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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (48,545)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (41,698)
  • Nuclear reactions  (4,460)
  • Aging
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Cyclin D1 ; Skin cancer ; Differentiation ; Sun exposure ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Although the overexpression of cyclin D1 has been believed to play important roles in neoplastic transformation of some tumors, little is known about the function of cyclin D1 protein in carcinogenesis in human skin. A total of 307 patients with nonmelanocytic skin cancer, being 46 with Bowen’s disease (BOD), 134 with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 127 with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), were investigated immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibody to cyclin D1 by the LSAB method, to assess the expression of cyclin D1 in skin cancer including its precursors. The positive rates of cyclin D1 immunostaining in BOD, SCC and BCC were 63.0%, 69.4% and 54.3%, respectively. The positive rates in dysplasia adjoining BOD, SCC and BCC were 43.6%, 67.9% and 59.8%, respectively. In morphologically normal skin, however, only 2 cases, 1 of SCC and 1 of BCC, exhibited positive staining. These findings suggested that overexpression of cyclin D1 is an early event in dysplastic lesions of skin. Overexpression of cyclin D1 was related to sun exposure, especially in dysplasia of SCC. The score for cyclin D1 expression in dysplasia of BCC was correlated with age. Expression of cyclin D1 markedly increased from normal skin through dysplasia to BOD, but was not significantly related to the degree of SCC differentiation. These findings demonstrate that the effect of cyclin D1 overexpression is restricted to proliferation of cells, so that they gain a growth advantage, but their differentiation is not increased. Comparison with the results for p53 protein expression in these tumors, a significant correlation with cyclin D1 expression was found in dysplasia in BOD and SCC, and in patients with BCC who were less than 74 years old. These findings suggested the hypothesis that prior aberrant p53 expression may affect or regulate the overexpression of cyclin D1.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome ; Progeria ; Kidney ; Nephrosclerosis ; Collagen ; Aging ; Adenoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It has been suggested that progeria, a congenital disorder associated with clinical features that resemble premature aging, may be the result of a connective tissue abnormality. Although to date the clinical and pathologic features for 14 autopsied cases of progeria have been reported, details as to the renal changes in progeria are scanty. We investigated the histological features from a male and female with progeria who died aged 11 years and 20 years respectively. In our young male subject there was no glomerulosclerosis, while the kidney from the older subject showed focal renal scarring with focal glomerulosclerosis and associated tubular atrophy. Two small papillary adenomas were present within the renal cortex of the latter subject. In both cases non-sclerotic glomeruli were moderately enlarged with expansion of mesangial matrix. Immunohistochemical detection of collagens showed absence of collagen I and III within the mesangium of non-sclerotic glomeruli, while there was moderate to marked expression of collagen IV, V and VI. Collagen V is thought to be involved in matrix assembly while collagen VI probably has a regulatory role in extracellular matrix development and these are either not seen or are very weakly expressed in normal renal mesangium. The distribution of collagen within the mesangium of progeria kidney is evidence in support of the concept that progeria is a primary connective tissue disorder.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 7 (2000), S. 466-474 
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Aging ; Free radical ; Superoxide anion ; SOD ; Catalase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Oxygen free radicals have been proposed to be involved in the process of aging. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase are important for antioxidative defense. In this study, profiles of SOD, catalase, and their mRNA levels were investigated in the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, subcortex and cerebellum of male Wistar rats at ages 1–21 months. The total SOD and Mn SOD activities increased with age and exhibited higher levels at 6 and 12 months but decreased thereafter. Activity of catalase showed a similar trend and notably peaked at 12 months. The mRNA levels of Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD, and catalase remained constant in all areas tested (frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, and subcortex) except the cerebellum. Post-transcriptional regulation was involved in modulating the enzymes' activities during aging. Furthermore, the rate of mitochondrial generation of the superoxide anion $$(O_2^{\bar .} )$$ increased gradually with aging. Taken together, the results suggest that the increase of oxidative potential and the loss of proper antioxidant defense in the rats appear to be highly involved in the aging process of the brain.
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  • 4
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    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 633-636 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Aging ; Anal incontinence ; Idiopathic incontinence ; Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: The study was undertaken to determine whether idiopathic fecal incontinence in middle-aged and elderly females is likely to be a result of pudendal nerve damage (neurogenic incontinence) or merely a consequence of aging. METHODS: One hundred seventy-eight females over the age of 50 years with fecal incontinence were studied. The incontinence was classified as idiopathic because none of the patients related the incontinence to trauma (including obstetric trauma) or other events or diseases. All had an anal physiology examination, including determination of nerve conduction velocity of both pudendal nerves (pudendal nerve terminal motor latency). RESULTS: With a cutoff value of 2.4 msec, 79 percent (95 percent confidence limit, 73–85) had normal pudendal nerve terminal motor latency on both sides, 13 bilaterally prolonged latency (7 percent; 4–11), and 25 unilaterally prolonged latency (14 percent; 9–19). With a cutoff value of 2.2 msec, 66 percent (59–73) had normal latency on both sides, 15 percent (9–20) bilaterally prolonged pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, and 20 percent (14–26) unilateral prolongation. No relationship between the groups with normal, bilateral, or unilateral prolongation of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency and anal resting and squeeze pressure was found. Anal resting pressure decreased with increasing age (P〈0.05). CONCLUSION: Our data support the view that idiopathic fecal incontinence in the majority of females is likely to be a result of the aging process and that only a limited number may suffer from anal incontinence of neurogenic origin. Furthermore, unilateral prolongation of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency probably is without clinical significance.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 43 (2000), S. 940-943 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Constipation ; Aging ; Nursing home
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Constipation is a common complaint among geriatric patients and may result in significant morbidity, especially among nursing home residents. The prevalence of constipation increases with advancing age and may be a result of the aging process, but the exact cause is unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of constipation and to determine risk factors for the development of constipation in a large population of nursing home residents. METHODS: The Minimum Data Set is an assessment instrument used in nearly all Medicare-certified and Medicaid-certified nursing facilities. Nursing home residents who were at least 65 years of age and who had assessments at baseline and at three months were included in the study (N = 21,012). Baseline risk factors were included in a multivariate logistic regression to determine their association with the development of constipation. To allow causal implications, nursing home residents with constipation at baseline were excluded. The variables examined included medications, mobility, comorbid illness, and nutrition. RESULTS: The mean age (± standard deviation) of nursing home residents was 83±8 years, and the population was 70 percent female and 83 percent white. At baseline, the prevalence of constipation was 12.5 percent (N=2,627). By the three-month assessment, 7 percent (N=1,291) of nursing home residents had developed constipation. The factors associated independently with the development of constipation were, in order of magnitude, race, decreased fluid intake, pneumonia, Parkinson's disease, and the presence of allergies. Congestive heart failure and the use of a feeding tube were two factors identified as having a protective effect. CONCLUSION: The variables associated with the development of constipation may be used to identify geriatric nursing home residents at risk and to prevent constipation and its potential complications. Further study is needed to demonstrate a causal relationship between the risk factors and the development of constipation.
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  • 6
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    Journal of cross-cultural gerontology 15 (2000), S. 139-156 
    ISSN: 1573-0719
    Keywords: African American ; Aging ; Chronic illness ; Culture ; Health Assessment ; Qualitative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Qualitative in-person interviews with 114 olderAfrican Americans and whites with chronic illness wereconducted to assess whether they thought of themselvesas healthy or not healthy and the meanings associatedwith that assessment. The first and most frequentlyassigned attribute of healthy was the presence offunctional capacities; for not healthy it was thepresence of medical conditions or physical symptoms. While both African Americans and whites respondedsimilarly regarding the assessment of whether theywere healthy or not healthy, African Americansdescribed the attributes associated with healthy ornot healthy somewhat differently than whites. Also,both groups reported more varied meanings to theconcept of `healthy' than to `not healthy', suggestingthat `healthy' may be a multidimensional constructmore connected to ones' total life experiences than is`not healthy'. This study concludes that social andcultural factors such as race, ethnicity or healthexperiences may influence how individuals perceive anddescribe their health status and the processes used inmaking these assessments.
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  • 7
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    Journal of cross-cultural gerontology 15 (2000), S. 37-54 
    ISSN: 1573-0719
    Keywords: Aging ; Ethnicity ; Mental health ; Religiosity ; Rural
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Data from 2 independent random samples of thepopulation of community-dwelling older adults ineastern North Carolina are used to assess the effectsof Christian religious subdimensions, including churchattendance and participation, belief that religiousfaith affects health, and belief that prayer and Godcombine with medical treatment to cure illness, uponmental health. Self-reported religiosity in thispopulation across dimensions is described and theeffects of selected demographic characteristics uponreligiosity are assessed. Lastly, the main effects ofdemographic characteristics, religiosity, and healthstatus upon the mental health of respondents areexplored. Findings suggest that Christian religiousbeliefs and practices are widespread in this mainlyrural population and that females and African Americanelderly people are more likely than others to professreligious beliefs and to participate in church-relatedactivities. Multivariate results suggest that reducedhealth status, including functional ability, combineswith limited participation in church activities toresult in poorer self-rated mental health and moresymptoms of depression. The implications of thefindings for the role of Christian religiosity inhealth and mental health are discussed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-0719
    Keywords: Aging ; Long term care ; P.R. China ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Both developing and major developed countries of theworld are facing the global aging of their citizenry.The United States and the People's Republic ofChina each share in this phenomenon. Therapid growth of their aging populations comes as bothcountries are experiencing a sustained period ofeconomic stability with an accompanying drop infertility rates (Coale & Watkins 1986; Dyson &Murphy 1985). Together with longer expected lifespans in both countries, these factors have caused ashift in the population structure which will result inincreasingly large portions of the population who willpotentially require assistance with ADL's and/or longterm care (Olson 1990; Kennedy, LaPlante & Kaye1997). The careful assessment and interpretation ofavailable data to define the actual extent of needshould be part of a process to help guide each countryas they prepare for the future.
