorum composed of smooth muscle present only in Megachiroptera and complex cutaneous striated muscle systems best developed in Microchiroptera. Smooth muscle arrectores of the mid-dorsal neck skin of Hypsignathus monstrosus are described in detail and resemble those of generalized structure in other mammalian Orders. Shoulder pouches of the epaulet bats (Epomophorus and Epomops) contain compound smooth and striated muscle systems for eversion of hair tufts and pouch respectively. An evolutionary trend within the Chiroptera of reduction in smooth muscle arrectores and replacement by integumentary striated muscle fibers is suggested.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 211
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of testicular interstitial cells of lion and three-toed sloth showed an abundance of agranular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets. Mitochondria were usually small and rod to rounded in shape, but large bizarre forms, such as triangular, oval and rounded with tubular and lamellar cristae were also observed. Mitochondria with lamellar cristae occurred in lion, but not in three-toed sloth. These cristae were highly developed and appeared unique for the testicular interstitial cells. Both small and large mitochondria closely adhered to lipid droplets which were found singly or in clusters. The stored lipid droplets probably serve as a major source of substrate in androgen biosynthesis. The possible role of agranular endoplasmic reticulum in androgen biosynthesis is suggested.
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  • 212
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 79-99 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Globule leucocytes (GL) first noted by Weill ('19) in the intestinal tract of certain mammals, have been described, since, in many species. The classification and function of these cells, however, is still under discussion. We have studied GL in the cat using histochemistry at light and electron microscopic levels. In this species, GL are concentrated in the intestinal mucosa; they are found less frequently in the gallbladder and only rarely in other organs. GL are usually located between the epithelial cells of the gut, seldom in the underlying lamina propria. They appear to be migratory cells of mesenchymal origin, representing an independent cell population. GL are characterized by large eosinophilic globules in their cytoplasm. The globules contain strongly basic proteins associated with phospholipids and neutral mucosubstances which, in the colon, are encased in a capsule of sulfated mucosubstances. At the ultrastructural level the typical globules consist of a dense, homogeneous matrix enclosed by a single membrane; they show, however, great variation in their morphologic appearance, reflecting, possibly, different stages in the process of accretion and utilization of their content.
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  • 213
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 141-151 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The technique of organ culture was used to test the effects of various pituitary hormones and norepinephrine on the size of brown and white adipose cells of mice. The hormonal effects were measured by means of histologic analysis and cell width measurements. A concentration of 10 μg/ml of somatotropin (STH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) or lipotropin (LPH) was sufficient to reduce the size and content of intracellular lipid in white fat cells while a concentration of 100 μg/ml was required for similar effects on brown fat cells. Norepinephrine, at concentrations of 0.1 μg/ml or 1.0 μg/ml, was sufficient to reduce markedly the size and lipid content of both types of adipose cells. On a molar basis, these hormones acted in a similar range of concentration. The reduction in size and amount of intracellular lipid in brown and white adipose cells by STH, ACTH, and LPH were prevented when combined with 10 μg/ml of insulin. Insulin prevented the lipid depletion effect of norepinephrine in brown but not white adipose cells.
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  • 214
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 215
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 451-452 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 216
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 453-465 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural aspects of the chick embryo primitive erythrocytic cell series are described. There are two points of particular interest: the appearance of ferritin in erythroblast cytoplasm in 20 somite stage embryos and the behaviour of ribosomes during the red cell maturation period, both with regard to their progressive diminution and how they are grouped in polyribosomes. Ribosomes are still present in primitive series erythrocytes, although fewer than in the immature cells, and they are mainly in group form.A morphological comparison of the primitive red series erythrocytes with those of the definitive red series has also been made.
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  • 217
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Histological and ultrastructural studies on the medial meniscus in the human knee joint show that nerve fibres, both myelinated and unmyelinated, extend from the periarticular plexus into the meniscus as far as the intermediate third. These neural elements are not exclusively paravascular in position and it is reasonable to postulate a function other than vasomotor or vasosensory for them.
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  • 218
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 503-513 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the vasa recta and associated nerves has been studied in the rabbit. Vasa recta were first identified in groups of two or three and were accompanied by small groups of axons. A number of these axons contained granulated, agranular and dense-cored vesicles. As the vasa recta subdivided, the muscle coat consisted of a single layer of smooth muscle cells. Additional large axon bundles were observed accompanying this segment of the vasa recta. Some of these axons also contained granulated, agranular and dense-cored vesicles in varying proportions. Further towards the medulla, smooth muscle cells were replaced by others which had irregular collections of filaments within their cytoplasm. These in turn were replaced by cells having a characteristic band of filaments on their luminal aspects. Nerves were only identified adjacent to those parts of the vasa recta which included smooth muscle cells.
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  • 219
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The choroid plexus epithelial cell of adult fowl is columnar with an irregular apical border of smooth-surfaced microvilli and cilia. Bi-nucleate cells occur frequently. Coated plasmalemma pits and vesicles (∼ 1000 Å) are present at all margins of the cell. Smaller coated vesicles (600-700 Å), found in variable numbers throughout the apical zone, tend to be concentrated in the Golgi region. Sparse to profuse amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are found throughout the cell with tubular whorled configurations occasionally noted in the subnuclear cytoplasm. Parallel arrays of RER extend from the cell base, around the nucleus, to the Golgi zone. Oval, fine granular masses occur in the subnuclear area. Free ribosomes are distributed throughout the cell. An array of diverse dense bodies and a few multi-vesicular bodies lie near the Golgi complex. Variable amounts of smooth ER are present in the supra-nuclear region. Toluidine blue, pH 4.0, demonstrates a heavy subnuclear condensation of cytoplasmic RNA. After sulfation, the apical margin and basement membrane are made metachromatic by Toluidine blue. A diastase-resistant, strong PAS positive reaction occurs in the apical border and basement membrane. Lateral cell margins are lightly stained with PAS. Alcian blue and colloidal iron intensely color the microvillous border. Bromphenol blue and bromsulfalein heavily stain the apical and basal zones of all cells.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 220
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopic examination of serial transverse sections of interalveolar septa of hamster lung have demonstrated a virtually continuous connective tissue sheet of variable thickness in the interalveolar septum. This central sheet, like connective tissue elsewhere, is composed of ground substance in which are immersed cells, collagen and elastin. A capillary network lies on each surface of this sheet. The capillary basement membrane is continuous with the central sheet but in contrast to it is thin, uniform and devoid of cells, collagen or elastin. Capillaries on one surface frequently anastomose directly through the septum with capillaries on the opposite surface.The central sheet is shown to be virtually continuous despite frequent thinning. Whenever cells, collagen or elastin occur in the interalveolar septum, it is always in the central sheet. The efficiency of this arrangement in combining optimum gas conductance with adequate mechanical support is pointed out.The central sheet is also continuous with the perivascular connective tissue cuff and thus may serve as an important route of extracellular fluid transport to the perivascular lymphatics.
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  • 221
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The first one to three mm of each of the paired female oviducts in Rana pipiensconsists of a folded mucosa lacking tubular glands and enclosed by a serosa. Most of the remainder of the oviduct is lined by a folded mucosa richly endowed with simple tubular, jelly-secreting glands. The final one to two cm of the uterine portion of the oviduct, however, has a smooth mucosal lining which lacks tubular glands. Jelly-secreting glands penetrate to the base of the mucosa and open to the lumen between ridges capped with ciliated or mucous secreting epithelial cells. As cells of the jelly-secreting glands grow and differentiate during the summer, they accumulate a granular secretory product which exhibits basohpilia in hematoxylinstained specimens. This is the essential change in the histological structure of the gland throughout the growing season.The adult male oviduct is a solid cord of cells for about one-third of its length. The inferior two-thirds, however, is like the female oviduct at an intermediate stage of seasonal growth with gland cells containing secretory granules which exhibit basophilia.
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  • 222
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 165 (1969), S. 543-557 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopic radioautographs of the tissues of young rats which were sacrificed at various times after a single 3H-ribose injection revealed a wide distribution of the label.Nuclear reactions were seen over hepatocytes and other cell types. After removal of RNA by treatment with RNAse, most nuclear reactions were absent; they were, therefore, attributed to the incorporation of label into newly-synthesized RNA. In about 2% of the nuclei, however, labeling persisted after RNAse, but was absent after DNAse treatment, indicating uptake into newly-synthesized DNA. Hence, ribose may be taken up into nucleic acidsundergoing synthesis.In cells of liver and cartilage as well as in some muscle fibers, moderate reaction appeared over glycogen areas. Removal of the label by salivary amylase confirmed its uptake into glycogen.In mucous and other secretory cells, amylase resistant radioautographic reactions appeared over the Golgi region and later over secretion products. Presumably the label was incorporated into the glycoproteinmoieties of these secretions.Many, if not all, cells in the body appear to be able to utilize free exogenous ribose. It is presumed that ribose is first phosphorylated and then either incorporated into the RNA and DNA being synthesized in the nucleus or converted into the glucose or fructose derivatives used for glycogen and glycoprotein synthesis in the cytoplasm. That these pathways may play a significant physiological role is suggested by the recent finding of free ribose in the blood.
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  • 223
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of anoxia on protein synthesis of developing connective tissue cells was studied by radioautography. Neonatal rats were subjected to anoxia for 20 minutes and were immediately injected with 3 μc/gm body weight of leucine-H3intraperitoneally. They were sacrificed at different intervals after injection. Control animals were handled identically, except that atmospheric air was made available. The heads of the animals were prepared for radioautography in the standard manner. The number of grains was counted over individual fibrobalsts, osteoblasts and chondrocytes of histologically comparable regions, and the data were statistically evaluated.The number of grains per cell was significantly lower in experimental animals sacrificed at one hour after the anoxic treatment and leucine-H3administration. At this time, the average grain number per cell in the experimental animal was less than 50% of the control. The difference was about 20% by four hours and was negligible after 24 hours. The result is interpreted to indicate that the overall protein synthesis in connective tissues is immediately but temporarily suppressed by anoxia and that such suppression might lead to a later functional disturbance among these cells.
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  • 224
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study was designed to investigate (1) the effects of actinomycin D on monolayers of cells grown from explants of lung from frogs (R. pipiens) and newts (T. viridescens), (2) the effect of actinomycin D on postmitotic nucleolar reconstruction and (3) the possible protective effect that low temperature may have on the cytotoxic action of actinomycin D. Time-lapse cinematographic studies as well as sequential phase photomicrographic analyses resulted in several conclusions. 10.0 μg/cm3actinomycin D caused a slow emptying of nucleoli followed by cytoplasmic shrinkage and eventual cell death. This cytotoxic effect proceeded from the periphery of the monolayer toward the explant. 100.0 μg/cm3actinomycin D consistently emptied nucleoli in three hours at 25-27°C. Precooled monolayers treated with 100.0 μg/cm3cold actinomycin D for three hours at 4°C showed no nucleolar emptying. Normal cells reconstructed definitive nucleoli 60 minutes after the first early anaphase movements of the chromosomes were noticed. 1.0 μg/cm3actinomycin D delayed, but did not prevent postmitotic nucleolar reconstruction. 10.0 μg/cm3actinomycin D did, however, prevent postmitotic nucleolar reconstruction during the time period studied (190 minutes after early anaphase movement of the chromosomes).
