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  • breast cancer
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Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: biopsy ; breast cancer ; radical mastectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects on the prognosis of breast cancer, of the delay between biopsy and radical mastectomy were studied in 394 patients. No delay had been experienced by 148 cases (no delay group), no biopsy had been performed in 166 cases (no biopsy group) and 80 cases had experienced a delay of 1 day or longer after having had a biopsy taken at a different institution (delay group). The recurrence rate of the no delay group was 10.8 per cent (16/148), whereas that of the delay group was 18.8 per cent (15/80). The relapse free survival rate of the no delay group was superior to that of the delay group (Kaplan Meier’s method: p〈0.05). The delay group was further divided into two groups according to the duration of delay, namely: a group whose delay was less than 7 days and another whose delay was longer than 8 days. There was no significant difference between the relapse free survival rates of the no delay group and the less than 7 days group, however, a significant difference was observed between the no delay group and the longer than 8 days delay group (p〈0.05). The acceptable delay between biopsy and radical mastectomy may therefore be concluded as less than 7 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: kidney transplantation ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunosuppressive therapy is not only an etiologic factor ofde novo malignant disease but it also accelerates progression of the already developed malignant disease in immunosuppressed recipients. Two cases ofde novo breast cancer arising in kidney transplant recipients are reported herein. A 25 year-old woman, transplanted one haploidentical kidney transplant 4 years and 9 months ago, developed a left breast tumor. Within one month the tumor had rapidly enlarged from 3.5 cm to 8 cm in diameter by the time she underwent a radical mastectomy. Nine axillary lymph nodes were positive for metastasis. Although her graft function had been poor due to chronic rejection, she was treated with standard immunosuppressive therapy, but not adjuvant therapy. Since local recurrent disease appeared two months postoperatively, the immunosuppressive therapy was ceased and60Co therapy started. Recurrent disease progressed rapidly, however, and she died 7 months after her operation. A 27 year-old woman, having allograft from an identical sibling, noted a right breast tumor, 8 years and 7 months later. Again the tumor had grown rapidly from 1.8 cm to 3 cm in diameter within one month. She underwent a standard radical mastectomy. One axillary lymph nodes was positive for metastasis. She has been treated with standard immunosuppressive therapy and adjuvant endocrinochemotherapy. Presently, she is alive with a well functioning graft and no disease.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; modified radical mastectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have developed a new type of modified radical mastectomy, the method and clinical results of which are reported herein. In this operation, axillary dissection is performed by the following two approaches. Firstly, the axillary contents are dissected from the highest possible subclavicular point to the pectoralis minor muscle, after partially cutting the sternocostal origin of the pectoralis major muscle. The second approach is from the posterior aspect of the pectoralis minor muscle to the lateral portion of the latissimus dorsi muscle. Parasternal dissection can also be performed for stage II and IIIa cancers with a central or medial tumor. After lymph node dissection, the detached edge of the sternocostal origin of the pectoralis major muscle is resutured to cover the parasternal region. Thus, complete dissection of the axillary nodes is performed whilst preserving the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles. Good clinical results were achieved with respect to radicality, cosmetic effects and function in 28 patients with stage I, II and IIIa breast cancers who were followed up for between 5 to 8 years. This new operation may therefore be adopted for the majority of patients with Stage I, II, or IIIa cancers, unless massive infiltration into the pectoralis major muscle has occurred. Preservation of both the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles results in a good cosmetic appearance, good functioning of the arm and easy reconstruction of the breast following mastectomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: estrogen receptor ; breast cancer ; endocrine therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Estrogen receptor (ER) expression was investigated by ER-immunocytochemical assay (ICA) and the dextran coated charcoal (DCC) method in 10 recurrent or primary-advanced breast cancer patients treated with endocrine or chmmo-endocrine therapy. In 6 of these 10 patients, ER was examined both before and after treatments by the 2 methods. ER contents measured by the DCC method were found to be decreased after treatments, however, no change in the immunoreactivities of ER-ICA was observed. In the remaining 4 patients, the ER of new lesions refractory to endocrine or chemo-endocrine therapy was examined. ER status was determined as negative in 3 of the 4 patients by the DCC method, whereas by ER-ICA, the proportion of ER stained cells was about 70 per cent, those cells being diffusely distributed in the section. A discrepancy between ER-ICA and the DCC method was thus demonstrated in breast cancer patients treated by endocrine therapy.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: cancer cell emboli ; pectoral lymphatics ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the possibility of local recurrence in the pectoral muscles of patients who undergo modified radical mastectomies, the cancer cell involvement of the lymphatics associated with the pectoralis major muscle was studied in 39 patients who underwent a standard radical mastectomy for Stage I–III breast cancer. Cancer cell emboli were found in the transpectoral lymphatics of 2 patients (2/39=5.1 per cent) and in the pectoral fascial lymphatics of 6 patients (6/39=15.4 per cent). Two patients with fascial lymphatic cancer cell emboli were from a group of 14 patients with intramammary lymphatic tumor emboli of a low degree (ly 1). The other 6 patients with cancer cell emboli in either the pectoral fascia or the transpectoral lymphatics were from a group of 11 patients with intramammary lymphatic tumor emboli of a moderate degree (ly 2). There was a significant relationship between the intramammary and the pectoral lymphatic cancer cell emboli (Chi square test: p〈0.05). The results of this study therefore indicate that lymphatic cancer cell emboli in the pectoral fascia and muscle are an important risk factor for patients who undergo a modified radical mastectomy.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; regional lymph node dissection ; modified extended mastectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The results of an analysis done on the regional lymph node metastases of 300 patients with operable breast cancer, who were treated in the Department of Surgery (II), Kanazawa University Hospital from 1973 to early 1988 are reported herein. It was found that the metastases of the axillary and internal mammary lymph nodes were closely related to the survival of patients, but they were hardly diagnosed before the operation. Only the dissection of these lymph nodes proved useful for providing the prognostic information. Moreover, in a retrospective study comparing theen bloc extended radical mastectomyversus the other types of mastectomy, the extended radical mastectomy was seen to greatly improve the survival of patients with 3 or less than 3 metastatic axillary lymph nodes. Thus, the extended radical mastectomy provides the maximum diagnostic and prognostic information, and gives the best chance of loco-regional control of the disease. The anterior chest deformity created by the extended radical mastectomy, however, should be avoided in those patients without internal mammary involvement. We therefore propose the modified extended mastectomy as a staging operation.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: metastatic carcinoma of the esophagus ; breast cancer ; surgical resection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of progressive dysphagia due to metastatic carcinoma of the esophagus from breast cancer is described herein. The patient was a 55 year-old Japanese woman who had undergone a right radical mastectomy for carcinoma of the right breast 9 years previously. We performed a subtotal esophagectomy and reconstruction, using the stomach. She is now well and working without any further symptoms, five years after surgery. Thus, palliative surgery for the complications caused by metastatic carcinoma of the esophagus may be worthwhile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1436-2813
    Keywords: breast cancer ; tumor marker ; CA15-3 ; CEA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Serum carbohydrate antigen (CA15-3) values were examined in 300 normal subjects in order to determine the standard value of this antigen. The clinical relevance of repeatedly assaying this marker in patients with or without recurrent breast cancer postoperatively was compared with assaying the serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) values. The upper limit of CA15-3 was calculated as being 25.3 U/ml in the normal subjects and the distributions of CA15-3 values were not markedly different among the normal subjects, even if they had been selected according to sex or age. Moreover, no differences were observed among normal women who had been randomly selected according to the age distribution of the breast cancer patients. Thirty samples taken from the breast cancer patients postoperatively revealed values of higher than 25 U/ml and 73 samples showed lower levels. The serum CEA values were positive in 16 samples and negative in 85 samples. Although the accuracy of the CEA assay was about 10 per cent higher than that of the CA15-3 assay, its low positive rate was unsatisfactory for effective use in the breast clinic. The results of this study suggest that serum CA15-3 is not detectable unless there is a relatively large number of tumor cells. The higher false positive rate of the CA15-3 assay should therefore be considered as suggesting recurrence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 108-128 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chemistry ; mountain lakes ; silica ; acidity ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alpine lakes in siliceous catchments of Tyrol and Carinthia (Austria) show signs of acidification. About 9% of the studied lakes have no alkalinity, more than 20% are below pH 6. About two thirds of all lakes have acid neutralizing capacities below 100 μeq 1−1. In spite of moderate precipitation acidity, some lakes show considerable concentrations of dissolved reactive aluminum during or shortly after snowmelt. High altitude lakes of the Alps are definitely more acidic than high mountain lakes in remote areas. Large differences in water and soil chemistry of nearby situated lakes were attributed to heterogeneities of bedrock geology. Paleolimnological investigations on former pH values of five lakes, based on diatom assemblages in the sediment, showed different developments: recent and past acidification, stable conditions, and alkalinization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of behavioral medicine 12 (1989), S. 605-611 
    ISSN: 1573-3521
    Keywords: mammography ; compliance ; appointment keeping ; breast cancer ; incentives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Compliance with screening mammography recommendations is low. Consequently, a community-wide program offering $50 mammograms at 29 radiology facilities was implemented. The program was promoted on a local TV news show and women 35 years and older were instructed to call a referral phone bank. If the caller met eligibility criteria, she received an information packet that assigned her to one of the facilities; it was her responsibility to schedule the appointment. At one facility, a strategy to increase compliance was piloted using a controlled design. Of the 96 subjects assigned to that clinic, 47 received an incentive coupon combined with a prompt in addition to the information packet and 49 received no coupon. The coupon was redeemable for a nutrition information kit when the subject appreared at her appointment. Results indicated that the incentive group had a significantly higher rate of appointment making than the control group (81 vs. 59%). Of subjects in both groups who made appointments, nearly 100% kept them. The intervention appeared to be cost-effective with a self-referred sample.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Keywords: doxorubicin ; iproplatin ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Forty-eight patients with advanced breast cancer were treated in a disease-specific phase I trial of doxorubicin and iproplatin combination chemotherapy. The doses of doxorubicin ranged between 30 and 50 mg/m2, and the doses of iproplatin ranged between 150 and 250 mg/m2. Myelosuppression was observed at all levels, but was dose-limiting at the highest level. In addition, nausea, diarrhea and malaise were prominent toxicities. Neither cardiac nor renal toxicity was encountered. Nine of 26 (35%) of previously untreated patients, and 5 of 22 (23%) previously treated patients demonstrated partial or complete responses. Although this combination possesses therapeutic activity, given its toxicities, further evaluation of doxorubicin in combination with iproplatin is not recommended.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: age ; breast cancer ; multiple primary cancers ; race
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence of multiple primary cancers was evaluated among 17,944 white and black female residents of Metropolitan Detroit diagnosed with breast cancer between 1973 and 1983. Invasive second primary cancers were diagnosed among 1106 of these women, almost twice the expected number. Subsequentin situ cancers were detected four times more often than expected. Fifty-six percent of the subsequent invasive cancers were of the breast (Standardized Incidence Ratio, SIR = 3.80). Black women experienced higher risk of subsequent breast cancers (SIR = 5.30) than white women (SIR = 3.62). Highest risk was seen among women first diagnosed before age 40 (SIR for black women = 26.15, SIR for white women = 10.87) and within five years of initial diagnosis. These findings suggest that young breast cancer patients, especially black women, are at high risk of developing a second primary breast cancer soon after their initial diagnosis and should be under continued medical surveillance. The occurrence of multiple primary breast cancers among young women suggests a genetic component to risk. Identification of this subpopulation would be useful in the study of molecular and genetic markers for cancer. Subsequent colon (SIR = 1.24) and cervical (SIR = 1.54) cancers also were diagnosed significantly more often than expected, as were ovarian cancers among white women (SIR = 1.45). These findings are consistent with common etiologic factors associated with these cancers.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; enzyme immunoassay ; immunocytochemical assay ; progesterone receptor ; radioligand binding assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Progesterone receptors were determined on frozen sections from 74 primary human breast tumors by an immunocytochemical assay using an indirect avidin-biotin peroxidase method. In the same tumors, cytosol estrogen (ERc) and progesterone receptors (PgRc) were determined by ligand binding assay, and nuclear estrogen (ERn) and progesterone receptors (PgRn) were determined by an immunoassay. Immunocytochemical staining was seen in 36% of tumors. It was predominantly nuclear and there was extensive cell to cell heterogeneity. When the immunocytochemical results were compared to PgRc the agreement rate was 63%, but it was 77% when compared to PgRn. About one third (38%) of PgRc positive tumors were immunocytochemically defined as negative. Thus a significant discordance exists between this immunocytochemical assay for PgR and both the conventional radioligand assay (used for PgRc) and the relatively new enzyme immunoassay (used for PgRn). However discordance rates were critically influenced by the arbitrary cutoff levels that were used to define receptor positivity in the biochemical assays. Our studies support the addition to, rather than the substitution of, immunocytochemical methods, to the conventional biochemical assays for PgR, until long-term follow-up studies of patients with PgRn and immunocytochemical PgR determinations become available.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 14 (1989), S. 77-90 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; epidermal growth factor receptor ; estrogen receptor ; prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prognostic significance of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) was studied in a cohort of 68 node-positive patients with breast cancer, who entered a controlled protocol of adjuvant therapy between February 1980 and June 1984. EGFR radioligand binding assay was carried out on frozen stored samples. Twenty five (37%) of 68 primary sites and 9 (41%) of 19 lymph node metastases assayed were EGFR-positive with a cut off value of 5 fmol/mg membrane protein; there is no statistical difference between the two distributions. EGFR was significantly correlated to ER and histological grade. EGFR-positive tumors and high levels of EGFR were mainly found in the ER-negative group of tumors (p = 0.008) and in histological grade III (p = 0.007). Fifty five patients could be followed for 40 to 92 months. EGFR was an independent prognostic factor for survival after 40 months (p = 0.05). EGFR+/ER− patients had the lowest survival probability, but statistical significance was not reached (p = 0.06). The EGFR phenotype appeared as a prognostic parameter in node-positive patients, individualizing subgroups of patients with different early outcome, with potential therapeutic implication especially in the group of ER-negative patients. These results emphasize the need for a standardized assay methodology and for further clinical studies, particularly in protocols where adjuvant hormonal therapy is prescribed on the basis of steroid hormone receptor status, in order to assess the respective prognostic worth of EGFR and ER (or PR).
