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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2039-2044 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation, Vibrational Spectrum, and Crystal Structure of Dimeric (Isopropylideneamino) dimethylindiumThe title compound [Me2C=N—InMe2]2 was prepared from N-chloro-2-propanimine and trimethylindium. Its IR and Raman spectra were assigned; together with the 1H-NMR spectrum and the mass spectrum a centrosymmetric molecular structure with a four-membered (InN)2 ring was deduced. This was confirmed by an X-ray structure determination, according to which there exist two dimeric molecules per unit cell in the space group P21/c. The structure was refined with 958 reflexions up to a residual index of R = 0.024.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung [Me2C=N-InMe2]2 wurde aus N-Chlor-2-propanimin und Trimethylindium synthetisiert. Das IR-und Raman-Spektrum wurde zugeordnet; zusammen mit dem 1H-NMR- und dem Massenspektrum ergibt sich eine zentrosymmetrische Molekülstruktur mit einem (InN)2-Vierring. Dies wird durch die Röntgenstrukturbestimmung bestätigt, nach der eine Struktur mit zwei dimeren Molekülen pro Elementarzelle in der Raumgruppe P21/c vorliegt. Die Struktur wurde bis zu einem Übereinstimmungsindex von R = 0.024 für 958 Reflexe verfeinert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2045-2061 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Trimethylsilyl Cyanide  -  A Reagent for Umpolung, I. Nucleophilic Acylation of Alkylating Reagents with Aromatic and Heteroaromatic AldehydesThe readily accessible adducts 7 from (hetero)aromatic aldehydes and trimethylsilyl cyanide are deprotonated by lithium diisopropylamide. The so formed anions 8 react with alkyl halides, dialkyl sulfates and alkyl tosylates producing 19 with inversion and without interfering elimination. From 19 the protective group is removed under mild conditions and ketones 20 are produced mostly in 80-90% yield. The scope of the reaction sequence with respect to (hetero)aromatic aldehydes and alkylating agents is demonstrated. Lithium ions are shown to cooperate in the smooth substitution of tert-butyl iodide by 8. Within the given limits the described reaction sequence complements advantageously the known methods of nucleophilic acylation.
    Notes: Die aus (hetero)aromatischen Aldehyden und Trimethylsilylcyanid glatt zugänglichen Addukte 7 werden von Lithium-diisopropylamid zu den Anionen 8 deprotoniert, die ohne störende Eliminierung mit Alkylhalogeniden, Dialkylsulfaten und Alkyltosylaten unter Inversion zu 19 reagieren. Entfernung der Schutzgruppe aus 19 unter sehr milden Bedingungen liefert die Ketone 20 meist in Ausbeuten von 80-90%. Die Anwendungsbreite hinsichtlich der (hetero)aromatischen Aldehyde und der Alkylierungsmittel wird demonstriert. Für die glatte Substitution von tert-Butyliodid durch 8 wird Mitwirkung der Lithium-Ionen nachgewiesen. Im gesteckten Rahmen ergänzt diese nucleophile Acylierung die bekannten Methoden vorteilhaft.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 2062-2067 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Trimethylsilyl Cyanide  -  A Reagent for Umpolung, II. Nucleophilic Acylation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Anionic 1,4-O,O-Silyl ShiftThe anion 9, derived from O-(trimethylsilyl) benzaldehyde-cyanohydrin (8), adds quantitatively to aldehydes and ketones. The primary adduct 11, which can be trapped as 12 after short reaction times, rearranges with 1,4-0,0-silyl shift. By subsequent cyanide elimination acyloin silyl ethers 14 are formed. Hydrolysis of 14 yields 80-90% of acyloins 15.
    Notes: Das Anion 9 des O-(Trimethylsilyl)benzaldehyd-cyanhydrins (8) addiert sich quantitativ an Aldehyde und Ketone. Das Primäraddukt 11, nach kurzer Reaktionszeit als 12 faßbar, lagert sich unter 1,4-0,0-Silylgruppenwanderung und Cyanidabspaltung zu den Acyloin - trimethylsilylethern 14 um, aus denen durch Hydrolyse die Acyloine 15 mit 80-90% Ausbeute entstehen.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 234-248 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Double Deprotonation of 2-Aryl-1-nitroethanes.  -  Umpolung of the Nitroolefin Reactivityβ-Arylnitroethanes 4 are doubly deprotonated to the dilithio derivatives 6 when treated with two equivalents of n-butyllithium in HMPTA-containing THF at -80 to -90°C. The reagents (6) may be considered as the products (see 3 and 16b) of reduction of ω-nitrostyrenes 2, They react with haloalkanes (→ 7), aldehydes and ketones (→ 8), α,β-unsaturated ketones (→ Michael adducts 13 and 14), and ω-nitrostyrenes (→ 15) in the benzylic position. With acyl chloride and chloro-trimethylsilane attack occurs probably on an oxygen of 6 (see intermediates 17-19). A representation of the novel reagents, best compatible with the chemical results, is that of super-enamines 16b; their charge affinity is compared with that of nitroethanes (the precursors) and that of nitroethylenes (the oxidized forms, see 2 → 3), and it is shown in table 1 that they are nitroolefins with reactivity umpolung or homonitronates. The comparison made in table 2 demonstrates that the dilithio derivatives 6 are synthetically equivalent with enamines and enolates of normal reactivity (“double umpolung”).
    Notes: β-Arylnitroethane 4 können bei -80 bis -90°C in HMPTA-haltigem THF mit zwei Equivalenten n-Butyllithium zu den Dilithiumderivaten 6 doppelt deprotoniert werden, die man als Reduktionsprodukte (s. 3 und 16b) von ω-Nitrostyrolen 2 auffassen kann. Sie reagieren mit Alkylhalogeniden (→ 7), Aldehyden und Ketonen (→ 8), α,β-ungesättigten Ketonen (→ Michael-Addukte 13 und 14) und ω-Nitrostyrolen (→ 15) am benzylischen C-Atom. Säurechlorid und Trimethylchlorsilan greifen wahrscheinlich am Sauerstoff an (s. Zwischenprodukte 17-19). Als mit den chemischen Befunden am besten vereinbare Schreibweise für die neuartigen Reagentien schlagen wir die von Super-enaminen 16b vor; in Tab. 1 ist ihre Ladungsaffinität mit der von Nitroethanen (den Vorläufern) und von Nitroethylenen (den oxidierten Formen, s. 2 → 3) verglichen und gezeigt, daß sie umgepolte Nitroolefine oder Homonitronate sind. Die Gegenüberstellung in Tab. 2 demonstriert. Daß die Dilithiumverbindungen 6 als Synthesebausteine für Amine und Carbonylverbindungen normale Reaktivität haben („Doppelumpolung“).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 600-606 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Unexpected Cyclisations of 2,2-Disubstituted N-Alkoxy-3-hydroxypropionamides with Aryl IsocyanatesTreatment of 2,2-disubstituted N-alkoxy-3-hydroxypropionamides (8) with aryl isocyanates (9) in a mole ratio of 1:2 in boiling benzene and in the presence of triethylamine yields 3-alkoxytetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2,4-diones (10) and 3-aryltetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2,4-diones (11). Formation of 10 and 11 depends largely on the nature of the substituents at C-2 of 8. In consequence of the cyclisation reactions ureas of type 13 and 14 and the 3-alkoxybiuret 15 are produced.
    Notes: 2,2-Disubstituierte N-Alkoxy-3-hydroxypropionamide (8) reagieren mit Arylisocyanat (9) im Molverhältnis 1:2 bei 80°C in Gegenwart von Triethylamin zu 3-Alkoxytetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazin-2,4-dionen (10) und 3-Aryltetrahydro-2H-1,3-oxazin-2,4-dionen (11). Die Cyclisierungsrichtung zu 10 oder 11 wird maßgeblich von der Natur der Substituenten an C-2 von 8 bestimmt. Als Folge der Cyclisierungen lassen sich die Harnstoffe 13 und 14 sowie das 3-Alkoxybiuret 15 isolieren.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 625-639 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Nucleoside Transformations, V. Transformation of Guanosine into 2′-Deoxy, 3′-Deoxy-, 2′,3′-Anhydro- and xylo-Guanosine3′-und 2′-deoxyguanosine (12 and 13, respectively) are obtained from guanosine (1) upon reaction with trimethyl orthoacetate, pivaloyl chloride/pyridine, tributyltin hydride and sodium methylate through the intermediates 2, 3a/4a. 2-N,5′-O-Dipivaloyl-2′,3′-anhydroguanosine (14) is formed on treatment of the 3′-iodoguanosine derivative 10 with potassium phthalimide. The 2′.3′-anhydroderivatives 14-16 form N-3 → C-3′-cyclonucleosides in aqueous solution. Stirring of 14 with a boron trifluoride etherate solution yields xylo-guanosine derivative 22.
    Notes: 3′-und 2′-Desoxyguanosin (12 bzw. 13) werden, ausgehend von Guanosin (1), durch Umsetzung mit Orthoessigsäure-trimethylester, Pivaloylchlorid/Pyridin, Tributylzinnhydrid und Natriummethylat über die Zwischenstufen 2, 3a/4a dargestellt. 2-N,5′-O-Dipivaloyl-2′,3′-anhydroguanosin (14) entsteht bei Behandlung des 3′-Iodguanosin-Derivats 10 mit Phthalimidkalium. In wäßriger Lösung zeigen die 2′,3′-Anhydroguanosin-Derivate 14-16 N-3 → C-3′-Cyclonucleosid-Bildung. Das xylo-Guanosin-Derivat 22 entsteht aus 14 beim Rühren mit einer Bortrifluoridetherat-Lösung.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 689-699 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Mechanism of Hydrogenation During Friedel-Crafts Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Acids with BenzeneThe intermediate in the reaction of 3,3-diphenylpropenoic acid (1) with benzene/AlCl3 is the resonancestabilized carbenium ion 8. It reacts to give a mixture containing the products of hydrogenation 2 and of addition of benzene 3. Several artefacts of the working up (4 - 7) are found.  -  In the reactions of deuterated compounds hydrogen scrambling both in the phenyl groups and  -  to a smaller extent  -  in the α-position occurs.  -  Hydrogen (hydrid ions) derived from benzene, not from the side chain of a second molecule 1, is transferred to the β-position of 1.
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von 3,3-Diphenylpropensäure (1) mit Benzol/A1Cl3 führt über das mesomeriestabilisierte Carbenium-Ion 8 zu einem Substanzgemisch, in dem neben dem Hydrierungs- und dem Benzoladditionsprodukt (2 bzw. 3) Artefakte der Aufarbeitung,(4 - 7) enthalten sind.  -  Bei Einsatz deuterierter Ausgangsverbindungen tritt Äquilibrieren der Aryl- und (in geringem Umfang) der α-ständigen Wasserstoffe ein.  -  Bei der Hydrierung von 1 wird Wasserstoff des Benzols  -  nicht aber Wasserstoff aus der Seitenkette eines zweiten Moleküls 1  -  als Hydrid-Ion in die β-Stellung von 1 eingebaut.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 734-742 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Autoxidation of Cyclic Imines, IIn a noncatalyzed reaction cyclic imines, e. g. 1a-d, bearing one or two α-tert. carbon atoms are oxidized by molecular oxygen. Usually, the products are relatively unstable α-iminohydroperoxides, which are subject to further rearrangement or reduction. These compounds are partially further oxidized. The isolation of the products as well as their structure elucidation by spectroscopic methods are established.
    Notes: Cyclische Imine mit einem oder zwei tert. α-C-Atomen, z.B. 1a-d, werden durch nichtsensibilisierten Sauerstoff oxidiert. Primär entstehen dabei meist instabile α-Iminohydroperoxide, die Folgereaktionen wie Umlagerung und Reduktion eingehen. Diese Verbindungen werden teilweise erneut oxidiert. Die Produkte der Autoxidation werden isoliert und ihre Konstitutionen ermittelt.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 776-777 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mild Esterification of N-protected Amino Acids via Four-Component Condensation (4 CC)We describe the esterification of N-protected amino acid derivatives, e. g. glycine derivatives and Boc-Leu-OH, with methanol or ethanol, respectively, by the action of an enamine and an isocyanide.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 773-775 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dimerization of Diphenyl(trifluoroacetyl)phosphane OxideAt -25°C the phosphane oxide CF3C[(O)P(O)Ph2]2OC(O)CF3 (1) dimerizes to the trifluoroacetate CF3C[(O) PPh2]2OC(O)CF3 (2a), which is sensitive to hydrolysis and, at 40°C is transformed irreversibly into the phosphinate CF3C[(O)PPh2][OP(O)Ph2]C(O)CF3(3a). In contrast to 2a, the thermally more stable homologous octanate C7F15C[(O)PPh2]2OC(O)C7F15 (2b) is obtained from Ph2PCI and C7F15CO2H.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. XXI 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 781-792 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Heterocyclic Seven-membered Ring Compounds, XXII. Synthesis and Thermolysis of Substituted 4-Phenyl-l -benzothiepin 1-Oxides4-Phenyl-l-benzothiepin l-oxides 3a and b have been prepared as well via the benzothiepinone 1-oxide 2 as by direct oxidation of the parent 1-benzothiepins 6a and b. The synthesis of 3c and d was only accomplished by the second way. Further oxidation of 3a-d yielded the thermally stable dioxides 4a-d. Thermolysis of 3a-d produced the corresponding naphthalenes 5a-d by elimination of SO. The rates of the reaction 3→5 have been estimated for one temperature each.
    Notes: Die 4-Phenyl-l-benzothiepin-l-oxide 3a und b wurden sowohl über das Benzothiepinon-1-oxid 2 als auch durch direkte Oxidation der entsprechenden 4-Phenyl- 1-benzothiepine 6a und b dargestellt. Die Synthese von 3c und d erfolgte nur auf dem zweiten Weg. Weiteroxidation von 3a-d führte zu den thermisch stabilen Dioxiden 4a-d. Die Thermolyse von 3a-d lieferte unter Abspaltung von SO die entsprechenden Naphthaline 5a-d. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Reaktion 3→5 wurden für je eine Temperatur bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 799-806 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Favoured Formation of an O-Glycoside during Ribosidation of 5-Methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one6-Amino-5-(2,2-diethoxy-l-methylethyl)-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol (3a) has been prepared via condensation of racem. ethyl 2-cyano-4,4-diethoxy-3-methylbutyrate (2) and thiourea. Alkylation of 3 a at 2-SH with dimethyl sulfate is accompanied by ring closure yielding 5-methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (4b). Silylation of 4b followed by reaction with 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-1-bromo-D-ribofuranose in the presence of mercury(II) salts (Wittenburg conditions) gives the O-glycoside 6a and not the N-7-glycoside formerly obtained during ribosidation of 2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one12). Hydrolysis of 6a under mild conditions leads to deacetylation giving 5-methyl-2-methylthio-4-(D-ribofuranosyloxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (6b). The latter compound shows UV spectra similar to 4-methoxy-5-methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (4c) down to pH 2, but at lower pH values hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond occurs.