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  • 9
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 126 (2000), S. 481-485 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words Telomere ; Telomerase ; Gastric carcinoma ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study, we analyzed both telomere length and telomerase activity in surgical and autopsy samples of non-neoplastic mucosa and carcinomas of the stomach. Telomere length, determined by Southern blot analysis, demonstrated progressive shortening with age in non-neoplastic gastric mucosal specimens from 38 human subjects aged between 0 and 99 years, with an average annual loss rate of 46 base pairs (bp). The mean (±SD) telomere length in 21 gastric carcinomas was 7.0 ± 1.6 × 103 base pairs (1.6 kbp). In 20 (95%) of the 21 subjects, the values were smaller than those in the non-neoplastic gastric mucosa (mean shortening 1.8 kbp), although a strong correlation was observed for the paired data (r = 0.69, P = 0.0004). Similarly, telomere lengths in carcinomas were shorter than those for intestinal metaplasia (a mean difference of 1.1 kbp). Telomerase activity, estimated using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay, was positive in 18 (86%) of the 21 gastric carcinomas, without significant differences among the three histological types (well, moderately, and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas) or with sex or age. The results suggest that telomere length and possibly shortening rates vary with the individual, and that examination of both non-neoplastic mucosa and tumors is necessary to improve our understanding of the significance of telomerase in neoplasia.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Photoreceptor ; Nearest neighbor analysis ; Nyquist limit ; Aliasing ; Aging ; Sex differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have analyzed variation in the structure of the human photoreceptor mosaic as a function of age, sex, and retinal location using the nearest neighbor and density recovery profile methods. In contrast to most previous work, we have focused our analysis on the mid- and far-peripheral human retina. Video-enhanced differential interference contrast optics was used to characterize differences in the nasal and temporal periphery of unstained wholemounts from 12 males and 12 females ranging in age from 15- to 83-years-old. At sites matched for cone density (∼5,000 cones/mm2), the mosaic is far more orderly in the temporal than in the nasal periphery. This is true at all ages and in both sexes. Despite their increased local order, regularity ratios of adjacent temporal fields tend to be much more variable than are those of adjacent nasal fields. These marked nasal-temporal differences are eliminated when eccentricity is held constant and cone density is allowed to vary. There is a mild, statistically significant age-related decline in the regularity of the cone mosaic, but only in the nasal periphery. There are no significant differences in the precision of the cone mosaic between sexes. The equivalence of the regularity of the mosaic at matched eccentricities, but not at matched cone densities, suggests that the irregularity of the mosaic is secondary to developmental gradients and, more generally, to reduced selection for high acuity vision in the retinal periphery.
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  • 11
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    Anatomy and embryology 202 (2000), S. 303-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Bcl-2 family ; Pancreatic Islets ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; TUNEL ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Apoptotic cell death is thought to play a crucial role in the manifestation of insulin- and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Therefore, apoptosis and apoptotic markers were studied in the rat endocrine pancreas to get insight into the possible life cycle of Langerhans islets.The islets were investigated at 13 time points between day E19 and 18 months. At each time point, histologic sections were treated with the direct fluorescein-labelled TUNEL method and immunostained for pancreatic hormones (glucagon, insulin), apoptotic promoters (Bak, Bax, Fas, Fas Ligand) as well as for the anti-apoptotic peptide Bcl-2. All tissue sections were investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy under identical settings for semiquantitative estimation of staining intensity. TUNEL-positive cells occurred in all pre- or postnatal stages.The findings indicated a biphasic apoptotic activity in the endocrine pancreas during the lifetime of rats. The first phase began at E19 and peaked at P5 accompanied by a considerable increase in Bak fluorescence staining intensity, while the second phase began at P30 and peaked at 18 months with increasing amounts of Fas and FasL staining intensities in the islet cells. The presented in situ data may be important for understanding the increased age-related vulnerability of islet cells and for studies of isolated and cultivated rat islets.
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  • 12
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    Journal of clinical immunology 20 (2000), S. 229-239 
    ISSN: 1573-2592
    Keywords: Aging ; apoptosis ; TNF receptor ; Fas ; Fas ligand ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The cellular and molecular basis of immune senescence is unclear. A number of mechanisms have been proposed. In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Immunology, some of the mechanisms for various immunologic abnormalities in aging are presented. In this article, various molecular steps of both death receptor and mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis in general are reviewed. In particular, the role of apoptosis in T-cell immune senescence is discussed.
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  • 13
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    Journal of clinical immunology 20 (2000), S. 240-249 
    ISSN: 1573-2592
    Keywords: Aging ; B cells ; B cell repertoire ; clonal B cell expansions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The antibody repertoire changes with age. This change reflects, in part, the age-associated impairment in the production of a diverse population of naive B cells in the bone marrow and, in part, by the decreased diversification of B cells in the germinal center where affinity maturation and isotype switching takes place. B cell number is strictly regulated and despite the decreased output of B cells by the bone marrow does not decline during aging. Self-renewal of peripheral B cells is sufficient to assure the stability of peripheral B cell number. However, when B cell production is stressed as, for example, following drug-induced lymphopenia, the rate of recovery of B cell number as well as of B cell diversity is compromised in old compared to young mice. Finally, aging is associated with the appearance of B cell clonal expansions which not only limit the diversity of the B cell repertoire but very likely give rise to monoclonal serum immunoglobulins and B cell neoplasms.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-2649
    Keywords: Aging ; Anxiety ; Chronic disease ; DALY ; Depression ; Health status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Though health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is now commonly measured as an outcome in clinical trials, the relationships between its components remain unclear. The relation of physical symptoms, physical function, and psychological symptoms to each other and to overall quality of life is of special interest. Method: Cross-sectional data from 5279 community-dwelling elders who participated in the Groningen Longitudinal Aging Study were analyzed using structural equation modeling techniques. Three models were examined. One “Linear” model included: number of chronic medical conditions, physical symptoms, physical functioning, activity interference, social function, perceived health and overall quality of life in a simple linear progression. Another ‘non-linear’ model included these variables, but allowed effects between non-adjacent variables. A third ‘non-linear’ model included these variables plus anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results: The Linear Model did not satisfactorily account for the observed data [X 2(15df) = 2946.96], so the saturated Non-Linear Model, incorporating paths between non-adjacent components, is described. When anxiety and depressive symptoms were added to this Non-Linear Model, they fit best in a position mediating the relation between perceived health and overall quality of life [X 2(5df) = 136.78]. Conclusions: Overall quality of life appears to be related to symptom status as directly as it is related to functional status. Anxiety and depressive symptoms appear to mediate the relation between general health perceptions and overall quality of life. Quality of life measures should therefore include assessments of physical and psychological symptom severity as well as functional status if they are to truly reflect what matters to patients. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) measure used by the WHO may inadequately reflect the effect of symptoms on patient's quality of life.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Aging ; brain ; cerebral cortex ; cerebellum ; lipid metabolism ; phospholipid metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The incorporation of polar and non-polar moieties into cerebral cortex (CC) and cerebellum (CRBL) phospholipids of adult (3.5-month-old) and aged (21.5-month-old) rats was studied in a minced tissue suspension. The biosynthesis of acidic phospholipids through [3H]glycerol appears to be slightly increased with respect to that of zwitterionic or neutral lipids in CC of aged rats with respect to adult rats. On the contrary, the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) from [3H]choline was inhibited. However, the incorporation of [14C]serine into phosphatidylserine (PS) was higher in CC and CRBL in aged rats with respect to adult rats. The synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) from PS was not modified during aging. Saturated ([3H]palmitic) and polyunsaturated ([3H]arachidonic) acids were incorporated successfully by adult and aged brain lipids. In addition [3H]palmitic, [3H]oleic and [3H]arachidonic acid were employed as glycerolipid precursors in brain homogenate from aged (28.5 month old) and adult (3.5 month old) rats. [3H]oleic acid incorporation into neutral lipids (NL) and [3H]arachidonic acid incorporation into PC, PE and phosphatidylinositol (PI) were increased in aged rats with respect to adult rats. Present results show the ability and avidity of aged brain tissue in vitro to incorporate unsaturated fatty acids when they are supplied exogenously. They also suggest a different handling of choline and serine by base exchange enzyme activities to synthesize PC and PS during aging.