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  • 225
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The secretory processes in the shell gland of laying chickens were the subject of this study. Three cell types contribute secretory material to the forming egg: ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells of the uterine surface epithelium, and cells of tubular glands in the mucosa. The ciliated cells as well as the non-ciliated cells have microvilli, which undergo changes in form and extent during the secretory cycle. At the final stages of shell formation they resemble stereocilia. It is postulated that the microvilli of both cells are active in the production of the cuticle of the shell.The ciliated cell which has both cilia and microvilli manufactures secretory granules which arise from the Golgi complex in varying amounts throughout the egg laying cycle. Granule production reaches its greatest intensity during the early stages of shell deposition. The ciliated cell probably supplies proteinaceous material to the matrix of the forming egg shell.The non-ciliated cell has only microvilli. Secretory granules, containing an acid mucopolysaccharide, arise from the Golgi complex. Some granules are extruded into the uterine lumen where they supply the egg shell with organic matrix. Others migrate towards the supranuclear zone. Here a number of them disintegrate. This is accompanied by the formation of a large membraneless space, which is termed “vacuoloid.” Subsequently the vacuoloid regresses and during regression an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum with numerous polyribosomes of spiral configuration appears. It is suggested that material in the vacuoloid originating from the disintegrating granules is resynthesized and utilized for the formation of secretory product.The uterine tubular gland cells have irregular, frondlike microvilli. During egg shell deposition, these microvilli form large blebs and are probably related to the elaboration of a watery, calcium-containing fluid.
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  • 226
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hearts of the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa were studied with the electron microscope after prefixation in phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde or buffered formalin and subsequent postifxation in phosphate buffered osmium tetroxide. Epicardial, myocardial and endocardial layers are identified; however the hearts of Myxine lack an extensive capillary system comparable to the coronary vessels of other vertebrate heart tissues. Instead, blood is supplied to cells via an elaborate system of channels which extend between numerous trabeculae that make up the cardiac wall of this organism. Fine structural features of special interest include the presence of numerous dense granules (chromaffin granules) within myofibers and also specific granular cells which lack the contractile elements that are characteristic of both skeletal and cardiac myofibers. Another prominent feature noted includes an elaborate system of tubular invaginations within the subjacent sarcoplasm. These elements appear to be specific for the myofibers. They are continuous with the plasma membrane and project into the peripheral sarcoplasmic matrix. Crystalline inclusions are also observed in the sarcoplasm of the myofibers. These are compared with similar inclusions in other cellular components. The Golgi complex is very extensive in the myofibers of Myxine, and granules of varying sizes and densities often appear in the vicinity of the Golgi saccules. The observations suggest that the numerous vesicles around the Golgi Complex represent intermediate stages in the formation of the chromaffin granules. The structure and function of the extensive tubular invaginations are compared with the transverse tubules reported in several mammalian heart tissues.
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  • 227
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Normally, urodele limb regeneration is nerve-dependent. Reduction in nerve-dependency has been reported for regenerating, transplanted newt limbs (Singer and Mutterperl, '63). Aneurogenic limbs can regenerate without nerves (Yntema, '59). Induction of supernumerary limbs may be obtained from aneurogenic limbs of larval Ambystoma after transplantation orthotopically to innervated larvae and with normal nerve ingrowth to the limb transplant prevented by repeated section of brachial nerves. Of the 13 (of 43) grafts with supernumeraries, nerve counts showed 11 with 0-5; 1 with 5-10; and 1 with 20+ fibers. Orthotopically grafted aneurogenic limbs allowed to become innervated showed 14 supernumeraries in 49 grafts. This supernumerary limb induction is thus not nerve-dependent.Normally, innervated larval Ambystoma limbs grafted orthotopically and heteroplastically regenerated in 17 of 37 cases after repeated section of brachial nerves. Of the 17 regenerates nerve counts showed 4 with 0-5; 5 with 5-10; 7 with 10-19; and 1 with 20+ fibers. Larval limbs heteroplastically transplanted may require very few or no nerves for regeneration.
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  • 228
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 229
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    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 307-339 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A fine structural analysis of fetal mouse ovaries reveals the presence of intercellular bridges between developing oocytes. These bridges, which connect two or more oocytes, are most frequently seen prior to the dictyate stage of meiotic prophase. The intercellular connections are limited by a tri-laminar membrane which is continuous with the oocyte plasmalemma. A characteristic feature of all bridges is the presence of an electron-dense material on the cytoplasmic side of the limiting membrane. Since this dense material is a constant and conspicuous component of the entire bridge, identification of these connections is possible in all planes of section. In cross section, the bridges are usually cylindrical, while in longitudinal section, a variety of configurations are observed. Oocytes connected by intercellular bridges exhibit a highly developed Golgi complex which is frequently localized in the region of the cytoplasmic continuities. Vesicular elements, apparently derived from the Golgi, are routinely observed within the boundaries of the bridges. Other cytoplasmic organelles, including rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and mitochondria, are also seen in these bridges. The presence of these vesicles and organelles within intercellular bridges suggests that these connections may provide a means for transfer of organelles and other substances from one oocyte to another. It may be, therefore, that intercellular bridges are important for the nourishment and maturation of certain selected oocytes as well as for the synchronization of meiotic events.
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  • 230
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the “Corneagen,” i.e., the epidermis lying beneath the cornea-lens of the lateral eyes of the adult intermolt Limulus polyphemus was studied with light and electron microscopy.This layer is composed of heavily columnar cells containing a striking number of cytoplasmic microtubules. Many of the microtubules are grouped into compact bundles or fascicles, generally each cell having at least one microtubule bundle. The cornealens end of each cell has numerous microvilli, each with a core of delicate filaments. The crypts between microvilli end in extracellular expansions and plaques of electron dense amorphous material are associated with these terminal expansions. Cytoplasmic microtubules appear to insert into these dense areas.The basal ends of the cells are thrown into many pseudopodial processes which extend into the surrounding extracellular space. The cytoplasm of the pseudopodia is composed largely of microtubules and their associated low density halos.Junctional complexes consisting of zonulae adhaerens and septate desmosomes are present between adjacent cells. Mitochondria, ER, cytoplasmic vesicles, Golgi stacks and other ultrastructural details of the epidermal cells are described. The ultrastructure of a column of pigment free processes lying between the apex of the lens cone and the underlying photoreceptive portion of the ommatidium is also described. Ducts or vessels of uncertain origin are present in the inter-ommatidial spaces.Possible roles played by the microtubules, the significance of their disposition and of their association with the dense subsurface plaques are discussed in terms of intracellular support, epidermis-lens attachment and extracellular pattern determination. In addition, the likelihood of the dense plaques being the site of microtubule assembly is considered.
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  • 231
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Differentiating oocytes and associated follicle cells of two species of amphineurans (Mollusca) Mopalia muscosa and Chaetopleura apiculata have been studied by techniques of light and electron microscopy. In addition to the regularly occurring organelles, the ooplasm of young oocytes contains large, randomly situated, basophilic regions. These regions are not demonstrable in mature eggs.As oocytes differentiate, lipid, pigment and protein-carbohydrate yolk bodies accumulate within the ooplasm. Concomitant with the appearance of pigment and the protein carbohydrate containing yolk bodies, the saccules of the Golgi complex become filled with a dense material. Associated with the Golgi complex are cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum which are filled with an electron opaque substance which is thought to be composed of protein synthesized by this organelle. That portion of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum facing the Golgi complex shows evaginations. These evaginations are thought to finalize into protein containing vesicles that subsequently fuse with the Golgi complex. Thus, the Golgi complex in these oocytes might serve as a center for packaging and concentrating the protein used in the construction of the protein containing pigment or protein-carbohydrate yolk bodies. The suggestion is made that the Golgi complex may also synthesize the carbohydrate portion of the formentioned yolk bodies.In an adnuclear position in young oocytes are some acid mucopolysaccharide containing vacuolar bodies. In mature eggs, these structures are found within the peripheral ooplasm and we have referred to them as cortical granules. There is no alteration of these cortical granules during sperm activation.
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  • 232
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Communication organs (septulae) of cheilostome Bryozoa are more complex than perviously believed. Annuli, present only in lateral septulae, are thickenings of the intercalary cuticle. Each communication pore is filled with a ring-like “pore cincture,” through which project a pair of “special cells.” Septulae of all species examined (10 species from 6 families) can be considered modifications of the same structure, varying only in degree of calcification and number of communication pores.External walls, including basal and lateral walls, are best defined as reinforcements of the ectocyst, which is derived by intussusception from the primary cuticle of the ancestrula. The lateral ectocyst must be considered a double layer formed by invagination of the distal ectocyst. Internal walls are developed by apposition from inner parts of the ectocyst; they include pore plates and transverse walls.External walls are laid down first. Lenticular masses develop unilaterally on the uncalcified lateral ectocyst; the pore plate develops by apposition from the interior part of the ectocyst. Depending on the species, the pore plate may or may not be calcified at the time of its formation. Communication pores are formed when the developing pore plate abuts against embryonic special cells. The septular ectocyst never calcifies; it breaks down when the pore plate is complete.Some ascophorans undergo “reparative budding,” in which new zoids are formed within dead zoecia. Hollow, ectocyst-covered buds lined with blastemic epithelia are produced from septulae of live zoids; adjacent buds may fuse.These findings are consistent with the view that lateral septulae are aborted zoids and that pore plates represent transverse walls.
    Additional Material: 35 Ill.
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  • 233
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    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 281-305 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the motor horn of the foetal mouse was investigated. A sampling technique was evolved using cresyl violet stained material.A decline in the number of motor neuroblasts occurred during the development, on each side, of four definitive motor regions from a single longitudinal column. The total number of motor horn cells fell from about 100,000 on the eleventh day after mating to about 25,000 on the fourteenth day. The early stages of this decline (between 11 and 12 days) are probably explained by the fact that not all neuroblasts in the region differentiate into motor cells; he later decrease can be entirely accounted for by the number of degenerations.Irradiation of the foetal mouse with a dose of 50 rads of cobalt-60 gamma-radiation resulted in an excess of about 20,000 differentiating motor cells on the thirteenth and fourteenth days. Irradiation increased the actual number, but not the percentage, of degenerations. This suggests that differentiation is a phase in the growth process which proceeds degeneation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 234
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histochemical procedures for acid phosphatase in normal and lens-regenerating eyes of the urodele Diemictylus viridescens demonstrate activity in a variety of structures. In the normal urodele eye, acid phosphatase is present in conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells and associated glands, in blood vessel endothelium and posterior epithelial cells of the iris, in the anterior lens epithelium, and in the cytoplasm of the optic nerve. Acid phosphatase in the lens-regenerating eye is localized in the same structures as in the normal eye as well as in increased amounts in the corneal epithelial cells and stromal macrophages at the lentectomy wound site and in the posterior portion of the developing lens during completion of differentiation of primary into mature lens fibers characterized by loss of many intracellular organelles. On the basis of these histochemical findings, it is proposed that hydrolytic lysosomal enzymes play an important role in the processes of cellular and intracellular destruction and synthesis which occur during Wolffian lens regeneration in the urodele.
