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  • 1985-1989  (701)
  • 1820-1829
  • Biochemistry  (529)
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 11 (1989), S. 3-8 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Clofazimine ; Dapsone ; Ethionamide ; Isoniazide ; Mechanism of action ; Mycobacterium leprae ; Prothionamide ; Quinolones ; Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors ; Rifampicin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract From a pharmacochemical point of view the existing anti-leprotics as well as possible innovations in the chemotherapy of leprosy are discussed. Of the main anti-leprotics, which are used nowadays — dapsone, rifampicin, clofazimine, isoniazide, ethionamide and prothionamide — the mechanism of action, the main problems in their application and possibilities to develop improved variants are reviewed. Based on the chemistry ofMycobacterium leprae, the target systems for new anti-leprotics are identified. These systems include the cell wall, the catabolism of reactive oxygen species, the metabolisms of carbon sources, the amino acid metabolism and the uptake of iron. Two possible new lead structures from other fields, 4-quinolones and mycobacterial ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are presented.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 15-19 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Effective interfacial area a and volumetric liquid-side mass transfer coefficient kLa of an RTL contactor were obtained at different stirring speeds by absorption of oxygen from air into 0.8 kmol/m3 sodium sulphite solution, in the presence of Co++ ions. The values of a and kLa ranged from 80 to 150 m2/m3 and 0.0003 to 0.00053 s-1, respectively, when stirrer speed was increased from 8 to 40 rpm. When kL alone was evaluated, it was found to be practically constant, irrespective of stirring speed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vapour phase hydrogenation of 1,3-cyclo-octadiene (COD) over Pd on alumina has been studied in the gas phase, using a recycle reactor. The dependences of COD hydrogenation rates and those of the consecutive cyclo-octene (COE) hydrogenation on the reaction conditions are well described by a model which takes into account mass transfer in the porous layer of palladium. The kinetics of the COE hydrogenation is of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type. The hydrogenation of COD is of first order with respect to hydrogen. The reaction order with respect to COD is -0.15. If the catalyst surface is completely covered by COD, the hydrogenation of COE is totally suppressed. This indicates a much stronger adsorption of COD than of COE. Hydrogenation of COE can only occur in the innermost part of the pores when the transport of COD by diffusion is insufficient to supply the entire active surface of the catalyst. This happens if the ratio PH2/PCOD exceeds 2/ϕ2 with ϕ being the Thiele's modulus. This relationship permits a simple evaluation of the effective diffusion coefficient in the porous Pd-layer.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 71-87 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the course of polymerization in homogeneous systems, the viscosity of the reaction mass increases by several orders of magnitude. The viscosity increase is affected by reaction conditions, concentration and properties of the formed polymer. Empirical correlations for homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerizations are given. Viscosity significantly affects the polymerization kinetics as well as heat, mass and momentum balances of the polymerization reactor. The influence of viscosity and its increase on conductive heat transfer, stirrer power input and cooling capacity, molecular diffusion and mass transfer coefficients, mixing time and residence time distribution in homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerizations in stirred tank and tubular reactors is reviewed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 89-96 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Depressurization of a pressure vessel, containing a liquid or a gas is limited by the maximum possible mass flux. This flux occurs at a certain drop in pressure. The ratio of ambient pressure to that inside the vessel must be less than a certain critical value. The critical pressure ratio depends on the thermodynamic state of the fluid inside the vessel and on the geometry of the outlet cross-section. The outlet can be a pipeline, a safety valve or a rupture disk. The results of known theoretical and experimental work are presented. In previous experiments, saturated liquids, two-phase flows or pure vapours were examined. In order to predict the critical pressure ratio, certain assumptions are necessary. These are derived for three well-defined cross-sections of the vessel outlet.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 235-244 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Film theory under consideration of one-sided diffusion is a satisfactory basis for the calculation of vapour condensation from a flowing turbulent mixture with non-condensable gases. At atmospheric pressure and low condensate flow rates, coefficient equations for smooth tubes are used as a rule. At higher pressures and thus, at higher temperatures and gas densities, there are additional parameters. For instance, non-ideal behaviour of the gas phase or the surface roughness affects the condensation process. These parameters were examined in a test plant under variation of pressure, steam concentration and temperature in a vapour/air mixture. At pressures of up to 21 bar, the Reynolds number of the gaseous phase reaches a maximum value of 128 000 and of 720 for the condensed phase. After description of the test facility, the experimental results are explained and discussed. It is shown that the experimental results are not in a good agreement with the common calculating methods. Taking into account the non-ideal behaviour of the steam/air mixture and the roughness of condensate surface by using a friction factor ξr, all the results could be calculated with an accuracy of ± 20%. This was achived with a modification of the coefficient equation of Gnielinski [1] and by using the equation of Andreussi [2] for the friction factor of a cocurrent annular flow. With respect to one-sided diffusion, the film theory is still applicable. The described method for the determination of local transfer coefficients includes the common calculating method. It represents an extension of the general validity of the film theory.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 226-233 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The explosion behaviour of CH4/air mixtures inside a closed 0.065 m3 spherical and a 1 m3 cylindrical vessel was investigated to determine the effect of turbulence on the structure and propagation rate of transient turbulent flames for different initial turbulence levels generated by 4 ventilators installed inside the equipment. Laser-Doppler and hot wire anemometry were used to measure the turbulent motion. It was found that fairly uniform turbulence could be achieved in the central zones of the vessels and that the RMS-values of flow velocity were proportional to the ventilator speed. The evaluation of burning velocity from the pressure/time records showed that, starting from an initial burning velocity which depends on the initial turbulence level, the flame accelerates as a result of pressure, temperature and turbulence effects. Maximum burning velocity coincides with the inflexion point of the pressure/time curve, and is followed by a rapid deceleration of the flame front. A linear relationship between burning velocity and measured RMS-velocity is recognized in the observed range of RMS-values.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 245-248 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer data are presented for absorption of oxygen in a centrifugal film apparatus. The apparatus was designed to exclude the formation of foam by gas dispersion in liquid. Cells and micro-organisms are not subjected to high shear stress. Therefore, this equipment can be applied in fermentation processes. In the present work, experimental data and correlations were obtained on splitting of the liquid film and oxygen absorption into the film through a spiral ridge formed on the conical surface. The performance of the apparatus is found to be equivalent to those of other types of absorbers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Carman-Kozeny equation is applicable in the viscous flow regime but, as the powder becomes finer, this equation fails. The controlling factor is the ratio of the hydraulic diameter to the mean free path of gas molecules (rH/λ) and, as this approaches unity, “slip flow” occurs. This effect increases with (a) increasing fineness, i.e. rH reduced, (b) decreasing porosity, i.e. rH reduced, and (c) decreasing pressure, i.e. λ increased. In order to account for the enhanced flow arising as a result of this failure, a second term is introduced into the equation and this includes an unknown “constant” (δK0/K), the coefficient of slip. It was considered probable that this so-called constant was a function of (rH/λ), and an attempt was made to investigate this relationship.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 262-269 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of flow characteristics and residence time distribution, (RTD), have been undertaken in a range of geometrically similar, laboratory nozzle-type reactors. High-speed cine-photography was employed to record the complex phenomena of liquid mixing in the reactor and also to record on film the colour of an injected tracer solution leaving in the effluent. A novel atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) technique was applied to transform the results of the latter film into response curves. This technique provide detailed quantitative data on the residence time distributions (RTD) for different feed rates. A multiparameter model, comprising a network of CSTR's and plug flows, was developed to simulate the experimental response data. Good agreement was obtained between model predictions and experimental results. The experimental technique and theoretical approach are recommended for analyzing the flow patterns and mixing mechanisms in such reactors.