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  • 16
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    Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 17 (2000), S. 168-173 
    ISSN: 1573-7330
    Keywords: Aging ; apoptosis ; granulosa cells ; in vitro fertilization ; oocyte quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: The objective was to determine the effects of women'sage on the ovarian fecundity as assessed by the incidenceof apoptotic granulosa cells. Methods: Twenty-eight normo-ovulatory women underwentovulation induction for standard IVF. The husbands of thesewomen showed severe male infertility factors. The womenwere divided into four groups according to their ages. Womenunderwent follicle aspiration after the administration ofhuman menopausal gonadotropin plus human chorionicgonadotropin. The nuclei of granulosa cells were examinedby using fluorescence microscopy, and the incidence of apoptotic granulosa cells was tabulated. Results: Granulosa cells in the older women revealed asignificant increase in the number of apoptotic cells. Thenumber of total oocytes and the number of mature oocytesobtained significantly decreased with age. However, endometrial thickness and follicular estradiol, progesterone, andfree testosterone levels were not significantly different amongfour different age groups. Conclusions: Age increases apoptotic changes in granulosacells and consequently decreases the ovarian fecundity.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Aging ; neurodegeneartive disorders ; NO synthase ; heat shock proteins ; oxidative stress ; CO ; signal transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen species appear to play several crucial roles in the brain. These include physiological processes such as neuromodulation, neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, and pathological processes such as neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. There is increasing evidence that glial cells in the central nervous system can produce nitric oxide in vivo in response to stimulation by cytokines and that this production is mediated by the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of the major neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders (Alzheimer's disease, amyothrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis) are unknown, numerous recent studies strongly suggest that reactive nitrogen species play an important role. Furthermore, these species are probably involved in brain damage following ischemia and reperfusion, Down's syndrome and mitochondrial encephalopathies. Recent evidence also indicates the importance of cytoprotective proteins such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) which appear to be critically involved in protection from nitrosative and oxidative stress. In this review, evidence for the involvement of nitrosative stress in the pathogenesis of the major neurodegenerative/ neuroinflammatory diseases and the mechanisms operating in brain as a response to imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant status are discussed.
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  • 18
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Articular cartilage biomechanics ; Rat cartilage ; Diet ; Aging ; Creep indentation ; Mechanical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of aging and diet restriction on the biomechanical properties of articular cartilage, using a well-controlled rat model (Fischer 344). This animal model is recommended by the National Institute of Aging specifically to study aging and diet issues. The intrinsic biomechanical properties of articular cartilage were obtained using a creep indentation approach. The ages chosen (6, 12, 18, 24 months of age) correspond to approximate human ages of 20 to 80 years old. The diet regimen employed in this study used either an ad libitum fed group or a group fed 60% of the mean food intake of the ad libitum group. The results demonstrate that, unlike bone, rat articular cartilage biomechanical properties are not affected in a discernible manner by diet restriction, despite the fact that diet-restricted animals were significantly lighter in terms of body weight. Age effects on biomechanical properties are found only at 6 and 12 months probably due to developmental reasons, but not at later ages. It appears that aging and diet restriction have profoundly different effects on articular cartilage and bone. Another significant result of this study was to establish the rat as a suitable animal model to study cartilage biomechanical properties. Thus, the rat can be added to the list of animals that can be used to study structure-function and pathophysiological relationships in articular cartilage. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8714Ee, 8715La, 8719Rr
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  • 19
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    Journal of cross-cultural gerontology 15 (2000), S. 81-97 
    ISSN: 1573-0719
    Keywords: Aging ; Age grades ; Japan ; Religion ; Ritual ; Symbolic capital
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Most research by gerontologists into the relationshipbetween religion and aging has focused upon thepotential health benefits of religious participationamong Americans who follow Judeo-Christian orientedforms of worship and belief. This research has shownthat both as a social institution and source ofexistential meaning, religion provides an importantresource for older people in terms of fellowship andas a means of coping and adapting to social change andpersonal loss. Other religious traditions and otheraspects of salience of religious participation forolder people have been less thoroughly considered. This article investigates a religious ritual in Japan,that, rather than being a source of consolation, is anexpression of symbolic capital associated with elderstatus and, thus, gerontocratic power. The ritualcontributes to representing and reproducing the powerof older residents in a rural Japanese community,partly due to its being administratively situatedwithin an age-grade system that is a part ofneighborhood political organization. Through itsperformance, the ritual visually reproduces andrepresents stratified social structures thatconcentrate power in the hands of male members of thesenior age grade.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Key words Bladder ; Rat ; Aging ; Obstruction ; Cystometrics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bladder dysfunction in the aging population is a significant problem. However the concomitant presence of other diseases in many patients can make it difficult to distinguish between changes in bladder function and other influences. The present study was designed to study, in aging rats, bladder function and the effect of partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) on bladder function. Cystometrics were performed in awake, female Fischer 344 rats of four age groups (6, 12, 18 and 24 months) following subcutaneous implantation of a mediport catheter. Cystometric evaluations were carried out in control rats or those subject to three weeks of BOO. Bladder compliance significantly decreased with aging, which reflected an increase in threshold pressure without changes in bladder capacity. Partial BOO caused development of severe bladder instability. Following BOO, bladder capacity and compliance were significantly increased in all age groups. Threshold pressure was lower in obstructed animals, except for 6-month rats. Younger animals were able to generate a higher contraction pressure to compensate for the BOO, whereas older animals did not. Using an awake model of cystometric measurement, we have demonstrated that aging, by itself can affect bladder function. Furthermore, aged animals respond differently to BOO than younger animals. These results demonstrate that both aging and disease can contribute to bladder dysfunction, and suggest that treatment of bladder dysfunction may require a combination of therapies targeted to multiple etiologies.
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  • 21
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S485 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Knochenregeneration ; Osteoblastenkultur ; Mediumüberstand ; Alterseinfluss ; Peptidreinigung ; Key words Bone regeneration ; Osteoblast-like cell culture ; Medium supernatant ; Aging ; Peptide purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With increasing age of an organism, the osseous regenerative potential is reduced. In osteoblast-like cell cultures, cells of older donors that would not proliferate under standard conditions start to proliferate and express a differentiated phenotype when supplemented with the supernatant of fetal osteoblast-like cultures. The aim of this study was an evaluation of the fetal supernatant actions in vivo. Rat calvaria-derived osteoblasts of fetal and 21-day-old donors were isolated enzymatically and cultured. Their osteoblastic phenotype was confirmed by the expression of typical osteoblast synthesis products. The supernatant of the cultures of each age group was collected and pooled. The supernatant was purified by HPLC and concentrated approximately ten times. Additionally, several age-dependent differences within the purified protein fractions were documented by MALDI. After resuspension, the purified supernatant proteins were transferred on a collagen carrier and implanted into critical size defects of the calvaria of adult Wistar rats. In a control group, the collagen carriers were implanted containing isotonic salt solution. After 2, 4, and 8 weeks, a radiographic and histologic analysis of the regeneration process was performed which revealed differences in the progress of mineralization. The methods used in this study might help to identify age-dependent differences regarding the osteoblastic synthesis of osteoanabolic peptides and their impact on the regeneration of osseous defects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmenden Alter eines Organismus nimmt das knöcherne Regenerationspotenzial ab. Auch Osteoblasten in vitro zeigen mit zunehmendem Alter ein verändertes Wachstumsverhalten. Osteoblastenkulturen älterer Donoren, welche unter Standardbedingungen kein Wachstum zeigen, können jedoch durch Supplementation mit dem Mediumüberstand serumfrei inkubierter Osteoblastenkulturen fetalen Ursprungs zu einem ¶mit jüngeren Kulturen vergleichbaren Wachstum angeregt werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die In-vivo-Überprüfung dieses vom Donorenalter abhängigen In-vitro-Effekts. Dazu wurden von fetalen und postnatalen Rattenschädeln durch enzymatische Inkubation Osteoblastenkulturen etabliert und durch RT-PCR von Kollagen Typ I und Osteocalcin phänotypisch dokumentiert. Die Kulturüberstände wurden gepoolt und gleiche Volumina mittels RP-Chromatographie und Batch-Elution aufgereinigt. Das aufgereinigte Medium wurde auf Kollagenkissen aufgetragen und in Critical size defects der Rattencalvaria implantiert. Während in einer Kontrollgruppe, welche mit isotoner Kochsalzlösung behandelt wurde, radiologisch und histologisch keine Knochenregeneration beobachtet werden konnte, zeigte sich in den mit postnatalem Medium behandelten Defekten eine geringfügige und in den mit fetalen Überständen behandelten Defekten eine deutliche Knochenregeneration mit der Folge einer kompletten Defektüberbrückung. Diese Experimente bestätigen die grundsätzliche Möglichkeit, durch die Applikation aufgereinigter Osteoblastenkulturüberstände in Knochendefekten jenseits des autogenen spontanen Regenerationspotenzials eine vollständige Defektregeneration zu erzielen. Dabei spielt der Altersfaktor des Donororganismus im Hinblick auf die osteogene Potenz der Kulturüberstände eine bestimmende Rolle. Durch weiterführende Aufreinigungsschritte konnten mittels MALDI zahlreiche qualitative Unterschiede im Hinblick auf die Peptidzusammensetzung der fetalen bzw. postnatalen Osteoblastenkulturüberstände detektiert werden.
