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  • 1960-1964  (1,637)
  • 1920-1924  (688)
  • 1905-1909  (334)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2,659)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 309-312 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the normal parathyroid gland of the mouse there is only one type of cell which is small with a large nucleus and small amount of cytoplasm. In order to investigate the effect of relaxin on parathyroid histology, mice were injected with relaxin, the degree of pubic separation was measured by the x-ray technique, and the parathyroid glands were studied histologically. After one day of relaxin injection, the pubic symphysis showed a distinct separation and in part of the parathyroid gland the cells were larger and stained lighter and pinker than the normal cells with hematoxylin, eosin, and azur II. After four days of relaxin treatment, the whole gland had changed so that all the cells were of the second type. Glands of pregnant mice near term also were composed of cells of this type. These results indicate a relationship between relaxin and the parathyroid gland.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thalidomide injury to an implanted armadillo blastocyst is presented. This finding confirms the specific damage by thalidomide to the embryoblastic cells. The lack of damage to the trophoblast at this stage permits a normal implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine mucosa.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although melanoctyes appear to be limited to the hair folicles of adult belly skin of the PET mouse, they are found throughout the integument of the newborn. Trauma applied to the ventral belly skin of newborn PET mice results in the maintenance and augmentation of the melanocytes within the skin, even after the formation and growth of hair. The area immediately surrounding the site of trauma shows an increase in the number of melanocytes, apparently due in part to the disruption of the developing follicles and the consequent release of their pigment cells to the skin. UV irradiation also maintains a system of melanocytes within the ventral belly skin of PET mice.The significance of the maintenance and augmentation of melanocytes from the newborn into the adult by surgical trauma or UV radiation is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The histology of the anterior hypophysis, thyroid and gonads of dwarf (dw) and Ames dwarf (df) mutants of Mus musculus was compared. Orange G, aldehyde fuchsin and PAS stains were used to differentiate cells of the hypophysis. In both types of dwarf the anterior hypophysis was small, acidophils were lacking and the number of thyrotropic hormone producing cells was reduced. The thyroids were reduced in size, the follicles were small and some tissue was not organized into follicles. Testes were nearly normal. Ovaries were small and large follicles and corpora lutea were lacking.Growth hormone (STH) and thyrotropic hormone (TSH) were administered to both types of dwarfs. The treatment had no effect on the anterior hypophysis but number and size of follicles in the thyroid was increased The response was greater in df dwarfs; STH and TSH had more effect than STH alone. Testes of treated mice were only slightly changed but most of the df and some dw males became fertile. The ovaries became large and functional. Thyroids of dwarfs treated with thyroxine were not changed.It is concluded that the primary hormone deficiencies in both types of dwarf are the same, but that there are physiological differences as revealed by responses to STH and TSH treatment.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between Marshall's metalophilic reticular cells and the cells exhibiting non-specific esterase and acid phosphatase activity in the rat spleen. Untreated and stimulated animals were used. Observations were made chiefly on the marginal metalophils of Snook. These cells showed strong acid phosphatase activity but only slight non-specific esterase activity in untreated animals. Following stimulation non-specific esterase activity increased in these cells. Within the nodules metalophilic reticular cells were always more numerous than cells with enzyme activity. Many of these metalophilic cells developed enzyme activity following stimulation. By the use of a restaining technique it was shown that all reticular cells possessing enzyme activity were also metalophilic but that the converse was not true. No mitotic activity was present in these cells.The results suggest that Marshall's metalophils are cells of the reticuloendothelial system in various stages of maturation and that, following stimulation, they may differentiate into mature phagocytic cells.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Densities of the various bone fractions i.e., water, organic, volatile inorganic and ash fractions, as well as fat in the various animals have been studied. However. values reported by various workers failed to show consistency and uniformity, especially with respect to the volatile inorganic (often called “CO2 fraction”) and the ash fractions. These densities are prerequisite to the study of the volumetric composition of bone and bone marrow.In our study, the fat and organic densities found were similar to those previously reported. The volatile and non-volatile inorganic (ash) fractions, had density values of 1.684 and 3.180, respectively. The ash density was much higher than values previously reported but it verifies a theoretical value deduced by the authors from published work.Our higher ash density was due to a smaller measured volume of this fraction obtained by applying a negative pressure to remove the small entrapped air bubbles from the ash sample prior to the water displacement measurement. Because a smaller portion of the total inorganic volume was used for the ash calculation, giving it a higher density, a larger balance of the total inorganic volume was left for the volatile inorganic density calculation. This accounted for ash and volatile inorganic densities which were higher and lower, respectively, than such values previously reported.Prior to the determination of the density of the non-volatile inorganic fraction, the ashing time and temperature were studied. Curves plotted from the results of such studies were described and explained.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The two uterine horns in the adult are joined caudally to form an externally undivided segment consisting of a cranial and a caudal part. The cranial part becomes wide and swollen at its junction with the horns. It contains two lumina separated by a midline septum and is designated as the uterine body or corpus. The narrow and slightly tapered caudal part projects into the cranial portion of the vagina. It contains a single lumen or canal and is designated as the uterine neck or cervix. The wall of the cranial two-thirds of the adult cervix contains a relatively large amount of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers. In contrast, its caudal one-third consists chiefly of a network of collagen fibers. During cervical development argyrophilic fibers first appear in sections of cervical wall from mice sacrificed at birth. Collagen and smooth muscle fibers are first stainable with the Mallory method in cervical wall sections from mice one week old. During pregnancy and after combined treatment with estradiol, progesterone and relaxin the collagenous fiber bundles of the cervix become looser and more widely separated. This is associated with an increased dilatability of the cervical canal and increased stainability of the ground substance. The muccopolysaccharide(s) demonstrable histochemically in the cervix of the mouse was digestible with testicular hyaluronidase.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The in situ thymus of the guinea pig was labeled locally with H3-thymidine and sections of various tissues analyzed by radioautography for the location of labeled cells which might have left the thymus from 30 minutes to three days after labeling. Labeled lymphocytes were located especially in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen, giving direct evidence for the migration of thymocytes under near-physiological conditions. Only a few cells were found in the bone marrow, and none in the liver. The identified cells were not seen to be undergoing subsequent proliferation, but about one-fourth of them were transforming to other cell types - plasma cells, heterophil granulocytes, reticular cells, and macrophages. The fate of another portion of the cells seemed to be loss to the gut lumen through the mucosa. These data suggest that a normal function of the thymus of the adult guinea pig is the proliferation of a population of pluripotential stem cells which, after migration to other tissues, may further differentiate under appropriate stimulus. Possible applications of the local labeling technique are indicated.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The rate of skeletal maturation as indicated by ossification of bony elements of the central and appendicular skeleton was compared in two groups of hypothyroid young rats, raised at 20°C and 30°C constant environment respectively.Hypothyroidism was induced by feeding 0.2% propylthiouracil mixed with the food in powdered form to pregnant rats starting on the fifteenth day of gestation and continuing this treatment to the suckling mother until their litters had reached weaning age.The appearance of epiphyseal centers, of carpal and tarsal centers, middle phalanges and femoral and tibial processes and caudal vertebrae 7-27 is delayed in hypothyroid newborn rats over that of normal controls. Hypothyroid rats raised at 20°C lag more severely behind the controls with respect to skeletal maturation, than do hypothyroid rats raised at 30°C. The latter are intermediate or in some instances their rate of skeletal maturation resembles that of the control group.The possible significance of the demonstration of diminished requirements for thyroid hormone by the developing rat for studies attempting to identify mechanisms of hormone action in development is briefly discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A cephalometric radiographic appraisal of vertical skull growth occurring during the interim of one year was made on 71 caucasoid males at the Baylor University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas. The subjects were from 22 to 34 years of age. The dimensions assessed were the total skull height, the anterior cranial height, total facial height, upper facial height. and lower facial height. A significant increase was shown to occur in all the dimensions over a period of one year except in the dimension of anterior cranial height. It was concluded that skull growth does occur in male adults after the age generally accepted as that of maturity.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 243-247 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To ascertain the pathway (s) along which forces are conducted from the hand to the humerus in the human cadaver specially designed pressure sensitive transducers were introduced into the radio-capitular and ulnar-trochlear components of the elbow joint. A constant force was applied to the hand, and changes in electrical resistance and hence pressure across the elbow joint where recorded. It was observed that 57% of the force applied crossed the radio-capitular joint while 43% crossed the ulnar-trochlear joint. The pathway of this force transmission is discussed with particular reference to the involvement of the interosseous membrane.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Implants from the midbrain and cerebellum of neonatal rats were cultured in roller tubes for 20 to 30 days. The cultures were incubated in a tryptamine-tetrazolium solution which demonstrated the enzyme activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) by the formation of a formazan precipitation. Some cultures were incubated without fixation, while others were fixed in a glutaraldehyde solution prior to incubation. The specificity of the reaction was controlled by withholding the substrate or by treatment of the cultures with an MAO inhibitor. An intracellular localization of the enzyme was observed in small and medium sized neurons, but was absent in the largest neurons. Neuroglial cells, including ependyma, and mesenchymal cells and phagocytes were MAO positive. The formazan granules were scattered throughout cell bodies and into cytoplasmic processes. Glutaraldehyde fixation of cultures prior to incubation for MAO preserved the details of cell structure and enhanced the differentiation of cell types. When fixed and unfixed cultures were compared, glutaraldehyde did not appear to interfere or interact with enzyme localization; however, there was evidence that this aldehyde might be interfering with MAO concentration, since a longer incubation period for prefixed tissue was required to obtain a formazan reaction comparable to that of unfixed cultures.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Lymphatic plexuses from certain areas of serous cavities can be injected by a simple procedure which simulates the normal mechanism of absorption. Apparatus consists of a 500 ml filtration flask with side arm attached to a vacuum apparatus. Excised serous membranes are draped over the mouth of the flask and flooded with ink. Vacuum is applied intermittently, resulting in absorption and flow. The method can be applied to frozen and thawed tissue and is suitable for human autopsy material.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 363-364 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An anomaly of the termination of the aorta is described which is apparently unique. The aorta divided directly into two internal iliac arteries and two external iliac arteries.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 383-390 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A simple method leading to growth and mitosis in over 95% of shortterm cultures of lymphocytes from the blood, lymph or thymus of the rat is described. The method which is modified from Moorhead's original technique (′60) employs standard tissue culture medium (Eagles MEM or TC no. 199), 20% fresh rat serum, washed lymphocytes, penicillin, and phytohemagglutinin-P (0.01 cm3/cm3 of culture of a 1:5 dilution of stock solution). Details of culture technique and factors contributing to growth failures are discussed.The chromosomes of male and female Lewis rats were studied in metaphase spreads of cultured cells. The karyotypes of these rats are presented and found to be in agreement with those recently reported by Hungerford and Nowell (′63).