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 280-288 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cubic equation of state is modified in such a way that prediction of PVT data from 40 model compounds, typical of coal oil, becomes possible with an absolute mean deviation of less than 2% for saturated liquid volumes and vapour pressures 〉 1 bar. Additional correlations for binary interaction parameters are obtained by an optimization procedure using vapour-liquid euilibrium (VLE) data from known heavy hydrocarbon liquid/light gas systems. When the modified equation is applied to coal-derived liquids, only specific gravity and boiling analysis data of the coal liquids are required, primarily in order to determine the equation-of-state parameters. The proposed equation is shown to allow a good prediction of VLE data for systems consisting of wide-boiling-range coal oils and light gases. Experimental values were obtained at elevated temperatures and pressures with a circulation flow apparatus.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer and fluid mechanical data were computed for laminar channel flows containing strong longitudinal vortex pairs. The strong vortices are generated by thin delta wings and delta winglet pairs of low aspect ratios and large angles of attack. These wings are attached to the channel walls. The data show that longitudinal vortices cause high local peaks in heat transfer and marked increases in the overall channel heat transfer. These increases occur over a wide region of channel wall, compared to the vortex generating wing area. The results are of special interest for compact heat exchangers. The heat transfer enhancement allows a considerable reduction in the heat transfer area which, in turn, reduces the manufacturing and operating costs.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A superposition of simple physical equations allows a satisfactory, comprehensive fluid dynamic description of jet-loop reactors in multiphase operation up to a dispersed phase hold-up of 15%. In the case of higher concentrations, there are further interactions which are not yet included in the model description. Apart from the drag coefficient of the single-phase jet loop, information on the particle swarm behaviour, i.e. on the slip velocity of the dispersed phase is required. Explicit formulation of the influence of the relevant geometrical parameters permits a reliable scale-up without additional adaptation parameters.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To improve the rate of convergence of random search optimization procedures, the incorporation of a gradient-oriented one-dimensional search is investigated. With this modification to the random search procedure based on uniform sampling and region contraction [1], convergence to within 0.01% of the global optimum was obtained substantially faster for typical chemical engineering problems. It was also found that the reliability of obtaining the global optimum was improved.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Grade efficiencies must be measured in order to characterize particle collection in cyclones. For real, irregularly shaped partcles, the grade efficiencies depend on the shape and orientation of the particles and the flow around them. Therefore, the collection characteristics of cyclones should be defined in relation to spherical particles. Deviations occurring on the use of real, irregularly shaped dusts can then be attributed to a material influence. A fast and accurate measuring technique to determine the collection characteristic for spherical particles is described, followed by the presentation of results of extensive investigations on small model cyclones. A similarity relationship is presented. The validity of this relationship was confirmed by investigations with similar, larger cyclones.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An independent preliminary mechanistic prediction method for leakage rates through small slit-shaped through-wall cracks, based on coupled pressure drop and (critical) mass flux calculation is presented. The predictions are verified against initially subcooled liquid refrigerants and water data collected during experiments in real and model cracks in a wide range of parameters. The achieved accuracy of prediction is already comparable to that of the experimental results. Further model modifications are put forward.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The knowledge of the heat transfer coefficient on the inner side of a heated vessel wall is of the utmost importance for the design of agitated vessels. In the case of large Reynolds numbers, the heat transfer is mainly determined by these numbers whereas, with small Reynolds numbers, the heat transfer is better described by considering the Grashof number. Investigations of heat transfer in agitated narrow vessels have shown that the height/diameter ratio exerts virtually no influence on the heat transfer when multi-impeller stirrers are used. The heat transfer to stirred suspensions can be described by relationships valid for liquids if the characteristic data of the liquid are replaced by those of the suspension and when the solids volume concentration is also taken into account. This relationship allows the heat transfer coefficient to be calculated for given solids volume concentrations of up to 60%.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to achieve optimal energy-saving, load-dependent operation of rectification columns, development and implementation of model-based control concepts are necessary. This paper reports on the design and step-by-step testing of a state observer for the estimation of two state variables which cannot be measured directly, namely the vapour rate and the location of mass transfer zone (temperature front) in the stripping section of a production column. The procedure is described, and the relevant simulation and operation results are presented and discussed. Initial experience, gained when the concept was put into practical operation, is reported.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The most important investigations on liquid weeping and entrainment in plate columns with downcomers are reveiwed. The formulae for calculating column plate efficiency under conditions of liquid weeping and entrainment have been derived on the basis of mass balance equations. The presented model is a generalization of the models of AIChE and Colburn. Sample results are shown graphically. The effect of liquid entrainment on tray efficiency predicted by the model is in agreement with experimental data of FRI.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 356-357 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 345-350 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous crystallization of potassium carbonate was investigated in a mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer with 7.0 1 working volume. Highly polydispersed product was obtained, with x50 varying between 320 and 670 μm. Crystal growth rates can be described by the model of Abegg, Stevens and Larson (ASL) (size dependent crystal growth rate). Values of G0 = 8.6 × 10-9 to 3.6 × 10-8 m/s and B0/ϕ = 2.7 × 108 to 4.2 × 109 1/m3s were obtained for mT = 45 to 92 kg/m3 and ε = 0.45 ± 0.05 W/kg. Nucleation kinetics at 27 °C can be described by the equation: B0/ϕ = kBϕsε0.73G02.5. Since G0 ∝ σ, convection and/or diffusion rather than surface integration are the crystal growth controlling mechanisms.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Combustion rate of flat graphite plates in oxidizing flows with velocities of up to 80 m/s and stagnation temperatures between 1600 and 2500 K were investigated. The flow field and its local properties were recorded in addition to surface temperature of the solid sample and change in surface structure. The experiments, in which the surface temperature of graphite was adjusted and carefully controlled by radiation shields, indicated that, under these experimental conditions, between 15 and 20 wt-% of carbon was lost as particles of up to 100 μm which burnt rapidly in the boundary layer region. Subtraction of erosion rates from the recorded global combustion rates yield the heterogeneous chemical reaction rates, which are approximated by an Arrhenius type function for the mathematical modelling. Since steep temperature and concentration gradients occur in the boundary layer, the local values of the multicomponent transport coefficients were evaluated in order to design a more realistic computational procedure which, in addition, also includes radiative heat transfer. Computational checks revealed that, in the past, the assumption of mean constant values for the transport coefficients has led to errors of up to 100% in the evaluation of the chemical reaction and global combustion rates.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study describes the gas and liquid distributions in a column with structured packings. The column is 0.5 m in diameter. It is equipped with a total of 1289 detectors in the top and bottom cross-sections. These detectors provide a detailed picture of the gas and liquid flows through elements of only 25 × 25 mm2. The maldistribution in the gas bulk flow is negligible. Only the observed wall can contribute to malperformance. The gas flows in parallel to sheet orientation, thus introducing a radial transport. Together with the change in the orientation of subsequent packing elements, this results in good gas mixing. It was observed that the liquid wall flow rate decreases when the gas velocity exceeds 1.7 m/s. Up to the loading point, the maldistribution of the liquid is constant. Above this point, the equality of the distribution deteriorates rapidly, due to the occurrence of large-scale liquid segregation.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The “nozzle scrubber” is a wet scrubber in which the scrubbing water is dispersed in dust laden gas stream by means of one or more pneumatic nozzle. This scrubber is distinguished by an excellent collection efficiency for submicron dust at an unusually low energy and water consumption. So far, the physical effects affecting the separation cannot be explained by a well-defined theory. Therefore, it is sensible to investigate the collection efficiency with regard to the mechanisms of inertial impaction, turbulent diffusion and coalescence induced by turbulence. The experimental equipment is of a very simple design. A light scattering device was used to measure the particle distributions. In addition, electron micrographs were analyzed to obtain information about the submicron particles. The influence of operating parameters on grade efficiency has been demonstrated by their systematic variation. The contribution of turbulent diffusion to the collection efficiency has been confirmed; nevertheless, grade efficiencies were also measured when inertial impaction prevailed.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chlorination of an alumina with BET surface area of 100 m2/g has been studied in situ by transmission IR measurements at about 670 K. The chlorinating gases consisting of Cl2 and CO were employed individually and in equimolar proportion. The IR results do not reveal the presence of a phosgene surface species which could support the only mechanism proposed so far to explain the chlorination. A detailed alternative reaction mechanism is suggested for the high temperature chlorination reaction, taking into account the IR results, together with the known electron donor-acceptor properties of the activated alumina and the reaction gases: Cl2 molecules accept electrons from oxide ions with a lower coordination number on the alumina surface, leading to the formation of Cl-and Oad. While Cl- yields AlCl3, Oad reacts further with CO producing CO2.