    Notes: 6-Amino-5-(2,2-diethoxy-1-methylethyl)-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-of (3 a) wurde durch Kondensation von racem. 2-Cyan-4,4-diethoxy-3-methylbuttersäure-ethylester (2) und Thioharnstoff gewonnen. Die Alkylierung von 3a mit Dimethylsulfat führt zur Methylierung an 2-SH, wobei gleichzeitig Cyclisierung zu 5-Methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-on (4b) erfolgt. Verknüpft man silyliertes 4 b mit 2,3,5-Tri-O-acetyl-l-brom-D-ribofuranose in Gegenwart von Quecksilber(II)-Salzen (Wittenburg-Bedingungen), so entsteht das O-Glycosid 6a und nicht wie bei der Reaktion von 2-Methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-on das N-7-Glycosid12). Durch milde Hydrolyse von 6a erhält man 5-Methyl-2-methylthio-4-(D-ribofuranosyloxy)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin (6b), dessen UV-Spektren bis pH 2 denen von 4-Methoxy-5-methyl-2-methylthio-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin (4c) gleichen, im stärker Sauren jedoch Glycosid-Hydrolyse anzeigen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 849-852 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Total Synthesis of Papaverrubine EThe phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid (-)-bicuculline (la), which has previously been prepared by total synthesis, is transformed into racemic papaverrubine E (±)-(6a), its natural (+)- and its unnatural (-)-enantiomer.
    Notes: Das totalsynthetisch zugängliche Phthalidisochinolinalkaloid (-)-Bicucullin (la) wird in das Racemat des Benzazepinalkaloids Papaverrubin E (±)-(6a) sowie in sein natürliches (+)-bzw. unnatürliches (-)-Enantiomeres übergeführt.
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 834-843 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Basic Metals, XI. Cationic (Cyclopentadienyl)rhodium Complexes Containing Rh—H-, Rh—C-, Rh—Ge-, Rh—Sn-, and Rh—Halogen Bonds[C8H12RhCl]2 reacts with excess trimethylphosphane to give [(PMe3)4Rh]Cl (1). A very rapid exchange of the phosphane ligands occurs in solution of 1. The reaction of 1 with T1C5H5 leads to the complex C5H5Rh(PMe3)2 (9), in which the metal atom is a strong Lewis base. 9 reacts very readily with electrophiles Y+ to give the cations [C5H5(PMe3)2RhY]+ which possess stable Rh—H, Rh-alkyl, Rh—acyl, Rh—Ge, Rh—Sn, and Rh—halogen bonds. They were isolated as PF6 salts [Y = H (2), CH3 (3), C2H5 (4), COCH3 (10), COC6H5 (11), COC6H4OMe-(p) (12), GeMe3 (7). SnMe3 (8). Br (15), cl (13), I (14). The cation Me3SiC5H4(PMe3)2RhH ]+ is formed together with [C5H5(PMe3)2RhH]+ in the reaction of 9 with CF3SO3SiMe3, in ether. Reduction with NaH in THF gives Me3SiC5H4Rh(PMe3)2.
    Notes: [C8H12RhCl]2 reagiert mit einem Überschuß von Trimethylphosphan zu [(PMe3)4Rh]Cl (1). In Lösungen von 1 findet ein sehr rascher Austausch der Phosphanliganden statt. Die Reaktion von 1 mit TIC5H5 führt zu dem Komplex C5H5Rh(PMe3)2 (9), der ein stark Lewis-basisches Metallatom besitzt. 9 reagiert mit Elektrophilen Y+ sehr bereitwillig zu den Kationen [C5H5(PMe3)2RhY]+ die stabile Rh—H-, Rh—Alkyl-, Rh—Acyl-, Rh—Ge-, Rh—Sn- und Rh—Halogen-Bindungen besitzen und als PF6-Salze isoliert werden [Y = H (2), CH3 (3), C2H5 (4), COCH3 (10), COC6H5 (11), COC6H4OMe-(p) (12), GeMe3 (7), SnMe3 (8), Br (15), Cl (13). 1(14)]. Bei der Reaktion von 9 mit CF3SO3SiMe3 in Ether entsteht neben [C5H5(PMe3),2RhH] + das Kation [Me3SiC5H4(PMe3)2RhH]+. Die Reduktion mit NaH in Tetrahydrofuran ergibt Me3SiC5H4Rh(PMe3)2.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 853-861 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoelectron Spectra and Conformations of Bi- and Tricyclic Hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazinesThe photoelectron spectra of three tricyclic (2-4) and three bicyclic (5-7) hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazines have been interpreted with regard to gas phase conformations. The interactions of the n-orbitals have been studied by MINDO/2 calculations for different conformations of hexahydro-1.2.4,5-tetrazine (1). The observed n-electron ionization potentials permit the identification of tetraequatorial forms of 2-4 and diequatorial-diaxial forms of 5-7 as the dominant conformers. In addition, for 2 and 5 other less stable conformers could be detected.
    Notes: Die Photoelektronenspektren von drei tricyclischen (2-4) und von drei bicyclischen (5-7) Hexahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazinen wurden hinsichtlich der in der Gasphase vorliegenden Konformeren ausgewertet. Für die infrage kommenden Konformationen wurden zum Studium der Wechselwirkung der n-Orbitale MINDO/2-Rechnungen an der Stammverbindung (1) ausgeführt. Anhand der beobachteten n-Ionisationsbanden lassen sich bei 2-4 tetraäquatoriale und bei 5-7 diäquatorial-diaxiale Formen als stabilste Konformere identifizieren. Bei 2 und 5 wurden daneben weniger stabile Konformere nachgewiesen.
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  • 118
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 890-898 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure and Internal Flexibility of Sterically Fixed s-cis-ButadienesForce Field Calculations yield a coplanar arrangement of the π systems of the vicinal exo-methylene derivatives 1 and 2 of cyclobutane and cyclopentane and of the corresponding derivatives 4-7 of norbornane, bicyclooctane, bicyclononane and bicyclooctene. The detailed geometry of the cis-butadiene unit is essentially determined by the ring system. For the cyclohexane derivative 3 on the other hand a chair conformation is obtained. 2,5 and 6 are rather flexible molecules for which torsions of the π system up to 20° require energies less than 5 kJ/mol, whereas for the more rigid systems 1, 4 and 7 approximately 10 kJ/mol are necessary for twisting the π system by 10°.
    Notes: Kraftfeldrechnungen ergeben für die vicinalen exo-Methylenderivate 1 und 2 des Cyclobutans und des Cyclopentans sowie für die entsprechenden Derivate 4-7 des Norbornans, Bicyclooctans, Bicyclononans und des Bicyclooctens eine planare Anordnung des π-Systems. Dessen genaue Geometrie im wesentlichen durch das cyclische Gerüst bestimmt wird. Das Cyclohexanderivat 3 dagegen liegt in einer Sesselform vor. Die Moleküle 2, 5 und 6 zeichnen sich durch große Flexibilität aus, Torsionen des π-Systems bis etwa 20° erfordern Energien von weniger als 5 kJ/mol, während für die starreren Systeme 1,4 und 7 bereits bei Verdrillungen um 10° etwa 10 kJ/mol erforderlich sind.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 119
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 899-907 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ligand Structure and Complexation, XLIV. Synthesis and Selectivity of New Four-Armed Noncyclic Neutral LigandsNew, noncyclic neutral ligand systems 4-6 and 8-11 of the tetrapode type 3, equipped with various end groups, were synthesized. The cation selectivity depends on the structure of the end groups. The potentiometrically determined values of the complex stability constants as a rule lie between those of the analogous tripode (2) and dipode ligands (1). Numerous complexes between the four-armed complexing agents and several dipodands (14-16) and alkali and alkaline earth metal salts are reported.
    Notes: Neue nichtcyclische Neutralligandsysteme 4-6 und 8-11 vom Tetrapodentyp 3 mit verschiedenen Endgruppen wurden synthetisiert. Die Kation-Selektivität hängt von der Endgruppenstruktur ab. Die potentiometrisch bestimmten Komplexstabilitätskonstanten liegen i. a. zwischen denjenigen der Tripoden- (2) und Dipoden-Liganden (1). Zahlreiche kristalline Komplexe der vierarmigen Komplexbildner sowie einiger zum Vergleich synthetisierter neuer Dipodanden (14-16) mit Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallsalzen wurden erhalten.
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  • 120
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 936-949 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: N-Silyl and N-Germylpyridinyl Radicals, and Their Stabilization ReactionsPyridines, functionally substituted in 2-, 3-, or 4-position, give N-silylpyridinyls (3, 7, 11, 16, 19, 23) upon reaction with (Me3Si)2Hg, and further on mostly N,ω-bis(silyl) derivatives (5), tetrahydro-4,4′-or -2,2′-bipyridines (9, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25), depending on mesomeric and steric conditions. 2- and 3-acylpyridines yield O-silylated hydropyridoins (27, 30), 2-cyanopyridine forms a persistent pyridinyl (29). N-Germylpyridinyls (32-34) are generated for the first time. With (Me3Ge)2Hg, they are formed, however, only in the case of substituted pyridines of low electron density or strong mesomeric stabilization of the radicals. Several N ω-bis(germyl)-dihydropyridines (36, 37) rearrange, in part even at -30°C, with a surprising N, C-migration of a germyl residue, restoring the aromatic system, giving 35, 39. ESR data are given for most of the generated radicals.
    Notes: In 2-, 3- oder 4-Stellung funktionell substituierte Pyridine geben mit (Me3Si)2Hg N-Silylpyridinyle (3, 7, 11, 16, 19, 23), die je nach Mesomeriestabilisierung und sterischer Hinderung meistens zu N,ω-Bis(silyl)-Derivaten (5) oder zu Tetrahydro-4,4′- bzw. -2,2′-bipyridinen (9, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25) weiterreagieren. 2- und 3-Acylpyridine ergeben O-silylierte Hydropyridoine (27, 30), 2-Cyanpyridin ein kinetisch stabiles Pyridinyl (29). N-Germylpyridinyle (32-34) werden erstmals erhalten. Sie entstehen mit (Me3Ge)2Hg nur im Falle elektronenarmer substituierter Pyridine bzw. starker Mesomeriestabilisierung der Radikale. Bei N,ω-Bis(germyl)dihydropyridinen (36, 37) wurde, z. T. schon bei -30°C, eine überraschende N,C-Wanderung eines Germylrestes unter Rückbildung des aromatischen Systems zu 35, 39 gefunden. Für die meisten der erhaltenen Radikale werden die ESR-Daten angegeben.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metabolic Products of Microorganism, 172. Isolation of the Antibiotic semi-Vioxanthin from Penicillium citreo-viride and Synthesis of XanthomegninBesides xanthomegnin (16 b), 3,4-dehydroxanthomegnin (29a), viomellein (23) and vioxanthin (3) from Penicillium citreo-viride under different culture conditions semi-vioxanthin (7) was isolated. Structure 7 has been established by its spectra and the fact that oxidation with Fremy's salt gives 3,4,6,9-tetrahydro-10-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-1,6,9-trioxo-1H-naphtho[2,3-c]pyran (9a = semi-xanthomegnin). -9c, prepared by demethylation of 9a, was dimerized by potassium peroxydisulfate/sodium hydroxide and methylated, giving 16b. Synthetic 16b and authentic xanthomegnin were identical, which verifies the structure revised by Höfle and Röser9) and shows, that the dyes of the xanthomegnin series are biogenetically homogenous. - The metabolic products of the strain inhibit the growth of bacteria. 16b and 26 furthermore have an effect against insects.
    Notes: Neben Xanthomegnin (16b), 3,4-Dehydroxanthomegnin (29 a), Viomellein (23) und Vioxanthin (3) wurde aus Penicillium citreo-viride unter veränderten Kulturbedingungen semi-Vioxanthin (7) isoliert. Konstitution 7 folgt aus den Spektren und dem Befund, daß mit Fremy-Salz 3,4,6,9-Tetrahydro-10-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-1,6,9-trioxo-1H-naphtho[2.3-c]pyran (9a = semi-Xanthomegnin) entsteht. - Das durch Entmethylierung von 9a zugängliche 9c ließ sich mit Kaliumpersulfat/Natriumhydroxid zu 16a dimerisieren, das zu 16b methyliert wurde. Synthetisches 16b war mit nativem Xanthomegnin identisch, was die von Höfle und Röser9) revidierte Konstitution bestätigt und beweist, daß die Farbstoffe der Xanthomegnin-Reihe biogenetisch einheitlich sind. - Die Stoffwechselprodukte des Stammes hemmen das Wachstum von Bakterien, 16b und 23 wirken ferner gegen Insekten.
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  • 122
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 979-989 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Microbial Transformations of Steroids XVI. Synthesis of 11β,21-Dihydroxy-6, 16α-dimethyl-1,4,6-pregnatriene-3,20-dione and of its 11-Keto Compound21-Acetoxy-5α,6α-epoxy-3β-hydroxy-6β16α-dimethyl-20-pregnanone (3a), prepared from 3β-hydroxy-6, 16α-dimethyl-5-pregnen-20-one (1) by epoxidation and chemical introduction of the 21-acetoxy group, was oxidized to 6α,21-dihydroxy-6β,16α-dimethyl-4-pregnene-3,20-dione (4) by Flavobacterium dehydrogenans and dehydrated to the 3-keto-4,6-diene 5. The 11β-hydroxy group was introduced by Curvularia lunata to give 6, and the 11α-hydroxy group by Aspergillus ochraceus to yield 8. Both compounds were dehydrogenated with Bacillus lentus to from 7 and 9. The 11α-hydroxy compound 9 was selectively acetylated to 10, which was oxidize to 11. This on saponification yielded 12.
    Notes: 21-Acetoxy-5α,6α-epoxy-3β-hydroxy-6β,16α-dimethyl-20-pregnanon (3a), dargestellt aus 3β-Hydroxy-6, 16α-dimethyl-5-pregnen-20-on (1) durch Epoxidierung und 21-Acetoxylierung, wurde mit Flavobacterium dehydrogenans zu 6α,21-Dihydroxy-6β, 16α, -dimethyl-4-pregnen-3,20-dion (4) oxidiert und zu 21-Hydroxy-6, 16α-dimethyl-4,6-pregnadien-3,20-dion (5) dehydratisiert. Mit Curvularia lunata wurde die 11β-Hydroxygruppe eingeführt zu 6, während Aspergillus ochraceus die entsprechende 11α-Hydroxyverbindung 8 ergab. Beide Verbindungen wurden mit Bacillus lentus zu 7 bzw. 9 dehydriert. Die 11α-Hydroxyverbindung 9 wurde nach selektiver Acetylierung der 21-Hydroxygruppe zu 10 zum 11-Keton 11 oxidiert, dessen Verseifung 12 ergab.