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 14 (1989), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cell kinetics ; flow cytometry ; growth curves ; nude mice ; xenografts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The immune-deficient nude mouse with human tumor xenografts is an appropriate model system for performing detailed growth kinetic examinations. In the present study one estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative (T60) and three receptor-positive (Br-10, MCF-7, T61) human breast cancer xenografts in nude mice were investigated. The proliferative tumor characteristics were examined by growth curves, thymidine labelling technique, and flow cytometric DNA analysis performed on fine-needle aspirations. The results showed that the tumors had growth kinetics comparable to other human tumor types with cell generation times of 42 to 60 hours. The three receptor-positive tumors had slower growth rate, larger tumor volume doubling time, and smaller growth fraction and labelling index than the receptor-negative tumor. However, no single proliferation parameter was sufficient to characterize the growth kinetics of individual tumors or to describe proliferative differences between the tumors.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: antigens ; breast cancer ; CA 15–3 ; CEA ; markers ; relapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Circulating CA 15-3 antigen levels were evaluated in patients with benign diseases and breast cancer patients with no clinical evidence of disease after surgery (NED). Patients with breast cancer NED were followed for tumor recurrence or death during a median of 12.9 months (range 1 to 25 months). CA 15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were compared in the same breast cancer NED patient population. Elevated CA 15-3 levels (〉40 U/ml) were observed in 38 of 1220 patients with benign diseases (3.1%) and in 25 of 350 breast cancer NED patients (7.1%). Elevations of CEA (〉5ng/ml) were observed in 23 patients with breast cancer NED (6.5%). Benign diseases that produced significant elevations of CA 15-3 were chronic hepatitis (42.9%), liver cirrhosis (13.3%), sarcoidosis (16.7%), tuberculosis (9.7%), and systemic lupus erythematosous (6.7%). In breast cancer NED, initial elevations of CA 15-3 were observed in 12 of the 297 patients that remained free of disease during the follow-up, and in 13 of the 40 patients that relapsed (4.0% vs. 32.5%, p〈0.001). Initial CEA levels were elevated in 16 patients that remained NED and in 7 patients that relapsed (5.3% vs. 17.5%, p〈0.001). Serial determinations of CA 15-3 in patients continuously NED showed persistent elevations in 4 cases. Three of these exhibited concomitant benign diseases. In relapsing patients, serial tumor marker determinations showed that elevations of CA 15-3 before any other clinical evidence of recurrence occurred significantly more frequently than elevations of CEA (45% vs. 25%, p〈0.001). Overall, two or more serial elevated values of CA 15-3 were observed in 7 cases, and 6 of them (85%) eventually relapsed. Median survival from study entry was 18.3 months in patients with breast cancer NED that had initial elevated CA 15-3, compared to 25+ months in those with negative CA 15-3 (p〈0.0001). We conclude that circulating levels of CA 15-3 antigen can be elevated in some patients with nonmalignant diseases, and that serial determinations of CA 15-3 may be useful in the postsurgical follow-up of patients with breast cancer when specific types of benign diseases that may cause elevations of the antigen are excluded. Additionally, CA 15-3 is more sensitive than CEA in the early diagnosis of breast cancer recurrences, and the simultaneous assay of CEA does not add information to that of CA 15-3 alone.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: adjuvant chemotherapy ; breast cancer ; conservative treatment ; lumpectomy ; mastectomy ; radiotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 399 patients with early breast cancer were randomly allocated to treatment by either modified radical mastectomy or lumpectomy and radiotherapy. 169 had histologically involved axillary nodes and were randomised to receive either adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy (76 patients) or no systemic adjuvant treatment (93 patients). Chemotherapy comprised a combination of oral cyclophosphamide and intravenous methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) for 12 cycles over one year. Patients in the mastectomy group received a significantly higher percentage of the planned chemotherapy dose compared with those in the radiotherapy group (median 85% v. 71% p 〈 0.05). Patients treated with radiotherapy were more frequently nauseated and developed more severe alopecia, but these differences were not statistically significant. At median follow-up of 37 months the relapse-rate and pattern of relapse were similar in both groups of patients receiving CMF.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: observer variability ; medullary carcinoma of the breast ; breast cancer ; histopathology ; diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary One hundred thirty-one breast carcinomas with medullary features, registered in the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group from 1977–1982, have been histopathologically reviewed by two senior pathologists and classified as typical medullary carcinoma (TMC), atypical medullary carcinoma (AMC), and non-medullary carcinoma (NMC). Diagnostic criteria were based on those put forward by Ridolfiet al. and Fisheret al. The procedure was repeated with an interval of about one year by both pathologists. The diagnostic interobserver agreement was 72% with a Kappa of 0.55. The intraobserver agreement was 77% and 63% with Kappa values of 0.64 and 0.44, respectively. To see whether the observed inter- and intraobserver variability had any prognostic implications, diagnostic subgroups for both pathologists were analyzed with Kaplan Meier plots for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and with log rank tests. In the first evaluation pathologist 1 segregated a group of TMC with a significantly better RFS than for the NMC group, and pathologist 2 segregated a group of TMC with a corresponding strong trend. These findings could not, however, be reproduced in the second evaluation. The study indicates that the criteria of TMC and AMC as proposed by Ridolfiet al. need to be sharpened and simplified in order to reduce inter-and intraobserver variability. Larger studies with a control group of infiltrating ductal carcinomas are mandatory to elucidate the clinical importance of the diagnoses of Typical and Atypical Medullary Carcinoma of the breast.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: antiestrogens ; estrogen receptor ; ICI 164384 ; keoxifene ; tamoxifen ; breast cancer ; mixed agonist-antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The agonistic/antagonistic properties of two non-steroidal antiestrogens, namelytrans-4-monohydroxy-tamoxifen (OH-TAM) and keoxifene (LY156758), and the new steroidal antiestrogen ICI164384, a 7β-alkylamide derivative of estradiol (E2), were assessed by measuring their effect on the proliferation of ZR·75-1 cells, an estrogen-responsive human breast cancer cell line. While subnanomolar concentrations of both OH-TAM and LY156758 had significant estrogenic stimulatory activity on cell growth in the absence of estrogens and higher concentrations were inhibitory, ICI164384 behaved exclusively as a growth inhibitor and more potently so than the two other compounds. The three antiestrogens had similar potency to inhibit the mitogenic effect of E2 and at 300 nM, all antiproliferative effects were completely reversible by the estrogen. ICI164384 was a weaker competitor of3H-labeled E2 or R2858 (moxestrol) uptake in intact ZR-75-1 cells in a 1-hour assay, partly because of a slower intracellular access to estrogen specific binding sites. Moreover, ICI164384 interacted in a rapidly (~ 6 h) reversible manner with estrogen-specific binding sites, while the non-steroidal antiestrogens induced a longer-acting (〉 24 h) down-regulation of specific [3H]R2858 uptake. The present data indicate that, among the antiestrogens studied, ICI164384 is the only compound acting as a pure antiestrogen in ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells, while LY156758 and OH-TAM behave as antiestrogens endowed with partial agonistic activity in this system.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; antiprogesterones ; tumor models ; rats ; mice ; differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the transplantable MXT mammary tumor model of the mouse and in the DMBA- and MNU-induced mammary tumor models of the rat, the progesterone antagonists ZK 98.299 and RU 38.468 were shown to have potent antitumor activity. The weight and/or morphology of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina, as well as the effects on serum hormone levels, indicate that the antitumor activity of both antiprogesterones in these models does not depend on a blockade of the ovarian and pituitary functions and does not depend on a non receptor-mediated cytotoxic effect. On the other hand, the morpholoy of the MXT and the DMBA-induced mammary tumors after treatment with the progesterone antagonists is completely different from that observed after ovariectomy. Treatment with the antiprogesterones seems to trigger differentiation of the mitotically active polygonal tumor cells towards glandular structures and acini with a massive sequestering of secretory products, as well as towards spindle-shaped necrobiotic subpopulations. By contrast, the induction of tumor cell degeneration and cytolysis is the predominant feature of the mammary tumors after ovariectomy. In conclusion, our results indicate that the main mechanism of the antitumor action of antiprogesterones in these models is a direct progesterone receptor-mediated antiproliferative effect at the level of the mammary tumor cells, most probably via the induction of terminal differentiation associated with terminal cell death. This antiproliferative effect seems to be dissociated from the antihormone (antiprogestational) activity of these progesterone antagonists.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; recurrence ; prognosis ; post-recurrence survival ; metastasis ; S-phase ; mammography screening ; static cytofluorometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using static cytofluorometry, S-phase was determined on the primary tumors of 421 patients with breast carcinomas in stages I–III diagnosed 1981–85 during the second and third screening rounds of a randomized trial evaluating the effect of mammographic screening. Through December 1988, 82 patients had developed local and/or distant recurrence, 51 of whom had died of cancer during the same period. The distribution among sites of recurrence differed between patients with tumors detected by mammography screening and cancers diagnosed due to clinical symptoms. The mean S-phase fraction was highest in patients with liver or brain metastases and lowest in patients with metastases in subcutaneous and cutaneous tissue and lymph nodes only. In univariate analysis, survival after first recurrence was significantly associated with the site of primary recurrence, the disease-free interval, and node status and tumor size at diagnosis, as well as the S-phase level. The median survival period was 31.3. months for patients with a S-phase fraction below 6%, and 10.7 months in cases with S-phase exceeding 10%. Neither ploidy nor the estrogen receptor content had significant influence on post-recurrence survival. In Cox's multiple regression analysis, only metastatic site, disease-free interval, and S-phase fraction showed significantly independent prognostic value.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; DNA ploidy ; viability ; enzymatic dissociation ; mechanical dissociation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Approximately 70% of breast cancers contain cell populations with hyperdiploid (〉G0/G1) DNA content; however, cells cultured from breast cancers have only diploid DNA contents and karyotypes. Mechanically dissociated cells rarely, if ever, grow in culture, while enzymatically dissociated cells do grow in most cases. To determine if cell dissociation techniques used to prepare cells for culture and other laboratory procedures select for cells with specific features, and if tumor cells are killed in the process, breast cancer cells obtained by mechanical dissociation and by enzymatic dissociation were examined for DNA content and cell viability (measured by dye exclusion). Mechanical dissociation yielded more dead cells and cells with hyperdiploid (〉G0/G1) DNA than did enzymatic dissociation. Hyperdiploid cells were also found in the dye-excluding population with each dissociation technique, suggesting that the hyperdiploid cells were not always dead. We conclude that,in vivo, tumors contain cellular subpopulations with low viability and hyperdiploid (〉G0/G1) DNA patterns. The extent to which these subpopulations are present in a sample depends on the dissociation technique employed. That only diploid cells are found in cultures of primary breast cancers may be because enzymatic dissociation, used to prepare cells for culture, yields predominantly diploid cells. These observations also have important implications for interpreting measurements made on dispersed cells,e.g., viability, DNA content, and other cytochemical markers.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: androgens ; breast cancer ; glucocorticoids ; hydroxyflutamide ; medroxyprogesterone acetate ; progestins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is a synthetic progestin, currently used in the adjuvant treatment of advanced breast cancer, which induces remission rates (30–40%) comparable to those obtained with other types of endocrine therapies. Since, in addition to its progestin-like action, MPA exhibits androgen- and glucocorticoid-like activities in other tissues, the present study was designed to assess the relative contribution of the different steroid receptor systems in the direct action of MPA on breast cancer cell growth, using the ZR-75-1 human mammary carcinoma cell line as anin vitro model. Unlike pure progestins, MPA potently inhibited the proliferation of ZR-75-1 cells in a concentrationdependent manner either in the presence or in the absence of estrogens, and the addition of insulin had only marginal effects on its growth-inhibitory activity. On the other hand, both hydroxyflutamide (OHF, a non-steroidal monospecific antiandrogen) and RU486 (a potent antiglucocorticoid and antiprogestin also endowed with antiandrogenic activity) competitively reversed MPA antiproliferative effects. MPA further decreased the growth of ZR-75-1 cells co-incubated with maximally inhibitory concentrations of either 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or dexamethasone (DEX), although at about 300-fold higher MPA concentrations with DHT-treated than with DEX-treated ZR-75-1 cells, thus demonstrating a highly predominant androgenic effect. However, MPA had no effect on the growth of ZR-75-1 cells co-incubated with DHT and DEX simultaneously, thus supporting the predominant role of androgen and glucocorticoid receptors in MPA action. A 12-day preincubation of ZR-75-1 cells with increasing concentrations of MPA (10−12 to 3 × 10−6M) decreased the specific uptake of [3H]estradiol (E2) by intact cell monolayers to the same extent as 10 nM DHT, an effect which was competitively blocked by the addition of OHF (3 µM). MPA action on ZR-75-1 cell growth also significantly differed from that of progestins in being additive to the inhibition of E2-stimulated growth by the steroidal antiestrogen ICI164384. The present data indicate that the main action of MPA on ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell growth is due to its androgen receptor-mediated inhibitory action, while its glucocorticoid-like activity could play an additional role at high concentrations.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 14 (1989), S. 299-306 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; androgens ; dihydrotestosterone ; androgen receptor ; dimethylbenz[a]anthracene ; estrogens ; hormone-sensitive ; antiandrogen ; Flutamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Constant release of the androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in ovariectomized rats bearing DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma caused a marked inhibition of tumor growth induced by 17β-estradiol (E2). That DHT acts through interaction with the androgen receptor is supported by the finding that simultaneous treatment with the antiandrogen Flutamide completely prevents DHT action. Particularly illustrative of the potent inhibitory effect of DHT on tumor growth are the decrease by DHT of the number of progressing tumors from 69.2% to 29.2% in E2-treated animals and the increase by DHT of the number of complete responses (disappearance of palpable tumors) from 11.5% to 33.3% in the same groups of animals. The number of new tumors appearing during the 28-day observation period in E2-treated animals decreased from 1.5 ± 0.3 to 0.7 ± 0.2 per rat during treatment with DHT, an effect which was also reversed by the antiandrogen Flutamide. The present data demonstrate, for the first time, that androgens are potent inhibitors of DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma growth by an action independent of inhibition of gonadotropin secretion, and suggest an action exerted directly at the tumor level.