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The first statistically significant decline in the mean number of young born to female golden hamsters occurred in the fourth litters. The decreased size of fifth litters was highly significant and few females bore six litters.Hamsters unilaterally ovariectomized at 30 days of age had a significantly lower number of litters containing live young during their lifetime. Despite increased unilateral ovulaton, they bore less than half as many total young per female as intact controls and fetal resorptions and stillbirths occurred at an earlier age.The results of matings during the period of reproductive decline were observed in females from the age of ten months until death or sacrifice at an advanced age. Final litters contained few young, some born dead. One or two subsequent pregnancies were of term length but all conceptuses were resorbed. Few females beyond 15 months of age had implantation sites and most of these resorbed. Regular four day estrous cycles continued until a terminal illness and matings resulted in pseudopregnancy. Blastocysts were found at four and one-half days of gestation in some old females but not at 6 to 8 days. Failure of implantation appeared to be due to an inadequate uterine decidual reaction in the old animals.It appeared from the above observations that decreasing uterine adaptability limited reproductive capacity in aging hamsters.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Castrated and castrated and hypophysectomized female mice (BALB/c) were injected subcutaneously with estradiol-17β (0.5 μg or 1.0 μg/day) and progesterone (1.0 mg or 3 mg/day) in addition to prolactin (1.0 mg), oxytocin (1.0 IU) or growth hormone (1.0 mg), alone and in combination for 10 or 15 days. Twenty-four hours after the last hormonal treatment, tritiated thymidine (0.7 μc/gram body weight) was injected intravenously, and the mice sacrificed six hours later. Tissue from the inguinal mammary glands was removed and processed for radioautographic, histological and whole mount study.Radioautographs of hematoxylin stained sections of mammary tissue from each animal were selected. Under oil immersion, 2,000 epithelial cells were consecutively counted and the number of labeled cells noted. Results are expressed as the per cent of labeled epithelial cells.All hormonal treatment, except oxytocin alone, caused a significant increase in per cent of labeled cells as compared to castrated, untreated animals. The per cent of labeled cells depended, in general, on the dosage and duration of treatment. Combinations of growth hormone with estradiol-17β and progesterone did not augment epithelial proliferation. The addition of oxytocin or prolactin to the estradiol-17β (0.5 μg)  -  progesterone (1.0 mg) combination significantly increased the per cent of labeled cells.Prolactin, but not oxytocin, augmented epithelial proliferation in similarly treated castrated and hypophysectomized mice. Combinations of estradiol-17β (1.0 μg) and progesterone (3.0 mg) with oxytocin or prolactin did not significantly augment epithelial proliferation as compared to ovarian steroid treatment alone.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 503-504 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 449-461 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The prenatal development of the mandibular joint in mice was studied in fetuses at 15 to 20 days insemination age. The ramus of the mandible can be delineated as early as the fifteenth day by distinct differences in the degree of condensation of mesenchyme at the site of the future joint. The future condylar process of the mandible can be recognized in its relationship to the external pterygoid muscle, inferior alveolar nerve, Meckel's cartilage, pre-cartilaginous alisphenoid process of the future basisphenoid bone, and the anlage of the squamosal bone with its zygomatic process.Differentiation is rapid through the twentieth day of gestation at which time the following major elements of the joint can be recognized: a fibrous intra-articular disc continuous with the tendon of the external pterygoid muscle; a vascular synovial mesenchyme with upper and lower synovial spaces; an ossified squamosal bone with a fibrous joint lining; and a well developed condylar process with good representation of differentiating cells in the zones of chondrification and ossification.Among the elements not yet evident, however, are (1) hemopoietic marrow in the condyle, (2) a constricted neck at the base of the condyle, and (3) a fibrous capsule or capsular ligament.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thin slices of rat liver, kidney, and M. rectus femoris and thin, flat pieces of albumin-gelatin gels (which approximated the tissue slices in mass, dimensions and protein content) were immersed in formalin solutions at various concentrations, in some cases with variable amounts of NaCl (0.11-0.25M) added, and in some cases buffered at pH values ranging from 3.5-7.0. The slices were weighed at frequent intervals for the first 20 hours of immersion. Weight changes occurred rapidly. With the exception of the neutral buffered formalin curves, three families of response curves were obtained for the three tissues. With both formalin and formalinsaline solutions weight gain was inversely proportional to the solute concentration, but the formaldehyde particles apparently are not involved osmotically. The total osmotic concentration of formalin solutions, therefore, is not a factor in the swelling or shrinking of tissue slices. The presence of contaminants could be responsible for the effective osmotic concentration observed with these solutions. The weight response of slices is influenced by the pH of the formalin. Although the response of the gel system to any particular solution was quantitatively greater, it was qualitatively the same as the tissue slice response.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The numerical variations observed in the dentition of the northern sea lions, fur seals and seals are summarized as follows: (1) There is a reappearance of the right maxillary second molar in the northern sea lion dentition and of the first deciduous premolar in the fur seal dentition, which may be interpreted as examples of evolutionary recession towards the full mammalian dentition. (2) There is a complete tooth reduction of the molars in the sea lion dentition. (3) There is the presence of a “Dentes geminati” of the second premolar and the supernumerary tooth in the right upper jaw and of the supernumerary tooth between the second and third premolars in the left upper jaw of an adult fur seal, which may be associated with the division of the second premolar tooth germ. (4) There is an appearance of a pair of supernumerary teeth lying lingually to the root of lower permanent central (second) incisors, being of interest in suggesting that they are either the appearance of the successors of the recent central incisors or the reappearance of the permanent first incisors, in the fur seal dentition. (5) There is a tooth reduction in the permanent dental formula from \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm I}\,\frac{{\rm 3}}{{\rm 2}}{\rm C}\,\frac{{\rm 1}}{{\rm 1}}{\rm P}\,\frac{{\rm 4}}{{\rm 4}}{\rm M}\frac{{\rm 1}}{{\rm 1}}\,{\rm to}\,{\rm I}\,\frac{{\rm 3}}{{\rm 1}}{\rm C}\,\frac{{\rm 1}}{{\rm 1}}{\rm P}\,\frac{{\rm 3}}{{\rm 4}}{\rm M}\frac{{\rm 1}}{{\rm 1}} $\end{document} in the seal, which was associated with a “Dentes confusi” in the same category of the dentition.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Neuroanatomical nuclear configuration corresponding to the projection regions for the chorda tympani, the IXth, and the lingual nerves was studied in the cat thalamus by a combination of electrophysiological, stereotaxic, and histological techniques. Each of the three nerves innervating the tongue was dissected for stimulation in cats deeply anesthetized with Nembutal. Maps of the extent of the thalamic projection for a particular nerve were obtained by recording evoked potentials in the thalamus during the stimulation of one of these nerves. Such maps were correlated with the anatomical structures of the cat thalamus by reconstructing the recording sites from histological sections of the cat brain. It was found that the chorda tympani and the IXth nerve projection regions correspond closely to the ventromedial nuclear complex with slight encorachment on the lingual nerve projection region in the ventrobasal complex. The most medial portions of the taste nerve projection regions do not relay any tactile afferent impulses and the most lateral portion of the lingual nerve projection is not activated by impulses in the taste nerves. Therefore, it is suggested that the thalamic relay of taste is not coextensive with other lingual modalities in the cat thalamus but it has an independent representation in the ventromedial nuclear complex.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of age changes in physical characteristics of mouse limb bones requires a sensitive, consistent and relatively simple apparatus for determination of transverse breaking strength. The developed instrument is essentially a one meter counter-balanced 4-to-1 lever with a tracked, motor-driven weight on its upper surface. At the beam's short end a loading tool impinges upward on a bone mounted in an adjacent holder; at the opposite end is a mercury switch connected to a relay halting the weight motor when fracture occurs. Bones, with proximal ends embedded in convex securing blocks of impression medium, may be positioned in a standard relationship to the holder, loading tool edge, and the balanced beam.Repetitive loading of a steel spring indicates instrument error of 1.8%. Preliminary tests with a random series of paired mouse femora show no significant difference between left and right bones. In the long-term study it will be possible to correlate physical strength with other characteristics of opposite bones.An air-gap capacitor across loading tool and bone holder and coupled to a variable frequency oscillator permits monitoring of specimen elasticity on a strip-chart recorder.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A malformed human fetus with multiple congenital anomalies including absence of an umbilical artery is described. These anomalies include malpositioning of the apex of the heart; a “mirror image” position of the liver; mal-rotation of the gut with absence of external demarcation into small and large intestine; failure of development of the cloacal region with imperforate anus and absence of a urethra; undescended testes and bilaterally mal-placed scrotal sacs, but the presence of a median phallus in spite of the failure of the ventral abdominal wall to develop fully.Factors known to influence the production of fetal anomalies in man and animals are discussed and a brief review of the literature on single umbilical arteries, which are known to be associated frequently with congenital anomalies, is given.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopic studies reveal that the red pulp of the rabbit spleen is composed of reticular cells, reticulum and elements of the blood circulating through it. The three types of reticular cells described follow no definite pattern as to types of spaces they line and are not always adjacent to a basement membrane. Similar or dissimilar cells may line a basement membrane on the same or opposing sides. The entire red pulp area is intercommunicating through pores and junctions of the several spaces and in that area in which no basement membrane exists, the cytoplasmic projections of the reticular cells form a meshwork of spaces. Terminal arterioles are seen to end in collapsed type channels with a change from endothelium to Type I reticular cells. These rapidly join dilated areas. The reticular network of the spleen appears as four types: homogeneous, fibrillar, a combination of these, and reticular cells only. Isolated cilia are found in the reticular cell cytoplasm and are shown to be associated with a basal body and a centriole. The investigation supported the hypothesis that the red pulp of the spleen in the adult rabbit is a functionally dynamic area constantly changing its histological structure, both regarding cells and state of the vascular channels.