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  • 235
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 236
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    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969), S. 361-377 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Glycogen synthesis was studied in rat tongue striated muscle after administration of 3H-glucose using light and electron microscope radioautography. Neither fasting nor addition of unlabeled glucose were needed to produce incorporation of 3H-glucose into glycogen, the only radioactive substance found in the tissue. Intense radioautographic reactions indicating glycogen synthesis were already seen 20 minutes after injection and were preferentially located over glycogen accumulations in the intermyofibrillar spaces. A striking variation of silver grain density from fiber to fiber, was a somewhat unexpected finding in a muscle consisting of fibers of uniform metabolic type. Decrease in grain counts at the 90-minute interval suggested a rapid turnover of muscle glycogen. In agreement with this, there were no morphological signs of glycogen accumulation on glucose administration. PA-Schiff staining, as well as the number of glycogen granules in electron micrographs, did not increase, nor did granule diameters change significantly during the experiment. Electron microscope radioautographs showed all silver grains to be located over or very near glycogen granules and sarcoplasmic spaces. While all newly-formed glycogen seemed associated with preexisting granules, there was no evidence for the participation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in glycogen synthesis.
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  • 237
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rat inferior colliculi were fixed by intracardiac perfusion of 4% methanol-free formalin in an isotonic phosphate-sucrose buffer, dehydrated in ethanol and studied during the first two weeks of postnatal life. The extracellular space during the first week was made up of intercellular gaps about 100-150 Å wide and large intercellular lakes (1-3 μ long) which diminished in size and number as maturation proceeded. Similar intercellular lakes were found in tissue fixed by immersion in glutaraldehyde containing ruthenium red. In these tissues an intense ruthenium red reaction product, distributed extracellularly, suggested an intercellular substance comparable to that described in adult brain. Intercellular lakes were also found in tissue dehydrated in acetone. Morphometric estimations indicated the extracellular space of neuropil during the first week to be about twice that of the adult, which was approached progressively.
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  • 238
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Forty pairs of humeri, from a series of embryos and fetuses ranging from 26 to 342 mm in crown-rump length, were measured, radiographed, and sectioned for microscopic study.A primary bony collar was present before the end of the embryonic period, and in a 27 mm embryo it extended for nearly one-third of the length of the humerus. Erosion of the collar occurred at the end of the embryonic period. By about 37 mm, endochondral ossification began, and cartilage canals were invading the proximal epiphysis.As endochondral ossification proceeded proximally and distally and growth zones became established, periosteal bone formation also proceeded longitudinally and, until about 18 weeks, extended about one millimeter beyond the zone of cartilage destruction in the growth zones. Subsequently the extents of periosteal and endochondral ossification were the same and at term occupied 79% of the length of the humerus.Trabeculation of the bony collar began in the embryonic period. Fusion of endochondral trabeculae with the inner aspect of the periosteal shell began by 61 mm. A central marrow cavity free of trabeculae was consistently present after 86 mm. Evidence of reconstruction appeared in the proximal end by 73 mm and in the distal end by 113 mm, and was always present after 97 and 125 mm respectively.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 239
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 125 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 240
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The early sequelae of partial hepatectomy were studied at the ultrastructural level in livers of CFW mice that had been maintained on a normal diet or fed a fat-free diet for four days prior to surgery. Normal-diet animals showed a marked increase in number of small osmiophilic lipid granules in hepatocytes and the space of Disse during the first post-operative hour and at all later intervals studied. This observation generally confirmed similar findings on C3H mice by Trotter ('65), but failed to provide conclusive indications of the source or direction of movement (i.e., from extracellular space into hepatocyte by engulfment, or from hepatocyte to extracellular space by secretion) of the granules in the space of Disse. In livers of fat-free-diet animals, where small lipid granules synthesized in the hepatocyte are recognizable by their osmiophobia (being derived from lipogenesis they are relatively highly saturated), synthesis and secretion by hepatocytes accounted for substantially all lipid granules appearing in the space of Disse during the first three postoperative hours and continued to occur during the fourth hour. This finding demonstrates the importance of the liver cell as a source of lipid granules (presumably very low density lipoproteins) appearing in the space of Disse after hepatectomy. Osmiophilic granules presumed to be of enteric origin, which were present in the space of Disse in very small numbers during the first post-operative hours, increased in number during the fourth hour. The exact fate of these granules and their importance, if any, in the “post-hepatectomy picture” could not be determined from available data.
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  • 241
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Trophoblast-uterine epithelial cell interrelationships were studied using implantation sites from the rat, rabbit, guinea pig, armadillo, bat and ferret. It was found that in all species trophoblast cells extend over several epithelial cells at the apposition stage of implantation. Trophoblast can adhere to the apical ends of uterine epithelial cells by primitive junctional complexes. More surprisingly, in most species desmosomal junctions are formed between trophoblast and the lateral aspects of uterine epithelial cells by primitive junctional complexes. More surprisingly, in most species desmosomal junctions are formed between trophoblast and the lateral aspects of uterine epithelial cells by primitive junctional complexes. More surprisingly, in most species forms the complementary protion of the apical junctional complexes with the adjacent luminal epithelial cells. Certain basement membranes appear to be barriers to trophoblast invastion in some species but not in others. There is little evidence that trophoblast is cytolytic, whereas all of the trophoblast examined gave some evidence of phagocytic activity, and the trophoblast of some of the more invasive forms showed evidence of being histolytic.It is suggested that the capacity of trophoblast to form junctions with epithelial cells is an important part of the implantation process, facilitating penetration of the endometrium without dislodgment of the blastocyst.
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  • 242
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Nucleoside phosphatase activity was studied in glutaraldehyde-fixed rat myocardium. At pH 7.2, ATPase, nucleoside diphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase activity were demonstrated in the transverse elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of ventricular fibers and in the subsarcolemmal cisterns of atrial and ventricular muscle cells. The remainder of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of atrial and ventricular fibers showed reactions only with nucleoside diphosphates. The T tubules and intercalated discs of ventricular muscle reacted strongly with nucleoside monophosphates at pH 7.2; atrial myocardium showed this reaction only in the intercalated discs and in the spaces between closely apposed muscle cells.Thiamine pyrophosphatase and nucleoside diphosphatase were demonstrated in the Golgi apparatus of both atrial and ventricular muscle cells; however, reactive cisterns were more numerous in atrial than in ventricular myocardium. These enzymes were also demonstrated in some of the membranes surrounding the specific cytoplasmic granules of atrial muscle cells. Acid phosphatase activity was also detected in some of these membranes when cytidine monophosphate was used as substrate.
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  • 243
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    American Journal of Anatomy 125 (1969), S. 123-145 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tissues from adult Sprague-Dawley rats fixed by perfusion with buffered aldehydes for a combined study of the vascular system of the brain are described in light and electron microscopy. In these preparations lack of shrinkage prevents the formation of perineuronal and perivascular spaces. However, connective tissue stains indicate restricted tissue space along the course of small arteries and veins. In fine structure this space is found within the walls of the vessels. It consists of a tubular extension of tissue space bounded inwardly by the endothelial boundary (basement) membrane and outwardly by the neural boundary membrane. Between these boundaries the formed elements of the media and the adventitia are found. The media consists of a thin layer of smooth muscle cells; each cells being enclosed in its own boundary membrane. The adventitia consists of cells and fibrous elements of the connective tissues which are derived, near the surface of the brain, from the intermingling of pial and vascular leptomeninges. This “neural” portion of the tissue space extends from the depths of the capillary bed (where it is obliterated by the fusion of boundary membranes), along the course of the blood vessels, through the subarachnoid space and into the general tissue space of the body.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 244
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural details of mouse oögonia, oöcytes and follicular cells from fetal day 12 through postnatal day 3 are presented.In fetal oögonia and oöcytes cytodifferentiation proceeds slowly. The most notable change involves an increase in the number of mitochondria and in the size of the Golgi complex. Oögonial itoses, nuclear synaptinemal complexes, true intercellular bridges and multinucleated cells were observed.After the formation of unilaminar follicles with growing oöcytes, cytoplasmic alterations are striking. The Golgi apparatus, previously predominately of vesicular elements, now becomes lamellar in form and occasionally develops complex anastomosing tubules. There may be important functional significance in the relationship established between the Golgi elements and long endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae facing the Golgi complex lack ribosomes and exhibit bud-like evaginations in varying stages of abstriction. Ribosomes are attached to the opposite membrane of the cisternae. Profiles of endoplasmic reticulum are intimately associated with the numerous large mitochondria. Numerous multivesicular and “dense” bodies are present in some oöcytes. Zona pellucida formation is initiated in some of the larger unilaminar follicles.Cytodiferentiation of follicular cells follows a course different from that of the germinal cells in that their cytoplasmic organelles are well differentiated very early in the fetal period. Similarly they send forth the most delicate cytoplasmic extensions which separate adjacent germinal cells. Postnatally, in unilaminar follicles these same cells constitute a flattened epithelial layer containing only a few cytoplasmic organelles. In contrast when these cells become cuboidal and columnar the numerous organelles, as seen in fetal follicle cells, reappear once again. In addition, when the zona pellucida is formed cell processes from these follicle cells extend into it.
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  • 245
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study is concerned with the use of the initial gradient of fusion of the neural arch lamellae of the vertebrae on days 31-34 postconception as epigenetic reference points for analysis of the growth retardation and malformation induced systemically by one specific gene, Da (chondrodystrophy), and the modification of such effect induced by the genomes of two different strains (DA and IIIDa). Although during this period the fusion process is confined to vertebrae 29-36, aproximately 10 to 14 days later it is extended throughout the vertebral column.Intra- and inter-strain comparisons measured by incidence, range, and peak of neural arch fusion (NAF) confirm the same general nature of the growth effects resulting from the gene (Da) and genomes (DA, IIIDa) and from their interaction, i.e., Da and DA acting additively in retarding the growth (in this case fusion) process, whereas IIImo, IIIDa, and IIIep are in opposition. The study (1) increases knowledge of the generality or systemic nature of the Da retardation effect; (2) demonstrates a stronger effect of the polygenic genome in suppressing the effects of the major gene than previously found in the lumbar gradient; (3) reveals the usefulness of epigenetic reference points in defining the limits of endogenous (and possibly of exogenous) influences upon growth and developmental processes in time and locale; and (4) reveals the existence of at least one new genetic element within IIImo which has also been transferred to the IIIDa genome by the breeding procedure described.