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; cell lines ; image analysis ; infiltrating ductal carcinoma ; polypeptides ; two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The protein populations of epithelial cells cultured from two neoplastic and five non-neoplastic human breast tissues were resolved and displayed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silverstaining. With a computer-based image analysis system, we identified eight polypeptides which are present in both of the neoplastic cell lines, but absent from all five of the cultures of non-neoplastic breast cells. The eight polypeptides are not unique to cells cultured from neoplastic breast, because they are also found in cells cultured from non-breast tissues, both neoplastic and non-neoplastic. Two of the eight polypeptides (∼ Mr 25,000/pI 4.4 and ∼ Mr 31,000/pI 5.5) are present in the patterns of whole tissue samples from infiltrating ductal carcinomas and absent in most normal breast tissue.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: beta-adrenergic receptor ; catecholamines ; DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinoma ; spontaneous mammary tumors ; estrogen-sensitive cancer ; progesterone receptor ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to gain further knowledge about the potential role of catecholamines in mammary carcinoma, we have used the potent β-adrenergic antagonist cyanopindolol (CYP) as iodinated ligand to characterize β-adrenergic receptors in membranes prepared from mammary tumors induced by dimethylbenz(a)anthraene (DMBA) administration in the rat. The binding of [125I]CYP to membrane preparations of DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors is rapid at room temperature, reaching half maximal specific binding at 30 min of incubation. Scatchard analysis of the data indicates that [125I]CYP binds to a single class of high affinity sites (114 ± 2.1 fmoles/mg protein) at an apparent KD value of 38.0 ± 0.3 pM. The order of potency of a series of agonists to compete for [125I]CYP binding is consistent with interaction with a β2-subtype receptor: zinterol 〉 (−)isoproterenol 〉 (−)epinephrine» (−)norepinephrine. In addition, the potency of a series of specific β1, and β2 synthetic compounds to displace [125I]CYP in mammary tumors is similar to their potency in typical β2-adrenergic tissues. The binding of [125I]CYP to DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors shows a marked stereoselectivity, the (−)isomers of isoproterenol and propranolol being 150 and 80 times more potent, respectively, than their respective enantiomers. The autoradiographic localization of [125I]CYP performed on frozen sections revealed the presence of specific β-adrenergic receptors in all the malignant cells. Spontaneous mammary tumors of aging (18–22 months) female rats have high levels of β-adrenergic receptors. Castration decreased the concentration of [125I]CYP binding sites in DMBA-induced mammary tumors. A close correlation was observed between progressing, static, and regressing tumors after ovariectomy and β-adrenergic receptor concentration. The presence of β-adrenergic receptors in mammary tumors as well as the modulation of their level by ovarian hormones provides a mechanism for catecholaminergic influence in mammary cancer tissue.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 13 (1989), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; mammography ; screening ; stage ; advanced cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In screening programmes it is important to assess a preliminary effectiveness of the screening method as soon as possible in order to forecast survival figures. In March 1981 a controlled single-view mammographic screening trial for breast cancer was started in the south of Stockholm. The population invited for screening mammography consisted of 40,000 women aged 40–64 years, and 20,000 women served as a well-defined control group. The main aim of the trial was to determine whether repeated mammographic screening could reduce the mortality in the study population (SP) compared to the control population (CP). The cumulative number of advanced mammary carcinomas in the screening and the control populations from the first five years of screening have shown a tendency towards more favourable stages in the screened population aged 40–64 years. A breakdown by age suggests an effect in age group 50–59 years, but not yet in age groups 40–49 and 60–64 years. When comparing the rates of stage II+ cancer, an increased number is found in the study group. As the total rate of breast cancer is higher in SP than in CP, there ought to be a concealed group of stage II+ cancers in the CP which makes the comparison biased. A new approach has been designed, where an estimation of the ‘hidden’ number of stage II+ cancers in CP is added to the clinically detected cases, and in this respect a comparison has shown a decrease in the cumulative number of advanced cancers in the SP in relation to the CP (p〈0.05). According to this it could be important to add the estimated number of undetected, hidden cases in the control group in order to utilize the difference in detection rate in the screening- and control group respectively.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 13 (1989), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: age ; breast cancer ; menopausal status ; obesity ; oral contraceptives ; prognosis ; risk factors ; survival ; weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1,121 women in northern Alberta diagnosed as having breast cancer between 1971–74 were followed for 10 years. Risk factors for breast cancer were studied with respect to their possiblé influence on survival by comparing survival curves, using both Logrank and Cox's regression model, and controlling for intercurrent death, stage and axillary node status. A complex interaction was found between age and menopausal status and survival rates. Premenopausal women aged 45–55 had a better survival rate than postmenopausal women of the same age. However, one subgroup of premenopausal women aged 35–39 had a significantly worse prognosis than those aged 40–44 as did a group of post menopausal women aged 70–74. No cause was found other than the effect of age. There was a significant trend to worsening survival with heavier weight at time of diagnosis and with breast feeding. Parity of five or more and family history of breast cancer were less consistently associated with worse survival. Oral contraceptive use was only associated with worsened prognosis significantly when stage was controlled for; there was no overall effect. Age at menarche and age at first birth did not influence prognosis. Theories to explain the findings are discussed.
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  • 29
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    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 13 (1989), S. 191-203 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; frequent mutations ; loss of heterozygosity ; prognostic indicators ; tumor biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A serious effort has been made to identify and characterize mutations that frequently occur during the evolution of primary human breast cancer. Some of these mutations involve amplification of protooncogenes (c -myc, c-erbB-2, andint-2) that have been shown to contribute to experimentally induced breast cancer in mouse model systems. Tumor development in mice containing the c -myc or c -erbB-2 transgene suggests that the cellular and developmental contexts in which the genes are expressed define their relative contribution to tumorigenesis. Homozygous deletions or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) represent another type of mutation that has been frequently observed on four chromosomes (1q, 3p, 11p, and 13q) in tumor DNA. They are thought to unmask recessive mutations (LOH) that inactivate or remove (homozygous deletion) suppressor genes that regulate normal cell proliferation. Attempts to determine whether specific mutations are associated with certain clinical parameters have led to the controversial hypothesis that some mutations may be useful prognostic indicators of the post-surgical course of the disease. The current results underscore the necessity for much larger, better control studies to unambiguously define the potential of such mutations as clinical markers.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; adjuvant therapy ; prognosis ; lymphocytes ; phytohaemagglutinin responsiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from 153 breast cancer patients to the T-cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was measured prior to surgery and patients assigned to either high (Hi/PHA) or low (Lo/PHA) PHA response groups. Patients were followed up for between 8 and 12 years, or until death. Clinical characteristics were similar in Hi/PHA and Lo/PHA groups. In the 96 patients who received no postoperative adjuvant therapy, overall and relapse-free survival was significantly longer in Hi/PHA than in Lo/PHA patients (p 〈 0.005, and p 〈 0.025 respectively); relative risk of death within 12 years was 0.52 and of relapse was 0.64. In 47 patients who were treated with radiotherapy postoperatively, there was no correlation between the PHA response and overall or relapse-free survival. The implications of these findings for the selection of breast cancer patients for adjuvant treatment following surgery are discussed.
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  • 31
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    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 13 (1989), S. 265-276 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; progestins ; progesterone receptor ; antiprogestin ; insulin ; estrogens ; antiestrogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of R5020 [17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione], a synthetic progestin, was studied in the hormone-responsive ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell line. Following a 12-day incubation with increasing concentrations of R5020, the mitogenic effect of 17β-estradiol (E2,1 nM) was partially (60–80%) antagonized by the progestin, with a half-maximal effective concentration measured at about 30 pM. This effect of R5020 was completely reversed by the addition of physiological concentrations of bovine insulin, as well as by the potent antiprogestin RU486 [17β-hydroxy-11β-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-17α-(1-propynyl)-4,9-estradien-3-one], but not by the antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide (α,α,α-trifluoro-2-methyl-4′-nitro-m-lactotoluidide). Moreover, the effect of R5020 required the presence of estrogens, thus further indicating a progesterone receptor (PgR)-mediated effect. Low (〈100 nM) concentrations of R5020 increased the specific binding of [125I]-insulin up to 2- to 2.5-fold in intact ZR-75-1 cells, an effect which was reversed by RU486. The effect was rapid, being nearly maximal after 24 h of incubation with R5020. The PgR-mediated effect of R5020 on cell proliferation was abolished by the addition of a pure steroidal antiestrogen. The present results suggest a physiological role for progestins in increasing the responsiveness to insulin, which could, in turn, reverse the antiproliferative effect of progestins on estrogen action and thus decrease the efficacy of progestins in the treatment of breast cancer.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: anti-oestrogens ; breast cancer ; prevention ; tamoxifen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis that oestrogen is an important promotor of human breast cancer raises the possibility that endrocrine intervention could prevent the disease. Various methods of reducing oestrogenic activity have been proposed including dietary control, progestin therapy, and ovarian ablation. Tamoxifen is a synthetic anti-oestrogen of low toxicity with proven anti-proliferative activity in endocrine sensitive breast cancer which makes it an attractive alternative for a trial of endocrine prevention. We have undertaken a doubleblind placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the feasibility of mounting a large multicentre study of tamoxifen in the prevention of breast cancer in high risk women. Two hundred women were randomised to tamoxifen or placebo during an 18 month accrual period. Acute toxicity was mild and serial studies of blood lipids, clotting factors, and bone mineral density suggested that no long-term deleterious effects are likely to be seen. It is estimated that 10,000 women would be required with a 10–15 year follow up in order to detect a 25% prevention effect.
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  • 33
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    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 14 (1989), S. 57-64 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; RFLP ; alleles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A human estrogen receptor (ER) cDNA probe was used to examine genomic DNA extracted from 59 primary invasive breast cancers. The tumors were also studied histopathologically, and their ER status was assessed by hormone-binding assay and immunohistochemical analysis. Southern blots of genomic DNA samples digested with restriction endonucleases (BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, PvuII, XbaI) revealed identical restriction fragments for each tumor, indicating preservation of gross ER gene integrity regardless of ER status, clinical stage, or histopathologic appearance. Digestion with PvuII identified a single, two-allele polymorphism with band(s) at 1.6 and/or 0.7 kb. The homozygous 1.6 kb pattern was present in 14 (24%) patients, the heterozygous 1.6/0.7 kb pattern in 29 (49%) patients and the homozygous 0.7 kb pattern in 16 (27%) patients. The PvuII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) within the ER gene showed no correlation with the results of the ER binding assay, the immunohistochemical analysis, clinical stage, or histopathologic appearance. A significant correlation was found between the genotypes and patient age at the time of tumor diagnosis. Tumors with the homozygous 1.6 kb and the heterozygous 1.6/0.7 kb patterns were observed in older women with mean ages of 64.6 and 64.4 years, respectively. In contrast, patients with tumors containing the homozygous 0.7 kb pattern were significantly younger, with a mean age of 50.4 years (p-value = 0.0024). The mechanism by which the homozygous 0.7 kb genotype is associated with breast cancer in the premenopausal age group is unknown.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: mitoxantrone ; liver dysfunction ; breast cancer ; performance status ; bilirubin elevation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To determine the safety and efficacy of mitoxantrone use in hyperbilirubinemic breast cancer patients, a prospectively determined dosage schedule was evaluated in a multi-center trial. Pretreatment bilirubin prospectively defined three groups: Controls (with normal bilirubin) and two Study groups (with either moderate or severe bilirubin increase). Bilirubin determined initial mitoxantrone dose as well: bilirubin 〈 3.5 mg/dl, 14 mg/m2; and bilirubin ≥ 3.5 mg/dl, 8 mg/m2. Mitoxantrone at 14 mg/m2 was well tolerated in patients with moderate hepatic dysfunction. Patients with severe hepatic dysfunction demonstrated a mixed toxicity picture, with performance status (ECOG level 3) defining a population with limiting myelosuppression and/or early death. The survival of Study patients with severe hepatic dysfunction (median 17 days) was significantly worse than both Control (p 〈 0.01) and Study (p 〈 0.05) patients with lower bilirubin. Entry performance status (ECOG level 0–2 versus level 3) profoundly influenced survival (median survival 222 days versus 25 days, respectively, p 〈 0.0001). Objective responses were seen in patients with both normal and elevated bilirubin. Bilirubin reduction following mitoxantrone commonly occurred, representing at least an indicator of favorable prognosis. Recommendations for mitoxantrone use include: 1. Patients with moderate bilirubinemia tolerate 14 mg/m2 mitoxantrone with reasonable chance for benefit. 2. Patients with severe hepatic dysfunction and poor performance status should not be given mitoxantrone. A definitive recommendation regarding use of reduced 8 mg/m2 mitoxantrone in patients with severe hyperbilirubinemia and favorable performance status requires further study.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; DNA ploidy ; estrogen receptor ; prognosis ; microspectrophotometry ; nodal status ; tumor size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prognostic value of nuclear DNA distribution pattern in relation to tumor size, axillary lymph node status, and estrogen receptor (ER) content was studied in 464 patients with primary, operable mammary adenocarcinoma. The median follow-up time was 3 1/2 years. Slide cytophotometric DNA analysis was performed on morphologically identified Feulgen-stained tumor cells. The tumors were classified into four subgroups according to their DNA histogram type. DNA content was significantly related to tumor size and ER level but not to nodal status. When all variables were stimultaneously introduced into Cox's proportional hazards model, tumor size, nodal status, and DNA profile remained as significant predictors of recurrence. Restricting the analysis to node-negative patients, both DNA profile and tumor size showed a significant prognostic value. DNA did not contribute significant prognostic information in node-positive patients. However, the trends in recurrence-free survival were similar to those in the node-negative subgroup: patients with aneuploid tumors tended to fare worse than those with euploid carcinomas.