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  • 30
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 31
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 32
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Colloidal mercuric sulfide injected into the rete testis adhered to the stereocilia of the epithelial cells and subsequently moved into a highly developed canalicular system in the apical cytoplasm. The canalicular invaginations of the cell surface arising between the stereocilia lead to cytoplasmic vacuoles that concentrate the particulate matter. The limiting membrane of the stereocilia and of the canaliculi and vacuoles is covered by a layer of amorphous material. It is speculated that this may bind particles, molecules, and ions as does an ion exchange resin, and that it may, in this way, act as a carrier in the uptake and transport of substances by cells.
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  • 34
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 507-516 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this study the distribution of mast cells in the cephalic, middle, or caudal portions of the uterine horns did not differ. In cross-sections, however, mast cells were most numerous in the myometrium, intermediate in the tunica vasculare of the endometrium and least in the mucosa. In the endometrium, the mast cells were most numerous in the antimesometrial, least in the mesometrial and intermediate in the lateral quadrants. In the myometrium, however, the relative numbers of mast cells between the quadrants varied according to the day in the estrous cycle.On days 1 (the day after estrus), 2, 3, and 4, (the day of proestrus) of the estrous cycle, there were respectively 42.7, 21.8, 22.5 and 10.7 mast cells in the endometrium per 12 μ sections. The differences in means between groups was highly significant (P 〈 0.001). In mated females on 67, 79, 91, 103, 115, and 151 hours after ovulation, there were respectively 9.4, 8.4, 4.7, 5.6, 2.1, and 2.2 mast cells in the endometrium per 12 μ cross-section. The differences in the means were not significant.The mean number of mast cells per 12 μ cross-sections of uteri of ovariectomized females was 20 ± 8. Subcutaneous injections of 0.3 gamma estrogen did not significantly alter the number of mast cells but 0.6 gamma depressed the mean count to 11 ± 7.It appeared from these studies that the uterine mast cell numbers were related to the cyclic phenomena of estrous, but that the numerical relationship to the time of nidation was not clear.
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  • 35
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 552-552 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An analysis was made on 140 adult chickens of the relationship between visual estimation of the degree of encroachment of the lumen of the vessel by plaques and such morphometric variables as weight, length, circumference, thickness, density, and combinations thereof of the thoracic and abdominal segments of the aorta. Aortic weight and thickness functions were found to be significantly correlated to scores, accounting in the two highest cases (thickness and weight/area of the abdominal segment, body weight held constant) for 46% (r = 0.68) and 42% (r = 0.65) respectively, of the variability in score. Correlations were considerably lower in the thoracic segment, the highest being r = 0.36 for weight/circumference. The scoring thoracic segment, the highest being r = 0.36 for weight/circumference. The scoring system thus has a basis in measurable physical changes in the wall of the blood vessel, but scoring apparently evaluates considerably more than was measured by the morphometric variables. The morphometric variables would probably serve best as means of comparing different scoring systems and as objective supplements to scoring. The procedure of choice would appear to be weight/area with body weight held constant (i.e.  -  partial correlation and/or covariance analysis).
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the literature the nutrient artery to the diaphysis of the canine femur has been described as arising from the medial circumflex femoral artery which is a branch of the deep femoral artery. However in 19% to 100 canine hind extremities dissected after injection with colored media, the femoral nutrient artery arose from a large muscular branch (the proximal posterior femoral) of the superficial femoral artery. In 17% of 42 dogs one femur only was supplied by this variant. In three additional femurs other variations occurred.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Following surgical removal of one eye, rats were permitted to survive for three days, one, two and four months, and before killing them they were injected with 2 mc of leucine-H3 intraperitoneally. The utilization of this radiochemical was investigated in the brain autoradiographically. In all groups of animals the uptake of radioleucine, as determined by microdensitometry, was significantly higher in the “degenerated” optic nerve and tract than in their “normal” counterparts, with the relative difference increasing with longer postoperative survival within the periods tested. This progressive net increase in the utilization of leucine-H3 was associated with an absolute increase in the number of glia cells. Similar, but attenuated, density differences were also obtained with relatively large-aperture measurements over the stratum griseum of the superior colliculus in which the optic tract fibers terminate. In contrast, small-aperture measurements of grain density over single neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus showed no difference in the utilization of leucine-H3 between the normal and subtotally deafferented sides. This suggests an absence of transneuronal changes in protein metabolism in the visual system of the rat as long as four months after unilateral enucleation.
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  • 39
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 573-579 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fixation of the thyroid gland with formaldehyde-ethanol-acetic acid retains a larger proportion of colloid constituents than aqueous formaldehyde.Comparative histochemistry has revealed a larger proportion of protein, arginine, cabohydrates and iodinated material.The heterogeneous staining pattern was not observed after aqueous formaldehyde fixation.The intracellular globules and the early iodinated fraction of the colloid were similarly stained.Intracellular globules were not observed in aqueous formaldehyde-fixed tissues.Only the more slowly labeled fraction of the colloid (large follicles), was stained by toluidine blue and also by bromphenol blue without mercury, indicative of basic proteins.
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  • 40
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 553-559 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The pleural cupola is covered by a distinct dome-shaped suprapleural membrane (Sibson's fascia) formed by a condensation of endothoracic fascia and continuous at its periphery with the more diffuse, loose endothoracic connective tissue lying between the ribs and the parietal pleura. This does not agree with the classic description of Sibson's fascia. It forms a discreet cervicothoracic cloison which can be readily separated from the pleura and adjacent mediastinal structures. Attaching to the membrane are the vertebromembranous, transversomembranous, and costomembranous bands which are formed by prevertebral fascia. In addition, the last two suprapleural bands receive contributions from the fibrous remains of the scalenus minimus muscle. The muscle was found to be present on one or both sides in 30 out of 64 bodies (46.8%). The suprapleural membrane and bands can become hypertrophied and fibrous as a result of pathology in this cupola area of the lung. The bands have been implicated in certain clinical syndromes.
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  • 41
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 561-571 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Wistar strain albino rats were injected with 1 cm3 of a 1% solution of trypan blue. Three types of dye were used: Matheson, Coleman and Bell, Chroma-Gesellschaft and a highly purified sample. The dyes were injected on days 6, 7, and 8 of gestation. Fetuses were excised from days 16 through 20, fixed, decalcified where necessary, embedded in paraffin, serially sectioned and stained. Newborn young were treated similarly. Chroma-Gesellaschaft trypan blue was without reproductive or teratogenic effect at the above doses. Increasing the dose did not increase the teratogenicity but did yield a decrease in litter size. Both Matheson, Coleman and Bell trypan blue and the purified sample were teratogenic. The most frequent neural defect observed was hydrocephalus. Serial sections of the newborn hydrocephalics showed an occluded or extremely tenotic aqueduct of Sylvius in 31 of 33 sectioned animals. The fetuses collected from days 18 through 20 also had occluded or stenotic aqueducts if hydrocephalic. Aqueductal stenosis or occlusion was present in 17-day-old fetuses, but hydrocephalic was not conclusively demonstrated at this age. Sixteen-day-old fetuses did not have aqueductal occlusion in any of those examined, but stenosis was evident. It is concluded that the defect predisposing to hydrocephalus in the young of trypan blue treated rats of this strain is aqueductal stenosis or occlusion.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Testicular fragments from newborn, 4, 14, 24, 37-day old and mature rats were cultured using a modification of Trowell's method. Eagle's medium supplemented with amino acids, Na-pyruvate and 10% calf serum was employed. Tissue fragments were fixed at time intervals for histologic study. In cultures of fragments from newborn and four-day rats, gonocytes persisted and showed mitotic activity. In fragments from older but still immature animals, gonocyte-like cells occasionally undergoing mitosis, appeared in the germinal epithelium after the fourth day in culture. Spermatocytes survived for approximately four weeks. More rapid degeneration of the germinal elements beyond spermatogonia was observed in cultures of mature testes. During the first six days in culture, cells resembling gonocytes, some in mitosis, appeared in the tubules. The studies have shown that under the conditions employed, Sertoli cells and gonocyte-like could be maintained for at least four months in cultured fragments of testes from animals of various ages. In fragments from older animals, gonocyte-like cells appeared shortly after initiation of culture while the more mature germinal elements ultimately degenerated.
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  • 43
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 605-609 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Follicular activity in the ovary of the pregnant hamster is divided into two periods. During the first eight days (corresponding to the duration of pseudopregnancy) an average of 11 follicles per ovary from 277 to 553 μ are present. From day 10 to 16 of pregnancy, the ovary contains 22 follicles ranging from 277 to 600 μ and larger. The day after parturition, atresia destroys all large multilayered and vesicular follicles.Hamsters injected with human chorionic gonadotropin on day 4 of pregnancy ovulated ten ova, whereas similary treated day 12 animals ovulated 35 eggs. No cyclic follicular activity corresponding to the length of the estrous cycle occurred during gestation. On the contrary, a constant increment of small follicles took place throughout pregnancy.
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  • 44
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 591-597 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the cecal mucosa and the topographic distribution of certain mucosal enzymes were compared in conventional and germfree mice to investigate the phenomenon of cecal enlargement observed in germfree animals. The cecal mucosa is predominantly non-villous in the conventional, but has a villous structure in the germfree mice. Alkaline phosphatase, in the conventional mice, is present in the striated border of a limited number of the epithelial cells lining the cecum; in the germfree mice almost all these epithelial cells show enzymatic activity. Acid phosphatase is more abundant in the epithelial cells and macrophages of the cecal mucosa of the conventional than of the germfree animals. Both groups show similar monoamine oxidase and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase activity. The reduction of the villi, and the decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity in the conventional mice point to an involution of the mucosa as an absorptive organ. Barka ('63) has suggested that acid phosphatase may have a defensive function; its increase in the conventional animal would support this interpretation. The two oxidative enzymes studied apparently are not influenced by the intestinal flora.