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  • 22
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    International urology and nephrology 32 (2000), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 1573-2584
    Keywords: Aging ; Demography ; Chronic disease ; Old age ; Health care expenditures ; Medicare ; Long-term care ; Medical subspecialities ; Nephrology ; Internists ; Family practitioners ; Neurology ; Phychiatry ; Rehabilitation ; General surgery ; Surgical subspecialties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 23
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    International urology and nephrology 32 (2000), S. 109-117 
    ISSN: 1573-2584
    Keywords: Aging ; Nephrosclerosis ; Arteriolosclerosis ; Hypertension ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Arterial intimal fibroplasia in renal interlobular arteries but not arteriolar hyalinization was reported to be proportional to the rise of blood pressure with age in the data from all populations examined so far. New findings from Japan offer further insights into the disparities between the two types of renovasculopathy, both of which are called by the same name, `arteriolosclerosis'. PAS stained paraffin sections were prepared from specimens obtained atautopsy in Tokyo and New Orleans, emphasizing basal subjects, i.e. those with no cause of deathknown to be related to hypertension. Severities of fibroplastic vasculopathy, in units of intimal thickness as % of outer diameter, and hyaline vasculopathy, in units of affected arterioles per cm2 of tissue sectional area, were measured morphometrically. Blood pressure data were taken from published population surveys. Fibroplastic renovasculopathy was found to provide a proxy for mean blood pressure (MBP) when comparing groups of men and women of various age groups in the USA and Japan. Hyaline renovasculopathy did not reproduce these patterns. Some of these findings confirm similar results from prior studies, and this reproducibility increases confidence that a true biological difference may exist between these populations.
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  • 24
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    International urology and nephrology 32 (2000), S. 81-83 
    ISSN: 1573-2584
    Keywords: Male ; Aging ; Nitric oxide ; Estradiol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We measured the circulatory levels of nitric oxide and estradiol in men over 50 years with esrogenisation findings. We investigated relation between nitric oxide, which is the principal signal for relaxation of vascular smoth muscle cells, and estradiol levels in serum in men over 50 years with estrogenisation. This study included 14 men with (group 1) and 20 without estrogenisation findings (group 2). Mean nitric oxide and estradiol levels were found to be significantly lower in group 2 than group 1. Group 2 had lower levels sex-hormone binding globin and higher both systolic and diastolic blood pressure values than group 1. There was a significant correlation between nitric oxide and estradiol in esrogenisation group.
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  • 25
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    European journal of applied physiology 83 (2000), S. 128-143 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Motor unit ; Aging ; Adaptation ; Force variability ; Strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six young (aged 18–22 years) and six older (aged 66–76 years) healthy humans participated in a visually guided isometric force modulation training program designed to improve accurate control of force during ankle dorsiflexion. Isometric force and the discharge activity of motor units (MU) supplying the tibialis anterior muscle were sampled concurrently at the beginning of the study, following 2 weeks of force modulation training and again after a 4 week retention period which followed immediately. The initial maximal voluntary force (MVC) and MU discharge rates were similar between young and older adults at 10–60% MVC while MU discharge rates during maximal effort were significantly reduced in older adults. Following the 2 weeks of force modulation training, both young and older adults demonstrated significant improvements in force accuracy (44% young, 48% older) and significantly reduced MU discharge rates at 30%, 40%, and 60% MVC. Young adults also demonstrated increased MVC force (11%), while older adults demonstrated significantly increased (30%) maximal MU discharge rate. Thus, following 2 weeks of force modulation training, young and older individuals demonstrated similar MU discharge rates at all force levels. The MU discharge rate adaptations were retained after the 4 week retention period. In young adults, improved force accuracy and increased MVC force were accompanied by significantly reduced MU recruitment thresholds. In the older subjects, improved force accuracy was accompanied by an increase in the difference between the recruitment-derecruitment force threshold and significantly reduced antagonist co-contraction. Age-related alterations in force regulation and MU discharge activity cannot be explained solely on the basis of contractile changes in senescent muscle. Rather, reliance on compensatory neuromuscular changes including antagonist muscle co-contraction is suggested.
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  • 26
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    European journal of applied physiology 81 (2000), S. 403-410 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Motor units ; Neuron interaction ; Motoneuron ; Aging ; Firing rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In an effort to determine whether aging might alter the manner in which pairs of motor units are coactivated, the extent of motor unit synchronization was assessed in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle in seven young (mean 28 years) and eight older adults (mean 75 years). During constant-force isometric contractions at either 50% or 100% of maximal effort, motor units were recorded using a four-wire needle electrode and a multi-channel recording technique. Customized software was utilized to identify the occurrences of motor unit action potentials from the resultant three-channel signals. The magnitude of motor unit synchronization was determined using six variables that have been described previously in the literature. The extent of motor unit synchronization was similar in both young and older adults, occurring in nearly every motor unit pair observed. During the 50% maximum voluntary contractions, the CIS synchronization measure (the number of synchronized discharges per unit time) averaged 2.5 in the young subjects and 2.4 in the older individuals. The intensity of motor unit synchronization was somewhat greater during maximal force isometric contractions. We conclude that motor unit synchronization in the FDI muscle is a ubiquitous phenomenon that is not affected by the aging process.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-6792
    Keywords: EEG ; Aging ; Algorithmic ; Complexity ; Recrudescence Rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen older adults and 18 younger adults were compared on two quantitative measures describing changes over time in the spatial distribution of running EEG. EEG was collected from 128 electrodes under resting eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions and during performance of a 13 minute sustained attention task. One EEG measure, the recrudescence rate, represented the number of changes in the location of the highest squared voltage per second. A second EEG measure consisted of the algorithmic complexity of changes in the location of the highest squared voltage over time. Regardless of the task condition, older adults had significantly higher scores than younger adults on both the recrudescence rate and the measure of algorithmic complexity. The implications of the results for neurologically-based theories of performance declines in older adults are discussed.
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    Apoptosis 5 (2000), S. 9-16 
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Aging ; Alzheimer's disease ; amyloid precursor protein ; apoptosis ; Bcl-2 ; caspase ; presenilin ; transcription factor ; β amyloid.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common human neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive deterioration of cognition and memory in association with the presence of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and massive loss of neurons. Most cases of AD are late-onset and sporadic, but in some cases the disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Four different genes, the amyloid precursor protein, apolipoprotein E, and presenilins 1 and 2 have been implicated in the etiology of familial AD. It is now generally accepted that massive neuronal death due to apoptosis is a commmon characteristic in the brains of patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases, and apoptotic cell death has been found in neurons and glial cells in AD. This review summarizes the current findings regarding the evidence for apoptosis in AD and discusses the possible involvement of apoptosis-regulating factors in the pathology of AD. Modification of the apoptotic cascade could be considered as a primary therapeutic strategy for the disease.
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  • 29
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    Der Ophthalmologe 97 (2000), S. 359-363 
    ISSN: 1433-0423
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Telomerase ; Telomeren ; Malignes Aderhautmelanom ; Hayflick-Grenze ; Alterung ; Key words Telomerase ; Telomeres ; Uveal melanoma ; Hayflick limit ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background: The maximum number of cell divisions of a certain cell population is genetically fixed so that aging cells become non-dividing (senescent) at least. This replicative life span, also known as “hayflick limit”, is probably defined by a “critical” length of the telomeres. Telomeres are special DNA-sequences located at the four ends of the chromosomes which are shortened with each cell cycle. Cells of most, but not all malignant tumours have been shown to reactivate the enzyme telomerase so that telomeres can be reconstructed, “Hayflick limit” can be overcome, and unlimited cell division can be established. This study was undertaken to elucidate whether telomerase reactivation is used by uveal melanoma cells. Materials and Methods: Fresh tumour tissue was removed from 10 untreated uveal melanomas after enucleation. Telomerase activity was determined using a PCR ELISA according to the Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP). Normal tissue of the skin and the conjunctiva served as control. Result: Telomerase activity was detectable in 90% of the investigated uveal melanomas. All control specimens were telomerase negative. Conclusions: Uveal melanoma growth seems to depend on telomerase reactivation. Thus, telomerase inhibition could offer a new principle for uveal melanoma therapy in the future.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Nach einer für jede Zellpopulation genetisch fixierten Zahl von Teilungen treten Zellen als Ausdruck der Alterung in ein Stadium der Teilungsunfähigkeit (Seneszenz) ein. Die als “Hayflick-Grenze” bezeichnete replikative Lebensspanne ist wahrscheinlich dann erreicht, wenn die Telomeren – hierbei handelt es sich um spezielle DNS-Abschnitte an den 4 Chromosomenenden, die bei jeder Zellteilung verkürzt werden – eine “kritische” Länge unterschreiten. Zellen der meisten, wenngleich nicht aller maligner Tumoren reaktivieren das Enzym Telomerase. Sie können damit die Telomeren neu aufbauen, die “Hayflick-Grenze”überwinden und unbegrenzte Teilungsfähigkeit herstellen. Mit den vorliegenden Untersuchungen sollte überprüft werden, ob Telomerase- Aktivierung auch für das Wachstum uvealer Melanome eine Rolle spielt. Material und Methoden: Von 10 unbehandelten Aderhautmelanomen wurde nach Enukleation Tumorgewebe entnommen. Die Bestimmung der Telomeraseaktivität erfolgte mit einem PCR ELISA nach dem Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP). Als Kontrolle diente normales Gewebe von Haut und Bindehaut. Ergebnis: Bei 90% der untersuchten Aderhautmelanome war eine deutliche Telomeraseaktivität feststellbar. Alle Kontrollproben erwiesen sich als Telomerase-negativ. Schlussfolgerungen: Telomerase wird von den meisten uvealen Melanomen aktiviert und scheint daher für das Tumorwachstum von Bedeutung zu sein. Die Hemmung der Telomerase stellt daher auch für Aderhautmelanome ein (noch theoretisches) Behandlungsprinzip dar.