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  • 36
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    Breast cancer research and treatment 13 (1989), S. 61-69 
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; adrenal steroids ; androst-5-ene-3β ; 17β-diol ; androstenedione ; aminoglutethimide ; aromatase inhibitors ; antiandrogens ; flutamide ; dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of the adrenal steroids androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol (Δ5-diol) and androstenedione (Δ4-dione) was studied on the growth of mammary carcinoma induced in the rat by dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The plasma levels of the two steroids were maintained at values within the range of those found in the circulation of post-menopausal women by constant release from osmotic pumps in ovariectomized animals. Δ5-diol and Δ4-dione, at the daily release rate of 500µg, led to plasma levels of 1.26±0.19 and 1.72 ± 0.75 ng/ml, respectively. At these physiologically relevant plasma concentrations, both Δ5-diol and Δ4-dione caused a marked stimulation of tumor growth while having minimal or no effect on uterine weight or on plasma prolactin and LH levels. Concomitant treatment with the aromatase inhibitor aminoglutethimide completely blocked the stimulatory effect of Δ4-dione released from silastic implants on tumor growth, while simultaneous administration of the antiandrogen flutamide had no significant effect. On the other hand, when aminoglutethimide was administered with Δ5-diol, the stimulatory effect of the adrenal steroid on tumor growth was not affected. Such data indicate that, under the present experimental conditions, transformation of Δ4-dione into androgens plays a minor role, the predominant effect of the adrenal steroid being stimulation of tumor growth through conversion into estrogens, while Δ5-diol exerts a direct estrogenic effect independent from aromatase activity. The minimal or absent effect of the same treatment on uterine weight and on plasma prolactin and LH levels indicates the tissue specificity of the effects observed, the mammary tissue being most sensitive to the action of adrenal steroids.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In this part properties and efficiency of the developed model1,2 are discussed. A variation of the parameters shows that vigorous effects are caused by the effective aggregation. All calculations show that at low conversion there are little temporal steps between the sequential aggregation steps. In the range of 5% to 20% conversion the velocity of aggregation decreases and the aggregative stability agrees with experiences given in the literature. It is shown that the calculated results are in agreement with the experimental results and therefore the presented model is a suitable possibility to describe the formation of some PVC-morphology properties.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Eigenschaften des früher1,2 entwickelten Modells untersucht und diskutiert. Die Variation der Modellparameter zeigt einen großen Einfluß der Aggregationsprozesse auf die Subkornmorphologie. Bei niedrigen Monomerumsätzen ist das Zeitintervall zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Aggregationsschritten sehr klein, so daß für das Teilchenwachstum die Geschwindigkeit der Aggregation der Unterstrukturen entscheidend ist. Im Bereich zwischen 5% und 20% Monomerumsatz sinkt die Aggregationsgeschwindigkeit sehr stark, so daß für das Teilchenwachstum zunehmend die Polymerisationsreaktion an Bedeutung gewinnt. Aggregative Stabilität wird nach dem Modell für einen Teilchengrößenbereich erhalten, der sich in Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Daten aus der Fachliteratur befindet. Die berechneten Teilchengrößen entsprechen ebenfalls den in der Literatur publizierten experimentellen Werten, so daß das Modell eine gute Grundlage für die Beschreibung einiger morphologisch bestimmter Polymereigenschaften bildet.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 21-34 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurden unidirektionale Verbundwerkstoffe aus Novolakharz mit Kohlenstoff-Fasern gemäß der Prepreg-Methode verarbeitet. Das Novolakharz wurde durch Polymerisation von Phenol mit Formaldehyd (Mol-Verhältnis 1 : 0,82) und Oxalsäure als Katalysator (1,5 Gew.-% von Phenol) hergestellt. Die Härtung des Novolakharzes wurde mit Hexamethylentetramin (Hexa) durchgeführt, während das geeignete Verhältnis durch die IR-Spektroskopie bestimmt wurde.Es wurden Proben aus Novolak/Hexa (Gew.-Verhältnis 14: 1), verstärkt mit kommerziellen Kohlenstoff-Fasern, unter verschiedenen Bedingungen (z. B. verschiedene thermische Programme und verschiedene Verhältnisse von Novolakharz : Kohlenstoff-Fasern) hergestellt. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften der hergestellten Proben (wie Biegefestigkeit, Zugfestigkeit, usw.) wurden bestimmt, und ihre Struktur wurde mit Hilfe der Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht.Mit zunehmendem Volumenverhältnis der Kohlenstoff-Fasern werden nicht nur alle mechanischen Eigenschaften des verstärkten Materials verbessert, sondern auch sein Nutzungsgrad nimmt zu, und die Herstellungsbedingungen üben einen größeren Einfluß aus. Die mit dem gleichen Verhältnis von Kohlenstoff-Fasern (z. B. 15 Vol.-%) hergestellten Proben weisen mit zunehmendem Härtungsgrad des Novolaks verbesserte mechanische Eigenschaften auf. Der Häirtungsgrad des Novolaks während der Anfangsphase (Gel-Zeit) als auch während der Endphase (Nachhärtung) kann mit Hilfe der IR-Spektren des härtenden Novolaks verfolgt werden, während der Härtungsgrad der Zwischenphase nur indirekt aus den Werten der mechanischen Eigenschaften der entsprechenden Proben bestimmt werden kann.Aus der Korrelation zwischen den Herstellungsparametern und den mechanischen Eigenschaften der Proben ergeben sich optimale Bedingungen für die Verarbeitung in der Wärmepresse zur Herstellung von mit Kohlenstoff-Fasern verstärkten Novolakharzen (1. Phase: T1 = 125-145°C, t1 = 20 min - 1 h, ohne Druck; 2. Phase: T2 = 180-195°C, t2 = 40 min, P2 ≃ 1,5 kN /cm2).
    Notes: Unidirectional composite materials of novolac resin with carbon fibers were fabricated according to the prepreg method. Novolac resin was prepared by polymerization of phenol with formaldehyde (mole ratio 1 : 0.82) in the presence of oxalic acid as catalyst (1.5 wt.-% to phenol). The curing of novolac resin was performed with hexamethylenetetramine (hexa), while the appropriate proportion was determined by using the IR-spectroscopy.Specimens of novolac/hexa (weight ratio 14:1) reinforced with carbon fibers commercially available were fabricated under different conditions (e.g. different thermal programs and different proportions of novolac/carbon fibers). The mechanical properties of the fabricated specimens (like flexural strength, tensile strength, etc.) were determined and their structure was examined by scanning electron microscopy.By increasing the volume proportion of carbon fibers, not only all mechanical properties of the composite material were increased, but also their degree of utilization was increased and also the production conditions had greater influence. Concerning the specimens produced by the same proportion of carbon fibers (e.g. 15 vol.-%) their mechanical properties were improved by increasing the curing of novolac. The degree of curing of novolac during the initial phase (gel time) and during the ultimate phase (post-curing) can be followed with the aid of IR-spectra of the cured resin, while the degree of curing for the intermediate phase can be obtained only indirectly from the values of the mechanical properties of the corresponding specimens.From the correlation between the production parameters and the mechanical properties of the samples the optimal conditions for processing of the thermopress for the manufacture of carbon fiber reinforced novolac were concluded (1. phase: T1 = 125-145°C, t1 = 20 min - 1 h, without pressure; 2. phase: T2 = 180-195°C, t2 = 40 min, P2 ≃ 1,5 kN/cm2).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 69-78 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In dieser Arbeit interessieren wir uns für den Einfluß von Konzentration und Temperatur auf den elektrischen Widerstand eines Butyl-Kautschuks (IIR), der mit zwei Typen von Ruß (Hoch-Abrasion-Schmelzofen-Ruß (HAF) und Schnell-Extrusion-Hochofen-Ruß (FEF)) versetzt ist. Ergebnis war, daß die Leitfähigkeit bei niedrigem Rußgehalt hauptsächlich durch thermische Aktivierung der Ladungsträger erreicht wird. Bei mittleren Konzentrationen überwiegt der Tunnel-Mechanismus bei niedriger Temperatur, gefolgt von der thermischen Aktivierung bei relativ hoher Temperatur. Dies gilt für beide Rußarten. Das metallartige Verhalten bei Gemischen mit hoher Rußkonzentration kann sowohl der thermischen Ausdehnung der Tunnelwege zwischen Kohlenstoff-Agglomeraten als auch dem Zusammenbruch der Kohlenstoff-Agglomerate bei steigender Temperatur zugeschrieben werden.
    Notes: In this study we are interested in the effect of concentration and temperature on the electrical resistivity of butyl rubber (IIR) loaded with two types of carbon black, (namely, high abrasion furnace black (HAF), and fast extrusion furnace black (FEF)). It was found that the conductivity at low carbon black concentrations is mainly achieved by thermal activation of carriers. Tunneling mechanism at low termperature followed by thermal activation at relatively high temperature is found to be predominant for moderate concentrations for both carbon blacks. The metal-like behaviour which was observed in highly loaded compounds was attributed to both, the thermal expansion of the tunneling paths between carbon-carbon agglomerates and the breakdown of carbon agglomerates with temperature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Arbeit beschreibt die Synthese von Halogenderivaten des Phenylglycidylethers und die Möglichkeiten der Verwendung von diesen Komponenten als Flammverzögerer und reaktive Verdünnungsmittel für Epoxidharze.Mit Hilfe der Nelder-Mead-Simplexmethode wurden die besten Reaktionsbedingungen gefunden. Die so hergestellten Produkte zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Qualität aus und wurden mit einem niedermolekularen Epoxidharz gemischt und mit Diaminodiphenylmethan gehärtet.Die Viskosität von Harzgemischen und die Brennbarkeit der gehärteten Systeme wurden untersucht. Mit dem erhöhten Gehalt an Halogen (Chlor oder Brom) steigt die Viskosität, und die Brennbarkeit der Epoxide wird reduziert.
    Notes: This study deals with the synthesis of halogenated derivatives of phenyl glycidyl ether and with possibilities of their use as flame retardants and reactive diluents of epoxy resin.The best reaction conditions optimized by Nelder-Mead simplex method were found. The products of very high quality were prepared. They were mixed with a lowmolecular epoxy resin and cured by diamino diphenyl methane.The viscosity of the resin mixtures and limiting oxygen index of cured systems were determined. It was found that a higher content of halogen, both chlorine and bromine, causes increasing viscosity and reduced flammability of the epoxides.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Durch Messungen von Tg, Tm und Tc (Trübungspunkt) wurden Phasendiagramme der vier verträglichen Polymermischungen von chlorierten isotaktischen Polypropylenen (Chlorgehalt 39,2 (CPP-40) und 49,8 Gew.-% (CPP-50)) mit Poly(ethylen-co-vinylacetat)en (Vinylacetatgehalt 40 (EVA-40) und 45 Gew.-% (EVA-45)) untersucht. Von den vier Mischungspaaren war die Mischung von CPP-50 mit EVA-40 am besten verträglich.
    Notes: By measuring Tg, Tm and Tc (cloud point) phase diagrams for the four miscible blends of chlorinated isotactic polypropylenes (chlorine content 39.2 (CPP-40) and 49.8 wt.-% (CP-50)) with Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)s (vinyl acetate contents 40 (EVA-40) and 45 wt.-% (EVA-45)) were investigated. The blend of CPP-50 with EVA-40 was the most compatible of the four blend pairs.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Synthese und Charakterisierung von Kationenaustauschmembranen aus PE-PS-DVB-Interpolymeren für die Elektrolyse von Borax-Lösung zur Erzeugung von Borsäure und Natronlauge wurden durchgeführt und mit den Eigenschaften von im Handel erhältlichen Membranen („Nafion 324“ und „Permaplex C-20“) verglichen.
    Notes: The synthesis and the characterization of the PE-PS-DVB interpolymer cationexchange membranes in the electrolysis of borax solutions to produce boric acid and sodium hydroxide simultaneously was carried out. The characterization of the teflon based “Nafion 324” and polystyrene-DVB based “Permaplex C-20” membranes was also performed in the same system for comparison.The DVB contents were varied between 3 - 12% (by wt. in total monomers) and the increase of the cross-links resulted in the decrease of the water contents and ionexchange capacities of the membranes. The PE present in the membrane acted as a barrier for electroosmotic water transport. The membranes with high DVB contents showed better electrolysis performance due to their low water contents and low electroosmotic water transport properties. The use of the interpolymer membrane containing 11.6% DVB resulted in high current efficiency and high sodium cation dynamic transport number and worked satisfactorily at the process conditions of borax electrolysis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 165 (1989), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aus Rizinusöl und difunktionellen Säuren, wie Oxal-, Malon-, Bernstein-, Glutar-, Adipin-, Suberin- und Sebacinsäure, wurden Prepolyester hergestellt. Diese Prepolyester (PPE) wurden anschließend mit Methylmethacrylat und 1% Ethylenglykoldimethacrylat als Vernetzer interpenetriert. Die Polymerisation wurde radikalisch mit Benzoylperoxid gestartet. Die neuen PPE/Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA)-interpenetrierenden Netzwerke wurden als Pulver erhalten. Sie wurden durch ihr Löseverhalten, IR-Spektroskopie und ihr thermisches Verhalten charakterisiert.
    Notes: Prepolyesters were obtained from castor oil and dibasic acids, viz oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, suberic and sebacic acid. These prepolyesters (PPE) were subsequently interpenetrated with methyl methacrylate containing 1% ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker by radical polymerization initiated with benzoyl peroxide. The novel PPE poly(methyl methacrylate) PPE/PMMA interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were obtained as powder. They were characterized by solubility behaviour, IR spectral study and thermal behaviour.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 2,4-Ionen, ein polymeres quartäres Ammoniumsalz, wurde auf einem makroporösen chlormethylierten Poly(Styrol-co-Divinylbenzol)-Harz (XAD-2) immobilisiert. Der Ionen-Gehalt des Harzes, der durch CHN-Elementaranalyse bestimmt wurde, betrug 50,2 g/kg Harz. Der wichtigste Nebeneffekt des modifizierten Harzes, das Ausbluten des Katalysators 2,4-Ionen, kann durch eine spektrophotometrische Methode, die extrem geringe Konzentraionen an freiem Ionen an der Oberfläche des Harzes messen kann, ermittelt werden.Die Aktivität der immobilisierten 2,4-Ionen/Kobalt(II)-phthalocyanin-tetranatriumsulfonat-Komplexe in bezug auf die oxidative Kupplung von Thiolen ist viel niedriger als im homogenen Fall, aber noch beträchtlich höher als im polymerfreien System. Die beobachtete Abnahme der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit resultiert nicht aus Behinderungen des Massentransports, sondern vorzugsweise aus den Katalysatoreigenschaften wie z. B. einem sehr niedrigen N+/Co-VerhtUtnis. Die aktiven Zentren scheinen nur in der äußeren Hiille der Harzpartikel vorhanden zu sein.
    Notes: A poly(quaternary ammonium) salt, 2,4-ionene, has been immobilized on a macroporous chloromethylated poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) resin (XAD-2). The ionene content of the resin, determined by CHN elemental analysis, was 50.2 g/kg resin. The most important side effect of the modified resin, catalyst (2,4-ionene) bleeding, can be detected by a spectrophotometric method capable of determining extremely low concentrations of free ionene in the supernatant of the resin.The activity of these immobilized 2,4-ionene/cobalt(II)phthalocyanine-tetrasodiumsulfonate (CoTSPc) complexes towards the oxidative coupling of thiols is much lower than in the homogeneous case, but still considerably higher than for the polymer free system. The observed decrease in reaction rate does not originate from the considerable mass transfer resistances but predominantly from catalyst properties like a very low local N+/Co ratio. The active sites appear to be present in the outer shell of the resin particles only.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Röntgendiffraktometrische Untersuchungen und DSC-Messungen an Blend-Filmen, die aus Lösungen von PEEK und PES hergestellt wurden, zeigen eine Phasenseparation bei den Filmen, die bei 340°C hergestellt wurden. Das Kristallisationsverhalten von Filmen, die bei 340°C hergestellt, anschließend abgeschreckt und bei 180°C getempert wurden, ist identisch mit dem von PEEK. Filme, die bei 300°C hergestellt wurden, kristallisierten erst durch Tempern bei 250°C. Blockcopolymere, die aus Oligomeren von PEEK und PES erhalten wurden, unterscheiden sich in dieser Hinsicht von Blends der gleichen Zusammensetzung. Die Glastemperatur von Copolymeren mit einem PEEK-Gehalt von mehr als 50% liegt höher als die von PEEK selbst, während der Schmelzpunkt dieser Copolymeren niedriger als der von PEEK ist.