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  • 45
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 599-603 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: With the object of investigating the so-called “feed-back” mechanism whereby hormones from the various endocrine glands presumably influence the hypothalamus in its regulation of the hypophyseal tropic hormones, the effect of hypophysectomy, ovariectomy, thyroidectomy, adrenalectomy and adrenal medullectomy on the nucleolar size of neurons in 16 hypothalamic nuclei was studied. A total of forty-five female albino rats was used. The nucleoli were measured under oil by means of a Cooke AEI image splitting eyepiece. For every rat 50 nucleoli in each of the 16 hypothalamic nuclei was measured, a total of 36,000 measurements. Hypophysectomy was found to affect all of the nuclei either after a short period (5 days) or after 60 days. Ovariectomy (20 days) caused nucleolar size changes in six nuclei, thyroidectomy (30 days) in eight, adrenalectomy (14 days) in all of the nuclei and adrenal medullectomy (30 days) in all of the nuclei. The results indicate that the absence of the various hormones does affect the activity of hypothalamic neurons as determined by nucleolar size changes. The use of the present methods also appears to “localize” centers for specific activities in the hypothalamus in some instances (e.g. ovariectomy) but not in others (e.g. adrenalectomy).
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The gross arterial blood supply to the trachea, primary bronchi, and esophagus of six normal domestic rabbits has been studied by the use of injection techniques followed by careful in situ dissections. Several patterns are described with more variation being apparent on the left side.
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  • 47
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 631-632 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A plastic sealing compound for museum jars is described. It has the consistancy of toothpaste and is applied in a similar manner directly to the museum jar from a tube. No catalyst or mixing is required. Moisture in the air cures the plastic in 12-24 hours. After the extruded “rope” is applied, the lid is placed on the jar and the jar set aside for the cure. After cure any excess can be trimmed with a scalpel.
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  • 48
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recent Primate research projejcts utilizing the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) established the need for basic biological data concerning this animal. Included in this present report are discussions of laboratory maintenance, dietary requirements, and antihelminthic thearpy. Original data on birth weight (90-100 gm) and the gestation period (167 ± 2 days) are recorded. The weight distribution of a colony of adult animals maintained in captivity for a period of three years is included. Fresh organ weights from ten animals obtained at necropsy were recorded for brain, pituitary, heart, lungs, spleen, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenals, and gonads. Body weight, body length, and the length of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, cecum, and colon were recorded. Determination of hematologic values included erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit determination and differential count of white blood cells. Various blood chemistry values are included. Data on heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature of animals restrained for a 24 hour period are tabulated. Environmental stress and neuroanatomical studies using the squirrel monkey are reviewed.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The course of development of parabiotic anastomosis was followed with respect to time in Holtzman (Sprague-Dawley) parabionts. Comparison of non-irradiated pairs was made to pairs in which one of the partners had received 800 r. The development of the anastomosis was studied by determining the per cent transfer of CR51 labeled erythrocytes (which represented a cellular element) and radio-iodinated serum albumin (which represented a molecular element) from one partner to the other. Erythrocytes were found in the non-injected animal in small numbers at 22 hours after pairing; at 47 hours the rate of transfer became much more rapid. RISA was detected in the non-injected partner as early as five hours after pairing and accumulated steadily thereafter. Irradiation had no effect on the course of development of the parabiotic anastomosis as evidenced by similarity of accumulation rates of Cr51 labeled erythrocytes and RISA when compared to the non-irradiated pairs.
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  • 51
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 23-35 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A light and electron microscopic study of the early changes which occur in cadmium necrosis of the testis of the mouse was made in an effort to identify the site of action of cadmium. Mice were given a single, intraperitoneal injection of 1% CdCl2 at a dosage of 0.1 ml/10 g body weight and then the testes were fixed for light and electron microscopy at various hourly intervals. The earliest changes which were appreciated by light microscopy consisted of an edema of the intertubular spaces, congestion of blood vessels, and an increased amount of granular precipitate in the connective tissue spaces. By electron microscopy the earlies changes were observed in the endothelium of the testicular vascular bed and consisted of a striking and rapid increase in the prevalence of pinocytotic vesticles suggesting an increased interchanges of fluid between the blood and extravascular spaces. All of these changes preceded any appreciable alteration in the cells of the seminal epithelium. The fact that the earliest alterations are observed in blood vessels suggests that the site of action of cadmium in the production of testicular necrosis is upon the endothelium of the vascular bed.A comparative series of animals (frog, pigeon, rooster, armadillo, opossum) was also investigated as to their susceptibility to the toxic effects of cadmium. the results from these species, and other species reported by previous investigators, suggest the generality that cadmium necrosis is a phenomenon common to species possessing scrotal testes and absent from those possessing abdominal testes. The opossum is an exception to this generality. These findings are discussed in relation to the blood supply of the testis.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: First, using the methods of H3-thymidine autoradiography and counting mitotic index, cytokinetics of the matrix cells were studied in the telencephalon of normal mouse embryos at ten-days-postconcetpion, and various kinetic constants of the matrix cells were determined: Generation time, five hours 20 minutes; mitotic duration, 24 minutes; presynthetic resting time, two hours 36 minutes-one hour 36 minutes; DNA synthetic time, one hour 20 minutes; and post synthetic resting time, one-two hours. Based on this information, effects of two teratogenetic agents, x-rays and thio-TEPA, on the cellular proliferation were analyzed. By x-ray irradiation (200 r) only proliferating matrix cells are damaged in the neural tube, but not neuroblasts. The radiation induces a temporary block of the flow of the matrix cells through the cell cycle at the late t2 period so that the mitotic and DNA synthetic cells subsequently decrease in number. Some of the matrix cells that are captured at t2 period fail to tolerate the block, degenerate and are eliminated from the matrix layer. On the other hand, thio-TEPA, which was proved non teratogenetic to the C. N. S. in this experimental condition, causes a slight prologation of t2 duration, but does not significantly influence the proliferative process in the neural tube.
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  • 53
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A purified diet lacking folic acid and containing 20 mg% of the antimetabolite, 9-methyl pteroylglutamic (folic) acid was fed to female Long-Evans rats during days eight and nine of pregnancy. Embryos were removed at autopsy on the tenth day of gestation for study and comparison with embryos from normal control pregnancies.Analysis of mitotic counts revealed that 18.6% of the cells in control embryos were in mitosis in contrast to only 5.7% in PGA-deficient embryos. A disproportionate reduction in anaphase and telophase stages was observed in conjunction with an increased percentage of cell at metaphase. Concomitantly with these mitotic changes a marked reduction in histochemically demonstrable RNA and in numbers of ribosomes as revealed by electron microscopy was observed.
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  • 54
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 397-404 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A 79 year-old European female cadaver presented the usual features of second stage arrested mid-gut rotation accompanied by unusual mesenteric attachments and pancreatico-duodenal relationships.The mesentery, whose root extended from the lower pole of the right kidney diagonally across the posterior abdominal wall to end just medial to the left sacroiliac joint, enclosed most of the small bowel and the proximal large bowel. The unusually short duodenum began 2.5 cm to the left of the mid-line and described a 13 cm U loop with an upward concavity in which rested the pancreas; this loop and the related pancreas were enclosed in a persistent, transversely placed mesoduodenum. The common bile duct crossed the anterior surface of the pancreas to open at the greater duodenal papilla 2.5 cm from the pylorus. the main pancreatic duct lay much closer to the anterior than to the posterior aspect of the gland. The lesser duodenal papilla was situated on the posterior wall of the duodenum. The hepatic artery arose in common with the superior mesenteric artery and encircled the pancreas. The pancreatico-duodenal vessels were predominantly distributed upon the posterior aspect of the pancreas and duodenum.It appears that in this specimen the anterior and posterior aspects of the duodenum are transposed, the reversal of surfaces also involving the pancreas. Causative factors are discussed with reference to the literature.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A number of histologic and histochemical techniques have been used to study 42 human fetal thyroids from fresh specimens ranging in crown-rump length from 22 to 201 mm. Three periods of differentiation (colloid production) were defined. The first or precolloid stage was found in fetuses of 22 to 65 mm and consisted of strands of compact epithelial cells separated by loose connective tissue which contained only a few vessels. The early colloid production period from 65 to 80 mm was characterized by the appearance of small accumulations of colloid in the center of the follicles. The blood vessels between follicles increased during this period. In the last period during maturation of the colloid cavities, the spaces between the epithelium were more reduced and almost completely filled with blood vessels. No change in the average cell height was found during differentiation.With differentiation, the nuclei of epithelium became less compact and RNAase-removable cytoplasmic material increased. Also of interest was the marked decrease in glycogen at the time of colloid production.The staining characteristics of the early colloid showed little change during the period studied. The colloid was stained by the following reagents: periodic-acid Schiff, mercury organge, toluidine, ninhydrin-Schiff, Millon's and Sakaguchi's. The larger colloid spaces took slightly more toluidine stain than the smaller ones.The enzyme reaction for alkaline phosphatase was found only in the vascular system, and acid phosphatase was found in the cytoplasm of epithelium and, especially in the differentiated specimens, it was concentrated at the apex of the cell. Lactic and succinic dehydrogenase activity did not seem to change with maturation and was located in the cytoplasm around the nucleus and toward the apex of the cell.Thin rays of colloid-like material were observed to radiate out between cells from early colloid cavities. Based on unpublished electron microscopic data, organ cultures of human thyroid and observations from the developing chick, these spaces probably represent intercellular dilatations which have been filled with colloid from the central cavity. These spaces may be a secondary or safety mechanism which allows the circumference of the follicle to increase in size.