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    Journal of comparative physiology 184 (1999), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Locomotor activity ; Time series analysis ; Bout structure ; Fractal structure ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The temporal pattern of locomotor activity of single Drosophila melanogaster flies freely walking in small tubes is described. Locomotor activity monitored by a light gate has a characteristic time-course that depends upon age and the environmental conditions. Several methods are applied to assess the complexity of the temporal pattern. The pattern varies according to sex, genotype, age and environmental conditions (food; light). Activity occurs clustered in bouts. The intrinsic bout structure is quantified by four parameters: number of light gate passages (counts) per bout, duration of a bout, pause between two successive bouts and mean bout period. In addition, the distribution of the periods between light-gate crossings (inter-count intervals) as function of inter-count interval duration reveals a power law, suggesting that the overall distribution of episodes of activity and inactivity has a fractal structure. In the dark without food, the fractal dimension which represents a measure of the complexity of the pattern is sex, genotype and age specific. Fractality is abolished by additional sensory stimulation (food; light). We propose that time-course, bout structure and fractal dimension of the temporal pattern of locomotor activity describe different aspects of the fly's central pattern generator for locomotion and its motivational control.
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    The visual computer 15 (1999), S. 183-198 
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Key words: Facial animation ; Aging ; Wrinkles ; Skin deformation ; Real time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 32
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    Acta neuropathologica 98 (1999), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Cerebral ; hypoperfusion ; Aging ; Capillaries ; Energy metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract After nearly a century of inquiry, the cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains to be found. In this review, basic and clinical evidence is presented that assembles and hypothetically explains most of the key pathologic events associated with the development of AD. These pathologic events are triggered in AD by an impaired cerebral perfusion originating in the microvasculature which affects the optimal delivery of glucose and oxygen and results in a breakdown of metabolic energy pathways in brain cells such as in the biosynthetic and synaptic pathways. We propose that two factors need to be present before cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration is expressed in AD brain: advanced aging, and the presence of a condition that lowers cerebral perfusion. The first factor introduces a normal but potentially menacing process that lowers cerebral blood flow in correlation to increased aging, while the second factor adds a crucial element which further lowers brain perfusion and establishes the heterogeneic disease profile observed in AD patients. These two factors will lead to a critical threshold cerebral hypoperfusion. Critical threshold cerebral hypoperfusion is a self-perpetuating, contained and progressive circulatory insufficiency that will destabilize neurons, synapses, neurotransmission and cognitive function, creating in its wake a neurodegenerative process characterized by the formation of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid angiopathy. A discussion of target therapy based on the proposed pathogenesis of AD is also briefly reviewed.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words AF102B ; THA ; Spatial divided attention ; Muscarinic agonists ; Cholinesterase inhibitors ; Aging ; Dementia ; Monkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of cholinergic drugs proposed for treatment of cognitive impairment in normal aging and dementia on divided attention have been little studied in non-human primates. We tested the hypothesis that cholinergic drugs improve spatial divided attention in primates via a computer task requiring simultaneous tracking of two visual targets in three young and two aged healthy bonnet macaques. Task accuracy (number of correct responses) and reaction time (RT) were measured 2 h after administration of either the m1 agonist ±-cis–2-meth- yl-spiro(1,3-oxathiolane-5,3′)quinuclidine (AF102B; 0.1– 2.1 mg/kg IM) or the cholinesterase inhibitor 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroamino-acridine (THA; 0.5–2.0 mg/kg orally). Accuracy increased for four of five monkeys at appropriate doses of one or both cholinomimetics, accompanied in two monkeys by a drop in RT. Responses were less uniform to THA than to AF102B. For the five-monkey group at Best dose, accuracy increased 34% (THA) or 43% (AF102B) above baseline (P〈0.05 for both drugs), respectively, with no significant change in RT and with minimal untoward effects. Cholinotherapy may improve divided attention in young and aged healthy primates.
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    Journal of cross-cultural gerontology 14 (1999), S. 245-272 
    ISSN: 1573-0719
    Keywords: Aging ; Diaspora ; Ismaili Muslims ; Narratives ; Women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract This article explores the potential of the narrative genre in (re)imagining aging lives of women in diaspora, spanning cultures as well as generations. Minimal attention given to combined constituencies of gender, age and minority status in feminist ethnography and the literature on aging may be redressed by the realization that minority aging women negotiate culturally based and innovative strategies to overcome patriarchal, age-based and colonizing and postcolonizing constraints. Ethnographic narratives of two Ismaili Muslim Canadian women, as part of a cohort of immigrants from East Africa, provide insights into the complex process of reimagining lives in-between spaces of home work and waged work as well as in-between action and repose (silence, and stillness that complement mundane action-oriented activities) modes of the Ismaili tradition. The narratives are a living metaphor of lives engaged in recapturing meaning. As such, the creative endeavors of aging women in diaspora has implications for a feminist ethnography of aging -- an area that to date remains substantively unexplored.
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    Journal of adult development 6 (1999), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1573-3440
    Keywords: Aging ; autobiographical ; gender ; memory ; reminiscence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Data from 40 older adults who produced autobiographical memories to word cues and to the request to list five important memories, and data from 60 older adults who answered factual multiple-choice questions for events spread across their lives, were analyzed for gender differences. In spite of considerable statistical power, there were no gender differences in the distribution of autobiographical memories over the lifespan, in the distribution of important memories, in various ratings provided to these memories, or in the distribution of knowledge for events. The only gender difference found was that men performed better on factual questions about current events and baseball. Thus, counter to what might be expected from Darwinian theory and some behavioral data, gender differences were minimal.
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    Journal of adult development 6 (1999), S. 87-104 
    ISSN: 1573-3440
    Keywords: Aging ; problem solving ; everyday ; practical ; script ; procedural ; schema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Numerous studies have focused on developmental differences in practical problem-solving abilities. However, researchers have largely ignored the relationship among age, procedural knowledge, and problem-solving performance. The theoretical model that guided the present investigation suggests that as individuals age, they are exposed to a variety of real-world problems, which in turn should lead to the acquisition of problem-solving scripts. In the present study, a procedurally oriented, practical problem-solving measure was administered to 200 individuals aged 20 to 69 years. For each problem, subjects were required to order a set of discrete behaviors into an optimal solution sequence. These solution sequences were then compared with optimal solutions that domain area experts had established in advance. As expected, age was found to be positively related to prior problem-solving experience. However, contrary to expectations, the quality of subjects' solutions showed slight, negative age differences.
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  • 37
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    Geriatric nephrology and urology 9 (1999), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1573-7306
    Keywords: Aging ; Aging kidneys ; Aging population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The `demographic imperative' of a progressively aging society willplace unprecedented demands on the health care system in the 21stcentury. Although improved education, public health measures,personal lifestyles, and health care will result in a large proportionof those born surviving to old age in robust health and vitality, thesheer numbers of `baby-boomers' who will become the elderly and theinevitable association between aging and the associated multiple,especially chronic diseases and physiological impairments of oldage will require more efficient and more effective systems of healthcare to meet the needs of the aging population. Generalists, specialists,and medical and surgical subspecialists will play important rolesin meeting these needs, often in the multidisciplinary mode.Geriatricians will directly provide but a small minoritty of thecare, focusing upon education, research, and consultation and indelivering primary care to the frail elderly and especially inlong term care. Collaboration with subspecialists will be frequentin all these domains. Nephrologists, who already practice multidisciplinaryteam care of frail, complicated, chronically in patients with end-stagerenal disease, have much to contribute as their patient populationprogressively grows in numbers and age. Hence geriatricians and nephrologists have much to learn from and contribute to each other in addressing the `age wave' of the 21st century.
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  • 38
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 68 (1999), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Aging ; polymorphic nickel molybdate ; propane activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Increase in catalytic activity performance of a stoichiometric NiMoO4 system has been studied using a periodic flow reactor system. Aging results in an increase of selectivity, a decrease in BET surface area, a weak decrease in activity and a change in surface morphological properties. α-Nickel molybdate exposed to the reaction gases and temperature tends to transform progressively toward an α-aged phase more and more like to the most selective β-phase.
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    Journal of cross-cultural gerontology 14 (1999), S. 77-90 
    ISSN: 1573-0719
    Keywords: Aging ; Asian ; Met needs ; Needs assessment ; Unmet needs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Despite a significant increase in the size of the Asian American elderly population, little is known about their social service needs and the level of service being provided them. This study used a survey methodology to examine all Asian American senior programs (N = 20) in a major American metropolitan region. The response rate was 90% with respondent agencies serving as the unit of analysis. Findings suggest that Asian elderly clients were primarily women and 'old-old', and that many of them were on SSI. Services provided were primarily tangible and facilitative, rather than clinical. Services needed but not provided were emergency psychiatric care, home attendants, home-delivered meals, legal services, medical services, and protective services. Findings of this study provide useful information for further research and program planning for Asian American elders in urban settings.
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    Journal of immigrant health 1 (1999), S. 99-113 
    ISSN: 1573-3629
    Keywords: Aging ; immigration ; ethnicity ; racism ; cultural studies of science
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Much U.S. research in aging and the social sciences of health compares beliefs, conditions, or behaviors of “racial” groups. In immigration studies, social identity is most often delineated by virtue of foreign origin with respect to a host country. Thus, nationality is often the marker of difference. The present article joins two generally separate streams of research, gerontologic and immigration research in the United States. The paper considers data from several studies of seniors in Cleveland, Ohio in the 1990s; the “Black and White Caregivers” and the “Use of Services of Black and White Elderly”. These are considered not in terms of their original research goals, but rather in terms of a reflective examination of assumptions regarding the identity of the elders and caregivers that framed the two studies. The results show that “racial” terms conceal, not reveal, the actual ethnic and therefore, cultural, affiliations of the seniors. We suggest that because “racial” classification is an impediment to, rather than a facilitator of, cultural comparisons, such terms should not be used to compare, predict or explain beliefs or behaviors. The revelation of distinct, highly varied ethnic groups within asserted homogeneous “racial” groups has implications for immigration studies. These are discussed in the final section as relates to psychiatric and social issues.