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  • 123
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1012-1022 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Syntheses with diazodiketones, VI. Cyclic S-OxidesThe S-oxides 4 of 3,4-dihydro-1,2,3-oxathiazines and 5 of 1,2-oxazetidines are prepared a) by thermolyzing diazodiketones 1 with N-Sulfinylamines 3; b) by condensing the 2-acylacetamides 6 which are readily accessible from 1, with thionyl chloride in the presence of a basic catalyst. From 6, the aminoacrylamides 7 are obtained. These react with thionyl chloride according to the base employed, to afford either the monocyclic 3,6-dihydro-1,2,6-thiadiazine-S-osides 10 or the 4-amino-quinolines 8, presumably via the intermediacy of an imine 9. - The introduction of the SO group into (hetero)cyclic iminocarboxamides, diamines or aminophenols give rise to the S-oxides 13 of condensed thiadieazines, 15a-c of benzothiadiazole, or 15d of benzoxathiazole, respectively.
    Notes: Die 3,4-Dihydro-1,2,3-oxathiazin- 4 und 1,2-Oxazetidin-S-oxide 5 werden a) durch Thermolyse der Diazodiketone 1 mit N-Sulfinylaminen 3 b) durch basenkatalysierte Kondensation der aus 1 leicht zugänglichen 2-Acylacetamide 6 mit Thionylchlorid hergestellt. Aus 6 weden die Aminoacrylamide 7 erhalten. Diese reagieren mit Thionylchlorid je nach der verwendeten Base entweder zu monocyclischen 3,6-Dihydro-1,2,6-thiadiazin-S-oxiden 10 oder über eine Imidoylketenimin Zwischenstufe 9 zu den 4-Aminochinolinen 8. - Der SO-Einbau mittels Thionylchlorid in (hetero)-cyclische Iminocarboxamide, Diamine und Aminophenole führt zu den S-oxiden 13 kondensierter Thiadiazine, 15a-c des Benzothiadiazols bzw. 15d des Benzoxathiazols.
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  • 124
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1035-1045 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Modification of Mannobiose and Synthesis of Methyl 4-O-β-D-Rhamnosyl-α-D-OlivosideBy acid-catalyzed reaction of α-mannobiose octaacetate (2) with trichloroethanol or phenol the glycosides 6 or 9a, and with hydrogen bromide/acetic acid the glycosyl bromide 3 are obtained. Koenigs-Knorr reaction of 3 with methanol of benzyl alcohol yields the orthester derivatives 7a or 7b, respectively. Mannobial hexaacetate 8 is obtained from 3 an d transformed into 12a by iodomethoxylation. The selective tosylations of 9b or 12b in the 6- and 6′ -positions yields the ditosylates 10 or 13a, which in turn give the corresponding diiodo compounds 11a or 5a, respectively. By subsequent reduction using nickel chloride/sodium borohydride the syntheses of the glycosides 14 and 17b of 4-O-(β-D-rhamnopyranosyl)-α-D-rhamnopyranose or 4-O-(β-D-rhamnopyranosyl)-α-D-olivopyranose, respectively, are achieved. All new compounds are characterized by peracetates, and their structural assignment is confirmed from their NMR spectra.
    Notes: α-Mannobiose-octaacetat (2) läßt sich sauer katalysiert mit Trichlorethanol oder Phenol zu den Glycosiden 6 bzw. 9a oder mit Bromwasserstoff in Eisessig zum Glycosylbromid 3 umsetzen. Koenigs- Knorr-Reaktion von 3 mit Methanol oder Benzylalkohol ergibt die Orthoester 7a bzw. 7b. Aus 3 wird Mannobial-hexaacetat 8 gewonnen und zu 12a iodmethoxyliert. 9b bzw. 12b lassen sich selektiv in 6- und 6′- Position zu 10 bzw. 13a tosylieren und anschließend in die entsprechenden Iodide 11a bzw. 15a überführen. Deren Reduktion mit Nickelchlorid/Natriumboranat in Ethanol erlaubt die Darstellung der Glycoside 14 and 17b von 4-O-(β-D- Rhamnopyranosyl)-α-D-rhamno-pyranose bzw. 4-O-0(β-D-Rhamnopysanosyl)-α-D-olivopyranose. Alle Syntheseprodukte werden durch Peracetate charakterisiert und strukturell an Hand der NMR-Spektren zugeordnet.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis, Structure Elucidation, and Conformational Studies of 1→4-Linked Disaccharide Glycosides of the 2,3-Anhydro-4-O-(hex-2-enopyranosyl)-α-D-allopyranoside TypeTriacetyl-D-glucal (1) or tetraacetyl-2-hydroxy-D-glucal (6) and 2,3-anhydro-α-D-allopyranosides 2 or 7, respectively, undergo smooth acid-catalyzed allylic rearrangement reactions to yield the crystalline α-linked disaccharide derivatives 4, 5, and 9 with hex-2-enopyranosyl structure in the non-reducing rings in good yields. By hydrogenation of 4 and 5, 8 is obtained, in which the α-linkage can be demonstrated. X-ray analysis confirms the interglycoside α-linkage in the considerably stretched disaccharide derivative 5. Both the saccharide ring adopt SO5 sofa conformations, in which only C-5 and C-5′ ae observed significantly below the plane of the remaining ring atoms. The NMR data of 5 and 9 suggest also SO5 sofa conformation in solution. On the contrary the β-isomer 10 adopts 5SO sofa conformation which is consistent with the allylic effect.
    Notes: Durch sauer katalysierte Addition der 2,3-Anhydro-α-D-allopyranoside 2 bzw. 7 an Triacetyl-D-glucal (1) bzw. Tetraacetyl-2-hydroxy-D-glucal (6) lassen sich unter Allylumlagerung die α1→4-verknüpften Disaccharide 4, 5 und 9 mit Hex-2-enopyranosyl-Struktur im nicht-reduzierenden Saccharidring milde und in guten Ausbeuten kristallin gewinnen. Durch Hydrierung von 4 und 5 wird 8 erhalten, bei dem die interglycosidische α-Verknüpfung nachgewiesen wird. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 5 bestätigt die α-Verknüpfung in dem erheblich gestreckten Disaccharidderivat. Beide Saccharidringe weisen eine SO5-Sofakonformation auf, bei der nur die Atome C-5 und C-5′ wesentlich aus der Ebene der übrigen Ringatome nach unten herausstehen. Konformationsbetrachtungen legen auch in Lösung für 5 und 9 das Vorliegen einer SO5-Sofakonformation nahe. Das interglycosidische β-Isomere 10 weist dagegen eine 5SO-Sofakonformation auf, was auf den Allyleffekt zurückgeführt werden kann.
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  • 126
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1046-1056 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on the Modification of Laminaribiose and Synthesis of Methyl 3-O-β-D-Quinovosyl-α-D-olivosideLaminaribiose (2) and the peracetates 3a and b are obtained by acetolysis of laminaran or pachyman, respectively. Via formation of the bromide 5, the β-methyl (6) and β-benzyl glycosides (7a and b) as well as the glycals 9a and b are obtained in crystalline form. Iodoalkoxylations with benzyl alcohol yield the epimeric benzyl glycosides 10a and b, whereas with methanol 11a is obtained exclusively. 11b is transformed into the dibenzylidene compounds 12a-c. the reaction of which with N-bromosuccinimide leads to the formation of the 2,6,6′- trihalo derivatives 13a and b. By subsequent reduction the title compound 14b is obtained and characterized as its peracetate.
    Notes: Ausgehend von Laminaribiose (2) und ihren Peracetaten 3a und b, die durch Acetolyse von Laminaran bzw. Pachyman zugänglich sind, lassen sich über das Bromid 5 die β-Methyl- (6) und β-Benzylglycoside (7a und b) sowie die Glycale 9a und b kristallin gewinnen. Iodalkoxylierung mit Benzylalkohol gibt die epimeren Benzylglycoside 10a und b, während mit Methanol einheitlich 11a isoliert wird. Aus 11b werden die Dibenzylidenverbindungen 12a-c dargestellt, deren Öffnung mit N-Bromsuccinimid zu den 2,6,6′-Trihalogenderivaten 13a und b führt. Durch Reduktion wird daraus die Titelverbindung 14b gewonnen und als Peracetat charakterisiert.
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  • 127
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1057-1063 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Tertiary Phosphane/Hexachloroethane as Condensing Agent in Peptide SynthesisThe action of tertiary phosphane/hexachloroethane on N-protected amino acids and amino acid esters is found applicable for peptide synthesis. No difficulties are found when the side chains of serine, threonine, tyrosine, asparagine and glutamine are present. By addition of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole racemisation is prohibited as indicated by the test of Anderson.
    Notes: Mit dem Dehydratisierungsreagenz tertiäres Phosphan/Hexachlorethan lassen sich N-geschützte Aminosäuren und Aminosäureester in hohen Ausbeuten zu Peptiden kondensieren. Funktionelle Gruppen in den Seitenketten von Serin, Threonin, Tyrosin, Asparagin und Glutamin werden nicht angegriffen Unter Zusatz von 1-Hydroxybenzotriazol verläuft der Anderson-Test racemisierungsfrei.
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  • 128
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1110-1125 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Aromatic Erythrina Alkaloids, XXIII. 1,7-Cyclo-cis-erythrinanesThe 1,7-cyclo-cis-erythrinane derivative 17 is formed by heating the bromo compound 13 with potassium hydroxide in diethylene glycol to 180°C. Hydrolysis of 17 yields the ketone 18 which, by reactions of the carbonyl group, is transformed into the cyclic compounds 19 - 21 and 27 - 33. The cyclopropane ring is easily cleaved by reduction to give the unsaturated lactam 10 or the saturated lactam 1. The 1,7-cyclo-cis-erythrinane structures 37 and 38 can be synthesized by way of the cyclic olefin 35.
    Notes: Durch Erhitzen der Bromverbindung 13 mit Kaliumhydroxid in Diethylenglycol auf 180°C entsteht das 1,7-Cyclo-cis-erythrinan-Derivat 17. Nach Hydrolyse zum Keton 18 erhält man durch Umwandlung der Ketogruppe die Cycloverbindungen 19 - 21 und 27 - 33. Reduzierende Bedingungen spalten den Cyclopropanring sehr leicht auf unter Bildung des Olefinlactams 10 oder des gesättigten Lactams 1. Über das Cycloolefin 35 gelingt die Darstellung von 37 und der zugehörigen Base 38 mit dem Grundgerüst der 1,7-Cyclo-cis-erythrinane.
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  • 129
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Aromatic Erythrina Alkaloids, XXIV. On the Products of Bromination of 15,16-Dimethoxy-cis-erythrinane-2,8-dioneBromination of 1 as well as hydrolysis of 5 (with inversion at C-l) yields the bromoketolactam 2. This can be converted back to 5, again with inversion. On reduction of 2 with sodium tetrahydridoborate, the bromohydrines 11-13 and the epoxide 17 are obtained. The epimeric bromoketolactam 6 cannot be isolated, but is an intermediate in the formation of 12 and 13. 2 reacts with potassium hydroxide in methanol or ethylene glycol to give the hydroxyacetals 18 and 19, respectively. From 1 the dibromoketones 24 and 25 were prepared which exhibit unusual spectral properties.
    Notes: Das Bromketolactam 2 wird aus 1 durch Bromierung oder aus 5 durch Hydrolyse unter Umkehrung der Konfiguration an C-l erhalten. Auch die entgegengesetzte Reaktion von 2 nach 5 verläuft unter Umkehr. Mit Natriumboranat liefert 2 die Bromhydrine 11, 12, 13 und das Epoxid 17. Bei der Bildung von 12 und 13 ist wieder das selbst nicht faßbare epimere Bromketolactam 6 Zwischenprodukt. Die Umsetzung von 2 mit Kaliumhydroxid in Methanol oder Ethylenglycol führt zu den Hydroxyacetalen 18 oder 19. Die aus 1 dargestellten Dibromketone 24 und 25 haben auffallende spektroskopische Eigenschaften.
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  • 130
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1140-1146 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Methylsulfurpentafluoride and Some of its DerivativesMethylsulfurpentafluoride (5) was systematically synthesized, starting with SF5Cl and ketene. It is stable at room temperature against HF elimination. The reaction of SF5Cl and diketene gives compounds of the type SF5—CH2—X, but the title compound is not produced in this way.
    Notes: Methylschwefelpentafluorid (5) wurde systematisch synthetisiert, ausgehend von SF5Cl und Keten. Es ist bei Raumtemperatur stabil gegen HF-Eliminierung. Die Reaktion von SF5Cl und Diketen führt zu einer Vielzahl anderer Verbindungen des Typs SF5—CH2—X, in einfacher Weise jedoch nicht zur Titelverbindung.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3273-3281 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses of Biologically Important Carbohydrates, 20. N-Acetyl-1,4-di-O-acetyl-β-DL-vancosamineClaisen rearrangement of 1-methyl-2-butenyl vinyl ether (3) yields trans-3-methyl-4-hexenal (4), the ethylene acetal 5 of which is aminated with selenium and chloramine T forming a mixture of the 3-methyl-3-tosylamino- (6) and 3-methyl-6-tosylamino derivatives 7. After detosylation of 6 and N-acetylation trans-3-acetylamino-3-methyl-4-hexenal ethylene acetal (9) is cis-hydroxylated to give 10/11. Cleavage of the protecting group at C-1 and peracetylation gives n-acetyl-1,4-di-O-acetyl-β-DL -vancosamine (13). The constitution of 13 is proved by mass spectrometry and the lyxo-configuration is assigned with high probability on the basis of 1 H NMR investigation *).
    Notes: Die Claisen-Umlagerung von (1-methyl-2-butenyl)-vinyl-ether (3)liefert trans-3-Methyl-4-hexenal(4), dessen Ethylenacetal 5 mit Selen und Chloramin-T zu den 3-Methyl-3-tosylamino-(6) und 3-Methl-6-tosylamino-Derivaten 7 aminiert wird. Nach Detosylierung von 6 und N-Acetylierung wird trans-3-Acetylamino-3-methyl-4-hexenal-ethylenacetal (9) zu 10/11 cis-hydroxyliert. Abspaltung der Schutzgruppe an C-1 und Peracetylierung liefert n-Acetyl-1,4-di-O-acetyl-β-DL-vancosamin (13), dessen Konstitution durch MS bewiesen und dessen lyxo-Konfiguration durch 1 H-NMR-Untersuchungen weitgehend gesichert wird *).
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  • 132
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3311-3317 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Monomeric Bis[dialkylphosphonium bis(methylide)] Complexes of Nickel, Palladium, and PlatinumThe reaction of bis(trimethylphosphane) complexes of NiCl2 and PdCl2 with the bulky ylide CH3[(CH3)3C]2P = CH2 in a molar ratio 1:4 leads to transylidation and formation of corresponding phosphonium salt and the new ylide chelates [(CH3)3C]2P(CH2)2M(CH2)2P[(CH3)3]2; M = Ni (1); M = Pd (2). In similar experiments with PtCl2, only the salt-like half-complex [(CH3)3C]2P(CH2)2Pt[P(CH3)3]2+Cl¯ (3) is obtained. However, the reaction of the lithiated ylide with (l,5-cyclooctadiene)PtCl2 yields the missing Pt analogue of the above type (4). Contrary to the results with Pd11, Ni11 reacts with 1 -methyl- l-methylene-λ.5-phospholane and -phosphorinane to give monomeric bis-chelates of the formula CH2]nP(CH2):Ni(CH2)2:P[CH2]n; n = 4 (5): n = 5 (6). The monomeric Structure was confirmed by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and mass spectra, and attributed to steric effects in the case of the tert-butyl compounds. The opening of the CPC chelate angle induced by the strained ring system of the cyclic ylides appears to favour pseudo-allyl type interactions with the nickel centre.