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  • 56
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 57
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 11-24 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The topography of nasal glands in rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, cats, and monkeys was studied in osmium tetroxide and PAS-stained whole mounts and ordinary sections. In rats Bowman's glands in the olfactory region were arranged in rows between the branches of the olfactory nerve. Mucous acini were only found on the rat septum in connection with Jacobson's organ, and serous acini were found on the septum posteriorly in the respiratory region, and on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity around the maxillary sinus ostium. No mixed glands were present. All the serous glands discharged their secretion through long excretory ducts into the ostium internum of the vestibule of the nose. In this area rats had 15-20 duct openings on each side. On the basis of considerations regarding airstream and pressure in the vestibule, the hypothesis is advanced that the openings act as small nozzles humidifying the inspired air by their atomized secretion. Since no serous or mucous glands in the rat open on the surface in the nasal cavity proper, it is concluded that the surface mucous sheet is derived exclusively from the goblet cells and Bowman's glands. In the other mammals the opening of the serous glands showed a similar pattern.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Four stocks (C, C-57 Bl, DBA and Swiss albino) of mice were fed a high-fat (28%), low-protein (8%), hypolipotropic diet for 3-480 days. Lipotropic activities of supplements of betaine and carnitine were evaluated. There were no strain-limited hepatic responses to the diet or to the action of the lipotropes. Without lipotropic supplements, parenchymal liposis (sudanophilia of frozen sections) was progressively incremental in all lobular zones for approximately 90 days. Subsquently, lobular liposis decreased and the remaining fat was concentrated in the middle zone within cords of fat-laden cells radiating in a stellate pattern. With choline supplemention, liposis was limited to small amounts of fat within cells that composed the stellate pattern. Betaine displayed a level of lipotropic activity approximating one-half to three-fourths that of choline. The lipotropic activity of carnitine was marginal and inconsistent. The combination of betaine and carnitine demonstrated some synergistic action. No parenchymal hyperplasia was observed. The intralobular reticulum increased in some livers, primarily around the central and intercalated veins, but no lobular distortion resulted.
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  • 59
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 707-720 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study was based upon a dissection of the pelvic fasciae and associated structures of one hundred and three adult pelves as well as those of three full term fetuses. The perineal fasciae and their neural and vascular relationships were studied in an additional 55 specimens.The uterovaginal fascia, as stated by others, is a well-defined structure. One is usually able, on the basis of a fascial cleft, to distinguish readily between the fascial sheath of rectum proper and the deeper layer of subperitoneal fascia, called by some the presacral fascia. The latter is described, including the relationship of the pelvic autonomics thereto. The relationship of the vesical branches of the pelvic plexus and of the venous plexuses to the terminal ureter are also described.We were able to confirm the presence of a superficial and a deep perineal fascia; the latter forms the inferior boundary of the superficial perineal space proper, as described by others. The relationship of particular nerves (and vessels) to the fascial planes of the perineum follows a definite pattern even when variation from the normal is present.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Alterations in size and structure of submandibular and retrolingual glands of the rat produced by unilateral sectioning of the chorda tympani, or the lingual nerve, or the glandular branch which leaves the lingual and innervates both glands, are described. The glands were studied 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days after nerve section.The weight of the glands increased the first day after nerve section and decreased markedly from then on, reaching 40 to 70% of the initial weight after 16 days. In the glands where the chorda tympani or the lingual nerve were sectioned the increase in weight was attributed to the accumulation of secretion in the acinous cells. After that, a progressive atrophy developed, being more severe in the acini than in the tubes. In the cases where the glandular nerve was sectioned a wide necrosis probably of vascular origin was produced, followed by parenchymatous regeneration.In both cases 16 days after nerve section glands were small, fibrous and with little parenchyma.The role of the parasympathetic nerves in controlling the normal structure of submandibulars and retrolinguals is discussed.
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  • 61
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    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 317-318 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This article describes a rapid exposure of the facial nerve by splitting the parotid gland along the faciovenous plane originally described by Patey and Ranger ('57).Scissors are thrust deep into the gland along the venous plane, and then opened to expose the facial nerve. This has been done in approximately 30 dissecting room subjects.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of hyper- and hypothyroidism on fetal development and on the postnatal maturation of the central nervous system was studied in the rat. Our observations indicated that the development of the rat fetus, as measured by birthweight and skeletal maturation of the newborn animal is not markedly influenced by presence or absence of thyroid hormone during the prenatal stage.Availability of thyroid hormone is a more critical factor with respect to maturation of the nervous system taking place in the postnatal animal.Delay in cerebellar maturation and delay in increase in dry weight of cerebrum and cerebellum were noted in hypothyroid rats. A transitory acceleration of oxygen consumption of these structures during their maturation was also noted in hyperthyroid litters.A more permanent suppression of learning behavior and of the thermoregulating mechanism was observed in young hypothyroid rats deprived of thyroid hormone since birth.It is concluded that requirements for thyroid hormone during development of the rat are limited to a critical period coinciding with the first two to three weeks of postnatal age.
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  • 63
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    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 195-207 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cholinesterase (ChE) distributions in the epithelial and smooth muscle cells and in the peripheral nervous plexus of the reproductive ducts of the male rat are dependent on male sex hormones. Castration results in establishment of a low maintenance level of apical enzyme activity in the epithelial cells; smooth muscles and the nerve plexus of the vas deferens and cauda epididymidis also show reduced enzyme reactions. Testosterone treatment restores the normal enzyme relations in the epithelium and smooth muscles. Estradiol is partially effective, but reaction intensities do not attain normal distrbutions and proportions. Reductions in relative numbers of ChE positive nerve plexus fibers and their enzyme reactivity, and recession to outer muscle layers occur in castrates, but better recoveries follow after testosterone than after estradiol treatments. The results are interpreted to be in agreement with other data relating to smooth muscle behavior and its neural and hormonal regulation. Epithelial cell differentiation is complete in testosterone treated castrates, but is incomplete in estradiol treated cases, although ChE synthesis and duct growth occurs in the latter.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A comparative histological and histochemical study of the gastric mucosa was done with the frog, mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog and man. Enzymatic histochemical studies were done to demonstrate acid phosphatase (PbS and azo-dye methods), thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPP-ase) and NADH2 tetrazolium reductase activity. Cytoplasmic organelles were stained in some cases by three of the above methods i.e. acid phosphatase (PbS) activity marked the lysosomes, TPP-ase activity marked the Golgi apparatus and NADH2 tetrazolium reductase activity marked the mitochondria. The acid phosphatase activity of the four major cell types was markedly different in the various species. The activity shown by both methods in individuals of a given species coincided well except in the rabbit and the dog. TPP-ase activity demonstrated the Golgi region in the surface cells of all species except the guinea pig and the frog. The Golgi zones of zymogen cells showed strong activity only in the cat, while the parietal cell Golgi was not demonstrated in any of the species. NADH2 tetrazolium reductase activity in the parietal cells was strong in all animals except the mouse and the rat where staining was faint. The relationship between the lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus, as demonstrated histochemically in the gastric cells of the nine species, is discussed. The functional significance of these different enzymatic patterns has yet to be determined.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Adult rats, given intracardiac injections of strychnine (2.5 mg/kg), were allowed to convulse for periods of 5 or 35 minutes after which they were perfused with osmium tetroxide using a variation of Palay's method.Light and electron microscopic examinations revealed no discernible changes in the size of the soma or appearance of the nuclei or nucleoli of the neurons of the ventral horn. However, light microscopic studies showed that clustering of the basophilic content was not as well defined as in the control cells. The most conspicuous feature of the treated material was the presence of a peripheral network of clear spaces in the cytoplasm of many of the large neurons.An electron microscopic investigation showed that many neurons exhibited obvious and consistent cytoplasmic differences from control cells. These differences consisted of dilated endoplasmic spaces approximately 0.4 μ in diameter dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and devoid of material of appreciable density. The Golgi complex was more conspicuous and vesicles surrounding the complex appeared to be more numerous following the convulsive periods. These cytological changes were more extensive and prominent after 35 minutes than after five minutes. Mitochondria were comparable in appearance to those of control cells and vesicles of the axosomatic and axodendritic endings did not seem to differ structurally or numerically from those of control tissues.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cattle were injected with PMS, bred and slaughtered 3, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after ovulation and the genital tracts dissected. From 30 to 90 days of pregnancy the percentage increase in the weight of single embryos was 85 times as much as the increase in crown-rump length. The volume of amniotic fluid increased 580 times in the second month of pregnancy and increased twice during the third month of pregnancy. The allantochorion did not lengthen between 60 and 90 days of pregnancy. At 30 days of pregnancy there was no significant difference in the crown-rump length or the weight of embryos of singles, twins, triplets, quadruplets or quintuplets. The volume of placental fluid per embryo was higher in singles than in twins and triplets; the volume of placental fluids per embryo decreased further in quadruplets and quintuplets. The weight of the placental membranes per embryo was heavier in singles than in twins, triplets and quadruplets; the weight of membranes was markedly decreased in quintuplets. The effects of overcrowding in utero on the conceptus was more pronounced at 60 days than at 30 days and in quintuplets than in triplets and quadruplets. Anastomosis of vascular supply of allantochorions occurred as early as 30 days of pregnancy.