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution reports on the theory underlying a uniform representation of heat transfer to submerged surfaces in fixed bed reactors and of gas convective part of heat transfer in fluidized beds with coarse-grained bulk solids and/or at elevated pressure. Based on an analysis of the pressure drop behaviour of fixed bed percolation at different gas pressures and with different bulk solids, a new dimensionless pressure drop parameter was developed. Fixed bed heat transfer data are very well correlated by this new dimensionless number. As soon as fluid throughput is in excess of minimum fluidization velocity, the pressure drop parameter transforms into the well-known Archimedes number. These two dimensionless numbers are connected by the condition of equilibrium for pressure drop and mass of practices in a fluidized bed. This equilibrium is fulfilled as soon as fluidization commences. Up to now, the Archimedes number has been generally accepted as the significant parameter, determining the gas convective part of heat transfer in fluidized beds; however, without any physical interpretation of this parameter. Introduction of the pressure drop number, which is consistent with the Archimedes number, reduces the heat transfer behaviour to pressure drop characteristics. The usefulness of this concept is proven by the comparison of experimental results and prediction.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption of nitric oxide (NO) in phosphoric acid esters and polyethylene glycol ethers which contain cupric halides has been investigated. Due to high solubility of cupric halides and high equilibrium constants of formed nitrosyl complexes, the effective solubility of nitric oxide can be enhanced to about 100-fold its solubility in the salt-free organic liquid which itself amounts to only about 5-fold the NO-solubility in water. Calculations taking into account flue gas conditions indicate that the required gas-liquid ratio in industrial absorption processes will lie in the normal range of flue gas scrubbing processes, namely in the region of 400:1 to 1000:1 in volume. Thus, such a reversible absorption process could a viable alternative to SCR-processes in flue gas denitrification.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 54-63 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a chemical reactor is depressurized or pressure in a vessel, filled with saturated liquid, has to be decreased, generally both vapour and liquid flow out through the relief valve. Since chemical reactors are usually operated with toxic and explosive fluids, the discharged liquid which vaporizes on the ground around the vessel may reach dangerous concentrations, causing explosions or accidents with the poisonous gas. During a research project, some fundamentals were developed for the design of separation systems which separate liquid from vapour and store it in a receiver. The requirement for a separation efficiency of a least 80% is related to the condition that the separated liquid should flow back into the reactor still during the pressure relief phase. For safety reasons, both separation and re-storage are to be carried out without the supply of external energy. Theoretical and experimental investigations of pressure distribution within the piping to the relief valve and in an integrated separator show that re-storage of the separated liquid in the vessel can be achieved under certain flow conditions. Therefore, the separator must be integrated in the pipe at a certain height above the vessel, so that the hydrostatic pressure of the separated liquid, corresponding to the difference in height, is sufficient to lead it back through another pipe against the internal pressure of the vessel. First, several separators were tested with air-water mixtures. A swirl separator and a reversing separator have been developed to such an extent that they appear suitable for the set task. Experimental results with air-water mixtures and refrigerant R12 upon pressure relief show separation efficiencies of between 90 and 100% at low pressure drops within the whole operating range. As an alternative to separation outside the vessel, a rotary separator was also developed which is fixed to the outlet opening in the vessel. A centrifugal field is produced by the separator rotor and the heavier liquid is largely separated from the vapour so that only drops in the range 〈 100 μm flow together with the vapour towards the central standpipe. The outflowing vapour leaves the separator via 4 tangentially arranged nozzles, under critical conditions. The vapour flow momentum drives the separator rotor. The arrangement was developed and tested during various series of experiments, under conditions or pressure relief with refrigerant R12. So far, separation efficiencies between 60 and 95% have been achieved at stirring speeds of up to 2500 min-1.
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  • 31
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 63-70 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown in this report that, under certain conditions, cleaning of exhaust air by absorption presents an interesting alternative to the existing methods. In particular, this process can be used with advantage for small quantities of exhaust air, high and strongly fluctuating solvent concentrations and solvent mixtures such as those occurring in batch operation. A washing agent was employed which had not been previously used for this purpose. Its properties, which were investigated in the laboratory, were confirmed during a 15-months' trial period in a semi-industrial plant. The process and plant were optimized for practical use. Through its option of solvent recovery from exhaust air, this physical absorption process contributes to environmental control.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The prediction of leak areas in pressure vessels is an important objective in the safety analysis of chemical plants. Using suitable design rules, a leak-before-break behaviour can be achieved. This contribution outlines a procedure for the leak-before-break design of nozzle attachments and the determination of the size of the corresponding opening area. In addition, K1-factors and leak areas for a number of nozzle geometries have been calculated and plotted.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 358-364 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The energy consumption of ammonia plants based on steam reforming of naphtha or natural gas can be reduced by shifting the reforming load from the primary to the secondary reformer. It is shown that lowering of the primary reformer operating temperature 20 °C results in 2% increase of unconverted methane content in the outlet stream. The increased methane content can be processed in the secondary reformer if the process air inlet temperature is increased to 400 °C. The lower operating temperature reduces the energy consumption of the primary reformer by about 6% (and the overall consumption by about 2%) and also prolongs the service life of reformer tubes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fermentation under modified gravity could be of interest in application to (a) increasing productivity of growth and growth linked production with microorganisms at high cell densities and (b) increasing the productivity of highly viscous pseudoplastic polysaccharide fermentation. In both cases, higher oxygen transfer rates in centrifugal fields result in higher productivities since these fermentations are usually oxygen limited. A further aspect of fermentation under increased gravity is the reduction of foam since foam coalescence time decreases with acceleration number. On the other hand, under microgravity, shear reduction would allow growth and production even for very shear sensitive organisms. In order to carry out fermentations under modified gravity, a special type of fermenter-the centrifugal field bioreactor CFBR-has been developed at the Institute of Chemical Engineering (Head: Prof. Mersmann) of the Technical University of Munich. For the first time, exoprotein biosynthesis of lipase with S. carnosus has been carried out under sterile and controlled conditions in this novel bioreactor, in presence of increased mass forces.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental technique and evaluation method is described for the determination of local heat transfer coefficients in tubes or other ducts. By means of a rotary mixing valve, cold and warm fluid flows are mixed in order to generate an arbitrarily shaped but periodically oscillating inlet temperature profile at the test tube. The propagation of the fundamental harmonic oscillation from the fluid to the outer surface of the tube wall is calculated analytically. Comparison of fluid and wall oscillations yields the heat transfer coefficient to be measured. The inaccurate measurement of fluid bulk temperature in the centre of the cross-section is compensated by an additional correction. Experiments were carried out with turbulent water flow through a copper tube. Measured heat transfer coefficients were compared to values calculated using Hausen's equation and good agreement was obtained.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 374-378 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wall shear rate vectors in a bubble column and an airlift-loop reactor were measured using the limiting-current electrodiffusion technique. In connection with a new circular three-segment probe, the magnitudes and directions of shear rates were determined. The results for the bubble column are in good agreement with hot film-anemometry measurements in the same column. Moreover, the spiral flow structure, postulated in the shear-zone model of Franz, has been confirmed. In addition, the measuring technique was used to determine the flow structure in an airlift-loop reactor employed for the cultivation of animal cells. The region above the gas distributor of this fermenter has been identified as critical for mechanical damage to the cells.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 395-399 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mean droplet diameter of the dispersed phase in pulsed plate extraction columns was measured for binary and ternary systems. A change in the droplet size in the presence of solute, dependent on such factors as the direction of mass transfer, droplet size in the binary system, radio of diffusion coefficients, viscosity of the continuous phase, interfacial tension and driving force for extraction was observed. Two new empirical correlations of mean droplet sizes in mass transfer conditions are proposed. These correlations have been successfully applied to other extraction columns.