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    European journal of applied physiology 79 (1999), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Older men ; Central sudomotor activity ; Sweating rate ; Mean body temperature ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To examine the mechanisms underlying the age-related decrement in the ability to sweat, seven older (64–76 years) and seven younger (20–24 years) men participated in a 60-min sweating test. The test consisted of placing the subject's lower legs in a water bath at 42°C while sitting in a controlled environment of 35°C ambient temperature and 45% relative humidity. The rectal (T re) and skin temperatures, local sweating rates (m˙ sw: on the forehead, chest, back, forearm and thigh) and the frequency of sweat expulsion (f sw) were measured during the test. No group difference was observed in the mean body temperature (T¯ b) throughout the passive heating, although the older men had a higher T re and a lower mean skin temperature during the last half of the 60-min test. There were no group differences in the T¯ b threshold for sweating, although the time to the onset of sweating tended to be longer for the older men regardless of body site. The m˙ sw increased gradually for approximately 35 min after the start of heat exposure in the older men and for 30 min in the younger men and then reached a steady state. During the first half of the test, the older men had a significantly lower m˙ sw at all sites. During the last half of the test, only m˙ sw on the thigh was significantly lower in the older men than in the younger men. There was no group difference in the slope of f sw versus T¯ b (an indicator of the change in the central sudomotor response to thermal input). The slope of m˙ sw versus f sw (an indicator of the change in peripheral activity in response to central sudomotor changes) was significantly lower on the thigh in the older men, but there were no differences for the other sites. These results suggest that in older men the lower thigh m˙ sw observed during the last half of the heat test was possibly due to age-related modifications of peripheral mechanisms involving the sweat glands and surrounding tissues. It was not due to a change in the central drive to sudomotor function. Furthermore, the sluggish m˙ sw responses in the older men appear to have been related to age-related modifications of the sensitivity of thermoreceptors in various body regions to thermal stimuli. They may also involve lower sweat glands' sensitivity to cholinergic stimulus or sluggish vasodilatation, and do not reflect age-related changes in the central drive.
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  • 42
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    European journal of applied physiology 80 (1999), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Creatine monohydrate ; Ergogenic aid ; Sarcopenia ; Aging ; Fatigue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this investigation we evaluated the effects of oral creatine (Cr) supplementation on body composition, strength of the elbow flexors, and fatigue of the knee extensors in 20 males aged 60–82 years who were randomly administered Cr or placebo (P) in a double-blind fashion. Subjects ingested either 20 g of Cr or P for 10 days, followed by either 4 g of Cr or P, respectively, for 20 days. Tests were conducted pre-supplementation and following 10 and 30 days of supplementation. Leg fatigue was determined using an isokinetic dynamometer; subjects performed 5 sets of 30 maximal voluntary contractions at 180° · s−1, with 1 min of recovery between sets. The strength of the elbow flexors was assessed using a modified preacher bench attached to a strain gauge. There was a significant interaction (P〈0.05; group × time) in leg fatigue following supplementation. However, this interaction appears to have resulted from a combination of the improved fatigue score by the Cr-supplemented group and the decreased fatigue score by the P-supplemented group, because when the simple main effects were analyzed for the groups individually, there was no significant difference over time for either of the groups. There were no significant differences in body mass, body density, or fat-free mass as assessed by hydrostatic weighing, or strength between the Cr-supplemented or P-supplemented groups. These data suggest that 30 days of Cr-supplementation may have a beneficial effect on reducing muscle fatigue in men over the age of 60 years, but it does not affect body composition or strength.
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  • 43
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    Age 22 (1999), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1574-4647
    Keywords: Neurotrophin ; Nerve Growth Factor ; Glia-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Cognition ; Motor ; Behavior ; Aging ; Therapeutic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neurotrophic factors are now recognized to play important roles in the normal function of the mature central nervous system. This knowledge has motivated experiments to evaluate the potential benefits of administering neurotrophic factors to the aged brain. This article provides a review of studies to date that have determined the behavioral effects of such treatments. Nerve growth factor (NGF) administration appears to reliably enhance learning and memory in aged rats, while glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) causes some improvement in motor function. Problems associated with neurotrophic factor administration to humans are discussed.
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  • 44
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    Age 22 (1999), S. 19-25 
    ISSN: 1574-4647
    Keywords: Norepinephrine ; Aging ; Free Radicals ; Antioxidants ; Cerebellum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present review provides an overview of age-related changes in cerebellar β-adrenergic function, associated motor learning, causal agents and possible treatments. Norepinephrine acts as a neuromodulator of Purkinje cell activity. With aging, however, the ability of norepinephrine to modulate Purkinje cell activity and specifically GABAergic inhibition of Purkinje cell activity is decreased. This age-associated deficit in cerebellar noradrenergic function correlates with deficits in acquisition of a motor learning task. Aged rats are delayed in acquiring a motor learning task that requires rats to adjust footfalls in order to cross a runway. The degree of deficit in cerebellar β-adrenergic activity correlated positively with the degree of impairment in task acquisition. One possible causal agent for the β-adrenergic deficit is free radical damage. Hyperoxia, which may generate free radical damage, induces cerebellar β-adrenergic deficits in young rats but diet restriction and treatment with antioxidants can delay or reverse age-related deficits in cerebellar β-adrenergic function in old rats.
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  • 45
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    Neurochemical research 24 (1999), S. 651-658 
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Aging ; cerebral cortex ; hippocalcin ; hippocampus ; neural visinin-like calcium-binding protein 2 (NVP2) ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Expression of hippocalcin and neural visinin-like calcium-binding protein 2 (NVP2) in aging rat brain was investigated by immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses. In 3-month old rats, hippocalcin and NVP2 were present at high concentrations in hippocampal and cerebral pyramidal cells and dentate granule cells, with hippocalcin protein levels being five to ten times higher than NVP2 levels. Hippocalcin levels in hippocampus and cerebral cortex decreased by approximately 20% at 24 months. While the number of hippocalcin-positive cells in CA3, dentate gyrus and cerebral cortex were preserved, staining intensity decreased. In contrast, the number and staining intensity of hippocalcin-positive cells in CA1 were maintained. NVP2 levels in hippocampus and cerebral cortex decreased by approximately 30% at 24 months. In cerebral cortex, the number and intensity of NVP2-positive cells decreased. In CA1 through CA3 and in dentate gyrus, NVP2-positive cell numbers were preserved, but staining intensity decreased. In summary, the loss of hippocalcin and NVP2 in aging rat brain may be associated with age-related impairment of postsynaptic functions.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1435-232X
    Keywords: Key words Polymorphism ; Isoaspartyl damage ; Protein methylation ; Protein repair ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The protein L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (PCMT1) can initiate the repair of age-damaged aspartyl and asparaginyl residues of intracellular proteins. The human gene PCMT1 encoding this enzyme has at least four polymorphic sites, one of which results in two major isoforms with either an Ile residue or a Val residue at amino acid position 119. The frequencies of the alleles encoding the Ile119 and Val119 variants are similar in Caucasian populations, but a predominance of the Ile119 allele exists in Asian and African populations. Analyses of the enzymatic activities of the Ile119 and Val119 variants in red blood cell lysates show that the higher specific activity and thermostability of the Ile119 isoform is balanced by the potentially compensating higher substrate affinity of the Val119 isoform. In a preliminary attempt to find an association between genotype frequency at the PCMT1 locus and healthy aging, we compared the distribution of genotypes in a healthy older population of Ashkenazi Jewish individuals with that in a younger ethnically matched control group. We found that 65% of the healthy older population had the heterozygous genotype, greater than the 50% expected by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting a possible selection for having both alleles of the repair methyltransferase in successful aging. Three additional polymorphisms in non-coding regions of the methyltransferase gene were found to be biallelic and demonstrated nonrandom association in a specific haplotype with the codon 119 polymorphism. Finally, we also detected a heterozygous mutation in the splicing branch site of intron 2 that did not appear to affect activity. This study will help define the normal physiological range of activity for this repair methyltransferase and give us a better understanding of its role in the processes of aging and disease.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Key words: Positron emission tomography ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Human brain ; Aging ; Cholinergic neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The regional cerebral metabolic rate of [11C]N-methyl-4-piperidyl acetate, which is nearly proportional to regional cerebral acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, was measured by dynamic positron emission tomography in 20 healthy subjects with a wide age range (24–89 years). Quantitative measurement was achieved using a kinetic model which consisted of arterial plasma and cerebral tissue compartments. The plasma input function was obtained using thin-layer chromatography and an imaging phosphor plate system at frequent sampling intervals to catch the rapid metabolism of the tracer in the blood. The distribution of the rate constant k 3, an index of AChE activity, agreed well with reported post-mortem AChE distribution in the cerebral cortex (0.067–0.097 min–1) and thalamus (0.268 min–1), where AChE activity was low to moderate. The k 3 values in the striatum and cerebellum, where AChE activity was very high, did not respond linearly to AChE activity because of increased flow dependency. No significant effect of age was found on AChE activity of the cerebral cortex, suggesting that the ascending central cholinergic system is preserved in normal aging. This study has shown that quantitative measurement of enzyme activity in the living brain is possible through appropriate modelling of tracer kinetics and accurate measurement of the input function. The method should be applicable to patients with Alzheimer’s disease and those with other kinds of dementia whose central cholinergic system has been reported to be disturbed.