    Notes: Polymer blends of PEEK with PES were prepared by the solution blending method. Copolymers composed of PEEK and PES components were synthesized from these oligomers. The formation conditions exerted an influence over the molecular aggregation and the crystallization behaviors of the blend films and block copolymers which were examined by X-ray diffractometry and DSC analysis. As a result, phase-separation in the blend films was found when the formation temperature was high. The blend films formed at 340°C, quenched and annealed at 180°C, exhibited the same crystallization behavior as those of PEEK. In the case of the blend films formed at 300°C, the annealing of the films at 250°C was required to crystallize the blend films. The Tg of a copolymer with a PEEK component content of more than 50% tends to shift toward a higher temperature than the Tg of PEEK itself, and the Tm of the copolymer toward a lower temperature than that of PEEK ist.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Reaktionsprodukt eines Cyclohexanon-Formaldehyd-Harzes mit dem Säurechlorid des Radikalinitiators 4,4′-Azo-bis(4-cyanopentansäure) wurde als Initiator für die Styrolpolymerisation eingesetzt, um ein Cyclohexanon-Formaldehyd-Harz/Polystyrol-Copolymeres zu bilden. Das Copolymere zeigte ähnliche Löslichkeit wie Polystyrol.
    Notes: The reaction product of cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin with an acid chloride of a radical initiator, 4,4′-azo-bis(4-cyano pentanoic acid) was used as initiator for styrene polymerization to form a cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin/polystyrene copolymer. The copolymer showed similar solubility as polystyrene.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 145-155 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Entgegengesetzte Ladungen wurden durch tertiäre Amin- und Carboxylgruppen in Polyurethan (PU) und Polystyrol (PS) eingeführt, um durch gemeinsame Massepolymerisation ein interpenetrierendes PU/PS Polymernetzwerk (IPN) zu erhalten. Vier IPNs wurden hergestellt: ein Voll-IPN, zwei Semi-IPNs und ein lineares Blend. Die Wirkung der geladenen Gruppen auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Morphologie der vier Polymermischungen wurde untersucht.Es wurde gefunden, daß PU/PS IPNs mit geladenen Gruppen keine Phasenseparation und somit homogene Verteilung aufweisen, was durch elektronenmikroskopische (SEM) Aufnahmen nachgewiesen wurde. Dynamisch-mechanische Messungen zeigen, daß die Übergangspeaks des Verlust-Moduls E″ in die Mitte zwischen den beiden Übergangspeaks der beiden Komponenten ohne geladene Gruppen liegen. Dies ist von der Zunahme des Gehaltes an geladenen Gruppen abhängig. Gleichzeitig nimmt der Speichermodul E′ in einer Stufe ab, was im Gegensatz zu der zweistufigen Abnahme bei Proben ohne Ladungsträger steht.Die Zugfestigkeit nimmt in allen vier Polymermischungen mit der Zunahme an Acrylsäure (AA) in Poly(Styrol-Acrylsäue) PSAA zu, was in dem PU/PSAA Voll-IPN besonders deutlich wird.
    Notes: Opposite charges, namely tertiary amine and carboxyl groups, were introduced into polyurethane (PU) and polystyrene (PS), respectively, to prepare PU/PS interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) by means of simultaneous bulk polymerization. Four IPNs were synthesized: a full-IPN, two semi-IPNs and a linear blend. The effect of charge groups on the mechanical properties and morphology of the four polymer alloys was investigated.It is found that the PU/PS IPN which was incorporated with charge groups is free of any phase-separation, and sufficiently uniformly distributed, as can be seen from the corresponding scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicates that the transition peak of the loss modulus E″ will move towards the centre between the two transition peaks of both components in the absence of charge groups, as a function of an increase in the contents of the opposite charge groups. Meanwhile the storage modulus E′ will decrease in a single-stage way from the previous two-stage mode.The tensile strength in all the four polymer alloys increased markedly along with an increase in the contents of acrylic acid (AA) in the poly(styrene-acrylic acid) (PSAA), which clearly can be seen for the PU/PSAA full-IPN.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 157-168 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pyrolysis behaviour and coke characteristics of different precursors for carbon processing: thermosetting resins (resol, novolak), hydrolytic lignin, pitch, tar as well as their blends were studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction techniques. The blends novolak-pitch, resol-tar and resol-hydrolytic lignin show a higher coke yield after carbonisation up to 1000°C compared to the corresponding individual substances. A good correlation between the integral procedural decomposition temperature T*A of the investigated precursors and their coke yield is found.
    Notes: Mittels Thermo- und Röntgenstrukturanalyse wird eine vergleichende Untersuchung des Pyrolysevorganges und der Mikrostruktur des aus zwei Gruppen organischer Bindemittel und deren Mischungen gewonnenen Koksrückstandes durchgeführt. Gruppe I umfaßt reine und mit Hydrolyselignin gefüllte Resol- und Novolak-Phenol-Formaldehydharze und Gruppe II Steinkohlenpech und -teer. Es wird festgestellt, daß sich die Mischungen Novolakharz-Pech, Resolharz-Teer und Resolharz-Hydrolyselignin beim Erhitzen nicht wie mechanische Gemische verhalten und eine erhöhte Ausbeute an Koksrückstand liefern. Weiterhin wird gefunden, daß die integrale Endtemperatur der Pyrolyse (T*A) dieser Substanzen als quantitatives Maß für die Ausbeute an Koksrückstand im Anschluß an die Carbonisierung der Proben dienen kann.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The paper describes the successful synthesis of silicon containing bismaleimide resin 4,4′-carbo(4,4′-bismaleimido phenoxy)diphenyl silane. The char yield of the bismaleimide resin in N2 atmosphere was found to be 55% at 800°C. Chain extension of bismaleimide with 4,4′-diamino diphenyl sulfone reduced the char yield and thermal stability.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: As hard blocks in polyether block amides, polyamides are used whose length is intensively regulated by dicarboxylic acids. Since, with regard to melting and crystallization behaviour, this acid constitutes an interfering structural unit in the chain, and in the case of a completely converted product each chain contains one acid molecule, it is essential to know where in the chain incorporation will occur. As opposed to monofunctional chain regulators which always form a chain end, a bifunctional chain regulator can a priori also be randomly incorporated into the inner part of the chain. This leads to a far greater interference than occurs if the chain regulator molecule and the chain end, which acts as an interfering unit in any case, coincide with each other.By means of adipic acid-regulated oligoamides based on lauryl lactam, the incorporation of the chain regulator was examined by NMR spectroscopy and compared with model calculations. This resulted in a close match only if it was presupposed that the incorporation was carried out randomly with the same degree of probability at any point whatsoever between two lauryl lactam structural units or at the chain end.Further calculations illustrate the effects of the incorporation of the chain regulator on the size of the amorphous portion.
    Notes: Als Hartblöcke in Polyetherblockamiden werden durch Dicarbonsäuren stark geregelte Polyamide eingesetzt. Da die Säure in Hinblick auf das Schmelz- und Kristallisationsverhalten einen Störbaustein in der Kette darstellt und bei einem ausgeregelten Produkt jede Kette ein Säuremolekül enthält, ist es von Bedeutung zu wissen, wo in der Kette der Einbau erfolgt. Anders als bei monofunktionellen Reglern, wo der Regler stets ein Kettenende bildet, kann ein bifunktioneller Regler a priori auch statistisch im Inneren der Kette eingebaut werden. Dies führt zu einer viel stärkeren Störung, als wenn das Reglermolekül und das sowieso als Störstelle wirkende Kettenende zusammenfallen. Anhand adipinsäuregeregelter Oligoamide auf Basis von Laurinlactam wird kernresonanzspektroskopisch der Einbau des Reglers untersucht und mit Rechnungen verglichen. Es ergibt sich nur dann gute Übereinstimmung, wenn vorausgesetzt wird, daß der Einbau statistisch erfolgt und dabei mit gleicher Wahrscheinlichkeit für jede beliebige Stelle zwischen zwei Laurinlactambausteinen oder am Kettenende abläuft. Weitere Rechnungen verdeutlichen den Einfluß des Reglereinbaus auf die Größe des amorphen Anteils.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Auf Grund von mikroskopischen Beobachtungen wurde festgestellt, daß unter dem Einfluß von UV-Strahlung die Oberfläche von PVC-Filmen einer Formveränderung unterliegt. Auf der Oberfläche erscheinen Bläschen und Löcher. Die sich absondernden Gasprodukte der Polymerfotodestruktion verursachen die Bildung dieser Bläschen und Löcher. Größere Oberflächenänderungen wurden in Filmen mit einem Zusatz von 1-5% eines MMA/MA-Copolymeren beobachtet. Das weist auf eine in diesem Modifikator stattfindende Photoabbaureaktion hin, deren Ergiebigkeit größer ist als in reinem PVC. Dieser Modifikator wird in PVC eingeführt, um die Filmoberfläche zu verbessern, beschleunigt allerdings ihre Zerstörung unter dem Einfluß von UV-Strahlung. Es wurde festgestellt, daß Cyclohexanonspuren in den Proben den Photoabbau von MMA/MA retardieren, diesen Prozeß in PVC aber beschleunigen.
    Notes: By means of microscopic observation, the deformation of the surface of PVC films caused by 253.7 nm UV radiation was investigated. Numerous blisters and holes were formed by the gaseous photodecomposition products of the polymer.More apparent deformation of the films containing MMA/MA suggests that the photodecomposition of this modifier occurs with higher efficiency than that of PVC.MMA/MA copolymer is introduced into PVC films to improve the smoothness of their surface, but this modifier accelerates the deformation of this surface under UV irradiation. It was also found that traces of cyclohexanone in samples retard the photodecomposition of MMA/MA and accelerate this process in PVC.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 170 (1989), S. 29-41 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Anzahl von Harzen wurde durch gemeinsame Kondensation von p-Aminoacetophenon (p-AAph), substituierten Benzoesäuren wie m-Tolylsäure (m-TA), o-Tolylsäure (o-TA), Phthalsäure (PhA), p-Nitrobenzoesäure (p-NBA), p-Chlorbenzoesäure (p-CIBA) und Formaldehyd (F) in Gegenwart von verschiedenen Säuren und Basen als Katalysatoren hergestellt. Die Harze wurden IR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Die Löslichkeitsparameter wurden gemäß Small's Gruppenbeteiligung berechnet; sie stimmen gut mit den experimentellen Werten überein. Das thermische Verhalten und die bakteriologischen Eigenschaften der Harze wurden auch untersucht.