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow phenomena, local heat and mass transfer and pressure drop of corrugated passages in process equipment are examined. Based on a method for measuring local heat and mass transfer, developed in previous investigations, a procedure has been formulated for the determination of local heat and mass transfer in corrugated passages. Using the analogy between heat and mass transfer, this technique allows the determination of heat transfer distributions in any structures with high local resolution. The corresponding pressure drop is presented together with the local and integral heat and mass transfer of different structures. It is shown that differences in heat and mass transfer as well as in pressure drop are due to different flow phenomena which also characterize mixing behaviour.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 406-413 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During molecular distillation in a falling film apparatus, temperature and concentration of the more volatile components undergo a marked decrease in axial and radial directions, due to the distillation in vacuo. The gradients produce changes in the rate of surface evaporation and separation efficiency along the flow path. A theoretical study of this problem is presented for binary mixtures. The respective differential equations for heat and mass transfer in the liquid film are solved numerically. As the results demonstrate, the aspect ratio of an apparatus should be large when a high separation is required and small when a high distillation rate is more important.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 40
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 419-426 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper considers the dynamic performance of instruments in control systems. Errors connected with transient measurements are discussed. It is shown that it is not always proper to assign common statistical properties to these dynamic errors. Emphasis is placed on temperature sensors. Common industrial thermometers are described and factors affecting their response discussed. An a-priori dynamic performance prediction procedure is presented. This permits preinstallation estimation of response characteristics of sensors used in industrial processes. Sensors in service also require performance assessment since they can deteriorate with use. In-situ testing is useful for this purpose and a recently develolped procedure is described.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Crystallizer design has to take into account the physical and chemical properties of the solution and solids as well as the geometry, type and operating conditions of the crystallizer. The most important property of a crystallizing system is its solubility. High solubility leads to low relative supersaturation and large mean crystal size, and vice versa. High solubility systems can be sensitive to abrasion and attrition. For low solubility systems, mixing is crucial.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principle of ultrasonic spectrometry is based on the measurement of the ultrasonic extinction caused by the presence of particles. From measurements at different frequencies and with the knowledge of the ultrasonic extinction cross section of the particles, a system of linear equations can be established and solved to obtain the particle size distribution and particle concentration. With an experimental apparatus covering the frequency range from 1.7 MHz to 81 MHz, particles ranging from 20 to 1000 μm in diameter may be analyzed. The measurements can be carried out with particle concentrations as high as 10% by volume.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 44
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of micromixing limits on a process of crystallization in an MSMPR crystallizer is studied with respect to power law growth and nucleation kinetics. Three limiting cases corresponding to maximum mixedness and complete segregation in an MSMPR crystallizer and plug flow configuration were analyzed for processes in which supersaturation is generated by conventional techniques. The sensitivity of these three limiting cases to the supersaturation generation term in each mode of operation was investigated using several numerical examples. The study demonstrates the effects of mixing on the overall crystallizer performance and, in particular, the enormous micromixing influence at high supersaturation generation rates. The difference in the product CSD arise from the variations of supersaturation profiles experienced by the elementary volumes throughout their sojourn. Characterization of mixing in a real crystallizer at some intermediate levels is emphasized with the aid of relevant industrial examples.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 45
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For design and simulation of chemical process furnaces in accordance with present-day standards, the temperature distributions in the firebox and in the reactors must be generated simultaneously. This calls for coupling of the simulations of the firebox and of the reactor. For the calculation of heat transfer in the firebox, a generalized furnace simulations program, based on the zone method, is applied. Monte Carlo simulation techniques are used to determine the view factors. The location of the burners is explicitly accounted for. Absorption and emission of radiation by the flue gas are calculated by considering band contributions for carbon dioxide and water. For the simulation of the steam reforming reactors, a one-dimensional heterogeneous model, which accounts for the presence of intraparticle partial pressure gradients, is used. The simulated temperature distribution in the furnace is in excellent agreement with industrial results, as is the simulated product distribution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 46
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 96-102 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of alkali treatment, nitrogen supplement and hydraulic retention time on methane production rate from semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of 5% wheat straw-water mixtures were investigated. The experiments were carried out in laboratory scale fermenters, fed with 1 1 of basic, alkali treated and nitrogen supplemented 5% wheat straw-water mixtures, respectively, and maintained at 55 °C. Digestion experiments were performed for hydraulic retention times of 8, 10 and 15 days. The amount and composition of produced gas were measured until steady state was attained in each run. The steady-state methane production rates were found to increase with hydraulic retention time and with the type of slurry in the following order; basic, nitrogen supplemented and alkali treated slurry. Data obtained from the experiments were employed to determine the kinetics of methane production from anaerobic digestion of wheat straw, for the assessment of pretreatment effects on process kinetics. The predicted methane production rates were found to be in a reasonably good agreement with the measurements.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 47
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the past decade, the sintering of model supported metal catalysts, i.e. catalysts consisting of metal deposited on very thin and flat oxide films, has been intensively investigated by transmission electron microscopy. In the current paper, a mathematical model, based on an atomic migration mechanism, for the sintering of these catalysts is presented. The predictions of the model, based on Monte Carlo simulations, are in very good agreement with the experimental observations, i.e. phenomena such as ‘apparent’ particle migration, splitting and neck formation between particles are predicated by the model.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 48
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 113-130 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Starting from the review of current industrial designs, the present paper analyzes thermal interaction between reactants and coolant in multitubular fixed-bed reactors. The interaction can be described quantitatively in terms of parameters characterizing transport processes both on the tube side and in the intertubular space. The study provides a detailed discussion of existing methods and correlations used for the evaluation of these parameters. The methods presented here can be considered as a basis for the development of a more comprehensive approach to the modeling and design of multitubular catalytic reactors.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 49
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Anaerobic fermentation of molasses distillery slops to biogas was carried out with the aid of an adapted and selected anaerobic mixed culture. Two different types of fermenters were used, namely an agitated pretreatment fermenter and a column fermenter with glass rings as carriers for micro-organisms. The production of biogas in both fermenters amounted to between 0.6 and 0.8 dm3/g COD. The aerobic pretreatment of distillery slops by T. fermentans, yeast during a 4 to 6 h period allows a high reduction of COD in the subsequent anaerobic phase of the process. After treatment of the distillery slops by T. fermentans, it was possible to convert between 85 and 93% of the organic matter to methane. Conversion was about 93% with loading rate of 25g COD/litre day.
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  • 50
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 147-154 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sintering effect of highly dispersed metals is the reason for the following phenomena: thermal deactivation, particle size effect, separable or non-separable kinetics and the isokinetic relationship ( = compensation effect). A comparison of these phenomena reveals a contradiction which can be reconciled by a new particle size effect. This effect is characterized in the following way: The dependence of specific activity on particle size is always connected with a variation of the activation energy, caused by the particle size distribution. Therefore, this effect is referred to as the partical size and distribution effect, P.S.D.E. This new concept describes all the observed phenomena of the conventional partical size effect. Moreover, it is consistent with similar effects such as non-separable kinetics and the isokinetic relationship. In consequence, the method of isothermal measurement of specific activity is inadequate.