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  • 67
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    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 343-348 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Data were collected from a colony of 49 male and 55 female two-year-old Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus (Milne-Edwards, 1867). This report gives tables which present data regarding linear measurements of body and organs and absolute and relative organ-weight data. The means, standard deviations, ranges, and coefficients of variation were summarized in the tables. Grossly observed pathological organs were omitted from the study. The tables give information about this species which could be helpful in future laboratory investigations where the body-and organ-weight ranges, variability and linear measurements of this species may be of practical value.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The organized cartilaginous fibrous system which appears during growth of the fracture callus in traumatized femora was investigated in mice of five, 52 and 78 weeks of age. Histological preparations were stained with toluidine blue O and observed under polarized light using a first order red retardation plate.Development and organization of the cartilaginous fibrous system was similar in animals of all age groups studied, however, its time of appearance was dependent upon the time of appearance of cartilage cells and in association with these cells. Alignment of cartilage cells followed very closely after appearance of the fibrous system. Initial orientation of the fibrous system was almost perpendicular to the bone surface. As the system became more extensive the slope of fiber direction became less acute, pointing towards the fractured end of the shaft. Orientation of the fibrous system is believed to be a consequence of the forces set up during growth of the fracture callus, e. g., the force of the growing cell mass due to postfracture, active cell proliferation of the osteogenic layer of the periosteum and hypertrophy of cartilage cells and the tension placed on the fibrous layer of the periosteum in response to the events taking place below this tissue layer. The importance of the cartilaginous fibrous system is believed to lie in the early temporary support of the fracture fragments and the proper alignment of the cellular elements of the fracture, necessary for proper architectural reconstruction. Formation of the cartilaginous fibrous system was independent of the existing periosteal fibrous system.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Studies of the ultrastructure of the seminiferous tubule of the Swiss mouse have shown the external limiting membrane to consist of internal and external lamellae enclosing a single layer of flattened cells. Both lamellae contain fibers, probably collagenous, running parallel to the long axis of the tubule. Superficially, a layer of connective tissue cells covers the external lamella. The nucleus of the Sertoli cell is typified by irregularity of size and shape, electron density of the nuclear membrane, and characteristic nucleolus. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria with vesicular cristae, and irregular dense bodies of possible secretory origin. Cytoplasmic processes extend between the germinal cells and in certain areas their surfaces are marked by periodic accumulations of fine granules which present a picture suggestive of desmosomes.Two types of spermatogonia have been noted. One possesses a large spherical nucleus containing finely granular nucleoplasm and scanty cytoplasm. The second is characterized by an ovoidal nucleus containing numerous chromatin clumps and scattered nucleolar fragments. Primary spermatocytes exhibit the intercellular bridges and synaptinemal complexes characteristic of these cells. The spherical nuclei contain densely packed fine granules. The nuclei of secondary spermatocytes often exhibit centrally located clumps of chromatin material. Mitochondria appear vacuolated at low magnifications but high magnification micrographs show them to contain finely membranous cristae.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The pattern of growth of bone and dentin was studied in serial decalcified sections by the use of lead markings. The experimental animals (monkeys and rabbits) received repeated intravenous injections of 4 mg lead acetate/kg body weight. The tissues were decalcified in 1% HCl through which H2S was constantly bubbled. Serial frozen sections were cut at 15-20 μ embedded in 10% gelatin and mounted in polyvinyl pyrollidone. They were placed in a 0.1% solution of gold chloride for ten minutes and then immersed for the same length of time in a 5% solution of sodium bisulphate in order to tone the background tissues. The sections were transferred to distilled water until the tissues became pink. When the desired toning was obtained they were fixed in 5% sodium thiosulphate. The examination of the sections obtained by this method confirmed the data obtained by other vital marking methods. However, much finer detail could be observed due to the sharpness of the lines and the use of relatively thin decalcified sections.
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  • 71
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the testes of man and some other mammals a structure is formed during reproductive age, designated a “receptacle”. This structure which is not present during infancy represents the first communication of the seminiferous tubules to an extragonadal organ the rete “organ,” the receptacles received the mature spermatozoa which later are transported to the mesonephric excretory duct through the rete tubules. The receptacles are the distal end of the rete tubules and are considered as coelomic funnels.The epithelium of the receptacles, the tubuli recti and rete tubules is identical in infantile and mature testes and of a different type than the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.The receptacle consists of a distal dilatation of the tubuli recti in which the seminiferous tubule invaginates following the ruptures of their walls. Identical receptacles are present in man, horse (Equus caballus), armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), dog (Canis familiaris), cat (Felix domesticus), hamster (mesocricetus auratus) and woodhuck (Marmota monax). In the mule (sterile offspring of a mare and a jackass) the receptacles lack communications.The presence of mature spermatozoa is believed to be the proper stimulus for the formation of the receptacles which established the communications between the seminiferous tubules and the rete tubules.The receptacles, tubuli recti and rete testis are part of an organ which accomplished the connection of the gonad to its mesonephric excretory system.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thymus of guinea pigs and C3H mice was fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, embedded in Araldite or Maraglas, and studied under the electron microscope.Hassall's corpuscles showing the typical concentric, lamellated pattern are observed. Reticular cells form layers around central elements of variable appearance. One or more reticular cells or cystic structures often constitute the centers of corpuscles. Nuclear degeneration, swollen cytoplasm, and intracellular fibrils are characteristic findings. Desmosomes may be quite numerous and may cover a large portion of a cell's surface. Intracellular fibrils are particularly dense at membranous sites and often are apparently unrelated to desmosomes. Reticular cells at the periphery of thymic corpuscles may be contiguous with cells of the cytoreticulum. Many reticular cells contain organelles generally associated with protein synthesis or active transport.Intercellular and intracellular cysts are regularly seen and are frequently related to thymic corpuscles. Some cysts may be manifestations of cell synthesis and storage.The epithelial nature of thymic corpuscles and cysts is evident. Thymic corpuscles may arise by localized collapse of the cytoreticulum.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The perineal pigment spot of the C57 Black mouse was examined macro- and microscopically in animals ranging in age from 14 days post-fertilization to 28 days post-parturition. Dendritic pigment-containing cells first become evident in the dermis of the area on the sixteenth day post-fertilization. Throughout later stages of development, these pigmented cells continue to be restricted to the dermis of this area. Since the dopa treatment reveals the presence of a melanin synthesizing system within these cells, they are true melanocytes which have become restricted to this layer of the integument.Histological examination reveals a population of melanocytes in the epidermis and/or hair follicles also. These are rarely found over the center of the area but are seen in increasing numbers laterally from the ventral midline. In contrast, dermal melanocytes are heavily concentrated near the ventral midline but decrease in numbers laterally. There are, therefore, two opposing but complementary gradients of melanocytes in the integument of the pigment spot. This suggests the possibility that a precocious differentiation of the basement membrane in this area during embryonic development inhibits the passage of melanoblasts into the epidermis thereby causing them to be restricted to the dermis.
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  • 74
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Congenital malformations of the hamster eye, consisting of microphthalmia and anophthalmia have been noted consistently in the offspring of pregnant hamsters treated with intravenous injections of colchicine, Vinacaleukoblastine (VLB) and Vincristine (VCR) on the eighth day of gestation. In an attempt to compare the mitotic-arresting activity of these three compounds on the lens and retina of the fetal hamster eye, various concentrations of the drugs were injected into pregnant hamsters on the fourteenth day of gestation and the fetuses recovered after three hours. Mitotic counts were done on comparable sections of lens and retinas of the fetuses. Colchicine has the most marked mitosis-inhibiting activity of these three drugs. The most effective mitosis-inhibiting dosage of colchicine also correlates with its most effective teratogenic dose. VLB and VCR do not inhibit mitosis in the fetal hamster eye as markedly as colchicine and their most effective mitosis-inhibiting dosages are equal to or above levels which cause a 95-100% embryonic mortality. It is possible that some common biological mechanism other than inhibition of mitosis may be responsible for the similar teratogenic activity of these compounds. The natural resistance of the golden hamster to colchicine does not appear to be manifest in the developing embryos in utero.
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  • 75
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Body weight and length, weights of 14 organs and 15 linear measurements are presented from 97 Amblystoma tigrinum melanosticum before metamorphosis and 57 specimens after metamorphosis. These data are compared with similar measurements (previously published) on adult salamanders.Body weight and weights of the digestive tube and its subdivisions, liver, pancreas, spleen, eyeballs and brain are heavier in the larvae. The body weight decreases more than many of the organs and hence the percentage weights of the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gonads, eyeballs and brain are larger, relatively, in the post-metamorphosis salamanders.Since body length is not significantly changed, the percentage lengths are much the same. Length of the digestive tube and its parts, jaw width and the width of the body at pectoral, belly and pelvic regions are all longer in the larvae. The limbs are the only percentage lengths greater in the post-metamorphosis salamanders.All of the weights and all of the linear measurements are significantly correlated with body weight or length, respectively.Four organs show increases in percentage weights at all three periods: gonads, lungs, liver and spleen. Two others have an increase in post-metamorphosis: heart and kidneys. The digestive tube and its parts and the pancreas have a relative decrease at the end of metamorphosis. The eyeballs are relatively largest in the post-metamorphosis, and smallest in the adults.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The weights of 75 human fetal thyroids were analyzed in relation to crown-rump length, foot length, weight, and estimated gestation age. The ratio of thyroid weight to body weight was lower in the smaller fetuses and gradually increased until the fetus was 70-90 mm in crown-rump length when the ratio attained a value close to that found in the newborn and adult. This period of development when the relative weight of the thyroid becomes constant coincides with the time of appearance of colloid and the onset of ability to concentrate iodine.A comparison of estimated age of fetuses in the Danish material and the formalin-fixed fetuses from the Carnegie Collection shows the Danish fetuses under 40 mm in crown-rump length to be four to six days older than the average given by Streeter. Streeter may have made his average too low and probably the relative ages of the two groups are comparable.
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  • 77
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A control group of guinea pigs ovulated 3.43 ± 0.41 ova or 1.72 ova per ovary. Unilateral ovariectomy (semispaying) on day 1 resulted in the ovulation of 3.71 ± 0.37 ova from the remaining ovary, whereas after semispaying on days 5 and 10, 2.80 ± 0.12 eggs were ovaluated. Unilateral ovariectomy during days 12, 14 and just prior to ovulation resulted in the same number of ova being ovulated from the remaining ovary as from the initial ovary removed. Semispaying at any day during the cycle did not alter cycle length.At day 1, all follicles from the previous cycle were atretic. At day 5 the current population of follicles were well developed with no atresia present. Ovaries removed on days 5, 10, and 12 had approximately the same distribution of large follicles with atresia appearing in all size ranges. At day 14, the number of large follicles was markedly decreased. However, after semispaying at day 5, the remaining ovary at day 14 had twice the number of Graafian follicles and twice the amount of atresia in these size ranges as the normal day 14 ovary.It is therefore likely that the compensatory response after unilateral ovariectomy in the guinea pig is due to an increase in the rate of proliferation of smaller sized follicles into larger ones. Day 12 seems to be the critical period of the guinea pig cycle. At this time, regression of the corpora lutea occurs, and perhaps of significance, the ability of the animal to compensate for unilateral ovariectomy is also lost.