    Notes: Die Bis(trimethylphosphan)-Komplexe von NiCl2 und PdCl2 reagieren mit dem sterisch anspruchsvollen Ylid CH3[(CH3)3C]2P≡CH2 im Molverhältnis 1:4 unter Umylidierung zum zugehörigen Phosphoniumsalz und den neuen Ylid-Chelaten [(CH3)3C]2P(CH2)2M(CH2) P[2CH3)3 M] ≡Ni (1), M = Pd (2). Mit PtCl2 entsteht dagegen bei deràrtigen Ansätzen nur der salzartige Halbkomplex [(CH3)3C]2P(CH2)2Pt[P(CH3)3]2-;Cl+ (3). Die Reaktion des lithiierten Ylids mit (l,5-Cyclooctadien)PtCI2 liefert dagegen das fehlende Pt-Analoge des obigen Typs (4). - lm Gegensatz zu den Verhältnissen bei Pd11 ergibt NiII auch mit l-Methyl-l-methylen-λ5-phospholan und -phosphorinan monomere Doppelchelate der Formel [CH2]nP(CH2)2Ni(CH2)2P[CH2]n: n = 4(5), n = 5 (6). Die Monomerstruktur wurde durch 1H. 13C, 31P-NMR- und Massenspektren gesichert und bei den tert-Butyl-Verbindungen durch sterische Effekte gedeutet. Bei den cyclischen Yliden begünstigt die starke Winkelöffnung der Chelateinheit eine Pseudo-Allylwechselwirkung mit dem Nickelzentralatom.
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  • 133
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3390-3412 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactivity of Metal-Metal Bonds. Repeated Formation and Cleavage of a Fe - Co Bond by Elimination and AdditionIn arsenic-bridged dinuclear metal carbonyl complexes the sequence of formation and cleavage of the metal-metal bond by elimination of CO and addition of a phosphine ligand is repeatable. Starting from (CO)4Fe -AsMe2 - Co(CO)4 it can be performed four times in a row. The ligand which in each case is introduced at the cobalt atom can be transferred to the iron atom by isomerisation in complexes with and without metal-metal bonds. With Pme3 and P(OMe)3 as phosphines and up to the introduction of three ligands thus 44 different complexes are possible of which 35 were isolated (scheme 1). By side reactions or for the purpose of comparisons further complexes with chain-like arrangements of metal and P or As atoms were obtained. When four ligands are introduced the elimination/addition scheme reaches a natural limit since then phosphine elimination is preferred to CO elimination. The described sequences can be understood as basic patterns of catalytic activity by opening of metal-metal bonds.
    Notes: In arsenverbrückten Metallcarbonyl-Zweikernkomplexen ist die Sequenz von Bildung und Lösung der Metall-Metall-Bindung durch Eliminierung von CO und Addition eines Phosphanliganden wiederholbar. Ausgehend von (CO)4Fe-AsMe2-Co(CO)4 läßt sie sich viermal hintereinander durchführen. Der jeweils am Cobaltatom eingeführte Ligand kann in Komplexen mit und ohne Metall-Metall-Bindung durch Isomerisierung auch auf das Eisenatom übertragen werden. Mit PME3 und P(OMe)3 als Phosphanen sind so bis zur Einführung von drei Liganden 44 verschiedene Komplexe denkbar, von denen 35 isoliert wurden (Schema 1). Durch Nebenreaktionen bzw. zu Vergleichszwecken wurden weitere Komplexe mit kettenförmiger Anordnung von Metall- und P- bzw. As-Atomen erhalten. Nach der Einführung von vier Liganden findet das Eliminierungs/ Additions-Schema eine natürliche Grenze, da dann Phosphan-Eliminierung gegenüber der CO-Eliminierung bevorzugt wird. Die beschriebenen Sequenzen lassen sich als Grundmuster katalytischer Aktivität durch Öffnung von Metall-Metall-Bindungen verstehen.
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  • 134
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3413-3423 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Properties of Carbamoyliron Complexes;. Crystal Structure of Nickelbis[tetracarbonyi-μ-(dimethylcarbamoyl-O)-iron](2M-Fe)The carbamoyl complex 1 can be transaminated with piperidine and pyrrolidine to give 2 and 3. 1-3 react with anhydrous nickel bromide to yield the nickelbis[tetracarbonyl-μ-(carbamoyl-O)-iron] (2 Ni-Fe) complexes 4-6, which are studied by spectroscopic methods. The X-ray analysis proves a linear iron nickel iron spine in 4. The crystals are triclinic, space group PT, with one molecule in the unit cell.
    Notes: Der Carbamoylkomplex 1 läßt sich mit Pyrrolidin und Piperidin zu 2 und 3 umaminieren. 1-3 reagieren mit wasserfreiem Nickelbromid zu den Nickelbis[tetracarbonyl-μ-(carbamoyl-0)-eisen](2N - Fei)-Komplexen 4-6, die spektroskopisch untersucht werden. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 4 beweist das Vorliegen einer linearen Eisen-Nickel-Eisen-Anordnung. Die Kristalle sind triklin, Raumgruppe PT, mit einem Molekül in der Elementarzelle.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 135
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3520-3522 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Mechanism of the Reaction of 2-Bromo-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide and Sodium Methoxide in 2,2-Dimethoxypropane. A Method for Establishing the Radical-Anion Radical Chain MechanismThermolysis of N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-2-(phenylazo)acetamide (1, X = C6H5N≡N-) in the presence of sodium methoxide in 2,2-dimethoxypropane furnishes N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (1, X = H), the dimeric product 3, and 2-hydroxymethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (1, X = -CH2OH). An analysis of this result leads to the conclusion that the title reaction, which yields compounds 1 (X = H) and 3, is a radical-anion radical chain process.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 136
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3552-3558 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organo Tin Compounds of 1,2-DiethynylbenzeneThe preparation and the properties of the compounds o-C6H4(C≡C — SnR3)2 (R equals; CH3, C6H5),[o-C6H4(C ≡ C)2SnR2]2 (R = CH3, C6H5, 1-Naphthyl; R2 = Pentamethylene), [o-C6H4(C≡C)2)3-(SnC6H5)2]n (n = 2, 8, 〉8) and [(o-C6H4(C≡C)2)2Sn]n (n = 12-15,〉15) are described. The structures of these compounds are supported by their spectra.
    Notes: Darstellung und Eigenschaften der Verbindungen o-C6H4(C≡C — SnR3)2 (R = CH3 C6H5), [o-C6H4(C≡C)2SnR,sb2]2 (R = CH3, C6H5, 1-Naphthyl; R2 = Pentamethylen), [(o-C6H4(C≡C)2)3-(SnC6H5)2]n (n = 2, 8, 〉8) und [(o-C6H4(C≡C)2)2Sn]n (n = 12-15, 〉15) werden beschrieben. Die Konstitutionen der Verbindungen werden spektroskopisch gestützt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 137
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3577-3588 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Chemistry of Cycl[4.3.2]azines1)6-tert-Butyl-4H-3a-aza-4-azulenone (3c) and the cycl[4.3.2]azine derivatives 1d and e are synthesized. Attempts to eliminate the ester groups of 1d and e by thermolysis failed. Using Fe2(CO)9, 1d and e are transformed into the complexes 9a and b. The thermolysis of 9b yields the anhydride 10. 5-Azacycl[4.3.2]azine-4-carbonic esters 11 are obtained of two independent routes. 12 is prepared from 11 and Fe2(CO)9 -From the NMR spectra it is concluded that a paratropic effect exists of the cycl[4.3.2]azine π-system of about 4-5 ppm being largest in the 7-membered ring. The shifts of all protons are affected by the nitrogen atom in perimeter-position 5 of 11, the maximum effect being observed again in the 7-membered ring.
    Notes: 6-tert-Butyl-4H-3a-aza-4-azulenon (3c) und die Cycl[4.3.2]azin-Derivate 1d und e werden dargestellt. Versuche zur thermolytischen Entfernung der tert-Butoxycarbonylgruppen aus 1d und e scheiterten. Mit Fe2(CO)9 konnten aus 1d e die Tricarbonyleisen-Komplexe 9a und b erhalten werden. Die Thermolyse von 9b führte zum Anhydrid 10. 5-Azacycl[4.3.2]azin-4-carbonsäureester 11 werden auf zwei Wegen dargestellt. Aus 11b wurde der Tricarbonyleisen-Komplex 12 erhalten.  - Die1H-NMR-Spektren weisen auf eine durch das Cycl[4.3.2]azin-π-System verursachte Paratropie von etwa 4-5 ppm, welche im Siebenring am größten ist. Der Einfluß des perimeterständigen Stickstoffatoms auf die chemischen Verschiebungen von 11 erstreckt sich über das gesamte Ringsystem und ist ebenfalls im Siebenring am stärksten ausgeprägt.
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  • 138
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3623-3636 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polar Cycloadditions of Electron-rich Multiple Bond Systems to 1,3,4-Oxadiazolium Salts: Synthesis of 3aH-1,3,4 Oxadiazolol 3,2-α quinolinesThe 1,3,4-Oxadiazolium-salts 6c,g,h,i,j react withN,N-Diethyl-1-propin-1-amin(7) in a [4⊕ + 2]-Cycloaddition to afford the 3aH[1,3,4]Oxadiazolo[3,2-a]quinolines 8 c,g,h,i,j.. A [2⊕ + 2] cycloaddition of diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with 8i yields the tetracycle 9. Alkaline hydrolysis of 8 leads to the quinolone 10. A [3⊕ + 2]-cycloaddition cycloreversion is observed with 6e, I and 18 yielding (→ 12, 15, 20 + 21) respectively. Ketene diethyl acetal (22) reacts with 6k in the same manner (→ 23)
    Notes: Die 1,3,4-Oxadiazolium-Salze 6c,g,h,i,j reagieren mitN,N-Diethyl-1-amin(7) in einer [4⊕ + 2]-Cycloaddition zu den 3aH[1,3,4]Oxadiazolo[3,2-a]chinolinen 8. Eine [2⊕ + 2] Cycloaddition von Acetlylendicarbonsäure-diethylester an 8i führt zum Tetracyclus 9. Die alkalische Hydrolyse von 8 ergibt die Chinolone 10. Eine [3⊕ + 2]-Cycloaddition-Cycloaddition-Cycloreversion wird bei 6e, I und 18 beobachtet (→ 12, 15, 20 + 21). Auch Keten-diethylacetal (22) reagiert mit 6k in dieser Weise (→ 23).
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  • 139
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3691-3702 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Alicyclic Compounds, II. Preparation and Photelectron Spectra of the Cyclopropanation Products of 3, 4-Dimethylene-1-cyclobuteneCyclopropanation of 3, 4-Dimethylene-1-cyclobutene (1) with diazomethane/cuprous chloride in pentane provides the novel spiro compounds 6-methylenespiro[2.3]hex-4-ene (2) and dispiro[cyclopropane-1, 2′-bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane-3′, 1″-cyclopropane] 94) as well as the already known dispiro[2.0.2.2]oct-7-ene (3). The photoelectron spectra of these hydrocarbons have been analyzed.
    Notes: Die Cyclopropanierung von 3,4-Dimethylen-1-cyclobuten (1) mit Diazomethan/Kupfer (I) chlorid in Pentan liefert die neuen Spiroverbindungen 6-Methylenspiro [2.3]hex-4-en (2) und Dispiro[cyclopropan-1,2′-bicyclo[2.1.0]pentan-3′,1″-cyclopropan] (4) sowie das bekannte Dispiro [2.0.2.2]oct-7-en (3). Die Photoelektronenspektren dieser Kohlenwasserstoffe werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 140
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3728-3736 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Photolysis of Cycloalkeno-1,2,3-thiadiazolesPhotolysis of the title compounds leads to several types of heterocycles: 1,4-dithiins 5, 1,3-dithioles 9, thiophenes 11, and 1,2,4,5-tetrathianes 12. The yields of the reaction routes 1 - VI depend on the ring size of the cycloalkeno-l,2,3-thiadiazoles (table 1).
    Notes: Bei der Photolyse der Titelverbindungen 1a-d werden Heterocyclen der Typen 1,4-Dithiin 5, 1,3-Dithiol 9, Thiophen 11 und 1,2,4,5-Tetrathian 12 isoliert. Die Ausbeute auf den Reaktionswegen I-VI in Abhängigkeit von der Cycloalkeno-l,2,3-thiadiazol-Ringgröße ist von Interesse (Tab. 1).
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  • 141
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: NMR Spectroscopic Studies on Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Reversible Dissoziation Reactions VII. Direct Observation of Ionisation and Ion Recombination of Trityl Chloride in SO2The equilibriaWere analyzed in SO2 by 1H NMR spectroscopy at variable temperature in the partially deuterated compound. The ionisation of trityl chloride into the ion pair was kinetically studied by total line shape analysis of the 1H NMR spectra of the deuterated and the nondeuterated compound. The origin of the relatively high barrier (ΔG1≢ ≈ 42 kJ/mol, ΔS1≢ ≈ -90 J/grad mol) is discussed.
    Notes: Die GleichgewichteIn SO2 wurden in der partiell deuterierten Verbindung durch NMR-Spektroskopie bei variabler Temperatur analysiert. Die Ionisierung des Tritylchlorids in das Ionenpaar wurde durch Linienformanalyse der 1H-NMR-Spektren der deuterierten und nichtdeuterierten Verbindung kinetisch untersucht. Die Ursache der relativ hohen Barrieren (ΔG1≢ = 42 kJ/mol, ΔS1≢ = 25 kJ/mol, ΔS1≢ = - 90 J/grad · mol) wird diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3748-3752 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Discussion of the UV Spectra of 3-keto-Δ4,8(14)-steroids as an Example of a “Through Space” Conjugation
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  • 143
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 3753-3758 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolysis of 2-Diazo-1,3-diketones in the Presence of DiazoalkanesDiazodiketones 1 react with diazoalkanes 3 under the conditions of the Wolff rearrangement via the hypothetical diazonium betaines 4 predominantly by 1,4-cyclization to afford the 3-furanones 11 and enol derivatives 12. Competitively, depending on stabilizing substituents, 1,2-cyclization to the cyclopropanone 6 or the acryl ester 9 as well as cyclization without loss of the diazoalkane nitrogen to the pyrazoles 7, 10 may occur. In the case of electron donating aroylarylketenes the 1,3,4-oxadiazolines 8 are obtained. For the latter reaction, an intermediate azo-zwitterion 5 is assumed.