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  • 51
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 155-161 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The conversion of methanol over zeolite H-T was investigated in a fixed bed reactor. H-T was prepared from Na-T by ion exchange with HCl and NH4Cl solutions. The HCl solution caused appreciable dealumination. High yields of ethene were obtained with NH4Cl exchangeed zeolites Na-T with 45% decationization, high proprne yields with low HCl or NH4Cl Exchanged catalysts. Low methanol partial pressures and short residence times favoured the formation of lower olefins. Lowest coking rates were observed at a reaction temperature of 693 K. The catalytic activity decrased slowly with the number of reaction/regeneration cycles. The distribution of procucts 〉 C2 could be described by the most probable distribution of Schulz and Flory.
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  • 52
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 170-175 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method mathematical modelling of cocurrent multitubular fixed-bed reactors. The method is adapted to the most widespread type of industrial reactor design, i.e. the system fitted with disk-and-doughnut baffles. The proposed model makes it possible to estimate the influence of non-uniformity of the heat carrier flow on the reactor characteristics, taking into account the coolant streams by-passing via the tube-to-baffle clearances. Based on the model, the effect of the operating parameters as well as of some more important geometrical parameters of the reactor on an exemplary highly exothermic process of partial benzene oxidation to maleic anhydride is discussed.
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  • 53
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Important aspects of K1a measurement in agitated aerated vessels are briefly characterized from the standpoint of reliability of the measured data. An analysis of the shortcomings of dynamic methods for measuring the K1a is given. A new modification of the dynamic method is proposed, which excludes these inadequacies through a special experimental arrangement. This was verified by comparing the data with those obtained by an independent steady-state method. The new method can serve as a standard of reference, suitable for testing newly developed methods for K1a measurement. The initial response method was tested in this way in non-coalescent liquids, and shown to lead to errors of the order of hundreds of percent. K1a values obtained with the initial response method were found to depend strongly on the probe's location in the vessel.
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  • 54
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A circular loop reactor was built for application to a heterogeneous liquid-liquid reaction. In order to investigate the dispersion behaviour of droplets in the reactor, basic experiments were performed using a number of liquid-liquid dispersions. Droplets discharged form the impeller region were found to grow due to coalescence in the circulation region. Mean droplet diameter decreased exponentially with elapsing time. An expression correlating the steady-state mean droplet diameter with the operating conditions was derived. Moreover, the transition time required for the droplet diameter to reach the equilibrium value was determined and correlated with the operating conditions.
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  • 55
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 218-225 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most chemical engineers presently accept that the mass transfer rate in desorption from the solid to the gas phase or from the liquid to the gas phase is accelerated with increasing temperature in the liquid or the solid phase, or increasing partial pressure of inert gas in the gas phase, and/or decreasing total system pressure in the gas phase. Nevertheless, many reports about such mass transfer are still based on the former concept, which completely contradicts the actual phenomena mentioned above. Here, we discuss the contradiction and suggest a way of resolving it in terms of diffusion theory.
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  • 56
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thermally stabilized combustion has a number of unique characteristics which permit the generation of steam or other forms of process energy from the heat of combustion of a gaseous or clean liquid fuel in remarkably compact, integrated apparatus while truly minimizing the concentrations of NOx, CO and unburnt fuel in the effluent. These characteristics, which have been identified by a long-range program of research, are described and the advantages and limitations of this process are discussed.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid-liquid direct-contact heat transfer in a spray column was studied numerically for a low hold-up. The solutions of the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy for both phases agree well with earlier experimental results, if one assumes a rigid liquid-liquid interface. Heat transfer inside is dominated by transient conduction and natural convection. It was found that the Nusselt number for free convection depends essentially only on the Rayleigh number.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Secondary nucleation in industrial crystallizers depends on both supersaturation and mechanical stress by stirring. Most models which consider mechanical stress assume that nucleation is proprotional to the energy transferred to the crystals during collisions. This is not based on any physical relationship and, in addition, the models do not satisfactorily reproduce the experimental results. Own model, based on the theory of Hertz/Huber, which accounts for the stress of the crystals caused by impact, gave better results. This well-known and proven theory allows the calculation of the volume abraded during collisions between crystals and stirrer or walls. Introducing a nucleate efficienncy, the effect of mechanical stress on the rate of secondary nucleation, due to stirring intensity and crystallizer size, can be determined.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of turbulence on local heat and mass transfer is systematically analyzed. Essential prerequisite is the availability of measurement methods, based on convective mass transfer, which allow the visualization of heat and mass transfer distributions. The results show that, even at low turbulence intensities, the flow and transport phenomena are decisively influenced by the specific design of turbulence grids and the orientation of the grid wires with respect to the stagnation line. Thereby, two different flow mechanisms occur which may interact. The anisotropy of grid turbulence leads to the “wire-gap effect” depending on the actual position of the grid wires in relation to the stagnation line. The other mechanism is based on the wavy wake velocity distribution behind screens and grid which, in conjunction with the centrifugal instability of stagnation flows, may lead to longitudinal vortices. The results indicate why turbulence has not been sufficiently considered in the available (semi-) empirical correlations. Information needed for an accurate prediction of heat and mass transfer in turbulence flows is discussed.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distillation has been, up to now, the standard method for separating fluid mixtures in the process industry and the consensus is that it will remain so for years to come. The only disadvantage of distillation is its high energy requirement. In the following, it will be demonstrated on the example of an ideal ternary mixture, how the energy requirement of distillation process can be reduced. Very effective are some modifications of single columns, optimization of column sequences and direct or indirect column coupling. It will be shown that, just by column coupling, the energy requirement can be reduced to a third.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 61
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 188-195 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Collection efficiency and pressure loss of a venturi scrubber can usually be determined from the calculation models of Barth and Calvert. However, this only leads to reasonable results if the droplets are uniformly distributed throughout each cross-section of the washing zone. In this work, a two-zone models is developed which allows the calculation of the venturi scrubber at operating conditions with a non-uniform droplet distribution. The scrubber geometry is also taken into account. A venturi scrubber was developed on the basis of this new model. Its energy consumption is significantly lower than the well-Known optimum characteristic of Wicke and Holzer. For ideal operating conditions, a new optimum characteristic is given which should be the aim of future optimizations.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 200-204 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model of floc destruction resulting form mass forces in a centrifugal field is postulated and its validity examined. This model is to be regarded as a supplement to the existing shear-loading disagglomeration models. In order to verify this additional floc disintegration mechanism, appropriate investigations were carried out with flocculated suspensions of silica and Hamburg dock sludge. As a result, in addition to floc disintegration by shear forces within a turbulent flow and in the centrifuge inlet, the existence of another mechanism was demonstrated. This consists in the floc destruction in a centrifugal field where particles in excess of a certain size, or specifically heavier components, are preferentially torn out of the floc. This floc disintegration by mass forces can lead to a classification effect in centrifuges which also subject the flocs to instant high centrifugal forces.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady-state concentrations of the transferred reactant in the bulk phase and the non-flowing diffusion boundary layer of an isothermal, isobaric two-phase reactor with an irreversible first-order reaction and constant composition of one phase.