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  • 78
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 209-217 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In seven human fetuses of C.R. lengths ranging from 38 mm to 100 mm primary ossification of the ilium has been described.In the 38 mm fetus the perichondrium at the caudal border of the ilium in the vicinity of the greater sciatic notch is intensely basophilic and contains osteoblasts. In another 38 mm fetus in the same area new bone is present.In the 50 mm fetus bone has spread cephalad over the internal and external surfaces of the ala of the ilium without invading the underlying cartilage.In the 58 mm fetus pores are present in the bone and through them osteoblasts and vascular elements are invading the disintegrated cartilage to form the primary marrow cavity.In the 66 mm fetus the primary marrow cavity has spread into the ala of the ilium.The whole process is similar to that seen in the primary ossification of the shaft of a typical long bone and follows the sequence described by Streeter ('49).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 79
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 219-229 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultimobranchial body was investigated in 63 specimens of Rana pipiens. The morphology is described for “typical” (unifollicular) glands and those found in animals in poor physiological (“stressed”) condition. The typical follicular epithelium is of a mixed pseudostratified type and includes “elongate” cells which extend from the basement membrane to the free surface. These contain elongated nuclei, prominent terminal lipid droplets and “deltoid bodies” which are triangular, homogeneously staining structures apical or basal to the nucleus. “Isometric” cells do not extend to the basement membrane. They posses intensely staining nuclei, few lipid droplets and no deltoid bodies. The stressed gland is multifollicular and degenerate. Mitochondria, lipid droplets, deltoid bodies and glycogen have been identified and are located in specific areas of the follicular cells. The secretory products within the lumina of the glands have tentatively been shown to contain acid mucopolysaccharides, carbohydrate-protein complexes, mucoproteins, lipid droplets and lipid complexes. These secretions may either represent possible precursors to future secretions or a retention of secretions produced during metamorphosis. The ultimobranchial body has shown no indication of degeneration in the adult.The ultimobranchial body in typical Rana is an active secretory gland which shows no indication of degeneration in normal adult anurans. Furthermore, it responds to fluctuations in environmental conditions as illustrated by its altered structure and varied types of secretion when stressed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 80
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 231-250 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Testes, epididymides, and vasa deferentia of rats were examined for the distribution of cholinesterases using the Koelle thiocholine method. Activity of these enzymes was studied from birth to maturity. Acetylcholinesterase appeared first in Schwann cells of the nerve plexus of the vas deferens and auda epididymidis at birth. Epithelial cell pseudo-cholinesterase appears in the vas deferens at four days, and an adult distribution is attained at thirty days. Testis, rete testis, ductuli efferentes, and upper caput epididymidis are mainly negative for cholinesterases. In the remainder of the epididymis, three zones of intense epithelial cell reactivity are preceded by regions of lesser intensity. Smooth muscles of the epididymis are negative, but the vas deferens musculature reacts for pseudo-cholinesterase. The nerve plexus is positive for both acetyl- and pseudo-cholinesterase, and is confined to the corpus and cauda epididymidis and vas deferens. The increasing density of the enzyme-positive nerves, and the cholinesterase reaction of the musculature distally suggests a probable inhibitory role in the regulation of smooth muscle function in these regions under normal conditions. The absence of an enzyme-positive innervation and the presence of an enzyme-negative musculature of the caput is correlated with an active rhythmic contractility in this region, which gradually disappears distally.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Unilaterally ovariectomized and intact cattle were injected with 1,500 i.u. gonadotropins to induce superovulation, inseminated at estrus and autopsied 30 to 60 days post ovulation. The allantochorion was dissected in situ and the viability and position of embryos in utero measured. There was no difference between the intact and unilaterally ovariectomized animals in the number of corpora lutea. One to ten embryos were recovered per cow; intact animals had more embryos than the ovariectomized ones. One to two embryos migrated per uterine horn; the percentage of transuterine migration was lower in the intact animals than in the ovariectomized ones. In unilaterally ovariectomized and intact animals, a single uterine horn could sustain only one or two embryos. When the uterine horn contained one embryo, the embryo occupied the middle or upper two-thirds of the horn. With the increase of the number of embryos the sites of embryos were unevenly spaced and overcrowded. This phenomenon led to a high rate of fetal mortality especially when the uterine horn contained more than two fetuses and transuterine migration failed to occur. The results are discussed in relation to endocrine mechanisms and species differences as they affect uterine contractions.
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  • 82
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    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 253-426 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstracts of papers presented at the 77th meeting of the American Association of Anatomists at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, March 31, April 1, 2, 3, 1964.The abstracts are listed in alphabetical sequence by senior author in four lists as follows: papers presented from platform, papers read by title, demonstrations and motion picture demonstration abstracts.Names of authors who are guests of the Association are marked with an asterisk.
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  • 83
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 13-21 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A method is described for making simple balloon cannulas. These may be inserted into the depths of the brain of the experimental animal and inflated, resulting in the production of a permanent destructive lesion characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis of the parenchyma, elements of the stroma being preserved peripherally. In time, a smooth, well-defined membrane delineates the oval shaped cavity resulting in a sharply punched-out lesion. A reversible lesion cannot be produced by this technique. Such lesions may have further clinical or experimental value. The local application of radioactive isotopes to specific areas of the brain under controlled situations permitting withdrawal of solutions may be possible by this method.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A simple, rapid method is presented which permits qualitative evaluation of osteogenesis in tissue culture. Eleven-day embryonic chick tibiae, with distal and proximal condyles removed, were grown in organ culture for two weeks. Explants demonstrated subperiosteal osteogenesis, bridging of fracture defects, and formation of bone, de novo, over the cut cartilaginous end surfaces of explants.The method presented herein has several advantages over those previously described and may be adopted for an in vitro assay of materials to determine direct effects on osteogenesis. Large quantities of explants can be prepared easily and cultured to yield consistantly abundant quantities of osteoid. Bone which is formed over ends of anlage is particularly significant by virtue of its position. New bone formed elsewhere in explants, with the possible exception of the fracture sites, however, is difficult to distinguish from bone present before onset of cultivation. Further more, osteogenesis which occurs over the cut cartilaginous ends after a week of culture, probably results from favorable environmental conditions in vitro and not from cellular activity “preprogrammed” in ovo.In addition to osteogenesis, alteration of cartilage cells and matrix were observed in this system. Chondrocytes in the cut ends of the anlagen became spheroidal and resembled osteoblasts. Bone formation, however, was not observed about these cells. In and about lacunae of degenerating chondrocytes at the ends of the anlagen, collagen fibers appeared.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Pregnant mice of Swiss ICR/Ha and the A/St and the C3H/He inbred strains were given thalidomide by oral intubation for four or five days beginning six or seven days postconception. Congenital anomalies including skeletal malformations were induced with doses of 31 to 250 mg of thalidomide per kg of body weight. Skeletal malformations of the long bones, head and trunk were seen in radiographs; soft tissue malformations were limited to structural malformations of the brain, seen in histological preparations.Because of the relatively small number of Swiss and C3H mice used, no attempt was made to discern the severity or pattern of malformations presented by each strain.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study of 40 racing Greyhounds and 60 mongrel dogs provided comparative data on the respective components of the canine electrocardiogram. Additional data revealed that the Greyhound had a heart weight  -  body weight ratio of 1.25 gm, a heart rate of 115 beats per minute, a systolic blood pressure of 254 mm of Hg, and a diastolic pressure of 139 mm of Hg. These findings in an athletic animal are compared with similar observations in untrained animals. The significance of this basic information is presented and discussed.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A method for rapid freezing is described in which use is made of the good heat conducting properties of silver. The freezing was accomplished by bringing the tissue in contact with a polished silver surface at the temperature of liquid nitrogen either at atmospheric or reduced pressure. Helium gas flowing over this surface prevented the condensation of water or air on the silver. After freezing the tissue was placed in a substituting solvent. The best results were obtained with 2% osmium tetroxide in acetone at -85°C. The ultrastructure of the tissue was well preserved in a narrow surface layer only.
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  • 88
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 405-410 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Methods are described for the isolation of two separate fractions from guinea pig thymus gland; i.e., Hassall's corpuscles and stromal segments. Hassall's corpuscles are relatively dense epithelial aggregates sedimentable at low centrifugal acceleration, while the lighter stromal segments remain in the supernatant fluid. Solubilization of the thymocytes, effected by high-speed homogenization in hypertonic glycerol, is unaccompanied by visible gelation or nuclear residue. Glycerol-sensitivity resembles radiation-sensitivity in many respects.
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  • 89
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 443-447 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mesonephric duct was studied in female camel fetuses (Gärtner's duct). All fetuses were well developed, aged from two to three months. The female internal genital organs were sectioned at 10 μ and stained with hematoxylin-eosin or Van Gieson's stain.In camel fetuses, the duct is usually lined with one layer of cuboidal or columnar epithelium which may be ciliated. Degeneration and cavitation occur in the lower vaginal part, which finally obliterates the previous structure, or changes it to many layers. These two processes occur in succession at different levels of the vaginal portion and are not uniform stages along the whole duct. The appearance of the duct is variable at different levels and at the same level in different ducts. The two ducts may leave the submucosa superiorly and enter the musculature of the vagina at different levels. No glands opening into the mesonephric duct were observed. The upper (mesosalpingeal) part is smaller in caliber than the lower and seems to be immune to the obliteration and cavitation mentioned.