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  • 246
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    American Journal of Anatomy 125 (1969), S. 291-315 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distal small intestine of the albino rat has the capacity to absorb protein and particulate matter during the suckling period. Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of this absorptive phenomenon were examined in the ileum. Soon after the initial ingestion of milk, a large, yellow, smooth membrane-limited, protein body appears in the immediate supranuclear region of ileal absorptive cells and, also, many small vacuoles and membrane-limited droplets arise between this body and the microvilli. Exogenous protein enters an elaborate superficial tubular system and is segregated in membrane-limited vacuoles and droplets and, then, appears in the supranuclear body. The body and adjacent membrane-limited droplets are basophilic, periodic acid-Schiff positive, and rich in hydrolytic enzymes (acid phosphatase, ATPase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, esterase). The results suggest the presence of a highly developed lysosomal system during the period of protein absorption. Additional cytological features of the absorptive cells are presented.Ileal absorptive cells are normally free of lipid droplets. When emulsified lipid is introduced into the neonatal ileum, it enters into the cytoplasmic smooth membrane system, including the supranuclear body, and later appeas in the lacteals. This suggests both that the uptake of material may be non-selective and that similar intracellular pathways may be used in transporting protein and lipid through the epithelium.
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  • 247
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 125 (1969), S. 353-373 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cytological changes accompanying the development of red blood cells of trout were studied. These changes appear to parallel closely those seen in the maturation of red blood cells of mammals. Immature erythrocytes of the trout contain mitochondria, Golgi complex, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, centrioles, bundles of microtubules and numerous ribosomes in their cytoplasm. With progressive differentiation and maturation such cells appear to shrink in size, acquire a biconvex ellipsoid form, lose most of their cytoplasmic organelles and concomitantly increase their hemoglobin content. Mitochondrial degradation begins early in the process of maturation and usually consists of the following sequence of morphological changes within them: the appearance of small dense bodies, degeneration of the cristae and the formation of lamellar bodies. Degenerating mitochondria are often observed bulging from the surface of the cell, suggesting that they are in the process of being extruded from it. However, this observation does not preclude the possibility that mitochondria may also be disposed of in situ through the action of lysosomal enzymes. It is suggested that the disappearance of mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles contributes to the volumetric shrinkage which accompanies the maturation of trout red blood cells. The existence of an equatorially oriented “marginal band” of microtubules has been confirmed in this material in agreement with studies on other species. A band of microtubules was also observed in trout thrombocytes. It is concluded that the marginal band plays an important role in the maintenance of the flat ellipsoidal shape of these cells as has been suggested by other investigators studying other vertebrate forms.
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  • 248
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mesenteric arterioles of frogs were selected under a dissecting microscope and compact vasoconstriction was induced by local application of a microdrop of epinephrine. Selected arterioles were fixed in situ at maximum constriction by flooding with buffered osmium tetroxide or glutaraldehyde. Fixation was faster than any vasoconstriction initiated by the onset of fixation. The arterioles were embedded in epoxy resin and regions of dilation and constriction were identified optically in the resin block. Ultrathin sections were cut at known levels for examination in the electron microscope. The localized constriction permitted the use of the relaxed, dilated region of the arteriole as a structural control for comparison against the fine structure of the constricted segment of the same arteriole. In constriction there was a dramatic change from the relaxed condition. The endothelial cells assumed a teardrop configuration and their nuclei protruded toward the lumen. The muscle cells and their nuclei became short and thick and demonstrated strongly indented borders, and the elastic membrane assumed a deeply pleated appearance. Both endothelium and smooth muscle cells appeared to adhere tightly to the elastic membrane for they faithfully replicated its convolutions. Bundles of thick (120 Å) and thin (70 Å) filaments were seen in the endothelial cytoplasm. The thick filaments were not contractile although the thin variety may shorten during vasoconstriction.
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  • 249
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The lateral musculature in the midbody region of the teleost, Brachydanio rerio, was examined by light and electron microscopy in the adult and six developmental stages. Two main divisions of the adult lateral musculature are described: (1) a superficial portion composed of small, dark fibers with high fat content and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity; and (2) a deep portion composed principally of larger, pale, “deep fibers” showing little SDH activity and containing little fat. Some “intermediate fibers” are also present in the deep portion near the horizontal septum. Myofibrils of all cell types appear ultrastructurally similar.A general outline of myotomal differentiation has been established for the midbody somites. Myogenesis begins at the medial surface of the somite between the 20- and 25-somite stages and progresses laterally. Shortly before hatching, the myotome contains two structurally dissimilar types of young muscle cells. The appearance of these two muscle cell populations in larvae and fry supports the hypothesis that they develop into the superficial and deep portions of the adult lateral musculature. The intermediate fiber population is present by 2 1/2 months. The most lateral cells of the somite form a layer of flattened cells covering the lateral myotomal surface in the 33-somite embryo, and are considered to form the dermatome in this species.
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  • 250
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 57-71 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To analyze the behavior of spermatogonia in the monkey, the cytological features, topographical arrangement and frequency of the two classes of type A (A1, A2) and the four classes of type B (B1-B4) spermatogonia were determined in dissected tubules, fixed in Carnoy, stained with hematoxylin and mounted “in toto.” The capacity of spermatogonia to divide was also analyzed in radioautographed testicular sections from an animal injected with tritiated thymidine.The type A1 spermatogonia, characterized by nuclei containing deeply stained, finely granulated chromatin, were found to be non-dividing elements. The type A2 spermatogonia, characterized by nuclei showing palely stained, coarsely granular chromatin, all divided in stages IX-X of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium to yield equal numbers of new type A2 cells and type B1 spermatogonia. The type B1, as the other type B cells, were characterized by nuclei containing granules or flakes of deeply stained chromatin. While the type A2 spermatogonia remained dormant until stage IX of the following cycle, the type B1 cells all divided during stage XII to yield twice their number of type B2 spermatogonia. These, in stage II, divided to give twice as many type B3, which, in stage IV, divided to produce twice as many type B4 spermatogonia. Lastly, in stage VI, the latter elements all divided to yield spermatocytes.Thus, the type A1 spermatogonia, did not appear to be actively involved in the production of spermatocytes and were tentatively considered as “reserve stem cells;” the type A2 spermatogonia, were identified as “renewing stem cells.”
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  • 251
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 252
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 127-149 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rib development in chick embryos, with special emphasis on the origin of ribforming cells, has been analyzed by inserting tantalum foil blocks parallel to certain somites of the prospective rib-forming level. Intact edges of bent pieces of foil the width of 4-6 somites were inserted through the somatopleure at stage 14-16 either (1) immediately lateral to the nephrotome, (2) between proximal and distal portions of the lateral plate or (3) within the distal lateral plate. Edges of similar pieces of foil containing a triangular notch the width of 2 somites were likewise inserted through the somatopleure of stage 14-16 embryos (4) immediately lateral to the nephrotome or (5) between proximal and distal portions of the lateral plate.On the basis of the modified rib pattersn studied in toto after 11 days of incubation it was concluded that the (1) original somatic mesoderm does not participate in formation of vertebral rib components, (2) original somatic mesoderm plays some role in formation of sternal rib components (ribs 3-7) but probably does not contribute chondroblasts for this purpose, and (3) distalmost somatic mesoderm is not involved in rib formation. Consistent types of modified wings are described and also modifications of the body wall, breast and ventral feather tracts of the right side.
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  • 253
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopic studies were made of atria of mice (TS stock) fed either a normal diet or one high in fat (28% lard), low in protein (8% casein) and hypolipotropic. After four weeks on the high fat diet there was a pronounced thickening and splitting of the endocardial basement membrane into several layers. Concurrently the basal surface of atrial endothelium became indented and irregular. By 5-6 weeks numerous villous projections were present on the luminal surface of endothelial cells at sites other than at cell junctions, and vacuolization of endothelial cells had developed. Vacuole formation began on the basal surface of atrial endothelial cells. Closure of the indentations on the basal surface of endothelial cells seemed to produce the vacuoles. At seven weeks there was degeneration of the endothelial cells and atrial myocardium, with severe swelling of the mitochondria adjacent to unorganized thrombi. After 8-9 weeks small organizing atrial mural thrombi were observed attached to the atrial wall. Growth and organization of the lesion eventually filled the entire atrial lumen. After 20 weeks on the fat diet, 92% of the mice had large atrial thrombi. Control mice did not develop the above changes.
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  • 254
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study of innervation of the bone marrow in new-born rats demonstrates that major signs of differentiation occur in the nerves at the end of the second week after birth. Myelinated nerve fibers begin to acquire their myelin sheath at this time. The Schwann cells show abundant ergastoplasmic reticulum. Some of these cells separate individual axons and wrap them up with the double membranes that form the myelin sheath. From then on, the nerves of the marrow contain both myelinated and nonmyelinated fibers. Fibroblasts also differentiate during this time, producing collagen fibers around the nerves. Some fibroblasts are interconnected by desmosome-like structures. Fibroblasts and collagen fibers form the connective tissue sheaths of the nerve (perineurium and endoneurium). Upon completion of the myelin sheath by the Schwann cells and the connective tissue sheath by the fibroblasts, nerves of the marrow acquire the morphological characteristics of the peripheral nerves of the adult animal. The fine structure of the axons in contact with the muscle fibers of the arterial wall correspond to Type 2-a of Watari. These nerve fibers are considered to be of sympathetic type. The time of maturation of nerves in the bone marrow coincides with the beginning of responsiveness to stimulatory and inhibitory conditions demonstrated in this organ by other authors.
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  • 255
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Human corpora lutea from the period of maximum progesterone secretion during the menstrual cycle were examined with the electron microscope. Both the granulosa lutein and theca lutein cells contain abundant tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria with tubular cristae, lipid droplets and numerous free ribosomes. Cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum occur in stacks and as scattered profiles in the lutein cells. Golgi elements are seen throughout the granulosa lutein cell cyoplasm and are associated with multivesicular bodies, lysosome-like granules, coated vesicles and microtubules. The coated vesicles apparently arise from the Golgi cisternae. Unlike the granulosa lutein cells, theca lutein cells are generally smaller and darker, exhibit a wider range of cell densities, have a Golgi complex clustered at one nuclear pole, and their lipid droplets are extracted by tissue preparation. Patches of microvilli that protrude into the perivascular spaces and a peripheral, fibrillar terminal web are unique to the granulosa lutein cells. The perivascular macrophages correspond to the “K” cells of light microscopy. No cells in the theca externa or the central coagulum exhibit the fine structure of steroid-secreting cells.The correlation of fine structure with function in human lutein cells is probably similar to that established for other steroid-secreting cells. The role of the theca lutein cells in steroidogenesis by the human corpus luteum remains unresolved.