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  • 64
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 318-323 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A special stress measuring device for determining the normal and shear stresses acting on silo walls was developed and tested. The load cell can be used for measuring simultaneously the normal stress as well as the intensity and direction of the shear stress.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Modelling of the kinetics of a 20-N hydrazine thruster is carried out by considering two different heterogeneous reaction channels for hydrazine decomposition to the intermediate ammonia. The parameters of the reactor model are estimated by making use of temperature profiles at the wall of the decomposition chamber. Simulated ageing of the catalyst revealed an increase of the rate of deactivation with increasing total firing time.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 11 (1989), S. 146-150 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Agonists ; Antagonists ; Biochemistry ; Central nervous system ; Ligands ; Pharmacology ; Receptors, histamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of histamine in brain function is discussed. A brief review is presented on the three types of histamine receptors with regard to their biochemistry and functions, as well as on specific ligands, both agonists and antagonists. It is concluded that several aspects of the pharmacology of histamine in the central nervous system are still a matter of empirism and speculations. The recent publications on the brain-penetrating H2 antagonist zolantidine and the selective H3 agonists and antagonists are expected to contribute to the knowledge of the histaminergic pathways in the brain. Therapeutical areas within the central nervous system are related to behaviour (including wake-sleep), neuroendocrinal processes, the control of muscle activity and cerebral circulation.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 495-502 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Basis sets ranging in size from (16, 10, 7) to (20, 14, 11) have been derived for the atoms Y-Cd. Separate sets represent the energy optimized wave functions for each of the s2dn, s1dn+1, and s0dn+2 configurations. The energies from the largest sets are within 3 mhartrees of the values obtained in numerical Hartree-Fock calculations. Reasonable Hartree-Fock s2dn- s1dn+1 and s2dn- s0dn+2 excitation energies may be obtained either using the largest basis sets, or using d-orbitals optimized for the s0dn+2 configurations. The basis sets are slightly unbalanced in favor of the s-functions and in disfavor of the d-functions, but various alternative basis sets may be derived by combining parts of the five parent sets. The convergence of radial expectation values is discussed.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 529-551 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A method for fitting a smooth ribbon representation of DNA structures is proposed. Following a review of the relevant definitions for classical linear helical DNA and generalizations to curving helices, a parameterization of smooth ribbons is given, which leads to tractable expressions. In addition it suggests a new way to define twist, tilt, and roll for a base step that is free of the ambiguities caused by noncommutativity of finite rotations. A least squares fitting criterion for ribbons is then proposed. In some cases the optimal ribbon with respect to this criterion is not unique. This problem is analyzed, and the circumstances in which it can occur are specified. To resolve the nonuniqueness problem, a variational description of the optimal ribbon is proposed, namely the ribbon of lowest elastic energy achieving a specified level of fit with respect to the least squares criterion. The appropriate level of fit is decided using distances of backbone atoms from fitted ribbon axes. Theoretical tests of the fitting methodology are presented, and as a sample application a smooth ribbon is fit to an existing experimental structure.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Molecular recognition in Rebek's cleft was studied with the MM2 force field. A new computational protocol was used to determine the free energies of substrate binding to this topologically unique model receptor. The energies and structural features of substrate-receptor complexes reveal that molecular recognition involves ammonium ion binding to the interior of the cleft and aromatic π-stacking on the exterior of the cleft.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 635-647 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The molecular mechanics calculations reported earlier for nitrogen heterocycles have now been extended to include the title compounds, and related molecules. It is in general possible to calculate these structures with an accuracy that compares favorably with experiment.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 748-748 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
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  • 73
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 798-816 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A procedure that finds the most probable conformational states of a protein chain is described. Single-residue conformations are represented in terms of four conformational states, α, ∊, α*, and ∊*. The conformation of the entire chain is represented by a sequence of single-residue conformational states; the distinct conformations in this representation are called “chain-states.” The first article in this series described a procedure that computes tripeptide conformational probabilities from the amino acid sequence using pattern recognition techniques. The procedure described in this article uses the tripeptide probabilities to estimate the probabilities of the chain-states. The chain-state probability estimator is a product of conditional and marginal probabilities (obtained from the tripeptide probabilities), with a penalty factor to eliminate conformations containing α-helices and ∊-strands of excessive length. The probability estimator considers short-range conformational information, medium-range sequence information and some simple long-range information (through the restrictions on helix and strand lengths). Energy minimization calculations can be carried out in the region of conformational space corresponding to a particular chain-state. By selecting the most probable chain-states, the search can be focused on the most probable, or “important,” regions of the conformational space. These energy calculations are described in the third article of the series. The complete procedure described by the three articles is called PRISM, for pattern recognition-based importance sampling minimization.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 817-831 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A procedure that generates random conformations of a protein chain, and then applies energy minimization to find the structure of lowest energy, is described. Single-residue conformations are represented in terms of four conformational states, α, ∊, α*, and ∊*. Each state corresponds to a rectangular region in the φ, ψ map. The conformation of an entire chain is then represented by a sequence of single-residue conformational states. The distinct “chain-states” in this representation correspond to multidimensional rectangular regions in the conformational space of the whole protein. A set of highly-probable chain-states can be predicted from the amino acid sequence using the pattern recognition procedure developed in the first two articles of this series. The importance-sampling minimization procedure of the present article is then used to explore the regions of conformational space corresponding to each of these chain-states. The importance-sampling procedure generates a number of random conformations within a particular multidimensional rectangular region, sampling most densely from the most probable, or “important,” sections of the φ, ψ map. All values of φ and ψ are allowed, but the less-probable values are sampled less often. To achieve this, the random values of φ and Φ are generated from bivariate gaussian distributions that are determined from known X-ray structures. Separate gaussian distributions are used for proline residues in the α and ∊ states, for glycine residues in the α, ∊, α*, and ∊* states, and for ordinary residues involved in 29 different tripeptide conformations. Energy minimization is then applied to the randomly-generated structures to optimize interactions and to improve packing. The final energy values are used to select the best structures. The importance-sampling minimization procedure is tested on the avian pancreatic polypeptide, using chain-states predicted from the amino acid sequence. The conformation having the lowest energy is very similar to the X-ray conformation.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 856-860 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Formulas are derived for analytical first and second energy derivatives with respect to nuclear coordinates in molecular mechanics force fields employing lone-pair pseudoatoms. These derivatives may further be used for the calculation of normal modes and vibrational frequencies while properly accounting for the presence of pseudoatoms. The equations are applied using the MM2 force field to calculate the vibrational spectrum of methanol to illustrate the applicability of the method. The results are compared to both experiment and a numerical approximation in which small masses are assigned to the lone-pair pseudoatoms.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 887-895 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: An equation is formulated on the basis of theoretical INDO/FPT calculations which describes the angular dependence of the propanic long-range coupling constant 4JMeH in substituted HCCCH3 fragments. This equation is a truncated Fourier series in the torsion angle φ, HCCMe, which takes into account the dependence of the Fourier coefficients on the bond angle θ, CCMe. The substituent effects are assumed to be additive. Some parameters in the equation may be obtained from the 4JMeH couplings in propane and neopentane derivatives. The calculated effect upon 4JMeH of changes in the bond angle θ is significant and it seems to be in part the cause of some effects which have been attributed to conformational dependence.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 911-920 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The conformations of various cyclic peroxides have been determined using a molecular mechanics force field developed by the authors and previously applied to linear peroxides. Comparison of the results with those of experimental and ab initio studies shows that this force field may be employed without correction for cyclic compounds.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 928-934 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: This article shows that with our Hylleras-functional based method1 for generating correlation orbitals, we can determine electronic structures for small polyatomic systems very accurately. The procedure is ab initio, uses conventional Gaussian basis sets, and solves the electronic Schrödinger equation with the coupled cluster method. A comparison is made with MRCI results obtained in equivalent basis sets for the HF, H2O, and NH3 molecules.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