    Notes: A number of resins has been prepared by condensing p-amino-acetophenone (p-AAph) with substituted benzoic acid such as m-toluic acid (m-TA), o-toluic acid (o-TA), phthalic acid (PhA), p-nitrobenzoic acid (p-NBA), p-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CIBA) and formaldehyde (F) in presence of some acids and bases as catalysts. The resins were characterized by infrared spectra of the characteristic groups. The solubility parameters were calculated from Small's group contribution which agreed well with the experimental values. The thermal behaviour and the bacteriological properties of the resins have also been investigated.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Notwithstanding their more common beginnings, liquid crystals and molecular biology developed mainly parallel and independently during the last one hundred years.Molecule-phase relationships on the one and complex static-dynamic treatments on the other hand seem to forward mutually integrative views in our days.Biomesogen approaches will deepen our insights into the spatio-temporal coherences of biological systems. They might contribute significantly to the understanding of life processes.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Recent studies on ionic distribution in solutions and in suspensions were reviewed. Suspensions of latex particles, which were large enough to be seen under an ultramicroscope, were investigated by the 2-D Fourier transformation. The micrograph showing ordered structures gave discrete scattering spots, whereas those of disordered arrangements displayed no spots or halos. The two-state structure gave a limited number of halo, confirming our previous conclusion that the very frequently observed single, broad scattering peak was reminiscent of some kind of ordering of solute species. By using an image data analyser, the crystallization process was shown to follow the Ostwald ripening mechanism. The concurrent study by the quasi elastic light scattering method and by the Fourier analysis gave consistent scattering profiles, which indicated that the ordering phenomena took place in the entire volume of suspensions. The scattering intensity (correctly the lattice factor) was calculated for cubic systems with paracrystalline distortion. The peak intensity was lowered by enhanced distortion, while the peak position itself was not affected. This justifies our previous treatment of the single, broad peak in terms of the Bragg equation. The experimentally found scattering curve was compared with this theoretical calculation; the degree of distortion was evaluated.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases of cellulose derivatives were explored as an analytical tool. Molar mass dependent measurements of the helicoidal cholesteric pitch of a cellulose tricarbanilate/solvent system may be used to determine the molar mass of this derivative by optical means. The compatibility of a ternary liquid crystalline system can be adequately investigated by a study of the supermolecular structure with spectroscopic measurements.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The application of carotenoids as natural additives in various water-based or water-compatible formulations for the pigmentation of foods and feeds is seriously hampered by their insolubility in aqueous systems.Therefore, in order to develop the full potential of colour strength and to achieve a high degree of bioavailability during gastro intestinal passage, the coarse crystalline material has to be transformed into a microdisperse state.Exemplified with β-carotene, a novel non-mechanical process is described that transforms the carotenoids into a colloidal hydrosol characterized by an average particle size of about 0.1 μm.The process is based on the preparation of a transient high temperature solute state of the carotenoid in a water-miscible solvent, coupled with succeeding rapid aqueous precipitation in the presence of a stabilizing polymer colloid. The obtained hydrosols are characterized by photon-correlation-spectroscopy(size), and microelectrophoresis(colloidal stabilization).The bioavailability was tested by monitoring plasma levels of β-carotene in veal calves.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymer science is mature enough to allow one to think about tailor-making macromolecular compounds aimed at interacting purposely with living systems. Reasons for developing bioresorbable polymers for temporary therapeutic applications are discussed with respect to property adjustments and economical factors. The field of the applications is first described and guidelines for tailor-making multimeric macromolecules with desired properties are presented. The approach led to focuss investigations on poly(α-hydroxy acids) and functional poly(β-hydroxy acids) derived from natural hydroxy acids, namely lactic, glycolic and malic acids. Physical, mechanical and biological properties of some corresponding polymers and copolymers are presented. Last but not least, examples of applications currently investigated are recalled.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: When blood comes into contact with an artificial surface, a number of events occur which include protein adsorption, platelet activation and the activation of the intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. With the increased application of blood containing artificial devices, there is a great demand to develop new biomaterials which retard thrombus formation. Our new approach to solving this problem is to mimic the non-thrombogenic surface of natural biological membranes at least in a simple form. We have developed a polymerisable phospholipid and polyesters based on the major phospholipid polar head group present on the erythrocyte outer membrane surface. The coagulation of blood exposed to these polymers was examined by the technique of Material Thrombelastography, a relatively simple test for the in vitro screening of polymer thrombogenicity. We present results which indicate that the polymerised phospholipid and polyesters show reduced thrombogenicity, and may therefore have potential for future biomaterials.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: After implantation a stable bond between the implant and the surrounding tissue is required. Therefore a high cell adhesion of the polymer surface of the implant must be achieved. Depending on the treatment time of a polydimethylsiloxane foil with oxygen plasma, the cell adhesion can be improved. FT-IR spectroscopy and ESCA analysis were used to characterize the surface modification. The cell spreading and cell adhesion increase with increasing hydrophilic character of the polymer surface after plasma treatment. A pronounced correlation was found between the efficiency of DNA and protein content, characterizing cell growth, and the spreading of the cells.Polydimethylsiloxane, Glow-Discharge, Surface Modification, Cell Adhesion, Cell Proliferation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We have used synthetic polymers as tools to probe endocytosis and lysosome function. Their particular value lies in their well-defined chemical constitution and in the possibility to custom-synthesize molecules with desired characteristics. Polyvinylpyrrolidone, Percoll and polystyrene beads have been 125I-labelled and used to explore the borderland of pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Derivatized poly(aspartamide), poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) and a polylysine-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer have been used to investigate the effects of hydrophobic moieties and sugar residues on substrate-selection in pinocytosis. The effect of cationic moieties has been studied using vinylpyrrolidone-vinylamine copolymers.Poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) with certain oligopeptide side---chains have been shown to be susceptible to lysosomal peptidases. Ethylene glycol oligomers are being used to study the basal permeability of the lysosome membrane.Soluble macromolecules have considerable potential in targeted drug-delivery. Drugs attached to appropriate polymers by covalent links that are susceptible to lysosomal enzymes can deliver drug to target cells and avoid unwanted sideeffects. Synthetic macromolecules have several advantages over their natural counterparts: they are chemically more robust, less immunogenic, and easier and cheaper to prepare in bulk.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Diagnostics are e. g. reagents or combinations of reagents or measure bloodcomponents down to concentrations of 10-15 mol/1 in reproducable form. To achieve this target diagnostics have to fullfill special requirements in purity, uniformity, producibility and reproducibility. These requirements are also valid for integrated polymers and plastics. Examples of the application of polymers and plastics in diagnostics are e. g. materials for the blood-plasma-separation, the stabilization of proteins, solid phases in immunoassays as reagent tubes, microtiterplates and latexparticles.Reciprocal actions between polymers, plastics, polymer additives, blood and bloodsubstances like proteins in diagnostic tests can be seen as indications to similar effects by the intracorporeal applications of plastics in surgery and in general for contacts of natural materials with plastics, as usual in the foodpacking.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Using Eupergit, a synthetic resin, as an example, the necessary characteristics of a support for high performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) are demonstrated. To such a support different ligands can be immobilized and used for the separation of biopolymers.From the range of possible applications a few examples are chosen. Immunoglobulins are isolated in one step by protein A-HPAC, the purified antibodies are immobilized and applied to immunoaffinity-HPLC for the isolation of corresponding antigens. Concanavalin A-HPAC of membrane proteins was chosen to represent chromatography with immobilized lectins. Antithrombin could be isolated from human plasma by the use of immobilized heparin. HPAC has the advantage of affinity chromatography, which is above all highly specific. As the support is resistant to high pressure and has well defined microparticles with a particular pore size, it provides a much higher yield at considerable flow rates. The handling of materials like this is simpler, the separation of the sample is quicker and can be reproduced more easily.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 166 (1989), S. 257-272 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Controlled polyelectrolyte adsorption can be used to render phospholipid bilayer membranes sensitive to physical and chemical signals. We describe in this paper the design and construction of macromolecular switches for bilayer membranes, which can be used to create lipid vesicles that release their contents rapidly and quantitatively in response to changes in pH, temperature, light intensity or glucose concentration. The kinetics and mechanisms of the molecular switching processes observed in such systems are also discussed.
    Notes: Kontrollierte Adsorption von Polyelektrolyten kann ein wirksames Werkzeug im Design von dünnen molekularen Filmen sein. Man kann erwarten, daß die Adsorption von Polyelektrolytketten das empfindliche Kräftegleichgewicht erheblich beeinflußt, das die strukturellen und funktionellen Eigenschaften von geordneten Strukturen wie Einzel-, Doppel- und Mehrfachschichten bestimmt. Andererseits ist die Adsorption von Polyelektrolyten außerordentlich sensitiv auf Umgebungsparameter, z.B. pH, Temperatur oder lonenstärke. Kontrollierte Adsorption kann daher zu Sensitivität auf bestimmte chemische oder physikalische Stimuli führen, sodaß auf diese Weise ein molekularer Schaltmechanismus entworfen werden kann. Durch Umsetzen dieser ldee in reale Systeme gelang es uns, molekulares Schalten in Mischungen von Poly(2-ethylacrylsäre) mit natürlichen oder synthetischen Phosphatidylcholinen zu bewirken. Insbesondere haben wir Phosphatidylcholinvesikel hergestellt, die ihren lnhalt nach einer Änderung von pH, Temperatur, Glukosekonzentration oder nach Bestrahlung mit Licht schnell und quantitativ freisetzen. Die Entwicklung und die Herstellung von Doppelschichtmembranen, die auf solche Änderungen reagieren, sowie die Kinetik und der Mechanismus des damit verbundenen molekularen Schaltprozesses werden im vorliegenden Artikel diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Enzymes can be immobilized by gel entrapment, by microencapsulation, by physical or ionic adsorption, by covalent binding to inorganic or organic carriers, or by whole cell immobilization. Of particular interest is the large number of chemical reactions developed for the covalent binding of enzymes via their nonessential functional groups to inorganic carriers such as glass, ceramics and iron, to natural polymers such as cellulose and Sepharose, and to synthetic polymers such as nylon, polyacrylamide, and other vinyl polymers and copolymers possessing reactive chemical groups. The stability of certain enzymes is markedly increased on their immobilization. It was thus possible to transform the biologically active polymer derivatives into active enzyme beads, enzyme capsules, enzyme columns and enzyme membranes and these enabled the construction of enzyme reactors such as the batch-stirred tank reactors, the continuous packed bed reactors, and fluidized bed reactors. So far mainly immobilized hydralases and isomerases are being used in industry on a large scale. It seems likely, however, that once adequate techniques become available for cofactor recycling, the use of immobilized enzymes will be extended to other organic reactions, particularly those involving stereospecific synthesis of simple or complex organic molecules. Among the industrial processes in which immobilized enzymes are being used, it is worth mentioning the industrial-scale continuous production of fructose enriched syrup from glucose by immobilized glucose-isomerase, the batch process for the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) from penicillin G with the aid of immobilized penicillin amidase; the production of aspartame from aspartic acid and phenylalanine by immobilized thermoase; the large scale production of optically active amino acids with immobilized amino acid acylase; and the large scale production and application of immobilized lactase for the hydrolysis of lactose. The recently developed process for acrylamide production using immobilized nitrilase containing microbial cells should also be referred to. The successful use of an NAD-polyethylene glycol conjugate (NAD-PEG) as a nondialyzable water-soluble coenzyme derivative in the enzymic synthesis of leucine from α-ketoisocaproic acid and ammonia, in a membrane-enclosed reactor containing L-leucine dehydrogenase, NAD-PEG, formate and formate dehydrogenase, illustrates the new possibilities opened up by making use of cofactor-polymer conjugates. The use of enzyme-polymer conjugates in analytical and clinical is also illustrated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The genetic make-up of living systems especially of isolated cells can be altered by a variety of methods including chemical or light-induced mutation. More modern procedures are the in vitro recombination of nucleic acids and the cell-cell fusion.The new methods are especially useful to reprogram microorganisms to produce valuable proteins or other natural products in excess quantties. In the following we will elucidate the importance of the new techniques by describing the bacterial production of glucose dehydrogenase, of the proteinase inhibitor stefin A and by outlining the methods and promisses of substractive cloning. Although the economic value of genetic engineering techniques still awaits justification, the importance of the methodology for basic biological research is well documented.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Immobilization of whole cells has become an efficient tool for biosynthesis, biotransformation and analysis. High cell density, high operational stability, easy handling, propably in continuous systems, and multiple reuse are important advantages of immobilized cells. In comparison to other methods like adsorption, crosslinking and encapsulation, the entrapment within a polymeric network is the most widely applied technique in heterogeneous biocatalysis. For immobilizing mammalian cells nearly exclusively the adsorption onto micorcarriers is used. Requirements for the polymers to be used in such immobilized cell systems are discussed in detail.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1989), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Vier Pyridazinderivate wurden synthetisiert und als Beschleuniger für Naturkautschukmischungen entwickelt. Die rheologischen Eigenschaften wurden mit Hilfe eines Monsanto Rheometers 100 bestimmt. Die rheometrischen Daten wurden für die Berechnung der kinetischen Konstanten der Vulkanisationsreaktion in Anwesenheit der synthetisierten Verbindungen benutzt. Verglichen mit Mercaptobenzthiazol (MBT), einem Beschleuniger der häufig in der Kautschukindustrie eingesetzt wird, zeigten diese Verbindungen eine gute Beschleunigerwirksamkeit.
    Notes: Four pyridazine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as accelerators in natural rubber (NR) mixes. The rheological characteristics were determined by a Monsanto Rheometer 100. The kinetic constants for the vulcanization reaction in the presence of the synthetic compounds were calculated using the rheometric data. The compounds showed a good accelerating efficiency compared with mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), which is widely used in rubber industry.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 68
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 170 (1989), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Ansammlung von als inaktiv angenommenen „Dimeren“ und „Trimeren“ sowie der Verbrauch von aktiven Spezies mit der Reaktionszeit im säurekatalysierten Furfurylalkohol (FA)/Formaldehyd (F) System wurde durch GPC-Technik unter Anwendung eines Doppeldetektors bewiesen.Ein Reaktionsmechanismus wurde für den Kondensationsprozeß vorgeschlagen, der einige Widersprüche der bisherigen Untersuchungen erklären kann.
    Notes: Accumulation of “dimers” and “trimers” considered to be inactive and consumption of active ones with reaction time in furfuryl-alcohol (FA)/formaldehyde (F) acid catalyzed condensation system was proved by GPC technique using double detector.A reaction mechanism was proposed for the condensation process explaining some contradictions of investigations collected so far.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Dieser Artikel befaßt sich mit silylierten bzw. maleinisierten Polybutadienölen und ihren Effekten in Kieselsäure und Silicate bzw. Kreide enthaltenden Kautschukmischungen. Sie erweisen sich als wirksame Hilfsstoffe für die Substitution von Ruß durch mineralische Füllstoffe.
    Notes: This paper deals with silylated and maleated polybutadiene oils and their effects in rubber compounds containing silica(tes) resp. chalk as fillers. They are shown to be efficient aids in the substitution of oil-dependent carbon black by mineral fillers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 171 (1989), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die isotherme und nichtisotherme Kristallisation von isotaktischem Polypropylen, das mit ausgewählten organischen Pigmenten gefärbt war, wurde mittels DSC untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Nukleierungsfähigkeit der Pigmente mit deren chemischem Aufbau und mit der Erniedrigung der freien Energie für den Keimbildungsprozeß verbunden ist. Die experimentellen Daten wurden mit Hilfe der bekannten Avrami-Gleichung analysiert.Blau-Pigment und Rot-Lack beschleunigen die Kristallisation von isotaktischem Polypropylen, während Orange-Pigment die Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit etwas herabsetzt.
    Notes: The isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of isotactic polypropylene coloured with selected organic pigments was examined by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the nucleating ability of pigments is connected with their chemical nature and with the reduction of the free energy for critical nucleus formation. The experimental data were analysed in terms of the well known Avrami equation.Blue pigment and Red lake are substances which accelerate the crystallization of isotactic polypropylene, while Orange pigment decreases the crystallization rate slightly.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Um bei Kationen-Austauschmembranen eine dauerhafte Selektivität für die Durchlässigkeit von einwertigen Kationen zu erzielen, wurde eine Polyethylenimin-Schicht auf der Membranoberfläche durch Säureamidbindung zwischen Polyethylenimin und den —SO2Cl-Gruppen einer Styrol-co-Divinylbenzol-Membran erzeugt. Nach der Reaktion wurden die im Inneren der Membran verbleibenden —SO2Cl-Gruppen durch Tauchen in wäßrige Natronlauge hydrolysiert.Die so gewonnenen Kationen-Austauschmembranen wurden mittels Elektrodialyse von Seewasser hinsichtlich ihrer Selektivität für die Durchlässigkeit von einwertigen Kationen, ihres elektrischen Widerstandes, ihrer Stromleistung und ihrer überfüh-rungszahlen für Natrium-Ionen untersucht. ATR-IR-Messungen auf der Membran-oberfläche belegen, daß die Shäureamidbindung gegenüber starker Hydrolyseeinwirkung stabil war.
    Notes: In order to give the monovalent cation permselectivity to the cation exchange membrane permanently, polyethyleneimine layer was formed on the membrane surface by acid-amide bond between polyethyleneimine and the —SO2Cl groups of a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer membrane. After the reaction, the —SO2Cl groups remaining in the inner part of the membrane were hydrolyzed by immersing the membrane into an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.The resultant cation exchange membranes were evaluated by electrodialysis of sea water from the point of view of the monovalent cation permselectivity, electric resistance of the membrane, current efficiency, and transport number of sodium ions calculated by membrane potential in connection with reduced viscosity of the various commercial polyethyleneimines, ATR-IR measurements on the membrane surface suggested that the acid-amide bond was stable for severe hydrolysis reaction.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 72
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 171 (1989), S. 141-152 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Epoxidgruppen eines Copolymeren, das man durch Pfropfung von 2,3-Epoxypropylmethacrylat auf isotaktisches Polypropylen erhält, wurden mit niedermolekularen Carbonsäuren umgesetzt. Die Reaktion verläuft in Gegenwart von organischen Lösungsmitteln heterogen und kann durch tertiäre Amine beschleunigt werden. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Reaktion werden mit der Dissoziationskonstanten der gebundenen Säure und mit der Art des verwendeten Beschleunigers korreliert. Die Reaktivität der polymergebundenen Epoxidgruppen ändert sich im Vergleich mit Reaktionen unter homogenen Bedingungen nicht.