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  • 256
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 497-505 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology and distribution of cells in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus were compared in newborn and adult mice, and in adult rats and cats. No gross morphological differences indicated a somatotypic subdivision of the nucleus. Changes in cell morphology in the adult mouse as compared with the newborn, are possibly related to the relatively late innervation of muscle spindles. Cell counts indicated that cell number increased not only with growth of the animal but also with increasing complexity of the jaw musculature. Analysis of the trigeminal motor root in the adult mouse showed a unimodal distribution of myelinated fibers that numericaly could not encompass both motor and mesencephalic fibers. No provision for the Y motor system appeared to be present. A substantial proportion (1:7) of cells were in soma-soma contact. The possible functional implications of these cell clusters were discussed.
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  • 257
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 258
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 507-525 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The origin and fate of Paneth cells were examined in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of adult female mice, using radioautography after administration of 3H-thymidine either in a single injection or in drinking water for four days or as a continuous infusion for up to ten days. The tissues were fixed by perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. One-micron thick, Eponembedded single or serial sections were stained with Regaud's hematoxylin, radioautographed, and counterstained with safranin O.Mitosis of Paneth cells is never observed, nor are these cells ever labeled one hour after 3H-thymidine. Hence, Paneth cells do not divide.However, a few days after single injection or prolonged administration of 3H-thymidine, labeled Paneth cells appear. The first labeled cells have tiny granules but, as the cells age, larger and larger granules are observed.Adjacent to Paneth cells are slender undifferentiated cells which show frequent mitoses and early labeling. The evidence points to some of these cells transforming into Paneth cells. Since occasionally Paneth cells degenerate, the newly-formed ones would provide replacement for those which die, thus insuring the steady state of the Paneth cell population. The renewal of this population is characterized by a turnover time of about three weeks.
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  • 259
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Baboon placentae ranging in age from 45 to 175 days were studied for progressive changes in their morphology. The baboon embryo implants superficially and develops a single, discoid, villous hemochorial placenta. The remainder of the chorion is membranous and a true decidua capsularis is not formed. A lobular structure is developed during the fetal period. At 45 days the amnion only partially fills the chorionic cavity but by 60 days has expanded and the two membranes are directly contiguous. Trophoblastic tissue is of two types: cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. Cytotrophoblast is found primarily in the chorionic plate and cytotrophoblastic shell. The chorionic villi are originally composed of a double layer of trophoblast; cytotrophoblast internally and syncytiotrophoblast externally. The cellular layer gradually disappears so that by full-term the villous walls are formed by a single layer of syncytiotrophoblast. Hofbauer cells are common within the villous cores, diminishing in number toward term. Large amounts of collagenous connective tissue develop in the chorionic plate and in the villi, and fibrin and fibrinoid materials accumulate in the basal plate and anchoring villi. The endometrium is decidualized to its greatest extent by the beginning of the fetal period and undergoes only minor cytological alteration throughout the remainder of gestation.
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  • 260
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 103-119 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves in the cat ureter was studied by specific histochemical techniques for acetylcholinesterase and norepinephrine. The innervation of the ureter is characterized by (1) a generalized dual cholinergic and adrenergic nerve supply, (2) the presence of muscular innervation, (3) a continuity of terminal muscular and vascular nerves, (4) a widespread distribution of ganglion cells except in the pelviureteric area and (5) regional variations in the density of both cholinergic and adrenergic elements.On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that in the cat ureter peristalsis has a myogenic origin in the proximal end of the ureter, but its distalward propagation along the abdominal and pelvic segments is controlled by a dual sympathetic and parasympathetic influence which is mediated in part through a system of intrinsic ureteric ganglion cells.
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  • 261
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cell proliferation in the pineal body of the hooded rat was studied with thymidine-H3 autoradiography. Animals were either injected at birth and allowed to survive for variable periods or were injected at different ages and allowed to survive for a fixed period. Cell proliferation was high in the neonate (one and six hours of age) and continued at a decreasing rate into adulthood. The final development of the pineal body was believed to be due to cellular hyperplasia in the young animal and cellular hypertrophy in the adult. The morphological evaluation of the autoradiograms indicated that the principal proliferating components were parenchymal cells.
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  • 262
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 263
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 255-273 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The duodenal glands of the adult opossum form a lobed, glandular collar in the submucosa immediately distal to the pyloric sphincter. They empty into funnel-shaped mucosal depressions. The depressions, which form two or three irregular rows that run parallel to the pyloroduodenal junction, are lined by either pyloric or intestinal epithelium. An individual gland of Brunner has an extensive intralobular duct system which terminates in a single excretory duct just prior to entry into a depression. Histochemical studies indicate that the duodenal glands elaborate a neutral glycoprotein whereas the duct system appears to produce both neutral and acidic elements. Light and electron microscopic studies have shown the duodenal glands to consist of large, pyramidal cells which lie on a distinct basal lamina. Discrete, mottled or pale secretory granules are found in close association both with the apices of the cells and with the Golgi complexes. The ergastoplasm, cisternae of which are dilated and contain amorphous material, is associated with polysomes and, in the supranuclear region, often becomes markedly dilated, forming what appear to be large vacuoles containing fibrillar material. Blebbing of the ergastoplasm results in the formation of several small vesicles, many of which lie in close association with the Golgi network. Direct membrane continuity has been noted between the two elements.
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  • 264
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Congenital osteopetrosis as manifested in the grey-lethal, microphthalmic and osteosclerotic stocks of the house mouse is characterized by an increased rate of bone matrix formation, hyperplasia of the parafollicular cell population of the thyroid gland and hypocalcemia. Osteopetrotic mice were abnormally resistant to the tendencies of parathyroid extract to promote hypercalcemia and to depress osteogenesis. The results of this investigation suggest that the parafollicular cell is the source of an osteoblast-stimulating factor and that an excess of this factor results in osteopetrosis.
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  • 265
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum appears in interstitial cells and Sertoli cells of 22-24d testes of fetal guinea pigs before the beginning of morphological differentiation of the male reproductive tract at 29d (Price et al., '67), and before the appearance of demonstrable 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an enzyme important in steroid biosynthesis, in the interstitial cells at 29d (Ortiz et al., '66). This enzyme has not yet been demonstrated in the Sertoli cells.The smooth reticulum of the interstitial cells increases in amount, filling the cells with tubules by 27d, and later forming some fenestrated cisternae which are occasionally seen in whorls. In Sertoli cells, the tubular reticulum shows signs of degeneration at 26d. After this time the cisternal endoplasmic reticulum in these cells increases in amount and by 45d is predominantly smooth-surfaced. Yet it is never as prominent as the smooth reticulum of the interstitial cells.Scattered clusters of ribosomes or polyribosomes are seen on the surface of the tubular reticulum of these differentiating cells. These polyribosomes become more widely spaced as the smooth-surfaced areas increase and may be associated with the production of smooth membranes.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is known to play a role in the production of steroid hormones, and therefore the extensive development of smooth reticulum in fetal interstitial cells is consistent with experimental evidence that implicates these cells as the chief source of steroid hormones governing male reproductive tract differentiation.
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  • 266
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study was made of the ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of atrial muscle cells. The myofibrils of these cells do not converge at the nuclear poles as in the ventricular cells, but leave large sarcoplasmic spaces in the central cores, which contain mitochondria, small amounts of rough-surfaced sarcoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and one or more well developed Golgi complexes. Numerous cytoplasmic granules, many of which are closely associated with the Golgi material, are present in these cells. These granules can be demonstrated in paraffin sections by the Bowie stain. The smooth-surfaced sarcoplasmic reticulum of atrial fibers consists of a meshwork of interconnected tubules which pass uninterruptedly from one sarcomere to another. No transverse dilatations or T tubules are present as in ventricular cells; however, there are numerous subsarcolemmal cisterns consisting of flattened dilatations of sarcoplasmic reticulum which lie in close proximity to the internal surface of the sarcolemma. There is considerable variation from one cell to another in the number and compactness of arrangement of the myofibrils, and in the abundance of other cellular components.On the basis of the above findings, we suggest that atrial muscle cells may have a secretory as well as a contractile function.
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  • 267
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    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969), S. 281-305 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The epithelium of duodenum, jejunum and ileum was investigated in adult female mice given an injection of3 H-thymidine and sacrificed at times varying from one hour to 14 days later. The tissues were fixed by perfusion with paraformaldehyde and embedded in Epon. One micron thick sections were cut singly or serially, radioautographed and stained with iron hematoxylin and safranin O. In addition, reconstruction of a crypt was made from serial sections of jejunum.The reconstruction of a crypt shows the well known columnar, goblet, Paneth, and argentaffin cells. There are also little known cell types referred to as oligomucous and granulo-mucous and pale cells with or without mucus. Of these cells, the only numerous ones are the oligomucous cells, which are located in the lower half of the crypts and contain a few or even only one mucous globule. In the electron microscope, they display long cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum parallel to the lateral cell membrane and similar to those observed in goblet cells.In radioautographs of the crypts neither goblet cells, nor Paneth cells, nor argentaffin cells show mitosis or label one hour after3 H-thymidine injection. Granulo-mucous and pale cells are only rarely labeled. In contrast, columnar and oligomucous cells frequently take up label and undergo mitosis. By 12 hours after injection labeled goblet cells have appeared. Since at that time 3 H-thymidine has left the circulation, the label must have been acquired by transformation of labeled columnar or oligomucous cells. Furthermore, since transitional forms between oligomucous and goblet cells are common, it is concluded that oligomucous cells are those which directly transform into goblet cells.Eventually, like columnar cells, labeled goblet cells migrate to the villus epithelium, climb to the villus tip and fall into the lumen.Although oligomucous cells fit the requirements for goblet cell precursors, not enough of them are labeled to account for the rate of renewal of goblet cells. It is therefore speculated that some undifferentiated columnar cells at the base of the crypts participate in the production of oligomucous cells, which in turn yield goblet cells.
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  • 268
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report describes in detail the fine structure of a unique granular cell, termed “granulocyte,” which populates the endometrium of the monkey uterus under certain physiological conditions. Morphological evidence is presented which establishes that this cell is similar, if not identical, to granular cells found in the uteri of a wide variety of vertebrate species, including the human. Evidence supporting the hypothesis that these cells secrete relaxin is reviewed.The granulocyte is nearly spherical, approximately 10 μ in diameter, and contains an eccentrically located, kidney-shaped nucleus approximately 6 μ × 8 μ in size. Opposite the concave surface of the nucleus is located a cluster of specific granules. The granules vary in diameter, but they rarely exceed 0.5 μ. Each granule is surrounded by a unit membrane, and often a space is present between the enveloping membrane and the granule proper. Smaller vesicles and dense bodies (approximately 0.1 μ in diameter) are found within this space. The morphology of these small vesicles and dense bodies suggests that they have their origin in the Golgi complex and are involved in transporting some material to the specific granules.Similarities of the granulocyte to other cells types found in uterine endometrium, particularly eosinophilic leucocytes, are pointed out, but it is argued that the fine structure of the granulocyte provides good evidence that this is a distinct uterine cell type.