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  • 48
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 60-60 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 49
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 98-109 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seen mit Wasser, so sauer wie verdünnte Essigsäure, so sauer wie manche Kraterseen, gibt es solche Seen in Deutschland? Ja, sie gibt es, und zwar sogar recht zahlreich in den alten und vor allem in den neuen Bundesländern. Alle diese Seen sind künstlicher Natur und treten im Zusammenhang mit dem Abbau von Bodenschätzen auf. Durch diesen Vorgang werden tiefere Schichten des Deckgebirges belüftet und mit Wasser versorgt, so daß eine chemische und vor allem mikrobiologische Oxidation von reduzierten Schwefelkver bindungen (Sulfiden) einsetzen kann. Dieselben Vorgänge laufe auch auf und in den Abraumhalden ab. Sulfide sind sehr häufige Begleiter von Braun- oder Steinkohlevorkommen. Ein wesentlicher Teil der Wasserkontaminationen im mitteldeutschen und Lausitzer Raum ist in der Tat mit der Braunkohleförderung verbunden. Ferner sind die meisten, abbauwürdigen Metallvorkommen ebenfalls in sulfidischen Erzen zu finden, so daß deren Abbau zu denselben Oxidation führt, die international als Als Mine Drainage bezeichnet werden.
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  • 50
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 117-117 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 51
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 118-120 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die Vielfalt des Lebens zu beschreiben, zu verstehen und zu bewahren gehört zu den wichtigsten Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Dies ist mittlerweile auch auf allen Ebenen, regional, national wie international, erkannt und wird prioritär behandelt. Senckenberg ist in Deutschland eines der größten Institute, das diese Aufgabe mit neuem Schwung angeht. Die dabei entwickelte Infrastruktur steht getreu den Grundsätzen der “Blaue-Liste-Finanzierung” dem ganzen Land zur Verfügung.
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  • 52
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 110-116 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Als Fertilitätsrate bezeichnet man die Zahl der Geburten pro Frau in ihrer Lebensspanne. Wenn Zu- Oder Abwanderung in einer Population gering sind, läßt eine Fertilitätsrate von 2,0 eine konstante Bevölkerungszahl erwarten. Bei der Entwicklung der Erdbevölkerung beobachtet man in den industrialisierten Ländern derzeit keinen Anstieg. Die Fertilitätsrate liegt in den USA bei 2,1 und in Europa durchschnittlich bei 1,4. Mit 1,2 und 1,15 haben Italien und Spanien dabei die weltweit niedrigsten Fertilitätsraten. Somit ist örtlich sogar ein Bevölkerungsrücksgang zu erwarten. Auch in ostasiatischen Ländern wie China und Korea hat sich der Bevölkerungszuwachs verlangsamt. In Südasien und in afrikanischen Ländern wie China und Korea hat sich der Bevölkerungszuwachs verlangsamt. In Südlich der Sahara finden wir jedoch nach wie vor relativ hohe Gebeurtenraten. Im westafrikanischen Nigeria liegt die Fertilitätsrate bei 6,3. Für Indien und Pakistan werden Werte von 3,5 und 5,6 angegeben. Es gibt also noch viele Regionen mit einer hohen Fertilitätsrate. Manche Wissenschaftler gehen sogar davon aus, daß sich die Zahl entsprechender Staaten eher noch erhöhen wird ‘7’. Deshalb weichen auch die Schätzungen voneinander ab, bei welcher Bevölkerungszahl Wachstumsstillstand eintreten wird. Viele Demographen gehen davon aus, daß sich die Erdbevölkerung bis zum Jahr 2050 bei 10 Milliarden stabilisieren wird ‘9’. Andere schätzen, daß danach ein weiterer Ansteig auf etwa 12 Milliarden menschen zu erwarten ist ‘7’. Der Rückgang der Geburtenzahlen in den industrialisierten Ländern wurde mit kontrazeptiven Maßnahmen erzielt, die uns schon lange zur Verfügung stehen und die gut eingeführt sind. Auf den ersten Blick Sch eint es somit aus bevölkerungspolitischer Sicht auf dem Gebiet der Kontrazeption keinen zwingenden Bedarf für Neuentwicklungen zu geben. Dennoch sind Forschungsaktivitäten im Gang, die auf eine pharmakologische Kontrazeption beim Mann gerichtet sind. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden neben den traditionellen Möglichkeiten, die dem Mann zur Kontrazeption offenstehen, der wissenschaftliche Hintergrund und der Entwicklungsstand einer “Pille für den Mann” vorgestellt.
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  • 53
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. V 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 54
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. X 
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  • 55
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XIII 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 56
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 130-130 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 57
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Generell ist der Markt für gentechnisch veränderte Pflanzen und daraus hergestellte Produkte in den letzten Jahren gewachsen. In Deutschland zeigen sich indessen eher verhaltene Auswirkungen dieser Entwicklung ‘3’. Die wirtschaftliche Entfaltung der Gentechnik und Biotechnologie ist in Deutschland noch gering. Als ein Maß für den Entwicklungsstand der Gentechnik in der Pflanzenzüchtung ‘2’ und damit unter anderem auch deren Auswirkung auf die Futter- und Lebensmittelproduktion kann die Anzahl von Freisetzungsvorhaben mit gentechnisch veränderten Organismen (GVO) gelten. Von den rund 1300 Freisetzungsvorhaben im Bereich der EU entfallen 90 auf Deutschland. Im Vergleich zu den anderen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten rangiert Deutschland damit auf dem siebenten Platz.
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  • 58
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 247-249 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Goethes eigenständige Untersuchungen zur Pflanzenchemie verknüspfen seine botanischen Studien mit seinen Arbeiten zur Farbenlehre. Bereits im Sommer 1796 begann er unter dem Einfluß von Alexander von Humboldt, die Wirkung des Lichts auf Pflan zen zu untersuchen. Zwanzig Jahre später protokollierte er die Experimente mit Pflanzenextrakten in seinem Notizbuch. Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen wurden erst als nachgelassene Schriften 1906 veröffentlicht.
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  • 59
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 255-255 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 60
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 256-256 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Asbstract.
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  • 61
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
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  • 62
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die heutigen Wälder, die man in Europa vorfindet, waren nicht immer dort. VOr 22000 Jahren - im Hochglazial - gab es nur im Mittelmeergebiet die klimatischen Voraussetzungen für das Wachstum von Bäumen. Allerdings waren dies meist keine dichten Wälder, sondern Steppen mit einzelnen Baumgruppen. Das bedeutet jedoch, daß die heute in Europa wachasenden Bäume während der letzten 12000 Jahre - also seit dem Ende der letzten Eiszeit - nach Mittel- und Nordeuropa eingewandert sein müssen. Am Beispiel der Waldbäume Eiche (Quercus), Hainbuche (Carpinus), Fichtet (Picea) und Tanne (Abies) soll diese Einwanderung aufgezeigt werden.