    Notes: Diazodiketone 1 reagieren mit Diazoalkanen 3 unter den Bedingungen der Wolff-Umlagerung über die hypothetischen Diazoniumbetaine 4 in der Regel durch 1,4-Cyclisierung. wobei 3-Furanone 11 und die Enolderivate 12gebildet werden. Mit dieser Reaktion konkurrieren in Abhängigkeit von stabilisierenden Substituenten: die 1,2-Cyclisierung zum Cyclopropanon 6 bzw. dem Acrylester 9; unter Beibehaltung des Diazoalkan-Stickstoffs Cyclisierung zu den Pyrazolen 7, 10; bei Verwendung elektronenreicher Aroylarylketene schließlich Bildung der 1,3,4-Oxadiazoline 8: Für diesen Reaktionsverlauf wird ein intermediäres Azo-Zwitterion 5 angenommen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 883-889 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Significance of Diene-1,4-Distance on the Reactivity in Diels-Alder ReactionsThe reactivity of cyclopentadiene and di-exo-methylene compounds in Diels-Alder reactions is investigated using the frontier molecular orbital method. It is shown that besides the HOMO-LUMO energy difference the diene 1,4-distance plays an important part for the rate of reaction. The shorter this distance is the higher becomes the reactivity. Experimentally this is shown by the rates of reaction of tetracyanoethylene and maleic anhydride with cyclopentadiene and di-exo-methylene compounds 2-6. The 1,4-distance of the latter is known from force field calculations. 1,4-Distance and log k2 exhibit a linear relationship which is supported by theoretical considerations.
    Notes: Die Reaktivität von Cyclopentadien und cis-fixierten Di-exo-methylenverbindungen in Diels-Alder-Reaktionen wird im Rahmen des Grenzorbitalmodells untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß neben der Energiedifferenz der dominanten Grenzorbitalwechselwirkung auch der Dien-1,4-Abstand eine wichtige Funktion besitzt. Je kürzer dieser ist, umso reaktiver ist das Dien. Dies zeigt die Kinetik der Umsetzung von Tetracyanethylen und Maleinsäureanhydrid mit Cyclopentadien und den Di-exo-methylenverbindungen 2-6, deren 1,4-Abstand auf Grund von Kraftfeldrechnungen bekannt ist. Zwischen 1,4-Abstand des Diens und log k2 der Cycloaddition besteht ein linearer Zusammenhang, der sich theoretisch begründen läßt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 950-956 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Mechanism of the Photolytic Reaction of Pyridine with Bis(trimethylsilyl)mercury, a Contribution to the Photochemistry with Metal AlkylsThe photolytic generation of N-(trimethylsilyl)pyridinyls 2 or. resp., their 4,4′-dimers from pyridine or its alkyl derivatives and bis(trimethylsilyl)mercury (1) involves surprisingly no free silyl radicals, but passes a long-lived, photoexcited, polar state 1a of the molecule 1. The latter is described more closely. It is complexed stepwise by two molecules of pyridine, and only in the last step free radicals are formed. The possibly more general importance of these findings for photolytic reactions with metal alkyls is pointed out.
    Notes: Die photolytische Bildung von W-(Trimethylsilyl)pyridinylen 2 bzw. ihren 4.4′-Dimeren. aus Pyridin bzw. seinen Alkylverbindungen und Bis(trimethylsilyl)quecksilber (1) verläuft überraschenderweise nicht über freie Silyl-Radikale, sondern über einen längerlebigen, photoangeregten, polaren Zustand la des Moleküls 1, über den nähere Aussagen gemacht werden. Er wird schrittweise durch zwei Moleküle Pyridin komplexiert, worauf erst im letzten Schritt freie Radikale entstehen. Auf die mögliche Bedeutung der Befunde für andere photolytische Reaktionen mit Metallalkylen wird hingewiesen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 908-935 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclopropyl Neighbouring Group Influence on the Bridgehead Reactivity of Compounds with a Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane SkeletonUpon photochlorination with tert-butyl hypochlorite the cyclopropane anellated bicyclo[2.2.2]-octane hydrocarbons 10a and 2a-6a give the bridgehead chlorids 10b and 2b-6b in increasing relative yields. In addition, a more efficient directed synthesis for 2b has been developed. The solvolysis reactions of 2b-6b lead to unrearranged bridgehead derivatives exclusively, the substantially increasing rates in the series 2b-6b indicating, that a cyclopropyl group can stabilize a neighbouring carbenium ion center substantially, even if the system does not possess the best bisected conformation. It is only with a perpendicular arrangement of the axis of the carbenium ion p-orbital and the Walsh orbital at the neighbouring cyclopropyl carbon atom as in 10b that the cyclopropyl group exhibits a destabilizing effect exclusively. Analysis of the kinetic parameters leads to the result, that the skeletons of the intermediate carbenium ions from 2b, 5b and 6b are twisted with respect to those of the starting materials, because this apparently enables the intermediates to gain additional stabilization. However, for 3b and 4b the twisting in the ground and the transition state has to be equally small. For 2b and 5b-6b the twist angle decreases with an increasing number of anellated cyclopropane rings. The same conclusions have been drawn from the interpretation of the 13C-chemical shifts of the free bridgehead carbenium ions 2f and 4f-6f, which have been generated by the reaction of the corresponding chlorides with antimony pentafluoride in sulfuryl chloride fluoride.
    Notes: Bei der Photochlorierung mit tert-Butylhypochlorit entstehen aus den cyclopropan-anellierten Bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-Kohlenwasserstoffen 10a und 2a-6a mit ansteigenden Relativanteilen die Brückenkopfchloride 10b und 2b-6b. Die Solvolysereaktionen von 2b-6b führen ausschließlich zu nichtumgelagerten Brückenkopfderivaten; die in dieser Reihe erheblich ansteigenden Geschwindigkeiten - relativ zum 1-Bicyclo[2.2.2]octylchlorid um bis zu 2.8·108. beweisen, daß eine Cyclopropylgruppe auch bei einer von der optimalen bisektierten Anordnung abweichenden Konformation ein benachbartes Carbeniumionzentrum beträchtlich stabilisiert. Nur bei senkrechter Anordnung der Achsen des Carbeniumion-p-Orbitals und des Walsh-Orbitals am benachbarten Dreiring-C-Atom wie in 10b wirkt die Cyclopropylgruppe ausschließlich destabilisierend. Die Auswertung der kinetischen Parameter ergibt, daß die Gerüste der intermediären Carbeniumionen aus 2b, 5b und 6b im Vergleich zu denjenigen der Ausgangsverbindungen stärker verdrillt sind, weil dies offenbar eine zusätzliche Stabilisierung der Zwischenstufen ermöglicht. Bei 3b und 4b dagegen muß die Verdrillung von Ausgangs- und Übergangszustand gleich gering sein; bei 2b, 5b und 6b wird sie mit zunehmender Zahl anellierter Cyclopropanringe geringer. Zu den gleichen Schlußfolgerungen führt die Interpretation der 13C-chemischen Verschiebungen der freien Brückenkopf-Carbeniumionen 2f und 4f-6f, die aus den entsprechenden Chloriden mit Antimonpentafluorid in Sulfurylchloridfluorid erzeugt wurden.
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  • 147
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 990-999 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polycarbonyls, XXIV. Mixed „Oxothioxocarbons“ from Amides and Thioamides of Squaric AcidHydrolysis or sulfhydrolysis of 1,2-or 1,3-Squaric acid diamides or their mono- or dithioderivatives yields sulfur analogues of squaric acid dianion, examples of mixed „oxothioxocarbons“ (5-8). Reaction with electrophiles and nucleophiles as well as spectroscopic data are reported.
    Notes: Durch Hydrolyse bzw. Sulfhydrolyse von 1,2- oder 1,3-Quadratsäurediamiden bzw. ihrer Mono- oder Dithioderivate entstehen Schwefelanaloga des Quadratsäure-Dianions, Vertreter der gemischten „Oxothioxokohlenstoffe“ (5-8). Es werden Reaktionen mit Elektrophilen und Nucleophilen beschrieben und spektroskopische Daten mitgeteilt.
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  • 148
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1000-1011 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloaddition Reactions of Heterocumulenes, XVII. On the Mechanism of the [2+2]-Cycloaddition of Thioketenes with AzomethinesThe thioketene 1 reacts with the azomethines 2a-f to give the β- thiolactames 3a-f, the structures of which were proven by methylation and oxidation leading to 7 and 8/9c Attempts to trap the potential intermediate of the cycloaddition 11 were unsuccessful. Kinetic experiments demonstrate low solvent and substituent effects on the cycloaddition rate. Starting form 1-deuterated and 1-undeuterated 2b a secondary kinetic isotope effect was measured. These results as well as the formation of the sterically disfavoured cycloadduct 3A indicate that in the rate-determining step of the cycloaddition not the „classical“ dipole 11 is formed, but with orbital symmetry -control the dipolar species 14.
    Notes: Das Thioketen 1 reagiert mit den Azomethinen 2a - zu den β-Thiolactamen 3a-f, deren Struktur durch Methylierung zu 7 und Oxidation zu 8/9c belegt wurde. Versuche, die potentielle Zwischenstufe der Cycloaddition 11 abzufangen, verliefen negativ. Nach kinetischen Untersuchungen sind Lösungsmittel-und Substituenteneinflüsse auf die Cycloadditionsgeschwindigkeit gering. Ausgehend von 1-deuteriertem und 1-undeuteriertem 2b wurde ein sekundärer Isotopeneffekt gemessen. Diese Ergebnisse wie auch die Bildung des sterisch ungünstigen Cycloaddukts 3A sprechen dafür, daß im geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt der Cycloaddition kein „klassischer“ Dipol 11 entsteht, sondern unter Orbitalsymmetrie-Kontrolle die dipolare Species 14.
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  • 149
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1769-1778 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thiirenes as Intermediates in the Thermolysis of 1,2,3-ThiadiazolesThermolysis of the isomeric thiadiazoles 1a or 1b in moist 2,2′-oxydiethanol (3) yields the ketone 6, the thiophene 7, the alkyne 8, and the disulfide 11, the structure of which was determined by an X-ray analysis. In the presence of diphenylacetylene (15) 1a and 1b react to give the thiophenes 16a and 16b in the same ratio. This implies that the primary products of thermolysis, the 1,3-diradicals 13, can be trapped by alkynes. The formation of identical thiophenes from isomeric thiadiazoles 1 can be understood in terms of an equilibrium between the primary fragments 13 via the thiirene 14. Similarly, the ketone 6 seems not to result from 8 but from 14.
    Notes: Bei der Thermolyse der stellungsisomeren Thiadiazole 1a oder 1b in feuchtem 2,2′-Oxydiethanol (3) entstehen das Keton 6, das Thiophen 7, das Alkin 8 und das durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse eindeutig aufgeklärte dimere Disulfid 11. In Gegenwart von Diphenylacetylen (15) bilden sich aus 1a und 1b die Thiophene 16a und 16b im selben Verhältnis. Die bei der Thermolyse zunächst entstehenden 1,3-Diradikale 13 können demnach durch Alkine abgefangen werden. Die Bildung identischer Thiophene aus isomeren Thiadiazolen 1 läß sich durch ein Gleichgewicht der Primärfragmente 13 verstehen, das sich über das Thiiren 14 einstellt. Auch das Keton 6 scheint nicht aus 8, sondern aus 14 zu entstehen.
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  • 150
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1785-1790 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Helical Hydrocarbons, III. PentaphenylenicenesSynthesis and properties of o,p-bridged quinquephenyl compounds 5, 6 are reported. The 1H NMR highfield shift of H1 and the temperature independence of some absorptions are interpreted in terms of a more fixed helical arrangement of the o,p-compared with the m,m-bridged compound 4. p-Phenylene rotation as well as plus-minus interconversion are not observed.
    Notes: Synthese und Eigenschaften der endständig in o,p-Stellung verbrückten Quinquephenyl-Verbindungen 5, 6 werden beschrieben. Die 1H-NMR-Hochfeldverschiebungen von H1 und die Temperaturunabhängigkeit einzelner Absorptionen weisen darauf hin, daß die o,p-Verbrückung zu deutlich stärker fixierten Helices führt als die m,m-Klammer in 4. Eine p-Phenylenrotation wird ebensowenig wie eine Plus-Minus-Umwandlung beobachtet.
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  • 151
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1791-1807 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Pyrans, 78. Reactions of 3-Formylchromones with DiphenylketeneThe reaction of 3-formylchromones 3a und b with diphenylketene (1) leads to 3-(diphenylvinyl)-chromones 2a and b as well as to the diphenyl-tetrahydropyrano[4,3-b]benzopyrandiones 4a and b. Treatment with base converts 4 into 2. With nucleophilic reagents 2 and 4 give rise to diphenylvinyl-substituted ketones (9), enamines (11), pyrazoles(10), pyrimidines (12), and 1,5-benzodiazepines (13) as well as to chromanonyl-diphenyl-acetic acid dervatives (16 and 18), benzopyrano[3,2-c]pyridines (21), to benzopyrano[4,3-c]pyrazole and -isoxazole derivatives (22).
    Notes: Die 3-Formylchromone 3a und b reagieren mit Diphenylketen (1) zu den 3-(Diphenylvinyl)- chromonen 2a und b sowie den Diphenyltetrahydropyrano[4,3-b]benzopyrandionen 4a und b. 4 läßt sich mit Basen in 2 überführen. Mit nucleophilen Reagenzien setzen sich 2 und 4 zu diphenylvinyl-substituirten Ketonen (9), Enaminen (11), Pyrazolen (10), Pyrimidinen (12) und 1,5-Benzodiazepinen (13) um sowie zu Chromanonyl-diphenyl-essigsäure-Derivaten (16 und 18), Benzopyrano[3,2-c]pyridinen (21), zu Benzopyrano[4,3-c]pyrazol- und -isoxazol-Derivaten (22).
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  • 152
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1873-1878 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cycloadditions of Cyanothioformamides with 1,3-DipolesThe disubstituted cyanothioformamides 1 add to diazo compounds presumably forming the thiadiazoles 2 which decompose to give the thiiranes 3. These may be desulfurized to the ethylenes 5.1b reacts with diphenylnitrilimine to form the thiadiazoline 6. Nitrile oxides and 1 afford the oxathiazoles 7. The monosubstituted cyanothiaoformamides 8. likewise yield the oxathiazoles 9. which decompose to aryl isothiocyanates and the cyanoformamides 10. The reaction of 1 with phenylazide at 100°C produces the cyanoformamidines 14. probably via the unstable thiatriazolines 11 or 12 and the thiaziridines 13.
    Notes: Die disubstituierten Cyanthioformamide 1 addieren sich an Diazoverbindungen, vermutlich unter Bildung der Thiadiazole 2, die weiter zu den Thiiranen 3 zerfallen. Diese können zu den Ethylenen 5 entschwefelt werden. Mit Diphylnitrilimin bildet 1b das Thiadiazolin 6. Nitriloxide liefern mit 1 die Oxathiazole 7. In gleicher Weise ergeben die monosubstituierten Cyanthioformamide 8 die Oxathiazole 9, die weiter in Arylisothiocyanate und die Cyanformamide 10 zerfallen. Die Reaktion von 1 mit Phenylazid bei 100°C liefert, offenbar über die instabilen Thiatriazoline 11 oder 12 und die Thiaziridine 13, die Cyanformamidine 14.