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  • 269
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    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969), S. 341-359 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Superior cervical ganglionectomy causes a very rapid and complete distintegration of adrenergic axons in the rat iris commencing less than 24 hours after operation. At 48 hours post-operatively the electronmicroscopical appearance of the iris is normal with osmium tetroxide fixation because the debris has vanished and the abundant surviving cholinergic axons in the autonomic ground plexus give the impression that the total innervation is still intact. However, with permanganate fixation the denervated iris examined 48 hours to one year after operation lacks granular vesicles in its axons and appears in this single respect different from normal. After ciliary ganglionectomy the same kind of degeneration of individual axons begins within 24 hours, but continues for several days, involving a greater number of axons than the previous operation. Removal of both sets of ganglia intensifies the loss of axons and causes some atrophy of the iris tissues. A residue of apparently intact axons persists, however, for as long as ten months. The previously discordant results of ganglionectomy on iris innervation obtained by light microscopy are shown to be dependent on technical inadequacies, combined with the fact that in the earlier literature it was not known that there is a close intermingling of adrenergic and cholinergic axons in all parts of the iris plexuses.
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  • 270
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the thymic cortex of mice, certain distinctive lipid-rich cells, termed foamy cells, were described by Loewenthal and Smith ('52). The abundant cytoplasmic, sudanophilic inclusions of these cells were autofluorescent and PAS positive; these characteristics and others indicated the presence of chromolipoid. Cytochemical reinvestigation of these cells demonstrated acid phosphatase and esterase activities in the cytoplasm. Ultrastructural study of these cells revealed a polymorphic population of residual bodies, most likely of lysosomal origin. Further evidence suggests that a pigment is present which corresponds to an early stage in the development of lipofuscin as stated by Pearse ('60). The characteristics supporting this conclusion are: (1) natural yellow color, (2) yellow fluorescence, (3) weak basophilia, (4) moderate reducing capacity, (5) positive plasmal and PAS reactions, (6) coloring with oil soluble dyes, and (7) variably acid fast. Because of these cytochemical and ultrastructural properties, it is here proposed that these cells should now be called lipopigment cells. Differences in nuclear pattern indicate that they are both epithelial and mesenchymal in origin. Large lipopigment cells gradually develop from smaller cells and accumulate the distinctive cytoplasmic inclusions. Some of these cells are phagocytic. Evidence suggests that the lipopigment cells are long-lived. The origin of this pigment and its significance in thymic function are unknown.
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  • 271
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Nine edible oils or fats (hydrogenated coconut, cod liver, Wesson, linseed, olive, butter, lard, corn and cocoa-butter) were fed for 50-90 days to study the relation of saturation, chain length and essential fatty acid content to production of cardiovascular lesions. The specific oil or fat (selected for ranges in the above variables) was used as the dietary lipid in a high-fat (28%), low-protein (8%), hypolipotropic diet. Half of the animals received identical diets containing choline chloride (2 gm/100 gm of diet) as a lipotropic supplement.Atrial mural thrombosis and ventricular myocardial necrosis and calcification developed in all dietary groups. Atrial thrombosis was the most frequent lesion. The greatest incidence of atrial thrombosis occurred in mice fed the choline-deficient, butter-containing diet (92%) and the lowest incidence with the supplemented cod liver oil diet (20%). The diet containing unsupplemented hydrogenated coconut oil produced the greatest incidence of ventricular necrosis (79%) and that with choline-supplemented cocoa-butter the lowest (8%). Ventricular calcification was most extensive within the unsupplemented cod liver oil group (83%), most limited in the supplemented lard group (5%). In general, choline-supplemented diets produced a lower incidence of cardiac damage. Little correlation existed between the composition and characteristics of specific fats and their activity in producing the specific cardiac lesions observed here.
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  • 272
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: One of the fatty acid derivatives called prostaglandins, PGB1, when applied to organ cultures of developing chick skin with feather organ loci, completely blocks feather organ development, but stimulates proliferation and keratinization of the epidermis. Control and PGB1 treated explants were harvested after one, two, and three days in culture and processed for study by electron microscopy.Fine structural observation of control and treated skins indicate the following. (1) Tonofilaments appear much sooner in treated explants than in controls, and are distributed at all levels of the epidermis. (2) The cristae of mitochondria in epidermal cells of treated skins are long, closely apposed, and oriented parallel to the longest axis of the organelle as contrasted with a transverse orientation for them in control epidermis. (3) There is increased deposition of collagen in the mesenchyme of treated skins as contrasted to that observed in controls. (4) Unusual structures (inclusion bodies) occur throughout the stratified and superficial epidermis of treated skins and are composed of fine filaments and granules measuring about 30 Å in diameter. They are often associated with tonofilaments. (5) Small but numerous vacuoles appear in the epidermal cells of treated skins and seem to develop from cisternae of the Golgi apparatus or endoplasmic reticulum.The change in orientation of cristae of the mitochondria, vacuolation of the epidermis, and appearance of the inclusion bodies first occurs after two days of treatment with PGB1 in culture. These observations coincide with previous data demonstrating that restitution of feather organ development can be accomplished after one day of treatment with PGB1, but not after two days of treatment.The observations are consistent with an accelerated maturation process, but may be correlated with a specific and irreversible change in a metabolic event necessary for feather development.
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  • 273
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The germinal crescent in the chick embryo is characterized by small, PAS-positive, nonglycogen granules from 1.5 to 5 μ in diameter. The primordial germ cells (PGCs) were found to originate in and separate from the germinal crescent endoderm through stage 7 (2 somites). Shortly after separation most of the granules in the PGCs lost their organization and the PAS-positive material was distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm. A few of these granules remained within the cells indefinitely. Glycogen of an agranular nature which had shifted to one pole of the cell was observed at stage four. Granular glycogen which was distributed throughout the cytoplasm was not observed prior to stage 7 or 8.Cell counts on individual embryos showed noticeable variations as to the number of germ cells between embryos of the same stage. For example, in stage 4 embryos the minimum number of cells counted, including attached and free, was 78 and the maimum 169, while in stage 9 the minimum was 83 and the maximum 469 cells. After separation the germ cells were observed almost anywhere between the ectoderm and the endoderm although the majority remained in the area where they originated.
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  • 274
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study was designed to demonstrate quantitative growth trends in the human upper face region before birth. Photographs of 68 sagittally sectioned fetal heads were measured using a series of linear and angular measurements for changing height, length and shape. Cross-sectional types of data were treated with a statistical model which tested for linearity of the data, correlation between growth changes and increasing fetal age, significance of the differences between rates of change in related upper face regions and the general significance of the trends shown in the study.Pooled data for the second and third trimesters suggested three distinct growth trends. Linear measurements of the cranial base, nasal area, and plate correlated significantly with increasing crown-rump length. Finally, a composite upper face profile for the sample suggested a relative migratio of the region downward and forward away from the anterior cranial base and the hypophyseal fossa. These three trends collectively demonstrated that the pattern of upper facial growth before birth involves progressive enlargement of a relatively static profile. It should be understood that this pattern is a group trend as shown by cross-sectional sampling of many individuals over a period of time with no individual being measured more than once. Conversely, variabilities in a specific individual's growth are most appropriately demonstrated by measuring that individual several times throughout some time span, i.e., by longitudinal sampling. Studies of the human fetus are restricted generally to the cross-sectional sampling technique.The close similarly of these prenatal trends with those reported for postnatal craniofacial growth suggests that certain patterns of facial growth in childhood can be seen as early as the beginning of the fetal period and emphasizes the continuum of human development.
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  • 275
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    American Journal of Anatomy 125 (1969), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: CF1 mice were exposed to x-rays during development at various intervals from 0.5 day after conception to 18 days. The levels of x-irradiation were previously established for each gestation day so that half of the exposed fetuses would survive for at least 30 days after birth. Those that survived to two months were radiographed (1,174 mice including 150 controls of the two sexes) and seven bone measurements were taken from each mouse. From conception through gestation day 10 there appeared to be no significant reduction in bone measurements as a result of embryonic or fetal x-irradiation even though the exposures ranged from 100 R to 400 R. The greatest decrements followed exposure of the fetuses at days 15 and 16, although there was some reduction on days 13 and 14 also. The spine measurements were first reduced when x-irradiation was done on day 11. In both the controls and those x-rayed the average bone measurements were slightly greater for the males than for the females. Embryologically those days most radiosensitive with respect to skeletal growth were those when osteogenesis was the most active. There is no evidence that ionizing radiations prior to chondrogenesis has any effect on later skeletal development.
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  • 276
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    American Journal of Anatomy 125 (1969), S. 217-231 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Investigation of the reproductive tracts of 78 pregnant pronghorns (Antilocapra americana Ord) revealed that even though twin births were the rule, three-seven ova were commonly ovulated, fertilized, and developed into expanded blastocysts. Some mortality occurred in the thread-stage because of knotting and tangling of the blastocysts. When more than one embryo per uterine horn survived the thread-stage, the one distal to the corpus uteri was displaced or its membranes were pierced by the necrotic tip of the proximal embryo. Thus, excess blastocysts and embryos were eliminated during the thread-stage or at the time of implantation.The pronghorn uterus was bicornuate with an average of 92 caruncles which increased approximately 250 times in volume during gestation. The placenta was of the epitheliochorial type. Transuterine migration of ova occurred. When the embryos were 50-75 mm in length, their membranes met in the corpus uteri. The cervix had 4 or 5 muscular valves with papillae projecting caudally. During late gestation a cervical plug formed in the posterior valve.
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  • 277
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    American Journal of Anatomy 125 (1969), S. 247-269 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Numerous optic nerve fibers persist for a period of up to 20 months following enucleation in reptiles, although it is unlikely that a significant number of efferent fibers are present. After varying survival periods, almost all nerve fibers display distinct morphological changes probably associated with degeneration, but most features previously associated with early stages of degeneration can be seen in long-survival material except for the early and rapid loss of all non-myelinated fibers and a honeycomb tubular degeneration associated with the inner and outer myelin layers. Distinct sequential stages of axon and myelin degeneration could not be ascertained despite the slow rate of degeneration in poikilotherms. The varieties of abnormal axon morphology are documented and considered in terms of current light microscopic staining methods.
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  • 278
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In human embryos and fetuses, a small bundle of nerve fibers from the anterior and posterior vagal trunks descends between the layers of the hepatogastric ligament. These fibers pass to the region of the junction of the umbilical vein with the ductus venosus. At this junction, there is a slight thickening of the muscular wall. Nerve fibers pass to this junction and the proximal portion of the umbilical vein.Fibers from the posterior vagal trunk follow the left gastric artery to the celiac plexus. Fibers from this plexus follow the hepatic artery into the lesser omentum and along the portal vein to the liver. Continuing along the left branch of the portal vein, fibers reach the proximal portion of the umbilical vein and its junction with the ductus venosus.Ganglion cells were observed along the course of vagus nerve fibers to the umbilical vein. In embryos these cells were observed on the lower end of the anterior vagal trunk near the attachment of the upper end of the lesser omentum to the lower end of the esophagus. In older fetuses they were found in a small ganglion in the connective tissue surrouding the distal end of the ductus venosus.