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  • 90
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 485-489 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The four pharyngeal pouches, pharyngeal grooves, and closing membranes of the dog form in an antero-posterior sequence but the encroachment of head mesoderm which results in obliteration of the closing membranes occurs in a posteroanterior sequence. No pharyngeal clefts are formed. The anlage of the auditory tube arises as a dorso-lateral extension from the dorsal surface of the first pharyngeal pouch and expands into an elongated tube directed toward the developing ear. The second pharyngeal pouch develops into a distinct tonsillar sinus dorso-lateral to the base of the tongue. The palatine tonsil extends into the tonsillar sinus, and both become covered by a fold of epithelium. The third pharyngeal pouch extends medially toward the developing thyroid after contacting the cervical sinus. The distal tip of the third pouch differentiates into Complex III which transforms into parathyroid III and thymus III. The distal tip of the fourth pharyngeal pouch, Complex IV, also extends in a medial direction after contacting the cervical sinus. Complex IV transforms into parathyroid IV and the ultimobranchial body.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Procedures for experiments on the embryo of the turtle are described. Methods of obtaining the gravid females, their handling, and preoperative preparation of the egg are described. The actual operation can be carried out much as it is done on the chick embryo. Post-operative care is described. Survival can be satisfactory. Hazards of the procedure are discussed and means of controlling them indicated. Most of the experiments were done with embryos of the common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. A few experiments were done with embryos of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, and of the soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx spiniferus. The embryos of the painted turtle promise to be well suited to use for experimental studies. The soft-shelled turtle is not such a promising form.
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  • 93
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: While studying the electrocardiograms of developing hearts it was noted that an adult type ECG could not be obtained in an embryonic heart which could not be blocked with digitalis. The need to know more about heart-block was obvious. Intact embryos of 36 to 120 hours were floated on to glass plates and treated with digoxin-Tyrode solution. Before 36 ± hours no dissociation of beat could be produced. The heart just stopped. At 40 ± hours a conal block followed by a midventricular block appeared. At 42 ± hours conal and midventricular blocks were followed by the first appearance of AV block. It was intermittent. At 47 ± hours conal block jumped to an incisive AV block. Midventricular block was rare. At 72 hours conal and then AV block occurred. Combinations such as four atrial to two ventricular to one conal beat could be readily produced while blood circulated.Electrocardiograms and cinephotomicrographs were taken of 72 and 96 hour hearts. Most striking was the fact that the typical Wenckebach phenomenon of adult heart-block could be duplicated, i.e., an increase of PR interval preceding AV block followed by a shorter PR interval which again gradually increased preceding AV block. This sequence was repeated over and over. An explanation of these events is offered.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Embryonic thymus provides a distinct advantage over the definitive thymus because the earliest formation of lymphocyte and lymphocytic precursors can be observed in a relatively simple and uncomplicated situation. Special cytological techniques combined with light, phase, and electron microscopy have been performed in this investigation involving over 150 chick embryos between 5 and 18 days of embryonic development.Sequential cytological changes in the development of the thymus into an active lymphocytopoietic organ indicate that lymphoblasts develop by the gradual proliferation and transformation of “undifferentiated” epithelial cells comprising the primordial thymus. Lymphoblastic transformation begins on the seventh day of embryonic development in the chick and is characterized by increased cytoplasmic and nucleolar basophilia and chromatin condensation. “Undifferentiated” epithelial cells undergo two distinct lines of differentiation between the seventh and tenth days: into lymphoblasts and into stellate reticular-epithelial cells which constitute the organ parenchyma. All stages of lymphocytic maturation may be observed by 10-11 days as the thymus assumes a predominately lymphocytic character. Absence of lymphocytes or lymphocytic precursors in the connective tissue surrounding the embryonic thymus before and during the period of initial lymphoblastic transformation; presence of a continuous basement membrane surrounding the developing thymus; and absence of cells passing through this membrane during this phase of development indicate that the lymphocytic elements appearing in the embryonic thymus parenchyma are of epithelial rather than mesenchymal derivation. Although a contribution of mesenchymal elements to the lymphocytic population via vascular invasion and lobular formation in later stages of thymic development is unlikely, this question cannot be answered at this time. In spite of functional immunological distinctions between the lymphocytes of the chick thymus and bursa of Fabricius, the similarity of origin of the lymphocytic elements of these lympho-epithelial organs is apparent.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte in the rat spleen possesses three zones, the perinuclear, intermediate and marginal. The perinuclear zone is characterized by the presence of Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. These organelles are found also in the more voluminous intermediate zone which in addition exhibits platelet granules and an extensive development of vesicles from smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum to form demarcation membranes by coalescence. The marginal zone is almost devoid of the organelles and inclusions present elsewhere. Shedding of platelets appears to occur by extension of a paired demarcation membrane from the intermediate zone to the cell membrane and subsequent separation of its lamellae so that all of the essential organelles and inclusions of the intermediate zone may be included within the platelet. In addition, platelets contain vesicles which are probably pinocytotic in nature. Platelets are sometimes engulfed by the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells.
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  • 96
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 279-297 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The tensor tympani muscle of the cat has been studied using histological and electrophysiological techniques. Histological studies revealed the presence of striated and smooth muscle fibers. The striated muscle fibers could be classified structurally as “Fibrillenstruktur” and “Felderstruktur” fibers, suggesting that both “fast” phasic and “slow” tonic fibers were present. Histochemical studies showed that some of the smaller (25-40 μ) Fibrillenstruktur fibers possessed relatively large end-plate receptor areas which stained heavily for acetylcholinesterase. The membranes and cytoplasm of even smaller diameter fibers (9-25 μ) stained for acetylcholinesterase, similar to its distribution in muscle spindles of other muscles.Intracellular recordings showed that there were two distribution peaks of the resting membrane potentials  -  one at 40-50 mV, the other at 70-80 mV. When the nerve to the tensor tympani was stimulated by single square wave pulses, small junctional potentials (40 mV) followed by an after-hyperpolarization, were recorded only from fibers with low resting membrane potentials  -  presumably slow Felderstruktur fibers. Large (70-90 mV) potentials which showed overshoot of zero potential, and which were preceded by initial long depolrizing potentials, were recorded from fibers with large resting membrane potentials. These fibers, which showed occasional spontaneous activity were presumably smooth muscle fibers. Potentials similar to those recorded from fast muscle fibers in other muscles were also occasionally recorded.It was concluded that the cat tensor tympani possessed slow and fast striated muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers, and possible some embryonic type muscle fibers.
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  • 97
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 313-318 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The hymen at different stages of life from birth to menopause was examined under the microscope. Each section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Van Gieson, Best's carmine, Orcein, PAS, Mallory's and modified Wilder technique. The modified Bodian's technique was used to stain the nerve fibers and the nerve cells.The main bulk of the hymen is formed of fibrous connective tissue, partly elastic and partly collagenous fibers. Both surfaces are covered by stratified squamous epithelium which lacks any evidence of cornification. The epithelium is thicker at the attached edge. Glycogen granules are equally present on the vaginal and on the vulvar surface.The connective tissue papillae are more numerous and more branching at the free edge and on the vaginal surface. There is no trace of glandular or muscle element.The hymen is not richly supplied with nerve fibers. No nerve cells and fibers are present at the free edge of the hymen. Nerve cells are bipolar, small in size, oval, spindle or kidney shaped. The terminal nerve fibers penetrate the epithelium in between the connective tissue papillae.In the newborn the hymen is vascular and the epithelium is thick. During pregnancy the epithelium is very thick and very rich in glycogen. At menopause the epithelium is thin and certain areas are cornified.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A technique was devised for obtaining marrow-free trabecular bone so that the trabecular and cortical bone composition of dog, steer, monkey and man could be studied. Vertebral body was cut in the frontal plane into slices 2 mm thick with an electric band saw. The cortical bone encrircling each slice was trimmed off with a cleaver, leaving intact a lacy slice of trabecular bone. The marrow substance was washed away by fine and powerful jets of tap water obtained from an adjustable nozzle. Marrow washing was discontinued when no trace of red color was visible on holding the slice in front of a strong light source.The quantities of water, volatile inorganic, organic and ash fractions in cortical bone was alike for all species. Likewise, the trabecular bone fractions of each was quantitatively similar. In general, density and amount of ash in cortical bone was higher than that in trabecular bone. The water and ash:organic ratio were higher in trabecular than in cortical bones.Ratios of trabecular to cortical ash for the bones in an entire dog skeleton were also determined. Based on this, volume or mass of the various bone fraction may be estimated when the weight of the ash for any particular bone is known.
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  • 99
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    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 333-357 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Comparison of results obtained by S35O4= autoradiography with those from histochemical staining methods and evaluation of the effect on the staining resulting from prior sialidase digestion, methylation, methylation and saponification, or sulfation, substantiates the selectivity of some procedures for sialomucin and others for sulfomucin. These two types of mucopolysaccharide may be differentiated by the high iron diamine-alcian blue or aldehyde fuchsin-alcian blue sequences or comparison between staining with the alcian blue pH 2.5-PAS sequence and staining with the alcian blue pH 1.0-PAS method. These techniques reveal that some rodent or lagomorph salivary glands form sialomucin alone, others apparently only sulfomucin, whereas a number produce both types of acid mucopolysaccharide either in different mucous cells throughout the gland or in the same cell.Differences in affinity for basic dyes, periodate reactivity, and susceptibility to elimination of basophilia by methylation or enzymatic digestion are evident among both the sulfo- and the sialomucins in different glands. After brief saponification the sialomucin in rat sublingual glands becomes sialidase digestible and gains alcohol resistant metachromasia.Several serous or seromucous glands secrete neutral mucopolysaccharides; others secrete polysaccharides containing sulfate or sialic acid groups whose affinity is masked for some but not for other basic dyes.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Proliferative activity of the adrenal cortex was studied following injections of thymidine-H3. Normal male Long-Evans rats had less activity than comparable animals of the Sprague-Dawley strain. Of the Long-Evans rats killed at different hours of the day, those injected with thymidine-H3 at 6 P.M. and killed six hours later had the greatest activity. Normal male rats 35 to 73 days of age had almost all activity in the glomerulosa and outer fasciculata of the cortex. This activity was greatly increased two or three days after injecting colchicine, compound 48/80, or carbon tetrachloride. Such stressing agents did not cause any increase in activity during the first 24 hours. Three days after carbon tetrachloride a considerable increase in proliferative activity occurred in the inner zona fasciculata and reticularis of the adrenal of female rats during diestrus. Male rats killed 28 to 40 days after injecting thymidine-H3 showed no evidence of centripetal migration of cells into the reticularis during that time. The absence of centripetal migration and the marked responsiveness of the inner fasciculata and reticularis of female animals after stressing agents supports the zonal theory of function in the adrenal cortex.
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