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  • 153
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1889-1901 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Indole Derivatives, XXXVIII. Cyclopropane Reactions in the Indole SeriesThe acid-catalyzed and the nucleophilic ring-opening of the cyclopropanelactams 1 and 2 studied and their stereospecifity is reported. The ketolactams 22 and 23 obtained via this route represent important intermediates.
    Notes: Die protonenkatalysierte und die nucleophile Ringöffnung der Cyclopropanlactame 1 und 2 werden studiert und die Stereospezifität beschrieben. Die auf diese Weise erhaltenen Ketolactame 22 und 23 sind wichtige Zwischenprodukte.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions with Indole Derivatives, XXXVII. Stereoselective Synthesis of Polycyclic Cyclopropane Derivatives in the Indoloquinolizine SeriesThe high yield stereoselective synthesis of the pentacyclic cyclopropanelactam 8 is reported.
    Notes: Es wird über eine in guten Ausbeuten verlaufende stereoselektive Synthese des pentacyclischen Cyclopropanlactams 8 berichtet.
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  • 155
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 112 (1979), S. 1913-1915 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions with Indole Derivatives, XL. Simple Access to YohimbenoneThe enolether 1, obtained by Birch reduction, easily and in high yield gives rise to yohimbenone (6) via hydrolysis followed by formaldehyde cyclization.
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  • 156
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Novel μ-Hydroxo-Transition Metal Complexes, II. Preparation of Polynuclear Complexes of Chromium(III) Containing Tridentate Amine Ligands. The Structure of the μ-[cis-Dihydroxo(O,O′)-hydroxo(l,4,7-triazacyclononane)chromium(III)]-di-μ-hydroxo-bis[(1,4,7-triaacyziononane)chromium(III)] CationThe attempted preparation of dinuclear complexes of chromium(III) containing three μ-hydroxo bridges by a condensation reaction of triaquaaminechromium(III) complexes [amine = 1,1,1-tris(aminomethyl)ethane (l) or l,4,7-triazacyclononane (2)] in acidic media yields only di-μ-hydroxo-bis[aquaaminechromium(III)] complexes (3, 4). More drastic reaction conditions afford a trinuclear complex 7 containing four μ-hydroxo bridges and a terminal OH-ligand which is linked to one μ-hydroxo bridge via a very short hydrogen bond contributing substantially to the stability of this cation. A single-crystal X-ray analysis of [Cr3([9]aneN3)3(OH)5]I5 · 5H2O (8) exhibits two different pairs of μ-hydroxo bridges with bond angles of 98 and 126°, respectively. The synthesis of a dinuclear, triply hydroxobridged chromium(III) complex has not been successful.
    Notes: Versuche, zweikernige Komplexe des Chroms(III) mit drei μ-Hydroxobrücken durch Kondensation von Triaquaaminchrom(III)-Komplexen [Amin = 1,1,1-Tris(aminomethyl)ethan (1) Oder 1,4,7-Triazacyclononan (2)] in saurem Medium darzustellen, führen nur zu Di-μ-hydroxo-bis-[aquaaminchrom(III)]-Komplexen (3, 4). Drastischere Reaktionsbedingungen führen zur Bildung eines dreikernigen Komplexes 7 mit vier μ-Hydroxobrücken und einer terminalen OH-Gruppe, die  -  gebunden über eine starke H-Brückenbindung zu einer μ-Hydroxobrücke  -  wesentlich zur Stabilität dieses Kations beiträgt. Eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse von [Cr3([9]anN3)3(OH)5]I5. 5 H2O (8) zeigt die Existenz zweier unterschiedlicher Paare von μ-Hydroxobrücken in dem dreikernigen Kation mit -Bindungswinkeln von 98 bzw. 126°. Die Synthese eines zweikernigen Tri-μ-hydroxo-Komplexes des Chroms(III) gelang nicht.
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  • 157
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 158
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fully mature adult Eisenia foetida sensory buds are abundant on the prostomium and the first segment. In subsequent segments they are restricted to the anterior half where they form a single row aligned with the setae and encircling the worm. In the more posterior regions of the worm the buds are widely separated and fewer. The surface of each bud is a raised circular or oval area from which 15 to 100 so-called sensory hairs arise, being cylindrical and apparently flexible. The number of these projections decreases toward the posterior end of the worm.In worms newly emerged from egg cocoons, the general pattern of distribution and external form of sensory buds resembles that of adults, but the buds are much fewer and smaller than in adults. Although these worms emerge with their definitive adult number of segments, new buds and additional sensory projections are formed during post hatching development.
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  • 159
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution and morphology of phagocytic (Type II) supraependymal cells residing within the third ventricle of the guinea pig were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Type II supraependymal cells were restricted to nonciliated regions of the ventricle. They were most numerous on the choroid plexus, abundant within the infundibular recess and were present on the ventricular floor in the region of the median eminence. Morphologically, they were characterized by a soma from which pseudopodia-like processes extended to the subjacent ependyma. Type II cells varied in configuration according to their location. Those residing on the choroid plexus typically had irregular somas and possessed processes that generally terminated in finger-like extensions. In contrast, cells on the ventricular floor and within the infundibular recess were stellate and possessed processes that terminated in fan-like cytoplasmic expansions. There were no differences noted in the frequency, distribution or morphology of Type II supraependymal cells in male and female animals. Furthermore, cell frequency did not appear to vary in relation to the estrous cycle. The data suggest that the pleomorphism exhibited by Type II supraependymal cells may reflect adaptations to diverse environmental conditions present within different regions of the third ventricle.
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  • 160
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the fine structure of the macronucleus in Euplotes eurystomus, a ciliate protozoon, during various stages of the cell division cycle has yielded new information about intranuclear helices. They are frequently observed at the periphery of chromatin bodies or next to the nuclear envelope, and they appear to be a constituent of nucleoli. The fibril that forms a helix is about 11-15 nm thick, and torus profiles of helices cut in cross section are about 35 nm in diameter. In substructure the helix is composed of a thin strand 3-5 nm thick which is coiled to form the 11-15 nm fibril; so the helix is a super-coiled structure. The intranuclear helices are present in the macronucleus throughout the cell cycle. They do not show obvious changes of relative abundance nor changes of relative localization in the nucleus, with one exception: they were never observed in the diffuse zone of replication bands. Evidence is presented indicating that nuclear helices migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores. Although the chemical composition of the Euplotes intranuclear helices is unknown, information in the literature on similar helices in Amoeba indicates that they contain RNA and not DNA. The observations on Euplotes helices are consistent with a concept of “packaged” RNA for transport to the cytoplasm.
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  • 161
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 131-143 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eggs of the turtle Trionyx spiniferus are rigid, calcareous spheres averaging 2.5 cm in diameter. The eggshell is morphologically very similar to avian eggshells. The outer crystalline layer is composed of roughly columnar aggregates, or shell units, of calcium carbonate in the aragonite form. Each shell unit tapers to a somewhat conical tip at its base. Interior to the crystalline layer are two tertiary egg membranes: the outer shell membrane and the inner shell membrane. The outer shell membrane is firmly attached to the inner surface of the shell, and the two membranes are in contact except at the air cell, where the inner shell membrane separates from the outer shell membrane. Both membranes are multi-layered, with the inner shell membrane exhibiting a more fibrous structure than the outer shell membrane. Numerous pores are found in the eggshell, and these generally occur at the intersection of four or more shell units.
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  • 162
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The afferent and efferent components of the facial nerve were traced within the brain stem of Rana catesbeiana, using three different neuroanatomical techniques. Primary afferent fibers could be traced to the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve and to fasciculus solitarius as far caudally as the first or second spinal segment, using silver degeneration methods. Cobalt filling of the entire nerve showed the same distribution of afferent fibers, as well as the filling of the cells within the mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal, indicating the origin of a proprioceptive component of the facial nerve. Cobalt iontophoresis and horseradish peroxidase experiments showed that the motor nucleus of the facial nerve was located just ventral to the fourth ventricle, and caudal to the motor nucleus of trigeminal. The distribution of afferent fibers to fasciculus solitarius and the spinal tract of trigeminal is similar in some respects to the distribution of afferent fibers from the trigeminal and vagal nerves in the bullfrog. The afferent fibers from the three cranial nerves are found as far caudally in the brain stem as the second spinal segment.
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  • 163
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 331-341 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of tooth crowns is variable inter-specifically among caecilians. Cusp number and shape, crown dimensions, and crown curvature characterize various species and have both functional and phylogenetic implications. Ichthyophis, Uraeotyphlus, Hypogeophis, and Geotrypetes have bicuspid teeth; Dermophis, Gymnopis, Caecilia, and Typhlonectes monocuspid. Crown morphology as revealed by scanning electron microscopy is associated with prey grasping and, in one case, possible specialization of prey type.
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  • 164
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    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 165
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    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of contact chemoreceptors in the cibariopharyngeal pump of the moth Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is described. Two types of receptors designated A and B are located on the floor of the pump. Two groups of 9-12 A receptors are located in the anterior part of the pump, and two groups of two B receptors are in the posterior part of the pump. Five sensory dendrites extend to the tip of each A receptor and four to each B receptors. Available evidence indicates that these receptors are contact chemoreceptors and do not serve as mechanoreceptors. The receptors are compared to those of other insects.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 103-119 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Classical light microscopic studies on pigmentation of Fundulus heteroclitus (killifish) indicated that there are three groups of light reflecting cells; one group on the surface of scales reflects white light, while two other deeper groups (the melaniridophores and the stratum argenteum) are iridescent. The results presented here show that: (1) The scale leucophores reflect white light by a Tyndall light-scattering mechanism, by virtue of the presence of randomly oriented organelles of “novel” morphology. (2) The iridophores of the melaniridophores contain stacks of irregularly-spaced, large reflecting platelets which function as an imperfect multiple thin layer interference system. (3) The stratum argenteum consists of a continuous layer(s) of iridophores with reflecting platelets which are so regularly packed as to approach an ideal multiple thin layer interference system. (4) In all three types of light reflecting cells, the dimensions and packing (orientation) of the reflecting organelles satisfactorily account for the chromogenic properties of the cells, including colors as viewed under transmitted, reflected, or polarized light. (5) The spacial relationships between these light reflecting cells and adjoining melanophores are different for each type of light reflecting cell. Furthermore, we propose to replace the term reflecting platelet with refractosome.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 143-163 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The chloride cells in the interlamellar areas of the gills of young adult, anadromous sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L., captured in fresh water undergo structural modification during the adaptation of these animals to sea water. In fresh water the chloride cells are partially overlapped by mucus-secreting superficial cells and contain an extensive reticulum of cytoplasmic tubules, which are confluent with both lateral and basal plasma membranes, numerous mitochondria, a Golgi complex of moderate size, and numerous apical vesicles. Adaptation to sea water results in a retraction of the superficial cells, exposing the entire apical surface of the chloride cells, and a proliferation of both cytoplasmic tubules and mitochondria. Extensive enlargement of the Golgi complex in the chloride cells of these animals suggests the involvement of this organelle in the proliferation of cytoplasmic tubules. The extracellular tracer, ruthenium red, enters the tubules from the lateral or basal intercellular spaces in both freshwater- and seawater-adapted animals but never enters either tubules or vesicles from the apical surfaces, indicating that these are not confluent. The presence of dividing basal cells and newly-forming chloride cells, combined with evidence of degeneration of chloride cells, suggests that there is a turnover of this cell type. Both superficial and basal cells are phagocytic and involved in heterophagy of degenerating chloride cells. This phenomenon occurs in both fresh water and sea water indicating that the chloride cells may be functional in both environments.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 121-141 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study consists of a detailed cytoarchitectonic and Golgi analysis of a major tectofugal thalamic nucleus in the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Neurons in nucleus rotundus have a unimodal soma size distribution and a common dendritic branching pattern. They have long dendrites which undergo sparse, dichotomous branchings and contribute to dendritic fields that cover a third to half the dimensions of the nucleus. Spicules, 1-2 μ long, and complex appendages, 5-20 μ long, are found with low density on many dendrites in Golgi-Kopsch material. A few cells have beaded dendritic processes. Three cytoarchitectural regions can be differentiated in nucleus rotundus: a shell, a cell-poor region and a core. The shell is a monolayer of somata forming the peripheral boundary of most of the nucleus. The cell-poor region forms a thin zone concentric with and internal to the shell. Shell cells send some of their dendrites concentrically within this zone and others radially into the core region. Core neurons are dispersed within the neuropil of the nucleus and usually have spherical dendritic fields. However, peripheral core neurons have asymmetrical fields, so their dendrites do not extend beyond the shell. Caudomedial and central subregions of the core can be defined on the basis of neuronal density and cytology. Somata in the caudomedial area of the core are densely packed and have slightly darker staining cytoplasm than those in the central subregion. However, their dendrites are similar to those of the central core neurons. There is extensive dendritic overlap between the two subregions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As a part of a continuing study of unusual molluscan tissues, the “chondroid” tissue (Hyman, '67) associated with the anterior and posterior aortae of the slug (Limax maximus) was examined by light and electron microscopy. Unlike the odontophoral tissue of this species (Curtis and Cowden, '77), the “chondroid” tissue comprising the adventitial layer of the aorta consists of large, glycogen-filled cells with characteristic arrays of pores in their plasma membranes resembling those of the “globular” cells (Rogers, '69; Fernandez, '71); “fibrocytes” (Nicaise et al., '66; Baleydier et al., '69; Nicaise, '73); “Blasenzellen” or “Leydig” cells (Wondrak, '69; Stang-Voss, '70; Buchholz et al., '71; Stang-Voss and Staubesand, '71; Wolburg-Buchholz, '72); or “pore” cells (Sminia, '72; Beltz, '77) of other mollusks. The anterior and posterior aortae are very similar in organization, except that the anterior aorta is larger in diameter; its wall is thinner; and it lacks calcification. Both the anterior and posterior aortae possess a loosely organized (incomplete) endothelial layer surrounded by two layers of innervated smooth muscle. The smooth muscle cells possess fibrous surface specializations resembling hemidesmosomes as well as large numbers of tubular or rounded vesicles in association with their plasma membranes. Blood cells (amoebocytes) containing large glycogen deposits and distinctive membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic inclusions can be found occasionally in the walls of the vessels.
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  • 170
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    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 111-121 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Reticulate scales develop as radial symmetrical anlagen, in contrast to scuttate scales which appear initially as “epidermal placodes.” Unlike scuttate scales whose outer and inner epidermal surfaces elaborate β-and α-type keratins, respectively, reticulate scales elaborate only one type of epidermal surface which has been reported to give an α-type, X-ray diffraction pattern. We find that, histologically and ultrastructurally, this surface differs from either epidermal surface of scuttate scales. The keratinizing cells become filled with long interweaving bundles of α-filaments which aggregate into rather homogeneous α-fibrils. Keratohyalin granules, which have been shown to be associated with other keratinizing regions in the bird, do not form during the keratinization of reticulate scale epidermis.