    Notes: Epoxy groups on isotactic polypropylene, to which 2,3-epoxypropylmethacrylate was grafted, were reacted with low molecular carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds under heterogeneous conditions in the presence of organic solvents and it may be catalysed by tertiary amines. The rate constants of this reaction are correlated with the dissociation constant of the bonded acid and with the character of the used catalyst. The reactivity of polymer-bonded epoxy groups is not changed when comparing with reactions performed under homogeneous conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wird eine neue Methode zur Einführung von hydrophilen Polyetherseitenketten in segmentierte Polyurethane unter Verwendung eines Polypropylenoxid-Macromeren mit 1,3-Diol-Gruppen an einem Kettenende, die als Kettenverlängerer fungieren, beschrieben. In diesem Prozeß wird eine Seitenkette quantitativ und direkt in medizinische Polyurethanelastomere eingebaut. Diese Entwicklung ist auch für Biowerkstoffe in künstlichen Organen von Interesse.
    Notes: A new method of introducing a hydrophilic polyether side chain into segmented polyurethane using a polypropylene oxide macromer with 1,3-diol at one chain-end, which behaves as chain extender, is described. In this procedure, a molecular-designed side-chain is incorporated quantitatively and directly into polyurethane biomedical elastomer. The design is also of interest to biomaterials in artificial organs.
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  • 74
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 172 (1989), S. 233-233 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 75
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1989), S. 85-100 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Orientierungsmechanismus von kaltverstrecktem, teilkristallinem Polyoxymethylen wurde durch Messung der Intensität der Weitwinkel-Röntgenstreuung (WAXS) untersucht. Die Anisotropie der Proben wurde im einachsigen Zugversuch bei etwa 130°C im Temperaturbereich zwischen Glasübergangstemperatur und Schmelzpunkt erzeugt. Der Prozess der plastischen Deformation wurde für verschiedene Stadien der Verstreckung diskutiert. Die Orientierungsverteilung der Kristalllamellen wurde qualitativ charakterisiert durch die Berechnung von Polfiguren aus den WAXS Streuintensitätsdaten. Der Grad der Orientierung wurde durch die Berechnung des Orientierungsfaktors für den [100] Flächennormalenvektor der Einheitszelle beschrieben. Die Textur der eingeschnürten Proben mit hoher Orientierung wurde als Mischung von axialer und uniplanar-axialer Textur erkannt. Als mögliche Erklärung für diesen Orientierungstyp wird ein Einfluß der Probengeometrie angenommen.
    Notes: The orientation mechanism of cold-drawn, partially crystalline polyoxymethylene (ULTRAFORM) samples was studied by performing wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements. The anisotropic samples were prepared in uniaxial tensile tests around 130°C, in a temperature range between the glass transition and the melting point. The process of the plastic deformation is discussed for different degrees of anisotropy. The orientation distribution of the crystalline lamellae was qualitatively characterized by performing pole figure intensity calculations from the measured WAXS intensities. The degree of orientation was quantitatively described by calculating the orientation factors for the [100] normal vector of the unit cell. The texture of the necked samples with high orientation degrees was a mixture of axial and uniplanar-axial textures. An explanation for the formation of this kind of orientation is proposed assuming an influence of the sample geometry on the orientation process.
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  • 76
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1989), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Herkömmliches Vernetzen von Polyethylen niedriger Dichte (LDPE) wurde mit Dicumylperoxid (DCP) als Vernetzer durchgeführt. DCP wurde in verschiedenen Konzentrationen mit LDPE-Schnitzeln in einem Extruder bei 135 - 145°C gemischt. Monofilamentfäden wurden bei 110°C auf einer Laborziehmaschine gezogen. Die Zugdehnungseigenschaften, der prozentuale Schrumpf und die Dichte wurden mit Zunahme der DCP-Konzentration und der Heizdauer verbessert, während jedoch die prozentuale Quellung abnahm.
    Notes: Conventional crosslinking of low density polyethylene (LDPE) was carried out using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as crosslinking agent. DCP in various concentrations was mixed with LDPE chips in an extruder at 135 - 145°C. Monofilaments were drawn on a laboratory drawing machine at 110°C. It was found that tensile properties, percent shrinkage and density were improved with the increase in the concentration of DCP and in the heating period, whereas, however, the percent swelling decreased.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Resultate von Untersuchungen über die chemische Wechselwirkung zwischen einigen monofunktionellen Modellverbindungen, die die Struktur und Reaktivität von wärmehärtbaren Phenol- und Harnstoff-Formaldehyd-Harzen simulieren, mit Holzkomponenten (Hemicellulosen, Cellulose und Lignin) werden dargelegt. Während Hemicellulosen deutlich dazu neigen, Kondensationsprodukte mit diesen Modellverbindungen zu ergeben, reagieren Lignine in manchen Fällen weniger leicht und abhängig davon, durch welchen Prozeß sie gewonnen worden sind, und abhängig von der Art der Modellverbindung. Cellulose reagierte wegen ihrer Kristallinität nicht unter den gegebenen Bedingungen.
    Notes: Results are presented on the chemical interactions occurring when some monofunctional model compounds simulating the structure and reactivity of thermosetting phenol- and urea-formaldehyde resins are mixed with wood components (hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignins). Whereas hemicelluloses clearly show a propensity to give condensation products with these model compounds, lignins can react less readily in some instances depending on the delignification procedure used to isolate them and on the type of model compound. Cellulose did not react under the conditions chosen, mostly because of its crystalline character.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1989), S. 183-193 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: XPS-, SSIMS- und Wasserkontaktwinkelmessungen wurden verwendet, um den chemischen Einfluß von CF4/O2-Entladungen auf Polycarbonat (PC) aus Bisphenol A zu charakterisieren. Die durch Plasmabehandlung erzeugte Oberflächenmodifizierung kann auf der Basis der im Plasma vorhandenen aktiven Spezies, deren Konzentration durch Actinometrie bestimmt worden ist, erklärt werden.Bei kleinen Gehalten an O2 im Gas (1%) tritt eine umfassende Fluorierung der Oberfläche bedingt durch die Pfropfung von Fluorkohlenstoff-Radikalen ein. Es werden perfluorierte Inseln gebildet, wie der hohe Wert des zunehmenden Kontaktwinkels zeigt. Bei 20-80% O2 reagieren Fluoratome mit der Oberfläche und ätzen sie teilweise. Kleine Gehalte an Fluor, aber keine perfluorierten Inseln werden beobachtet. Sauerstoff trägt zum Ätzen bei und oxidiert die PC-Oberfläche. Die Sauerstoffkonzentration auf der Oberfläche nimmt mit Zunahme des O2-Gehalts im Gas zu, ebenso die Bildung von stark oxidierten Inselchen auf der Probenoberfläche, wie die dramatische Abnahme der Kontaktwinkel zeigt. Eine Verminderung der Aromatizität der Oberfläche, die mit Hilfe von XPS und SSIMS beobachtet wird, ist die Folge dieser Reaktionen.
    Notes: XPS, SSIMS and water contact angle measurements have been used to characterize the chemical effect of CF4/O2 discharges on polycarbonate (PC) made from bisphenol A. We found that the surface modification induced by plasma treatment can be clearly explained on the basis of the acitve species present in the plasma, whose concentration has been studied by actinometry.With very low amounts of O2 in the gas feed (1%) extensive fluorination of the surface occurs, due to grafting of the fluorocarbon radicals. Perfluorinated islands are formed, as shown by the high value of advancing contact angles. In the 20-80% O2 range, fluorine atoms react with the surface, partially inducing etching. Low amounts of fluorine are observed on the sample and no perfluorinated islands. Oxygen participates in etching and oxidizes the PC surface. We observed an increase of the surface concentration of oxygen with increasing the O2 amount in the gas feed and also the formation of strongly oxidized islets on the sample surface, as shown by the dramatic reduction of receding contact angles. A reduction of surface aromaticity, observed by XPS and SSIMS, is the consequence of these reactions.
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  • 79
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1989), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: An attempt was made to obtain cationic cellulose derivatives of highest possible degrees of substitution by treating dissolving grade pulps under homogeneous conditions with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride in the solvent system dimethylacetamide/lithiumchloride. The influence of temperature, reaction time and molar ratio of the reagents was examined. A reaction time of 8 h and a temperature of 70°C have been found to be optimal. The cellulose content in solution and the molar ratio of the reagents have to be adapted to the used pulp.
    Notes: Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, durch Umsetzung von Zellstoffen mit Glycidyltrimethylammoniumchlorid im Lösungsmittelsystem Dimethylacetamid/Lithiumchlorid kationische Cellulosederivate mit möglichst hohen Substitutionsgraden zu erhalten. Hierzu wurden Temperaturabhängigkeit, Reaktionsdauer und Molverhältnis der Reaktanden untersucht. Als optimal erwies sich eine Reaktionsdauer von 8 h bei einer Reaktionstemperatur von 70°C. Der Cellulosegehalt in Lösung und das Molverhältnis der Reaktanden müssen dem verwendeten Zellstoff angepaßt werden.
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  • 80
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 773-781 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A second example of insertion of a water molecule into the helical backbone of an apolar peptide is presented here and compared to a similar occurrence in a longer peptide with the same type of sequence of residues, i.e., Boc-Aib-(Ala-Leu-Aib)3-OMe. The backbone of the title compound assumes an approximate 310-helical form with three 4 → 1 hydrogen bonds. In the place of a fourth 4 → 1 hydrogen bond, a water molecule is inserted between O(1) and N(4), and acts as a bridge by forming hydrogen bonds N(4) … W(1) (2.95 Å) and W(1) … O(1) (2.81 Å). The water molecule participates in a third hydrogen bond with a neighboring peptide molecule, W(1) … O(4) (2.91 Å). The insertion of the water molecule causes the apolar peptide to mimic an amphiphilic helix. Crystals grown from ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (reported here) or from methanol/water solution are in space group P212121 with a = 12.024(4) Å, b = 15.714(6) Å, c = 21.411(7) Å, Z = 4 and dcalc = 1.124 g/cm3 for C32H58N6O9 · H2O. The overall agreement factor R is 6.3% for 2707 reflections observed with intensities 〉 3σ(F) and the resolution is 0.90 Å.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemical shifts of base and H1′ protons of the single-stranded hexamers d(ATTACC) and d(GGTAAT), of the 1 : 1 mixtures of these complementary hexamers, and of the self-complementary dodecamer d(ATTACCGGTAAT) were measured at various temperatures in aqueous solution. Four different sample concentrations were used in the case of the dodecamer and of the mixture of the complementary hexamers; the individual hexamers were measured at two different DNA concentrations. Absorbance temperature profiles at five different NaCl concentrations were measured for the dodecamer in order to quantify the effect of the ionic strength on the duplex formation.Under suitable conditions of nucleotide concentration, temperature, and ionic strength, the dodecamer adopts either a B-DNA duplex or a hairpin-loop structure. Chemical shift vs temperature profiles, constructed for all samples, were used to obtain thermodynamic parameters either for the various stacking interactions in the single strands or for the duplex or the hairpin-loop formation. In the analysis of the duplex formation of the hexamers, a two-state approach appeared too simple, because systematic deviations were revealed. Therefore, a new three-state model (DUPSTAK) was developed. In order to investigate the magnitude of error arising from the use of the two-state approach in cases where the DUPSTAK model appears more appropriate, a series of test calculations was made. The magnitude of error in the enthalpy and in the entropy of duplex melting is found to depend linearly upon the actual melting temperature and not upon the individual ΔHOd and ΔSOd values.Thermodynamic analysis of the chemical shift vs temperature profiles in D2O solution (no added salt) yields an average Tmd value of 341 K (1M DNA) and ΔHOd of -121 kJ · mol-1 for the dimer/random-coil transition of the hexamer duplex d(ATTACC) · d(GGTAAT). For the duplex ⇄ random-coil transition of the 12-mer d(ATTACCGGTAAT) an average Tmd value of 336 K (1M DNA) and ΔHOd of -372 kJ · mol-1 are found. The hairpin/random-coil transition of d(ATTACCGGTAAT) is characterized by a rather large ΔHOh value, -130 kJ · mol-1, and an average Tmh value of 304 K.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A computational method is elaborated for studying the water environment around regular polynucleotide duplexes; it allows rigorous structural information on the hydration shell of DNA to be obtained. The crucial aspect of this Monte Carlo simulation is the use of periodical boundary conditions. The output data consists of local maxima of water density in the space near the DNA molecule and the properties of one- and two-membered water bridges as function of pairs of polar groups of DNA.In the present paper the results for poly(dG) · poly(dC) and poly(dG-dC) · poly(dG-dC) are presented. The differences in their hydration shells are of a purely structural nature and are caused by the symmetry of the polar groups of the polymers under study, the symmetry being reflected by the hydration shell.The homopolymer duplex hydration shell mirrors the mononucleotide repeat. The water molecules contacting the polynucleotide in the minor groove are located nearly in the plane midway between the planes of successive base pairs. One water molecule per base pair forms a water bridge facing two polar groups of bases from adjacent base pairs and on different strands making a “spine”-like structure. In contrast, the major groove hydration is stabilized exclusively by two-membered water bridges; the water molecules deepest in the groove are concentrated near the plane of the corresponding base pair.The alternating polymer is characterized by a marked dyad symmetry of the hydration shell corresponding to the axis between two successive base pairs. The minor groove hydration of the dCpdG step resembles the characteristic features of the homopolymer, but the bridge between the O2 oxygens of the other base-stacking type is formed by two water molecules. The major groove hydration is characterized by high probability of one-membered water bridges and by localization of a water molecule on the dyad axis of the dGpdC step.The found structural elements are discussed as reasonable invariants of a dynamic hydration shell.
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  • 83
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 28 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report dynamic light scattering measurements over a wide range of scattering vectors for fractionated samples of porcine submaxillary mucin (PSM) glycoproteins in two different solvents: 0.1M NaCl, and 6M GdnHCl. The relaxation spectrum has been successfully resolved into a slow mode corresponding to pure translational diffusion and a fast mode containing information on the relaxation times for intramolecular motion. Analysis of the slow mode permits a light scattering evaluation of the polydispersity of these high molecular weight mucin glycoprotein fractions. Determination of the longest intramolecular relaxation times τ1 shows that these are much longer for the PSM fractions in 0.1M NaCl compared to 6M GdnHCl. These data are consistent with earlier studies showing that the chain conformation is the same in both solvents, but that in 0.1M NaCl, the PSM glycoprotein undergoes a self-association process that is end-to-end in nature. Since the τ1 value is intimately related to the viscoelastic behavior of PSM solutions and gels, it is interesting to speculate that the end-to-end association process may be physiologically important.