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  • 80
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 939-950 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Several improvements have been made to the gradient algorithms commonly used to optimize equilibrium and transition-state geometries at the semiempirical level. A gradient algorithm derived from a combination of a variable metric method (Davidon-Fletcher-Powell/Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno) and Pulay's direct inversion in the iterative subspace method for geometry optimization (GDIIS) is compared with the variable metric method combined with an accurate linear search algorithm. The latter method is used routinely in the standard semiempirical program packages, MNDO, MOPAC, and AMPAC. The combined variable metric and GDIIS algorithm is also compared with GDIIS which uses a static metric. The performance of these algorithms is examined for a wide range of systems with respect to both choice of coordinate system (for cyclic molecules) and guess for the initial Hessian. The results show that the GDIIS method is up to ca. 40% more efficient than the variable metric combined with accurate line search algorithm: however, the exact savings vary depending on the coordinate system and initial Hessian. For noncyclic systems, variable-metric GDIIS is usually equal or superior to static-metric GDIIS, and consistently performs ca. 30% more efficiently than the variable metric combined with accurate line search algorithm. For the optimization of cyclic molecules, an improved estimate of the initial Hessian has increased the efficiency by at least a factor of two. Greater efficiencies (usually 〉40%) are also obtained when static-metric GDIIS is used to refine the geometry after the initial application of a transition-state search based on the variable metric combined with line search algorithm. On the basis of these results, we recommend several changes to the algorithms as currently implemented in the standard semiempirical program packages.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 957-962 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: In this article the matrix elements can be grouped into classes by means of the molecular symmetry. By introducing the concepts of symmetry-matrix and symmetry-supermatrix and determining their operation rules, the storage of the supermatrix can be asymptotically reduced by a factor of ca. g2 (g is the order of the molecular symmetry group) and the calculation of Fock matrix during each SCF cycle can be reduced proportionally. Besides, by using the DIIS method combined with the symmetry-matrices, the convergence behavior for highly symmetric molecules can be improved.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 975-981 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The potent neuromuscular blocker, gallamine, possesses three chemically equivalent, flexible side chains, the motion of which has been proposed as important in its mode of action on the acetylcholine receptor in vivo. The flexibility of the side chains has been investigated in the present initial study by a combination of quantum mechanics and molecular dynamics on the isolated, unsolvated molecule. Net atomic charges for the gallamine molecule have been calculated using the semiempirical program MOPAC for use in the molecular dynamics simulation. The flexibility of the side chains has been shown to correlate with the range of fluctuations in torsion angles observed in the crystal structure of gallamine.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 982-1012 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A molecular mechanics force field implemented in the Sybyl program is described along with a statistical evaluation of its efficiency on a variety of compounds by analysis of internal coordinates and thermodynamic barriers. The goal of the force field is to provide good quality geometries and relative energies for a large variety of organic molecules by energy minimization. Performance in protein modeling was tested by minimizations starting from crystallographic coordinates for three cyclic hexapeptides in the crystal lattice with rms movements of 0.019 angstroms, 2.06 degrees, and 6.82 degrees for bond lengths, angles, and torsions, respectively, and an rms movement of 0.16 angstroms for heavy atoms. Isolated crambin was also analyzed with rms movements of 0.025 angstroms, 2.97 degrees, and 13.0 degrees for bond lengths, angles, and torsions respectively, and an rms movement of 0.42 angstroms for heavy atoms. Accuracy in calculating thermodynamic barriers was tested for 17 energy differences between conformers, 12 stereoisomers, and 15 torsional barriers. The rms errors were 0.8, 1.7, and 1.13 kcal/mol, respectively, for the three tests. Performance in general purpose applications was assessed by minimizing 76 diverse complex organic crystal structures, with and without randomization by coordinate truncation, with rms movements of 0.025 angstroms, 2.50 degrees, and 9.54 degrees for bond lengths, angles and torsions respectively, and an average rms movement of 0.192 angstroms for heavy atoms.
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 1031-1037 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A continuum and a discrete-continuum models are used to determine the solvation energies of FCH2COO-, FCH2COOH, and F2CHCOO-. For the anions, the continuum model provides results closer to the experiment, while for the acid, the addition of one water molecule improves the continuum-only energy.
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 603-615 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Hartree-Fock 6-31G(d) structures for the neutral, positive ion, and negative ion bimolecular complexes of NH3 with the first- and second-row hydrides AHn (AHn = NH3, OH2, FH, PH3, SH2, and ClH) have been determined. All of the stable neutral complexes except (NH3)2, the positive ion complexes with NH3 as the proton acceptor, and the negative ion complexes containing first-row anions exhibit conventional hydrogen bonded structures with essentially linear hydrogen bonds and directed lone pairs of electrons. The positive ion complex NH4+ … OH2 has the dipole moment vector of H2O instead of a lone pair directed along the intermolecular line, while the complexes of NH4+ with SH2, FH, and ClH have structures intermediate between the lone-pair directed and dipole directed forms. The negative ion complexes containing second-row anions have nonlinear hydrogen bonds. The addition of diffuse functions on nonhydrogen atoms to the valence double-split plus polarization 6-31G(d,p) basis set usually decreases the computed stabilization energies of these complexes. Splitting d polarization functions usually destabilizes these complexes, whereas splitting p polarization functions either has no effect or leads to stabilization. The overall effect of augmenting the 6-31G(d,p) basis set with diffuse functions on nonhydrogen atoms and two sets of polarization functions is to lower computed stabilization energies. Electron correlation stabilizes all of these complexes. The second-order Møller-Plesset correlation term is the largest term and always has a stabilizing effect, whereas the third and fourth-order terms are smaller and often of opposite sign. The recommended level of theory for computing the stabilization energies of these complexes is MP2/6-31+G(2d,2p), although MP2/6-31+G(d,p) is appropriate for the negative ion complexes.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 673-682 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A new and accurate method for calculating the geometrically allowed modes of binding of a ligand molecule to a Voronoi site model is reported. It is shown that the feasibility of the binding of a group of atoms to a Voronoi site reduces to a simple set of linear and quadratic inequalities and quadratic equalities which can be solved by minimization of a simple function. Newton's numerical method of solution coupled to a line search proved to be successful. Moreover, we have developed efficient molecular and site data bases to discard quickly infeasible binding modes without time-consuming numerical calculation. The method is tested with a data set consisting of the binding constants for a series of biphenyls binding to prealbumin. After determination of the conformation space of the molecules and proposal of a Voronoi site geometry, the geometrically feasible modes are calculated and the energy interaction parameters determined to fit the observed binding energies to the site within experimental error ranges. We actually allowed these ranges to vary in order to study the influence of their broadness on the site geometry and found that as they increase, one can first model the receptor as a three-region site then as a single region site, but never as a two-region site.