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  • 171
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    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 145-155 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands of adult Japanese lizards (Takydromus tachydromoides) in the spring and summer season was examined. The parenchyma of the gland consists of chief cells arranged in cords or solid masses. Many chief cells contain numerous free ribosomes and mitochondria, well-developed Golgi complexes, a few lysosome-like bodies, some multivesicular bodies and relatively numerous lipid droplets. The endoplasmic reticulum is mainly smooth-surfaced. Cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are distributed randomly in the cytoplasm. Small coated vesicles of 700-800 Å in diameter are found occasionally in the cytoplasm, especially in the Golgi region. The chief cells contain occasional secretory granules of 150-300 nm in diameter that are distributed randomly in the cytoplasm and lie close to the plasma membrane. Electron dense material similar to the contents of the secretory granules is observed in the enlarged intercellular space. These findings suggest that the secretory granules may be discharged into the intercellular space by an eruptocrine type of secretion. Coated vesicles (invaginations) connected to the plasma membrane and smooth vesicles arranged in a row near the plasma membrane are observed. It is suggested that such coated vesicles may take up extracellular proteins. The accumulation of microfilaments is sometimes recognized. Morphological evidence of synthetic and secretory activities in the chief cells suggests active parathyroid function in the Japanese lizard during the spring and summer season.
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  • 172
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The combined techniques of light microscopy, scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy were used for the first time to study the structure of unicameral lungs of a Tegu lizard (Tupinambis nigropunctatus). The lungs are prolate spheroid bags with blood supplied by superficial branches of a dorsal pulmonary artery and returned by diffuse, more deeply located veins. The primary bronchus enters the medial aspect near the apex of the lung. The lung wall is composed of trabeculae: (1) arranged in a faviform pattern, (2) forming individual faveoli (gas exchange chambers) which appear deepest in the cranial one-half of the lung, (3) all of which have a smooth muscle core overlain by either a ciliated or nonciliated epithelium. A ciliated epithelium lines the luminal surfaces of the large primary trabeculae and parts of smaller secondary trabeculae; it is composed of cone-shaped cells with ciliated-microvillous surfaces, and of columnar serous secreting cells. Nonciliated epithelium covers the luminal surface of portions of some secondary trabeculae, abluminal surfaces of primary and secondary trabeculae and all surfaces of the small tertiary trabeculae forming the faveoli. The nonciliated epithelium overlies an extensive superficial capillary network. The blood-gas barrier (0.7-1.0 μm thick) is composed of a thin cytoplasmic flange of Type I pneumonocytes, a thick homogeneous basal lamina and an attenuated endothelial cytoplasm. Numerous surfactant-producing Type II pneumonocytes are closely associated with the Type I pneumonocytes. The nonrespiratory ciliated epithelium may function in humidification of air and clearing of the lungs.
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  • 173
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    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pineal complexes of the two closely related deep-sea fishes Cyclothone signata and C. acclinidens were compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. Photoreceptor and supportive cells were identified in both species. The deeper-dwelling species, C. acclinidens, had a significantly greater number of photoreceptor-cell outer segment saccules and a higher ratio of receptor cells to nerve fibers in the pineal stalk. It was suggested that these indicate increased photosensitivity of the pineal. Supportive cells were sometimes seen to contain arrays of undulating tubules. The functional significance of these tubules is not understood. A prominent dorsal sac is closely associated with the pineal end-vesicle. Both structures appear to have a common vascular supply suggesting that they are functionally related. Dorsal sac cells contained abundant mitochondria, glycogen, and large filament-like inclusions.
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  • 174
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    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 77-91 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Diploid tadpoles of the discoglossid frog, Bombina orientalis, possess a distinctive rectangular network of epidermal melanophores. The ontogeny of this network was examined and utilized as a model for the comparison of tissue integrity and cellular interactions in diploid and haploid embryos.During the process of network formation in diploids, a variety of melano-phore-melanophore interactions was observed. These included temporary contacts between neighboring melanophore processes, deviations of processes toward neighboring melanophores, and lateral extensions between closely situated, parallel processes originating from different cell bodies. None of these intercellular interactions were seen in haploid embryos. Haploid melanophores displayed fewer cytoplasmic extensions, appeared to be randomly oriented, and failed to establish the ordered network seen in diploid embryos. It was also discovered that, in comparison with diploid tissues, relative densities of melanophores and epithelial cells were not uniformly regulated in haploid embryos.These findings are interpreted as indicating that haploid embryos possess fundamental cell and tissue defects, and that the “haploid syndrome” is likely based on more than one or a few defective physiological functions.
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  • 175
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A β-keratin pattern, consisting of 30 Å filaments embedded in an amorphous matrix, is formed by fusion of membrane-bound packets with the 70 Å filaments of immature cells. This pattern occurs in the Oberhäutchen and the β-layer. When completely mature, these two components show no cell boundaries. It is suggested that this feature is associated with the process that leads to the separation of outer and inner epidermal generation. Filaments of 100-150 Å embedded in an amorphous matrix form the α-keratin pattern, which occurs in the α-layer only. The lacunar tissue is regarded as consisting of cells resembling immature α-cells, whereas mesos and clear layer show a keratin-like material consisting of 100-150 Å filaments without matrix. This is regarded as a modification of α-keratin. The cells of all components synthesizing α-keratin (α, mesos and clear layer) have the following features in common: (1) the plasma membrane is modified in that its inner leaflet is obscured by the deposition of a marginal layer, and (2) the cells have 0.06-0.1 μm mucous granules containing mucopolysaccharides, which release their content into the intercellular space.Protective and barrier functions of the epidermis are provided by the following features: (1) Oberhäutchen and β-layer merge during final maturation to a homogenous stratum of β-keratin without intercellular spaces. Their function seems to be mechanical protection. (2) The marginal layer of α-keratin containing cells, which decreases in thickness from without inwards, is highly resistant to physical and chemical influences. (3) Mesos granules contain phos-pholipid-lamellae, which are partly discharged into the intercellular space and partly remain within the mesos cells. These lipid lamellae are believed to contribute to the establishment of the permeability barrier. (4) The content of mucous granules may play a role in immunological processes. (5) Tight junctions seal off the intercellular space between the uppermost living cells of the epidermis and contribute to the permeability barrier.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eggs of Chelydra serpentina were shifted during incubation between the female producing temperatures of 20°C or 30°C and the male producing temperature of 26°C. In the 20°C and 26°C combination, the stages during which incubation temperature determined sex were stage 14 through stage 16 (stages of normal series, Yntema, '68). In the 30°C and 26°C combination, the temperature sensitive stages for sex determination were stage 14 through stage 19. Incubation at 26°C throughout this period was needed to produce all males. Incubation at 30°C during either the first or second half of the period produced nearly all females; shorter periods of incubation at 30°C were more effective in producing females during the second half of the sensitive period. In the 20°C and 26°C combination, incubation at 20°C or 26°C for parts of the sensitive period produced both males and females. In three of the 57 clutches of eggs used in the experiments, incidence of females was atypically high.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 117-130 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation was to relate the morphology of connective tissues in the mandibular symphysis to the behavioral and experimental evidence for mobility and mechanical stress at the symphysis. The anatomy of the symphysis was examined histologically in 6 mammalian orders encompassing 22 species. Behavioral and experimental evidence of stress during the power stroke of the chewing cycle correspond with stresses at the symphysis implied by the location and orientation of symphyseal connective tissues. These stresses are: (1) dorsoventral shear of the symphysis due to the transfer of force from balancing to chewing sides, (2) bending of the symphysis causing tension along the inferior and compression along superior borders due to torsion on the dentaries from the jaw closing muscles, and (3) antero-posterior shear of the symphysis due to an anteriorly directed stress on the chewing side. Interspecific comparisons suggest that leaf eaters can resist greater dorsoventral shear than fruit or insect eaters, but no correlations exist between diet and bending or antero-posterior shear. This suggests that chewing leaves requires larger biting forces.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 151-183 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The unusual lymphogranulopoietic bone marrow of the large lungless salamander Plethodon glutinosus was examined by light and electron microscopy. Developing neutrophils, eosinophils, and fat cells were found in large numbers, while lymphocytes of various sizes, plasma cells, plasmablasts, macrophages, pigment cells, and fibroblasts were present in more moderate numbers. Basophils were observed only rarely. Macrophages were found in extravascular locations and did not appear to be associated directly with the walls of the blood vessels supplying the marrow. Both neutrophils and eosinophils seemed to arise from small precursor cells whose ultrastructural features bore a resemblance in some ways to those of mammalian myeloblasts described by Bainton and Farquhar ('66). Developing neutrophils and eosinophils seemed to produce only single populations of specific cytoplasmic granules, rather than both primary (azurophilic) and secondary (specific) inclusions, as are produced typically by mammalian granulocytes. Both eosinophilic and neutrophilic granules were formed in association with Golgi complexes; and eosinophilic granules were much larger, more densely stained, and more regularly rounded in shape than the inclusions of developing neutrophils. Peroxidase activity was associated with the specific granules of neutrophils but seemed to be lacking in the granules of eosinophils. The specific granules of eosinophils were especially unusual because they contained irregularly shaped, lightly stained cores which occasionally displayed a distinctly crystalline substructural organization. The specific granules of basophils also possessed a prominent crystalline organization. The overall appearance of the marrow of Plethodon suggests that it functions not only as a valuable source of neutrophils, eosinophils, and cells of the lymphoid series, but also as a part of the phagocytic system of the animals and as an important repository for fat.
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  • 179
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The central nervous system of the sessile barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus (Pallas), has been studied with the particular aim of determining the locations of neuron somata in relation to peripheral nerves. This was accomplished by tracing peripheral nerves using dissection and methylene blue staining techniques, histological methods, and by permitting cobaltous chloride to diffuse via axons into ganglia (“backfilling”).The neuron maps resulting from the study reveal some well-defined sub-systems, a considerable degree of functional clumping of neuron somata, and some unexpected projections of neurons in the CNS. Neurophysiological studies based on these findings are in progress.
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  • 180
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 343-353 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of germanium on the secretion of siliceous spicules by the freshwater sponge Spongilla lacustris was investigated by exposing germinating and hatching gemmules to varying concentrations of germanium (Ge) in the presence of silicon (Si). Results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively and demonstrate that a [Ge]/[Si] (= molar ratio) of 1.0 completely inhibits silicon deposition. Intermediate ratios (0.5, 0.1, 0.01) which are permissive to spicule appearance result in fewer, shorter, and thinner spicules, in proportionately fewer microscleres, and in short bulbous megascleres. The size of the bulb increases with increasing [Ge]/[Si], while the length of the bulbous megascleres decreases with increasing [Ge]/[Si]. Microscleres do not demonstrate these graded responses suggesting that they are secreted in an all or none manner. Swellings produced in pond water and bulbs produced in germanium appear to decrease in size with time indicating a spreading of the accumulated silica. The effect of germanium on spicule secretion can be partially explained by its ability to uncouple the growth in length of the axial filament from the growth of the surrounding silicalemma. Under these conditions excess silicalemma is produced in which silica accumulates as bulbs in short spicules. Continuous exposure to Ge is necessary to produce this altered morphology. It is conjectured that the bulbs may be retained due to an inhibition of spreading. which in turn may be caused by the incorporation of germanium into the silica.
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  • 181
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four differentiated Malpighian tubules (primary tubules) extend from the junction of the midgut and hindgut in newly hatched Periplaneta americana. Secondary tubules begin to develop near the base of the primary tubules before hatching and successive nymphal molts. The newly initiated tubules undergo cell division and extensive elongation through the middle of the following intermolt period. During this time, the cells of the distal, middle, and lower middle tubule regions are surrounded by a cellular sheath, have few cytoplasmic processes extending along their basal surfaces, have a small or nonexistent lumen, and contain extremely dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The cellular sheath differentiates into the muscle which coils around the mature tubule. Tubules which begin development toward the end of one intermolt period begin to undergo cytodifferentiation toward the end of the next intermolt period. By the middle of an additional intermolt period, the basal infoldings and microvilli of cells in the distal, middle, and lower middle regions have the conformations typical for those regions in differentiated tubules; granular concretions and stellate cells are present within the middle region of the tubule.
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  • 182
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation was undertaken to examine the observations of Becker ('72) pertaining to the electrical facilitation of partial limb regenerative responses by means of Ag-Pt wire couples applied to the limb stumps of young, forelimb-amputated white rats. Additionally, in order to examine the possible role of mechanical effects of such device implantations, we have employed uncoupled devices delivering no current or potential difference. In the present experiments, in response to coupled device implantation, cartilage and bone were actively formed in the vicinity of the Pt electrode tip. These tissues contributed to the lengthwise extension of the limb and to the partial restoration of the distal humeral extremity. In limbs bearing the uncoupled electrical devices, qualitatively similar responses were noted, but osteogenesis was diminished in extent compared to that seen in limbs bearing the active or coupled devices. It is therefore necessary to consider the role of mechanical factors in the elicitation of the observed regenerative responses. Myogenesis was enhanced in electrically stimulated limbs, but not in those rats bearing uncoupled devices.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 33-73 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The most complete account of the hind leg muscles of the kiwi was published a century ago by Sir Richard Owen, in his seventy-fifth year. This extensively-cited work has several omissions and errors, and while certain of these were corrected by subsequent authors, sufficient uncertainty remains to warrant a reinvestigation. In the present study a detailed description of the hind leg musculature is given, based upon dissections of two frozen specimens. An indication of the possible function of each muscle is given by assessing its size, action, and fiber-arrangement, together with tentative data on the relative abundance of twitch and tonus fibers.The correlation between surface features of bones and muscle attachments is investigated with a view to interpreting palaeontological material. Although the limb and pelvic bones are marked by numerous features which suggest muscle attachments, relatively few can be positively identified with specific muscles. Only 23% of the muscle origins and insertions can be identified, and, with three possible exceptions, no indication of relative size is given by the scars. The possibility of being able to reconstruct the musculature of the kiwi from its skeletal anatomy, much less that of its extinct relatives, is remote.