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  • 85
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 835-849 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Theoretical computations are performed of the intercalative binding to a model d(CpG)2 minihelix of 7-H pyrido[4.3C]carbazole, the precursor of the antitumor bisintercalating drug ditercalinium. The conformations of the intercalation site are generated by the AGNAS procedure (algorithm to generate nucleic acid structures) of Miller and co-workers. The ligand-nucleotide interactions and the nucleotide conformational energies are computed with the SIBFA procedures (sum of interactions between fragments ab intio computed), which use formulas of empirical origin that reproduce ab initio SCF (self-consistent field) computations. Among the candidate intercalation sites most favored energetically, one has a pattern of conformational angles related to the one determined crystallographically by Sobell et al. in a series of x-ray structural studies of small intercalator-dinucleotide monophosphate complexes. Optimal values of the unwinding angle, found in the range of -12° to -14°, are consistent with available experimental data on DNA.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of concanavalin A (Con A) on the thermotropic behavior of positively charged, glycosyl-free lipids and their mixtures with zwitterionic lipids was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry.The gel to liquid-crystal phase transition enthalpy of pure dipalmitoylcholine (DPC) was found to be significantly increased in the presence of Con A (ΔH = 31.2 and 42.5 KJ mol-1 lipid in the presence and in absence of Con A, respectively). Addition of the lectin to DPC liposomes, furthermore, induces the appearance of a new phase transition centered at 320 K. These results are interpretable by a partial hydrophobic interdigitation of the lectin molecule into the liposomal bilayer.The effect of Con A on the phase behavior of three 2:1 mixtures of zwitterionic and of positively charged lipids was also investigated. Phase diagrams of the systems dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine-dihydrosphingosine (DPPC-DHS), sphingomyelin-dipalmitoylcholine (SPM-DPC), and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine-dipalmitoylcholine (DMPC-DPC) are presented. In lipid mixtures of limited miscibility (DPPC-DHS and SPM-DPC), Con A induces pronounced phase-separation effects. These effects are attributable to a direct hydrophobic interaction of the lectin with the liposomal bilayer and do not require the presence of specific receptor groups.The possible relationship between lectin-induced phase separations in the lipid matrix of biomembranes, and the observed changes in membrane permeability, membranal enzymatic activities, etc., is briefly discussed.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement (2D NOESY) data are reported for the polypentapeptide of elastin, poly(VPGVG), and the cyclopentadecapeptide, cyclo(VPGVG)3. In both, the repeating type II Pro2-Gly3 β-turn can be derived from the NOE data, providing confirmation of many previous studies. In addition, other through-space connectivities are detailed that also compare favorably with previously determined crystal and solution structures for cyclo(VPGVG)3. Also, near identical data for the cyclopentadecapeptide and the polypentapeptide demonstrate the cyclic conformation-linear (helical) conformational correlate relationship between the two molecules. The 2D NOESY experiment is seen to be an effective means of establishing the presence or absence of a conformational relationship between a cyclic repeating sequence and its higher molecular weight linear counterpart. This is an approach of substantial practical value when developing the conformation of sequential polypeptides and when attempting to identify the presence of the conformation of a repeating peptide sequence within a more complex primary structure.Having established the basic conformational relationship between a cyclic conformation and its linear helical counterpart, cross peaks present in the linear helical structure that are not present in the cyclic conformational correlate can provide information on the interactions between adjacent turns of the helix. In this connection, a ValγCH3 ↔ ProβCH2 interaction is reported that can be the basis for determining the number of pentamers per turn of helix once it is determined whether it is dominantly the Val1 or Val4γCH3 that is interacting with the Pro2βCH2.
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  • 88
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 901-905 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 89
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 965-973 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oligo-DNAs are synthesized on a solid support using the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl group as a 5′-OH base labile protection. The synthesis of the pure protected nucleotides, a relevant phosphoramidite-type strategy of coupling, and the optimization of the deprotection steps are described. This new synthetic method is an alternative to the standard protocol that avoids acidic conditions.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have applied the formalism developed previously for the kinetics of domain-localized reaction [S. Mazur and M. T. Record, Jr. (1986) Biopolymers 25, 985-1008] to describe complex mechanisms of association of a protein with a specific site on a large DNA molecule also containing many nonspecific binding sites. These nonspecific sites participate in the mechanism of formation of the specific complex through competitive binding and the facilitating mechanisms of sliding and transfer. The effects of localizing the sites in a domain are represented by a simple algebraic expression, and the sequence of interactions within the domain are described by equations closely related to a conventional, homogeneous solution mechanism. We apply this formalism to examine the interplay between sliding and direct transfer in domain-localized interactions in general and in the lac repressor-lac operator interaction in particular. Experimental investigation of the effect of the molecular location of the specific site (e.g., end vs middle of the polymer chain) on the kinetics of association may allow the contributions of sliding and direct transfer to be resolved.
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  • 91
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 975-993 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electrostatic potentials around DNA are obtained by solving the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation. The detailed charge distribution of the DNA and the different polarizabilities of the macromolecule and solvent are included explicitly in the calculations. The PB equation is solved using extensions of a finite difference approach applied previously to proteins. Electrical potentials and ion concentrations are compared to those obtained with simpler models. It is found that the shape of the dielectric boundary between the macromolecule and solvent has significant effects on the calculated potentials near the surface, particularly in the grooves. Sequence-specific patterns are found, the most surprising result being the existence of positive regions of potential near the bases in both the major and minor grooves. The effect of solvent and ionic atmosphere screening of phosphate-phosphate repulsions is studied, and an effective dielectric function, appropriate for molecular mechanics simulations, is derived.
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  • 92
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 1019-1030 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have used Raman scattering to study the water O-H stretching modes at ∼ 3450 and ∼ 3220 cm-1 in DNA films as a function of relative humidity (r.h.). The intensity of the 3220-cm-1 band vanishes as the r.h. is decreased from 98% to around 80%, which indicates that the hydrogen-bond network of water is disrupted in the primary hydration shell (which therefore cannot have an “ice-like” structure). The number of water molecules in the primary hydration shell was determined from the intensity of the ∼ 3200-cm-1 band as about 30 water molecules per nucleotide pair. The ∼ 3400-cm-1 O-H stretch band was used for determining the total water content, and this band persists at 0% r.h., implying that 5-6 tightly bound water molecules per nucleotide pair remain. The frequency of the ∼ 3400-cm-1 O-H stretch mode is lower by 30 to 45 cm-1 in the primary hydration shell compared to free water. The water content as a function of r.h. obtained from these experiments agrees with gravimetric measurements. The disappearance of the ∼ 3200-cm-1 band and the shift of the ∼ 3400-cm-1 O-H stretch band provide a reliable way of measuring the hydration number of DNA.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An estimation of the thermodynamic effects of a charged random coil, which is attached either to the N- or C-terminus of polyalanine, upon α-helix stability is attempted. A temperature-induced helix-coil transition of Ala20Lys20Phe and Lys20Ala20Phe was studied under various conditions of salt concentration and pH. By combining the results with previous ones for Ala20Glu20Phe and Glu20Ala20Phe, which have opposite electric charges to the present system [S. Ihara et al. (1982) Biopolymers 21, 131-145], the free energy of the coil to helix transition of the polyalanine block could be separated into two terms - one term for the electrostatic interaction of electric charges in the random-coil block with the α-helix dipole, and a second term for the intrinsic stability of the helix. The first term indicates the significance of the helix dipole-charge interactions, which affects the helix stability depending on the attaching side of the charged block and on the sign of the charges. This clearly shows the anisotropic stability of the α-helix. Furthermore, analysis of the dependence of these thermodynamic quantities on salt concentrations showed, assuming that the effect of the attached electric charges was symmetric (in other words, the absolute values of the electrostatic interaction terms were independent of the sign of electric charges), that the intrinsic stability of the α-helix was dependent on which side of the helix was attached to the random coil: a random coil attached to the N-terminus of the α-helix had little effect while that attached to a C-terminal significantly destabilized the helix.
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  • 94
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 1043-1058 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The velocity and orientation of T4 and λ DNA have been measured for the first 20 s during pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in order to clarify the DNA motions that occur. For a square pulse with field strength E = 10 V/cm, the velocity of λ DNA increases gradually to 10.5 μm/s in 1.0 s, declines to 8.6 μm/s, and then rises to a plateau value of 9.3 μm/s after 4 s. T4 DNA behaves similarly, but more slowly. Parallel measurements of fluorescence-detected linear dichroism show that the DNA becomes substantially aligned with its chain axis parallel to the electrophoretic field E after the pulse is applied. The alignment also shows an overshoot, an undershoot, and a plateau comparable to those seen for velocity. When the field strength increases, both the velocity and the alignment reach their peaks more quickly. For all field strengths and both molecular weights, the velocity peak occurs when the molecular center of mass has moved 0.3 to 0.5 L, where L is the chain contour length. A qualitative model is provided.
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  • 95
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 1059-1095 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the context of dynamic Monte Carlo simulations on a model protein confined to a tetrahedral lattice, the interplay of protein size and tertiary structure, and the requirements for an all-or-none transition to a unique native state, are investigated. Small model proteins having a primary sequence consisting of a central bend neutral region flanked by two tails having an alternating hydrophobic/hydrophilic pattern of residues are seen to undergo a continuous transition to a β-hairpin collapsed state. On increasing the length of the tails, the β-hairpin structural motif is found to be in equilibrium with a four-member β-barrel. Further increase of the tail length results in the shift of the structural equilibrium to the four-member β-barrel. The random coil to β-barrel transition is of an all-or-none character, but while the central turn is always the desired native bend, the location of the turns involving the two external strands is variable. That is, β-barrels having the external stands that are two residues out of register are also observed in the transition region. Introduction into the primary sequence of two additional regions that are at the very least neutral toward turn formation produces an all-or-none transition to the unique, native, four-member β-barrel. Various factors that can augment the stability of the native conformation are explored. Overall, these folding simulations strongly indicate that the general rules of globular protein folding are rather robust - namely, one requires a general pattern of hydrophobic/hydrophilic residues that allow the protein to have a welldefined interior and exterior and the presence of regions in the amino acid sequence that at the very least are locally indifferent to turn formation. Since no site-specific interactions between hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues are required to produce a unique four-member β-barrel, these simulations strongly suggest that site specificity is involved in structural fine-tuning.
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  • 96
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sequence-specific photomodification of oligodeoxynucleotide pAGAGTATTGACTTA (“a target”) has been carried out with the aid of complementary fluorescent probes. Such a probe consisted of oligodeoxynucleotide pAATACTCT and a chromophore group attached to its 5′ end. Three different derivatives of ethidium bromide were used as a chromophore. The photomodification was induced by nitrogen laser radiation (337 nm, 15 MW /cm2). The irradiation induces the following photodamages: target cleavage at the specific binding site with a cutting off of the 8-mer from its 5′ end (yield up to 12%), formation of specific covalent adduct target-probe with a yield of 20-70%, and piperidine-sensitive target modifications with a 7-27% yield (for different chromophores). The total yield of specific photodamages of all kinds is 50-80%. The target cleavage and generation of piperidine-sensitive modifications are optically nonlinear processes. Piperidine treatment of the irradiated samples led to specific cleavage of the target with the yield up to 40%. All kinds of observed modifications are not influenced by high concentrations of free radical scavengers: 1.3M tBuOH and 10 mM cystamine. The pattern of cleavage indicates that the most probable position of the chromophore is between T8 and G9 of the target, i.e., the chromophore stacks on top of the last A · T base pair of the duplex. The aggregate of evidence is in agreement with the mechanism of nonlinear photomodification (the cleavage and generation of piperidine-sensitive modifications) based on the transfer of two-photon excitation energy from the chromophore to the target.
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  • 98
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    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 1179-1186 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The physiological importance of heparin is due to its strong interaction with bivalent counterions, especially Ca2+. A diffusional approach of this property is presented in this article: the observable is the self-diffusion coefficient of the counterions, as a function of the ratio of the polyelectrolyte over the added salt concentrations. All the results are in agreement with a simple “quasi-chemical model” in which two different states are assumed for the counterions: “free” or “bound.” The proportions of these two types of ions are calculated according to the distribution function of the counterions around the polyion. We assume that those of counterions located at a distance closer than a, the characteristic distance, are bound; the others are free. The ionic distribution function is evaluated by a numerical integration of a cell model Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Finally, this model leads to a very good agreement with the experimental results, if the radius of heparin polyion is assumed to be 6 and 10 Å.
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 1189-1193 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The calculated spectrum of longitudinal compressional waves on DNA polymer chains is shown to be in excellent agreement with recently performed inelastic neutron scattering measurements in hydrated, oriented DNA crystals. This opens up a previously unexplored frequency regime of DNA science and establishes the validity of the phonon extended wave description of DNA elementary excitations in this region.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 28 (1989), S. 1259-1269 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthetic peptide Gly-L-Ala-L-Phe (C14H19N3O4 · 2H2O; GAF) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21, with a = 5.879(1), b = 7.966(1), c = 17.754(2) Å, β = 95.14(2)°, Dx = 1.321 g cm-3, and Z = 2. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods using the program SHELXS-86 and refined to an R value of 0.031 for 1425 reflections (〉 3σ). The tripeptide exists as a zwitterion in the crystal and assumes a near α-helical backbone conformation with the following torsion angles: ψ1 = -147.8°; φ2, ψ2 = -71.2°, -33.4°; φ3 ψ3 = -78.3°, -43.3°. In this structure, one water molecule bridges the COO- and NH3+ terminii to complete a turn of an α-helix and another water molecule participates in head-to-tail intermolecular hydrogen bonding, so that the end result is a column of molecules that looks like an α-helix. Thus, the two water molecules of crystallization play a major role in stabilizing the near α-helical conformation of each tripeptide molecule and in elongating the helix throughout the crystal. An analysis of all protein sequences around regions containing a GAF fragment by Chou-Fasman's secondary structure prediction method showed that those regions are likely to assume an α-helical conformation with twice the probability they are likely to adopt a β-sheet conformation. It is conceivable that a GAF fragment may be a good part of the nucleation site for forming α-helical fragments in a polypeptide, with the aqueous medium playing a crucial role in maintaining such transient species.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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