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 896-902 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: There are many methods in the literature for calculating conformations of a molecule subject to geometric constraints, such as those derived from two-dimensional NMR experiments. One of the most general ones is the EMBED algorithm, based on distance geometry, where all constraints except chirality are converted into upper and lower bounds on interatomic distances. Here we propose a variation on this where the molecule is assumed to have fixed bond lengths, vicinal bond angles and chiral centers; and these holonomic constraints are enforced separately from the experimental constraints by being built into the mathematical structure of the problem. The advantages of this approach are: (1) for molecules having large rigid groups of atoms, there are substantially fewer variables in the problem than all the atomic coordinates; (2) rigid groups achieve in the end more accurate local geometry (e.g., planar aromatic rings are truly planar, chiral centers always have their correct absolute chirality); (3) it is easier to detect inconsistencies between the holonomic and the experimental constraints; and (4) when generating a random sampling of conformers consistent with all constraints, the probability of achieving satisfactory structures tends to be greater.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 89
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 903-910 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The recently reported Random Incremental Pulse Search (RIPS) technique has been used to probe the conformational energy surface of cyclononane. The stochastic method permits searching of the potential energy surface for all minimum-energy conformations. The search located all previously reported structures together with three additional conformations that were not found by earlier, primitive searching techniques. Two of these structures are high-nergy skew forms, and the third is a low-energy conformer that should contribute significantly to the overall equilibrium set of cyclononane conformations. The global minimum has been found to be the D3 symmetrical twist chair-boat (TBC) form in accordance with previous studies. The newly discovered low-energy structure, which lies only 2.2 kcal/mol above the global minimum, has been designated twist chair-twist chair (TCTC). The two higher energy conformers are skewed chair-chair (SCC) and skewed boat-boat (SBB) forms that are 5.7 kcal/mol and 10.4 kcal/mol above the global minimum, respectively. The seven reported conformations were reanalyzed quantum mechanically (AM1), and a comparison between MM2 and AM1 results is presented.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 90
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 479-487 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Ab Initio charge distributions for amino acid dipeptides are derived utilizing two medium-sized basis sets. Peptide charges differ in two ways from those of existing force fields: the magnitude of the peptide dipole and the dependency on the residue type. The merging of charge distributions of side chain and backbone fragments within a semiclassical model including polarization is investigated. Polarization plays a small, but distinct role in improving the correspondence with ab initio data derived for the complete dipeptide. A description in terms of partly overlapping, interacting fragments correlates well with the ab initio data. The method can be used to derive the electrostatic properties of biological macromolecules by combining accurate descriptions of short range interactions (using good quality basis sets on not too small fragments) with good classical models of long range interactions (using multicenter multipole expansions and atomic polarizability tensors). Factors limiting the accuracy of the present representations are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 91
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 488-494 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to study the conformations of the pentapeptide fragments of normal adult (Thr-Pro-Glu-Glu-Lys) and sickle-like anemia hemoglobin (Thr-Pro-Val-Glu-Lys). The results show that the energy optimized conformation of normal adult hemoglobin-fragment agrees with the X-ray experiment and the theoretically determined conformation of the sickle-like anemia hemoglobin-fragment is identical with the conformation of the normal adult hemoglobin-fragment.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The MM2 potential functions for amides and peptides have been further extended by examining the experimental crystal structures for cyclo-(-Ala-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ala-Gly-), I, and cyclo-(-Ala-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly-Gly-), II. The force field obtained was then applied to a study of the structure of the hydrophobic protein Crambin, for which a high resolution crystal structure is available. The energy minimization was carried out using a version of MM2 adapted to the CYBER 205.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 93
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 520-528 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A method for calculating the number of rotamers of a linear alkane and of the number of rotamers with a given number of gauche conformations along the chain as a function of the total number of atoms in the chain, using general equations, is presented. A graphical method for generating individual rotamers was applied to the homologs up to decane, which has 1134 rotamers. The steric energies calculated by molecular mechanics (MM2 force field) were used as measures of the heat of formation for the coiled conformations relative to the anti conformer for each molecule, whereas the statistical entropy differences were calculated for classes of coiled rotamers grouped by the number of gauche bonds and steric energy. The free energy values calculated from these components show that already at 400 K hexane exists preferentially in conformations containing gauche bonds. For larger chains the free energy advantage for the coiled chains increases very steeply. The implications for the question of reactions of linear alkanes occurring on the surface or inside the channels of small- and medium-pore zeolites are briefly examined.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The gas-phase analogs of the classical SN1 and SN2 reactions of nucleophiles with a series of protonated oxiranes bearing the substituents CN, Cl, Me, and Ph were studied using MNDO semiempirical molecular orbital theory. The transition states for nucleophilic attack on the intact rings are calculated to become progressively more “SN1-like,” as the ability of the substituent group to stabilize the corresponding ring opened carbenium ion increases. At the same time the activation barriers become progressively smaller and their relative values for different nucleophiles approach the order expected on the basis of a purely electrostatic attraction between the reacting moieties. Exactly the opposite trends are calculated for the transition states for nucleophilic attack on the intermediate carbenium ions. As the stabilities of the latter increase the extent of bond formation, and transfer of charge to the incoming nucleophile also increase. Here, the relative barriers for attack by different nucleophiles approach the order expected on the basis of a superposition of both covalent and electrostatic interactions in which the former dominate. These results support a previously suggested rationalization for the enhanced reactivities of certain alkylating agents towards the exocyclic oxygen atoms, rather than the ring nitrogens, of the nucleic acid bases. They also suggest a new explanation for the tendencies of aralkylating electrophiles to modify the exocyclic amino groups of the nucleic acid bases: sites which are unreactive towards simple alkylating agents.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 95
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 683-697 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: An algorithm for obtaining the matching polynomial of an arbitrary catacondensed unbranched benzenoid molecule is presented. It is based on multiplication of only three 5 x 5 transfer matrices I, J, K, and an appropriate terminal vector. The choice of the matrices is dictated by the history of the growth of the hexagonal “animals” (i.e., by the pattern of the successive fusions of the benzene rings). The approach also gives the number of Kekule valance structures, the count of conjugated circuits, the values of the topological index Z, and the characteristic polynomials.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 96
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 698-710 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: Computational algorithms are described which provide for constructing the set of associated edge-weighted directed graphs such that the average of the characteristic polynomials of the edge-weighted graphs gives the matching polynomial of the parent graph. The weights were chosen to be unities or purely imaginary numbers so that the adjacency matrix is hermitian. The computer code developed earlier by one of the authors (K.B.) is generalized for complex hermitian matrices. Applications to bridged and spirographs, some lattices and all polycyclic graphs containing up to four cycles are considered.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 97
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 718-732 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The enantioselective binding of optical analytes on chiral stationary phases used in column chromatography is investigated with molecular modeling techniques. By rolling the analytes over the van der Waals surface of the phase, configurations are sampled and free energies of transient diastereomeric complexes are computed. These free energies allow us to compute chromatographic separability factors and a linear relationship between computed and observed values is found. The intermolecular potential energy surfaces of these diastereomeric complexes are flat with gentle rolling hills and multiple minima. The binding sites are ill-defined and the analytes are found to freely slide over the chiral stationary phases. An energy partitioning algorithm is used to determine how much of the total binding energy is attributable to a given molecular fragment on the phase. It is found that the fragments of the phase bearing the stereogenic carbons are the least cognizant of differences between optical antipodes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 98
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 770-797 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: A procedure that uses pattern recognition techniques to compute tripeptide conformational probabilities is described. The procedure differs in several respects from the many “secondary structure” prediction algorithms that have been published over the last 20 years. First, the procedure classifies tripeptides into 64 different conformational types, rather than just α, β and coil, as is commonly done. Thus, the procedure can attempt to predict regions of irregular structure. Second, the procedure uses the methods of pattern recognition, which are powerful but conceptually simple. In this approach, amino acid properties are used to map peptide sequences into a multivariate property space. Particular tripeptide conformations tend to map to particular regions of the property space. These regions are represented by multivariate gaussian distributions, where the parameters of the distributions are determined from tripeptides in the protein X-ray data bank. Finally, rather than making simple predictions, the procedure computes probabilities. Tripeptide conformational probabilities are calculated in the multivariate property space using the gaussian distributions. In a prediction, the procedure might find that a particular tripeptide in a protein has a 36% chance of being in the ααα conformation, a 17% chance of being αα∊, a 14% chance of being ααα*, etc. The α-helical conformation is thus the most probable, but, in predicting the structure of the protein, a search algorithm should also consider some of the other possibilities. The values of the probability provide a rational basis for selecting from among the possible conformations. The second article of this series describes a procedure that uses the probabilities to direct a search through the conformational space of a protein. The third article of the series describes a procedure that generates actual three-dimensional structures, and minimizes their energies. The three articles together describe a complete procedure, termed “pattern recognition-based importance-sampling minimization” (PRISM), for predicting protein structure from amino acid sequence.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 10 (1989), S. 863-868 
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Biochemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: The steric energy difference (ΔEst) between tertiary carbenium ions (R+) and the corresponding alcohols has been calculated by MM2 for a series of tertiary nonbridgehead substrates and correlated with their rate of solvolytic reactivity. Satisfactory correlation is obtained, except for p-nitrobenzoates of highly congested substrates. The slope and intercept of the correlations remain almost unchanged if bridge-head substrates are included in the plot. However, the quality of the fit is better for bridgehead substrates alone.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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