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  • 184
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    Journal of Morphology 159 (1979), S. 393-425 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Branchial food traps are regions of specialized secretory tissue in the tadpole pharynx, where suspended food particles are trapped in mucus.Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to study branchial food traps from larvae of ten anuran families (36 species). Most anuran larvae from “advanced” (suborder Neobatrachia) families (e.g., Hylidae, Ranidae, Bufonidae) have distinct secretory pits at the posterior margins of the branchial food traps and secretory ridges elsewhere on these surfaces. The apices of columnar PAS-positive, secretory cells are exposed on the floors of the secretory pits or in rows at the tops of the secretory ridges (secretory zone).Tadpoles from most “archaic” (suborder Archaeobatrachia) families (Ascaphidae, Discoglossidae and Pelobatidae) either lack secretory pits, or have them poorly defined. They also lack secretory ridges but have columnar, mucus-secreting cells whose apices are exposed in a seemingly random fashion in the branchial food traps. Rhinophrynus (Archaeobatrachia: Rhinophrynidae) has secretory ridges, but the apices of secretory cells are not arranged in rows at the tops of the ridges; instead they erupt singly or in small clusters on the epithelial surface, in a pattern similar to that in Ascaphus, the discoglossids and the pelobatids. It is proposed that the generalized condition for the branchial food trap mucosa is one where the apices of secretory cells are exposed haphazardly on a flat epithelium and the derived condition is one where the surface is organized into ridges. The morphology of the branchial food traps in Rhinophrynus suggests that, phylogenetically, ridges preceded the coalescing of secretory cell apices into distinct rows.Pipidae and Microhylidae have unique patterns in the gross and microanatomy of their branchial food traps specific to their families.Branchial food trap morphology relates to diets of tadpoles as well as to taxonomy. Obligate macrophagous (e.g., carnivorous) tadpoles, irrespective of family, tend to have reduced branchial food traps, regularly lack secretory ridges and, in extreme cases, lack columnar mucus-secreting cells. Obligate microphagous forms (midwater suspension feeding of Xenopus, microhylids and Agalychnis), have straight parallel secretory ridges with narrow secretory zones and shallow troughs between the ridges.Secretory ridges may help to form mucus strands in which food particles are trapped, but they are not essential for planktonic entrapment. The hydrodynamic implications of the various topographic patterns remain unclear.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tactile hairs, small chemoreceptor pegs, thick-walled chemoreceptors, thin-walled chemoreceptors of several types, coeloconic sense organs and campaniform sense organs are present on the flagellum of a stonefly, Allocapnia recta (Claassen).
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  • 186
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    Journal of Morphology 160 (1979) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 187
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    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 23-38 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glycogen metabolism has been studied during the development of the early chick embryo, at the cytochemical and ultrastructural levels. Two waves of glycogen synthesis and breakdown have been found. In the first, free clusters of glycogen particles are synthesized at late oogenesis. These clusters are found later in invaginations of the membrane of vesicles containing a floc-cular material (FLOV). The glycogen clusters are degraded there during ovulation and the first hours in the oviduct. The second wave of glycogen synthesis begins before cleavage, reaching a maximum at mid-uterine age. This second wave occurs in another type of vesicle (GLYV), which eventually disintegrates releasing free clusters of glycogen granules. This glycogen is degraded in membranous structures containing a floccular material, as in the first wave of degradation. The degradation ends at the late uterine stages, and at the same time numerous ribosomes are formed. This period corresponds to area pellucida formation, which probably depends on the energy liberated during the second wave of glycogen degradation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 79-109 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hindgut of the semi-terrestrial tardigrade, Milnesium tardigradum was examined with light and electron microscopy. The hindgut consists of a cloaca and an anterior hindgut. It is delineated anteriorly by the pylorus into which four Malpighian tubules empty and posteriorly, by a broad cloacal slit. A single oviduct enters the hindgut at the junction between the cloaca and the anterior hindgut. Two pairs of muscles insert on the cloaca and anterior hindgut respectively. Electron microscopic observations demonstrate that the anterior hindgut is a specialized transporting epithelium. The luminal surface is covered by a thin layer of cuticle which penetrates into channel-like invaginations. Numerous mitochondria are concentrated apically. The basal and lateral surfaces are also folded. The cells are joined apically by deep tight junctions and a simple basal lamina lines the entire hindgut. The cloaca which receives the contents of the gut and Malpighian tubules as well as gametes of the reproductive tract is a transitional organ that exhibits several characteristics of the hypodermis and anterior hindgut. The cuticle of the cloaca changes sequentially from the complex structure of the integument to a simple layer of the anterior hindgut. The function of the hindgut is discussed with emphasis on the possible response of the anterior hindgut to a hypoosmotic habitat, evaporative water loss during the induction of anhydrobiosis and low oxygen tension.
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  • 189
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 123-143 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Blood follicles of the earthworm Amynthas are hemoglobin-containing, sac-like dilatations of blood vessels which connect to the general circulation. Grape-like clusters of follicles are found posterior to the pharynx, among tufts of micronephridia, and single follicles are located among cells of the pharyngeal gland. In Lumbricus, follicles take the form of simple swellings and irregular-shaped diverticula of nephridial capillaries.The fundamental structure of the wall of follicles and of vessels in both genera is the same and consists of two layers: an extracellular vascular lamina and an outer (coelomic) covering of smooth muscle-like myoperithelial cells. Hemocytes may be free and circulating or they may facultatively attach to the vascular lamina as littoral cells, constituting an incomplete endothelium-like surface. Hemocytes that appear to be in the process of attaching or detaching are rounded, while adherent cells are flattened and elongate. Free and littoral hemocytes actively endocytose packets of circulating extracellular hemoglobin.Hemocytes within follicles possess radiating cell processes which also endocytose hemoglobin. Although these cells were presumed to secrete hemoglobin, staining with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine confirms the presence of hemoglobin only within pinosomes and not within protein-synthesizing or packaging organelles. The presence of hemosiderin-like bodies suggests that follicular hemocytes catabolize hemoglobin.Blood follicles apparently provide a means of significantly increasing cell-surface area for hemoglobin processing, without substantially increasing the volume and pumping load of the circulatory system.
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  • 190
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nucleoli of rat liver cells duplicate in great detail the lifelong series of reorganizational changes encountered in kidney and intestinal epithelial cells. The ultrastructural components of the large, loosely organized polymorphous nucleoli, which are dominant in the rapidly multiplying stem cells of embryos, are readily accessible for chemical activities. Smaller, more compact amphinucleoli are dominant in more mature cells, which were characterized by Smetana ('70) as “idling” cells, showing slowly continuing ribosome formation and RNP synthesis. In older cells bipartite nucleoli become dominant and are reorganized in increasing numbers from the younger amphinucleoli. These, however, are not replaced in equal numbers from the shrinking pool of polymorphs of young cells which have greatly reduced mitotic potential. Paralleling the shifts in dominant nucleolar types, the high level of protein synthesis declines in older cells not only in the quantity of proteins synthesized but also in kinds of enzymes produced. These fail to meet the structural and functional requirements of aging cells leading ultimately to the onset of age-related degenerative changes. Again it is noted that separation of the karyosomal DNA from the plasmosomal RNA-protein complex of the nucleolus may lead to possible breakdown of the DNA-dependent RNA-protein transcription system ultimately bringing protein synthesis to a very low level in the senescent animal.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The heart of Crocodylus porosus is described, and deemed to be typical of living crocodilians after examination of the hearts of Alligator mississippiensis, Caiman crocodilus ssp., Crocodylus johnstoni and Crocodylus n. novaeguineae. Some inconsistencies between the anatomy and supposed patterns of blood flow are discussed. The crocodilian heart is compared with, and seen as an advancement of, the heart of non-crocodilian reptiles. The varanid ventricle is re-examined, as it appeared to contain many crocodilian features, along with the ophidian characteristics described previously. The broad similarities within the three groups are interpreted as adaptations towards a high pressure systemic circulation. Consequently varanids and snakes show the same left and right ventricles, as do crocodilians and birds. The evolution of the complete interventricular septum of crocodilians and birds appears to have involved three major trends: firstly, the development of a high pressure left ventricle and the fusion of most of the combined atrio-ventricular valve to the ostium of the right systemic artery; secondly, a line in which right to left shunting became gradually redundant and the vertical septum was completed to the aortico-pulmonary septum (giving rise to the avian ventricle); and thirdly, a line in which right to left shunting became increasingly important, and the vertical septum completed to the interaortic septum (giving rise to the crocodilian ventricle). Perhaps the crocodilian ancestry included a crocodile that was far more aquatic than any extant species.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 337-345 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In considering primate and hominoid phylogeny, the fundamental position assigned to opossums is explained partially by the characteristic morphology of their hands and feet. One of the main functional features of the human hand is the ability to make a stabilized arch of the finger. Because the extensor assembly plays a key role in establishing an arched finger, the extensor systems of the digits of both the hands and feet were studied in two species of opossum, Philander opossum and Didelphis marsupialis.In the foot, two extensor tendons join in each toe to form one tendinous plate, which inserts onto the base of the second phalanx. Lumbricals join this plate along the tibial side, and interosseus insertions are found, although a true interosseus wing is lacking. At the proximal interphalangeal level, a terminal tendon takes its origin from this tendinous plate. This terminal tendon is oval in cross-section and contains elastic structures. Oblique bands arise from this terminal tendon and run proximally along the proximal interphalangeal joint inserting onto the base of the first phalanx. There are elastic structures in the flexor tendon on the dorsal side near its site of insertion.In the hand, the main extensor tendons are arranged differently and the interossei contribute substantially to the extensor assembly. Otherwise, the extensor assembly of the hands and feet are quite similar. The function of the so-called paratendinous intravaginal flexors is discussed as are evolutionary aspects of the extensor assembly.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 193
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 194
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 211-219 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: New schemata of the liver are presented to discuss the combination of the three kinds of liver lobules known until today in a chalk-talk-manner. Terminology is also discussed. Further investigations are needed involving the construction and the vascular pattern of compound lobules of the three individial lobules of the liver in different species.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 195
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    Journal of Morphology 161 (1979), S. 323-335 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood supply of muscle spindles was studied in serial cross sections in macaque, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse and pigeon muscles which had been incubated in a medium containing 3,3′ diaminobenzidine. Lumina of blood vessels were recognized by the reaction product that was localized within erythrocytes. The outer capsule was well vascularized, but few or no capillaries were seen in the periaxial space. The inner spindle capsule, which closely invests the axial bundle, was rarely contacted by periaxial capillaries at the equator and juxtequator. Capillaries occurred more frequently adjacent to intrafusal fibers at the polar region and beyond the end of the outer capsule. Shorter diffusion distances and, usually, higher capillary densities were found at the polar region than at the spindle midsection. This suggests that transcapillary exchange at the polar segment is nearer to conditions prevalent in extrafusal muscle than elsewhere in the spindle, provided the inner and outer capsules are not less permeable at the poles than at the midsection. Differences in blood supply among mammalian species appear to be related to receptor size.
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  • 196
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    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of dying cells in the optic stalk in relation to retinal fiber migration was investigated in the chick embryo. Cell death was analysed at various stages of development by counting pycnotic nuclei and also by the Gomori acid phosphatase reaction, while nerve fibers were visualised by the Bodian method. A wave of cell death, beginning in the neural retina at stage 18 and advancing with time through the stalk towards the diencephalon, occurred simultaneously or slightly prior to differentiation and migration of ganglion cell axons. Cell death stopped and gliogenesis occurred in the stalk after penetration by retinal fibers. Cell death occurred in the stalk even when fiber penetration was prevented by optic cup ablation. In this case, necrosis ensued until almost complete degeneration of the stalk, usually within three days after the operation, and gliogenesis did not occur. As the stalk degenerated, its cells became heavily pigmented. These observations suggest that the onset of cell death in the optic stalk is determined prior to and independently of retinal fiber penetration. On the other hand, cessation of cell death and subsequent gliogenesis occur only in the presence of ingrowing optic fibers.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 197
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Somatic portions of gonads in two phanerozonian sea-stars, Ctenodiscus crispatus and Hippasteria phrygiana, were similar in all aspects of gross structure and histology seen previously in both forcipulate and spinulosan asteroids. For the first time, detailed ultrastructural observations have been made of cells and tissues that reveal several features believed to be of universal occurrence in the gonads of asteroids. These include flagellated-collar cells in the visceral peritoneum and other coelomically derived epithelia, muscular-flagellated-collar cells in the visceral peritoneum and genital coelomic (perihaemal) sinus, the digestion of collagen fibers by cells in the connective tissue layer, and the intimate relationship of the genital haemal sinus and the entire germinal epithelium.Structural and functional compartmentalization are discussed in relation to major activities of the gonad throughout the annual reproductive cycle. The distinctive ultrastructure and current generation of flagellated-collar cells found in the visceral peritoneum are analyzed relative to their role in nutrient transport to gonadal tissues. The single flagellum of each flagellated-collar cell beats in coordination with those on neighboring cells to produce extremely rapid, oriented currents of coelomic fluid. The form of beating in an individual flagellum is planar, and the resulting synchronized activity of many adjacent flagella is non-metachronal; both of these characteristic aspects of current production have, thus far, been encountered together only in the Echinodermata. Flagellated-collar cells are efficient in generating currents which mix contents of the coelomic fluid, and they can presumably supply themselves with nutrients. It is concluded that nutrients so obtained are generally not passed through the wall of the gonad to the germinal epithelium and, as a result, have little to do with nutrition of somatic and germinal cells of the germinal epithelium. Alternatively, well-developed genital portions of the haemal system of the sea-star are advanced as the major channels supplying nutrients to germinal epithelia during gametogenesis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 198
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    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 221-247 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The light and electron microscopic structure of the pineal complex of the domestic goose was studied. The complex is tubulofollicular but there is no direct connection between the constituent system of ducts and the third ventricle of the brain. Within the pineal, blood vessels accompanied by sympathetic nerve bundles are confined to the connective tissue. Other nerve fibers and occasional nerve cell bodies, however, do occur among the pineal cells.Three basic pineal cell types were distinguished: (1) elongate epithelial cells which are arranged around follicles and ducts and resemble degenerate photo-receptor cells; (2) intramural supportive cells which are interspersed with elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells; and (3) small supportive cells which lie between the bases of the elongate epithelial and intramural supportive cells. The follicular structure, vascularization, presence of secretory granules, and the nature of the elongate epithelial cells indicate that the pineal complex is primarily endocrine though a possible photoreceptive function cannot be ignored. Vesicles, 100-300 and 40-100 nm wide, were found within nerves and intramural supportive cells. The larger vesicles, present in pineals collected in the night, probably contain peptidic hormones. The smaller vesicles present in both day and night samples probably contain aminergic hormones.
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  • 199
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cell surface coats are important in adhesion and other cellular activities. The lamprey egg possesses a surface coat that has been divided into two morphologically and functionally distinct regions. The amorphous apical tuft forms a cap over the animal pole, while the elaborately-textured adhesive coat covers the ventral two-thirds of the egg. This latter area is composed of saccules that form rosettes over the egg surface and is derived from the remains of specialized follicular cells which break down during ovulation. The adhesive qualities of these coats may be inhibited or abolished by various proteins and sulphydryl-blocking agents, thereby implicating, as a possible source of this adhesion, classes of acid and sulphated glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans which occur on the egg surface.
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  • 200
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 162 (1979), S. 413-424 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two-toed sloths have evolved a wrist complex that includes the following traits: (1) diminution and distal migration of the pisiform, with a loss of contact with the ulna; (2) reduction of the distal end of the ulna to a styloid process; and (3) extremely reduced contact between the ulna and triquetrum. These traits were proposed by Lewis ('65, '74) to be indicative of brachiating habits and to be a unique adaptation of the Hominoidea. Cartmill and Milton ('77) recently found a similar complex in the wrists of the lorisines. Very similar adaptations of the wrist among the Hominoidea, lorisines, and two-toed sloths clearly refute contentions of Lewis and strengthen the hypothesis of Cartmill and Milton that the traits common to those animals are due to similar slow, cautious, but acrobatic locomotion.
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