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  • 279
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    American Journal of Anatomy 125 (1969), S. 375-379 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The position and orientation of the heart valves and cusps were investigated in 125 adult and 25 stillborn cadaver hearts in an attempt to establish a reasonably uniform picture of this aspect of cardiac anatomy. The study was prompted by the fact that current textbook figures show wide variation in depicting these structures and also by the fact that the standard nomenclature of the cusps has not been fully accepted by anatomists and cardiologists. There is the additional problem of naming the cusps in congenitally defective hearts. The literature related to cases of great vessel transposition is particularly confusing and the lack of a uniform figure of the heart valves and disagreement about the cusps adds to the confusion.The arrangement of the valves and cusps was found to be very uniform in the specimens studied and a standard figure is suggested to replace the variations seen in current texts. It is further suggested that the approved nomenclature of the cusps be followed and several supplemental terms be recognized as accurate. non-ambiguous and useful, particularly in descriptions of the congenitally defective heart.
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  • 280
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopy was used to investigate the uptake and storage of electrondense particulate matter by the rodent yolk sac placenta. Pregnant hamsters were given single intra-uterine injections of Thorotrast on day 13, 14 or 15 of gestation and killed at intervals between 15 minutes and 48 hours thereafter. Electron microscopic examination of yolk sacs removed from the injected animals revealed the rapid and progressive uptake of the tracer particles by the visceral epithelial cells of these fetal membranes. Pinocytic vacuoles (phagosomes) containing Thorotrast were visible in the apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells as early as 15 minutes after injection and became increasingly abundant in these cells at later post-injection intervals up to 18 hours. Epithelial cells which became fully engorged with Thorotrast vacuoles exhibited various pathologic changes, possibly caused by the interference of the metabolically inert metal particles with intracellular digestive mechanisms (the lysosome system). There was no evidence, however, of transport of Thorotrast particles through or between the yolk sac epithelial cells. The connective tissue spaces and blood vessels of the yolk sac, as well as underlying fetal compartments, were free of the tracer particles at all observed intervals after injection.
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  • 281
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Baboon placentae were studied which ranged in age from 13 to 40 days. Implantation in the baboon is superficial and a single, discoid, villous hemochorial placenta is formed. No chorionic villi develop peripheral to the placenta and there is no decidua capsularis. Trophoblastic tissue within the placenta is of two types, cyto- and syncytiotrophoblast. The chorionic villi are short and straight at 13 days but have begun to branch by 16 days. The villi consist of a mesenchymal core surrounded by a single layer of cytotrophoblast which is in turn surrounded by a layer of syncytiotrophoblast. Cytotrophoblastic cells from the distal tips of the villi spread over the maternal surface of the placenta and form a complete cytotrophoblastic shell against the uterine stroma. Maternal blood enters and leaves the intervillous space through clefts in the cytotrophoblastic shell which connect with arteries and expanded venules within the endometrium. A limited decidualization of the uterine stroma takes place.
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  • 282
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Morphogenesis of the fetal membranes of the white-tailed deer was studied throughout pregnancy. In placentomes, the long, branched, fetal villi occupied corresponding maternal crypts. The bases of the villi and the arching areas connecting them (arcades) were covered with high columnar cytotrophoblast, which apparently had phagocytosed material from the adjacent degenerating rims of the crypts. This arcade cytotrophoblast contained much glycogen and occasional mitochondria, free ribosomes, and pigment granules. Elsewhere, the columnar cytotrophoblast cells usually contained three to five rows of rod-shaped mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles. Interspersed among them were numerous binucleate giant cells which usually contained peripheral lace-like granular endoplasmic reticulum and many complex lipoprotein droplets. Cryptal epithelium, deep to the degenerate rims, was low columnar, had infranuclear osmiophilic lipid droplets, and sparsely distributed cytoplasmic organelles. The microvilli of cryptal and cytotrophoblastic epithelia interdigitated and appeared as a brush border under light microscopy. The microvilli and their PAS-positive mucopolysaccharide material appeared capable of holding uterine and chorionic epithelia together during pregnancy. The placentomes were epitheliochorial, but showed “intra-epithelial” capillaries. Interplacenomal uterine and cytotrophoblasitc epithelia resembled those of the placentomes. Their microvill were inundated by endometrial gland secretion (uterine milk). The cytotrophoblast contained pigment granules and much absorbed uterine milk. The amniotic epithelium showed short microvilli, complexly folded lateral plasma membranes, many desmosomes, abundant glycogen granules, foot processes and other cytoplasmic organelles.
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  • 283
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 291-297 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of vincristine on the dividing cells in mouse fetuses. Teratogenic doses of vincristine sulfate (Oncovin) were given intraperitoneally to pregnant DBA/2J mice on day 9 of pregnancy. Treated mothers were killed and the fetuses recovered at eight different time intervals ranging from one-half hour to 96 hours after injection. Estimates of mitotic arrests, mitotic irregularities and mitotic index were obtained from Feulgen-stained paraffin sections of the fetuses. A sevenfold increase in the number of metaphase plates was observed at two hours after vincristine treatment. The incidence of anaphase-telophase aberrations, such as chromosome bridges and fragments, was slightly higher in the treated fetuses than that in the controls. This study showed that vincristine crossed the placental barrier to produce cellular changes which might play an important role in initiating growth defects.
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  • 284
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The metrial gland cells of the pregnant rat were studied with the electron microscope from day 12 through day 15 of pregnancy. Prominent features of their fine structure included abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi complex, and numerous dense granules. These granules were bounded by a single membrane and contained a dense material, smooth vesicles, and membranous whorls. It is suggested that the dense material is aggregated in the mature granules by the coalescence of smaller progranules that are derived from the Golgi apparatus. The nature and fate of these granules is discussed in relation to the possible secretion of relaxin by metrial cells.
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  • 285
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 373-391 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Certain reactive dyes of the procion M and remazol group were effective for vital staining of growing bones. These compounds appear to form covalent bonds with the protein matrices and are preserved in situ after decalcification. Dye concentrations in sera of animals receiving one injection were followed. There was a precipitous drop in optical density in the first 24 hours; the remainder of the dye was largely cleared from the serum in 11-21 days. Dye concentrations and staining of bone were correlated. The width of the stained bone appeared to be related to rate of growth and disappearance of dye from the blood. On electrophoresis, the dyes moved with the albumin fraction. Dialysis and electrophoresis experiments favored the conclusion that they form covalent bonds with the protein. Growth of the rabbit mandible at 5-13 weeks, was studied by microscopy in decalcified sections. Using multicolored dyes, the sites of growth were marked in known sequence and sites of resorption were identified by interruption of stained zones. Principles of growth and remodelling advanced by Enlow were confirmed and the growth pattern of the rabbit mandible was elucidated.
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  • 286
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    American Journal of Anatomy 126 (1969), S. 489-495 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Six multiparous ewes, three of which were lactating and the remaining three in an advanced stage of mammary involution, were used to study the distribution of lymphatic vessels in the mammary gland. The lymphatic system was distended by ligation of the regional efferent lymphatic ducts and either reconstituted blood or Latex was used to fill the blood vascular system. After fixation, distribution of lymphatic vessels was studied macroscopically and microscopically.One to three mammary nodes were situated at the postero-dorsal aspect of each gland. Entering and leaving the nodes were 8 to 12 major afferent and 2 to 4 efferent ducts. Four or five of the afferent ducts accompanied the external pudendal artery and vein and their radicles emerged from the deep parenchyma of the gland. The remaining afferent ducts emerged from the parenchyma of the gland independent of blood vessels and their radicles drained both superficial and deep parenchyma.Lymphatic vessels were found in the connective tissue between lobes, within lobes and between lobules. Lymphatic capillaries were observed in the connective tissue within lobules and also in areas adjacent to the alveolar epithelium. Lymphatic vessels in the connective tissue between lobes and the larger vessels were supplied with valves and their walls posessed an endothelial cell lining together with smooth muscle and connective tissue layers. Finer lymphatic vessels appeared to consist of only a simple endothelial cell lining and valves were not found.
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  • 287
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    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The abdominal intersegmental molting muscles of Rhodnius prolixus undergo a repeated differentiation and dedifferentiation correlated with the molting cycle of the insect. In the dedifferentiated phase, the muscle fibers lack myofibrils but contain a few bundles of 50-60Å filaments associated with amorphous dense plaques on the sarcolemma. Differentiation of the muscle fibers begins when a starved Rhodnius nymph takes a blood meal. The first morphological signs of differentiation at ten hours after feeding are a dispersal of ribosomes from the nuclear envelopes and a formation of polysomes in the sarcoplasm. The initial myofilaments appear within 10 to 15 hours after the blood meal and are preferentially deposited in the cortices of the muscle fibers in association with the 50-60Å filament bundles and the dense plaques on the sarcolemma. Striated myofibrils are present after five days of differentiation. Developmental continuity between Z-band segments and sarcolemmal dense plaques is suggested. The formation of cross-bridges between thick and thin myofilaments appears to be the primary mechanism of myofibril organization. Disruption of microtubules with colchicine does not significantly alter myofilament deposition and organization during early stages of differentiation. Dyads, consisting of smooth sarcoplasmic reticulum and invaginations of the sarcolemma, are present in the dedifferentiated muscle fiber, and increase in number as differentiation proceeds.
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  • 288
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    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969), S. 31-46 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Parts of the medial and lateral habenular nuclei were removed unilaterally in each of thirteen opossums and the brains were studied for fiber degeneration by a modified Nauta method. Degeneration was seen in the ipsilateral, but not the contralateral, habenulopeduncular tract, which at the level of the interpeduncular nucleus underwent a partial decussation over it, whereas there were almost no degenerating fibers in the nucleus itself. Caudal to the nucleus extensive degeneration was present bilaterally among nuclei of the raphé and this extended into the predorsal fasciculus. Many terminals were observed in the nuclei of the raphé and within the deep tegmental nucleus. Although degenerating fibers were seen in the region of the dorsal tegmental nucleus, no terminals could be identified with certainty. Degeneration was also present in the superior colliculus.Bilateral degeneration occurred in the stria medullaris and extended to the preoptic area and the olfactory tubercle. In the dorsal preoptic area a small, but quite definite fiber bundle, separated from the posterior surface of the stria medullaris, traversed the lateral hypothalamus and passed dorsal to the mammillary bodies into the midbrain tegmentum, where it became intermingled with fibers of the habenulopeduncular tract just ventral to the red nucleus.Findings appear to indicate that in the opossum relatively few, if any, fibers of habenular origin terminate in the interpeduncular nucleus. In addition, fairly substantial evidence has been obtained to show that there are a number of efferent fibers within the stria medullaris.
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  • 289
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The gestation period of Tadarida is approximately four months long extending from late February to June. During the first half of gestation the yolk sac undergoes a complete collapse bringing two layers of endodermal cells into contact with one another and obliterating the cavity of the yolk sac. Both the endodermal and the mesodermal cells hypertrophy and develop into a glandular-looking organ during the latter half of gestation. Approximately a month before parturition the endodermal cells become progressively laden with lipid and glycogen. Immediately before birth, however, both of these storage materials are depleted. This depletion is preceded by the formation of an extensive array of hexagonal membranous channels within the cytoplasm. Some of the membranes of this organelle are closely applied to lipid droplets and glycogen granules can be observed in linear patterns within the hexagonal channels. Tissues taken at term showed the membranes of the hexagonal channels continuous with a paracrystalline membranous structure. The close morphological association of the membranous organelle to both the lipid and glycogen storage materials indicates that it is involved in their metabolism in the yolk sac of the bat.
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  • 290
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The thymus represents the first lymphocytic organ to exhibit lymphopoietic activity in the fetal rabbit with lymphoblastic transformation beginning by 17 days of gestation, and lymphocytes appearing by 18 days, one to two days before vascularization. Lymphocytes are first evident in lymph nodes at 18 days of fetal development, in the spleen on the twenty-third day, and in the appendix just prior to birth.Medium-sized lymphocytes and rare blast-like cells represent the first lymphocytic cells found in the lymph node anlage. Both of these cell forms appear simultaneously and are distributed randomly. Lymphocytes remain relatively sparse increasing gradually in number until several days prior to birth when their numbers increase rapidly. Coincident with the augmentation in lymphocyte population, lymphocytes tend to cluster near the vascular channels, and are present within the lumina and walls of the smaller veins in the node. Morphological gradations between mesenchymal cells and medium-sized lymphocytes provide suggestive evidence that the initial population of lymphocytes within the node arise by the direct transformation of the stromal cells into medium-sized lymphocytes. Less frequently, deeply basophilic blast-like cells may provide an intermediate stage in lymphocyte differentiation. These cells differ from typical lymphoblasts because of their smaller size and irregular cellular contour.It is postulated that the initial population of lymphocytes formed in the lymph node anlage is derived from the transformation of mesenchymal cells and subsequent homoplastic lymphocyte proliferation and that during later fetal life this population of lymphocytes is complemented by the colonization and proliferation of blood-borne lymphocytes.
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  • 291
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    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 292
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Granulated juxtaglomerular cells have been identified in the media of afferent arterioles in the fresh water goldfish and in a marine English sole. Electron microscopy demonstrated the following five types of granules in the modified smooth muscle cells: (1) Small homogeneous granules near the Golgi apparatus; (2) larger homogeneous granules throughout the cytoplasm; (3) granules containing a bundle of hexagonally packed tubules; (4) autophagic vacuoles; and (5) granules containing membranous and granular debris. The granulated juxtaglomerular cells are morphologically similar to mammalian granulated cells and therefore may be the site of renin secretion. They exist with no relation to a distal tubule and hence appear to occupy an interesting position in the evolution of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
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  • 293
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Implantation in Pedetes capensis is superficial and antimesometrial with the embryonic disc mesometrially oriented. As the blastocyst expands, the embryonic pole trophoblast proliferates and penetrates the epithelium at the mesometrial side to establish a massive trophospongial preplacenta. Maternal blood lacunae form in this, and a preplacental maternal circulation is soon established. Amniogenesis is by folding. A choriovitelline placenta develops on the preplacental surface. Yolk sac inversion is late. The bilaminar omphalopleure is permanent. Syntrophoblastic tongues penetrate the preplacenta and surround maternal spaces lined with an attenuated trophospongial cell layer, thus providing a hemodichorial barrier when the vascular allantoic mesoderm invades these tongues to form the lobular labyrinth. A typical countercurrent bloodflow occurs. A small allantoic diverticulum persists to term. Several fetal membrane characters, known to be evolutionarily “conservative,” are alike in Pedetes and the more primitive sciuromorphs. These are the type of implantation, amniogenesis, yolk sac inversion, and allantois. The massive trophospongial preplacenta (Träger) suggests affinity with the Myomorpha and Hystricomorpha, but this is a highly variable character within the Rodentia. Therefore, it is concluded that on the basis of the fetal membranes the Pedetidae are somewhat specialized sciuromorphs.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 294
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Initial cytodifferentiation of neuroblasts in the retina of chick embryos was investigated by means of silver impregnation, H3-thymidine autoradiography, and electron microscopy. Utilization of various combined procedures with the same initial fixative demonstrated that the results of neurofibrillar staining are complementary, not contradictory, to information obtained from both autoradiography and electron microscopy.The question of a homogeneous versus a non-homogeneous cell population within the neural epithelium was clarified by the closely related appearance of neurofibrils to the terminal mitotic cycle of some presumptive neuroblasts. Neurofibrils were observed in certain apolar pre-division cells as well as in pairs of transitional apolar and bipolar daughter cells which apparently do not remain in the neural epithelium. At the ultrastructural level, aggregates of 60 Å neurofilaments were observed in configurations that corresponded to neurofibrillar networks. As the bipolar neuroblast moves into the ganglion cell layer, it would appear that much of the neurofibrillar substance is transported within the elongating peripheral process which becomes the optic nerve fiber. Further investigation of the relationship of neurofilaments to neurotubules in the neuroblast undergoing cytodifferentiation is now in progress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 295
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969), S. 149-162 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Stimulated by the needs of surgery, common variations in the sympathetic pathways to the heart have acquired a practical significance. The cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic trunk was dissected on 24 sides in human fetuses at term, and the cardiac rami together with their communications studied and illustrated. To enable us to classify the cervical rami according to their sites of origin, the cervical sympathetic trunk was subdivided midway between ganglia into portions called ganglionic divisions; these divisions keeping the names applied to the ganglia in the Nomina Anatomica.Intermediate ganglia were found on the visceral outflow of the sympathetic trunk and are referred to as “distal intermediate ganglia” to distinguish them from the intermediate ganglia that have been described proximal to the sympathetic trunk.Thoracic cardiac rami were almost invariably present, the third and fourth thoracic ganglia most frequently providing substantial contributions. Some thoracic cardiac rami were traced as far as the left anterior descending coronary plexus.The question of bilateral symmetry was also examined. Whilst a variety of features are commonly present on both sides, the first dissection in a cervicothoracic sympathectomy is no reliable guide to the detailed anatomy of the second side. The sympathetic pathways to the heart are extremely variable in their topography, and the diversity of arrangements encountered accounts for the morphological contradictions in the literature. So numerous are the possible variations that the outcome of a sympathectomy is unpredictable. Where denervation is incomplete, collateral sprouting and regeneration of nerves could even lead to hyperstimulation via the sympathetic pathways.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 296
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The reason for the presence of the paranasal sinuses has been a controversial subject since the time of Galen, 130-201 A.D. In a review of the literature, the diversity of the numerous functions ascribed to these air-filled cavities was found to be astounding. Many functions were ascribed only on the basis of opinion rather than scientific investigation and recent studies have illustrated the fallacy of these opinions. To date, not one proposed function has been universally accepted to be the essential reason for their existence.This review of the literature deals mainly with those theories of anatomical and physiological significance of the paranasal sinuses having received the most consideration and many of which are currently considered tenable. These are, as follows: (1) impart resonance to the voice; (2) humidify and warm inspired air; (3) increase the area of the olfactory membrane; (4) absorb shock applied to the head for protection of sensory organs; (5) secrete mucus for keeping the nasal chambers moist; (6) thermally insulate the nervous centers; (7) aid facial growth and architecture; (8) exist as evolutionary remains and/or unwanted air spaces; and (9) lighten the bones of the skull for maintenance of proper balance of the head.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 297
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969), S. 163-186 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ovaries of fetal mice obtained during the twelfth to eighteenth day of gestation and from the first to third postnatal day have been studied by electron microscopy. The interrelationships of follicle cells to oögonia and to connective tissue cells have received special attention. On day 12, when the female gonad can first be distinguished, relatively few large oögonia are visible. These are loosely aggregated and are accompanied by only a few follicle cells.On days 13 and 14 loose groups of oögonia become better demonstrated, and now are always surrounded peripherally by follicle cells. Beginning on day 14 very thin cytoplasmic processes of the follicle cells are interposed between adjacent oögonia. Subsequently, by following this process the follicle cells are drawn into the groups of oögonia or oöcytes. Increasing numbers of connective tissue cells and capillaries are growing into the cortex from the medulla and hilar regions. By day 18 and postnatal day 1 this ingrowth has separated the groups of oöcytes and follicle cells further. By postnatal days 2 and 3 most oöcytes have become enclosed by a follicular epithelium of either flattened, cuboidal or columnar cells. Many stages of zona pellucida formation can be recognized. It is postulated that the manner of fetal and early postnatal differentiation of the ovary explains a number of follicular configurations which deviate from the normal. At no time have cords of cells been observed to originate from germinal epithelium. By contrast the underlying tunica albuginea is derived by ingrowth of cells from the medulla.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 298
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969), S. 187-209 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Human nasal respiratory mucosa has a limited capacity for localization of stimuli and discrimination of sensory modalities. In order to obtain morphological data on its receptor organs, histochmeical and electron microscopical studies were undertaken in six individuals ranging in age from 18 to 39 years.It was found that the nasal respiratory mucosa was supplied by non-myelinated nerves which approached the mucosa in fascicles containing up to 200 axons. These fascicles were devoid of perineurial sheaths. They ramified repeatedly producing only one type of receptor organ  -  a simple terminal arborization. The finest terminal fascicles of the plexus ended either in the cell free zone of the lamina propria or in the spaces between the epithelial cells next to the basement membrane. The axons in the fascicles and in the endings were only partly insulated from one another by Schwann cell folds. The axoplasm of the terminal and preterminal nerve fibers contained accumulations of fine vesicles, simple granules and clusters of mitochondria. All nerve fibers gave a positive acetyl- and a negative butyro-cholinesterase reaction.The plexiform endings of the nasal respiratory mucosa are different from any receptor organ of the adult human skin. They are reminiscent of the transitory, yet functional plexiform endings of the fetal skin which are found prior to the formation of the definitive receptor organs.
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  • 299
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 300
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 124 (1969), S. 239-249 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Two groups of male albino rats of 26 days old, were kept at 5°C and 28°C respectively. Their growth was studied by weekly gross measurements and biweekly radiographic investigations for 16 weeks. Compared with the controls at 28°C, the rats kept at 5°C showed the following effects of cold in their growth: (1) Smaller measurements at all ages; (2) Slower growth rates in the first two to four weeks; (3) Relatively shorter tail and shorter feet but body weight was the same as the controls of the same body lengths irrespective of age; (4) Shorter but relatively thicker bones; (5) A disto-proximal stunting gradient was observed in the tail and limb bones, showing more severe effect in the distal segments and decreasing effect in the proximal segments; (6) Retardation of skeletal maturational status in the naked appendages (tail and foot); (7) Decreased number (1.4) of ossified caudal vertebrae.The above phenomena were discussed as results of possible reduction of blood flow to the skeletal tissue on cold exposure.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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