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  • 63
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 55-55 
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  • 64
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 44-53 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Quecksilber und seine Verbindungen haben trotz ihrer Giftigkeit vielfältige medizinische und industrielle Anwendungen. Die Nutzung des Quecksilbers durch den Menschen hat jedoch erhebliche Umweltbelastungen, insbesondere quecksilberbelastete Abwässer und Böden, zur Folge, die auch mit physikalisch-chemischen Sanierungsverfahren nicht befriedigend beseitigt werden können, da die Verfahren häufig teuer oder nicht spezifisch genug sind. Mikroorganismen haben im Laufe ihrer Evolution einen Mechanismus entwickelt, um Quecksilberverbindungen zu entgiften. Er beruht auf den Aktivitäten von zwei durch das mikrobielle mer-Operon codierten Enzymen, Quecksilberreduktase und Quecksilberlyase, die in der Lage sind, Organoquecksilberverbindungen und ionuisches Quecksilber in metallisches Quecksilber zu überführen. Die mikrobielle Quecksilberreisistenz kann eingesetzt werden, um quecksilberhaltige Abwasserströme mittels eines einfachen, umweltfreundlichen Verfahrens zu reinigen.Innenansicht einer Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyseanlage zur Gewinnung von Chlor und Natronlauge nach dem Amalgamverfahren. Bei diesem Prozeß wird auch heute noch in großem Umfang Quecksilber eingesetzt. In den Elektrolysezellen dieser Halle befinden sich insgesamt etwa 50 Tonnen Quecksilber.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 58-58 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 59-60 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 61-61 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 153-153 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 90-97 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die fossile Überlieferung aus den letzten präkambrischen Jahrmillionen deutet darauf hin, daß gelatinös organisierte Formenj, also quallenähnlich gebaute Organismen, die das marine Pelagial (den freien Wasserkörper des Meeres) besiedelten ‘3’. Was sie dort vorfanden war jedoch wenig labensfreundlich. Zwar wimmelte das Meer von bakterien und Protozoen, aber im wesentlichen waren die riesigen Wasserräume leer und unbesiedelt. Crustaceen und andere Organisationsformen waren - wenn die Befunde stimmen - noch in der Entwicklungsphase beziehungsweise noch nicht zu der pelagischen Lebensweise übergegangen. Wie überlebten die quallenförmigen Organismen in dieser Umwelt, und warum leben sie noch heute in allen Bereichen des Meeres, von der Flach- bis in die Tiefsee, von den Polen bis zu den Tropen? Der pelagische Lebensraum beinhaltet Tausende von Arten, die viel “höher” organisierten Gruppen angehören, die schneller und kräftiger sind. Wieso wurden die gelatinösen Plankter nicht in irgendeine skurrile Nische gedrängt oder über die Konkurrenz völlig ausgeschaltet? Mögliche Antworten auf diese Fragen finden wir in der Gegenwart.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 79-89 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nach dem Grundsatz “Vermeiden geht vor Wiederverwertung oder Recycling und letzteres vor Ablagerung auf einer Deponie”, schreibt das Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz 3 zwingend die Wiederverwertung von Wertstoffen vor. Schlacke aus Müllheizkraftwerken (MHKWs) wird vom Gesetzgeber als ein Wertstoff klassifiziert und unterliegt damit dem Wiederverwertungszwang. Verwendung findet die MHKW-Schlacke im Straßenbau als Ersatz für Sand und als Versatzmaterial in au fgelassenen Bergwerken. Während der letztere Verwendungszweck relativ unumstritten, wenn auch sehr teuer ist, stößt der erstere auf herbe Kritik seitens ökologisch orientierter Gruppen, insbesondere wegen des hohen Schwermetallgehalts der MHKW-Schlacke. Dieses geschieht unbeschadet der Tatsache, daß der Einsatz von Schlacke als Baumaterial starken Einschränkungen unterliegt, die insbesondere einen Kontakt der Schlacke mit Grundwasser und Niederschlägen und damit eine Elution ausschließen ‘6’. In Zukunft dürfte die Schlackeproblematik noch mehr als bisher Gegenstand umweltpolitischer Disku ssion sein, da ab dem Jahre 2005 alle herkömmlichen Hausmülldeponien für unverbrannten Restmüll de facto geschlossen werden. Dieses wird zwangsweise zu einer vermehrten Verbrennung von Restmüll und somit zu einer verstärkten Schlackeproduktion führen. Damit erhebt sich erneut die Frage nach der Wiederverwendung von Schlacke und damit nach ihrer Umweltverträglichkeit. Als sowohl ökonomisch als auch ökologisch vertretbare Alternativen stehen bislang nur neue kostengünstige Formen der Deponierung im Raum. Der folgende Artikel befaßt sich mit dem Pro und Contra der Wiederverwendung von MHKW-Schlacke aus Sicht der Pflanzenphysiologie und gibt eine Übersicht über die Streßfaktoren, denen Pflanzen bei der Kultur auf Schlacke ausgesetzt sind.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 121-124 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 125-125 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 126-126 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. VIII 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XI 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 132-141 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Für einen landwirtschaftlichen Anbau in Deutschland ist die Entwicklung von traansgenen Sorten beim Winterraps zur Zeit am weitesten gediehen, weshalb das Thema Gentechnik für diese Pflanzenart besondere Aktualität besitzt. Überdies erfolgt die züchterische Sortenentwicklung bei jeder Kulturpflanze prinzipiell in denselben Schritten. Es erscheint hilfreich, sich diese an einem erfolgreichen Beisiel zu vergegenwärtigen, will man die neuen Methoden der Biotechnologie mit den bisher in der Pflanzenzüchtung gebräuchlichen vergleichen und sachgerecht bewerten.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 158-166 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gentechnikspezifische rechtliche Vorgaben sind beim Herstellen von gentechnisch veränderten Pflanzen (GVP), Arbeiten mit GVP und dem Vermarkten von GVP einzuhalten. Diese reichen von der Anmeldung oder Genehmigung der gentechnischen Arbeit in einer gentechnischen Anlage, der Dokumentation der Arbeiten, bis zu den erforderlichen Genehmigungen von Freisetzungen oder des Inverkehrbringens der GVP.Die Einhaltung der gesetzlichen Vorgaben erfordert ebenso wie die praktische Überwachung geeignete Nachweisverfahren. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der gesetzlichen Etikettierungsvorschriften für gentechnisch veränderte Organismen sollen diese Verfahren hier vorgestellt werden.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 184-187 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 189-191 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 192-192 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 177-183 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Vielfalt in allen Erscheinungsformen kennzeichnet schon die unbelebte und in noch stärkerem Maße die belebte Natur. Dagegen drängt die Nutzung von Naturkräften durch den Menschen, insbesondere in ihren weiter entwickelten und technisierten Formen stets auf Vereinfachung. So werden landwirtschaftliche Kulturpflanzen bei ein- bis mehrjähriger Nutzung im Regelfall in Reinkultur angebaut, ganz im Gegensatz zur standorttypischen Artenvielfalt eines natürlichen Pflanzenbestandes. Lediglich die verbliebene Unkrautflora erinnert dann and die ursprüngliche Artenvielfalt einer Pflanzengesellschaft. Es kommt hinzu, daß sich landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau auf nur wenige anbauwürdige Kulturpflanzenarten konzentriert. Weltweit nimmt das Ackerland etwa 10 % der Landoberfläche der Erde ein, die mit nur etwa 30 Kulturpflanzenarten von überregionaler Bedeutung bestellt werden. Allein 37,4% davon sind dem Anbau von nur dreif für die Ernährung der Menschheit besonders bedeutsamen Arten (Weizen, Resi und Mais) gewidmet. In Deutschland werden gegenwärtig sogar 33% der Landoberfläche als Ackerland genutzt. Von den insgesamt etwa 14 bei uns häufiger anzutreffenden Kulturpflanzenarten besetzen die drei dominierenden Arten (Winterweizen, Mais und Wintergerste) dabei 48% der Anbaufläche. Landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau wird also generell artenarm betrieben.Die zweite Ebene bilogischer Vielfalt im landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenbau stützt sich auf die mehr oder weniger regelmäßige Folge verschiedener in Reinkultur angebauter Kulturpflanzenarten. Bozogen auf die Gesamtfläche eines Betriebes order die Feldflur einer Gemeinde ergibt sich dann noch immer ein abwechslungsreiches Gesamtbild verschiedener Aussaat-, Blühund Erntezeiten. Für artenreiche Fruchtfolgen lassen sich darüber hinaus viele, für die Bodenbewirtschaftung vorteilhafte Argumente anführen. Die hohe Schlagkraft der vollmechanisierten Betriebe und die beliebige Verfügbarkeit von Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Verbindung mit artunterschiedlichen Ertrags- und Preisrelationen haben jedoch auf intensive bewirtschafteten Betrieben in günstigen Lagen zu einer oft drastischen Reduktion der Pflanzenproduktion (auf den Anbau von nur noch drei, manchmal sogar nur zwei Arten) geführt, von denen der jeweils höchste Beitrag zur Deckung der Betriebskosten erwartet werden kann.Inzwischen hat sich jedoch die Erkenntnis durchgesetzt, daß die Aufrechterhaltung “biologischer Diversität” ein wesentliches Element zur Sicherung der “Nachhaltigkeit” der landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenproduktion darstellt. Dies hat in der Konferenz von Rio (1992) im Rahmen der Agenda 21 zum Abschluß einer “Konvention über Biologische Vielfatl” geführt, der auch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland beigetreten ist.Mit dem Begriff biologische Vielfalt werden in dieser Konvention nicht nur Naturschutzverpflichtungen zur Sicherung des Erhalts bedrohter Tier- und Pflanzenarten übernommen, sondern es geht zu einem wesentlichen Teil auch um die 3. Ebene der biologischen Vielfalt in Form der genetischen Vielfalt innerhalb der für die Welternährung grundlegend bedeutsamen Kulturpflanzenarten. In diesem Zusammenhang soll hier gefragt werden, ob mit der Einführung transgener Nutzpflanzen neben ihrem wirtschaftlichem Nutzen auch Risiken für die biologische Vielfatl verbuden sind.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 200-207 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Es ist schon erstaunlich: Man setzt sich eine einfache Brille auf, die als “Gläser” zwei farblose Folien enthält, und schon spielt die räumliche Sehwelt verrückt. Farbige Felder in bunt gemusterten Flächen springen in der Wahrenhmung auf uns zu, und andere weichen zurück. Betrachtet man eine Person vor dunklem Hintergrund, die einen roten Pullover and eine blause Hose anhat, so sieht man die obere Hälfte viel näher als die untere. Und noch verrückter: Ähnlich wei bei Michael Endes “Scheinriese” Tur-Tur ‘1’ nimmt der Tiefeneindruck zu, je weiter man sich von dem betrachteten Objekt entfernt. Wie kommt dieser Effekt zustande?Das Grundprinzip der ChromaDepth-Brille (C3DTM glasses), die von der Firma Chromatek in Georgia/USA hergestellt wird, ist die Farbdispersion: Rotes Licht wird durch das Gitter der brillenfolie stärker seitlich abgelenkt (gebeugt) als blaues Licht (Abbildung 1). Das dies für beide Augen gegensinnig erfolgt, ergeben sich Bildunterschiede zwischen rechtem und linkem Auge; Disparitäten, die das Sehsytem im Gehirn wie gewohnt als Raumtiefe deutet(Farbtiefeneffekt, Abbildung 2) Deshalb seiht man mit der ChromaDepth-Brille bunt gemusterte Flächen räumlich, genauer formuliert: Setzt man die Brille auf, so springen die Bilder, die wir mit unseren beiden Augen sehen, etwas aufeinander zurote Bildteile mehr, blaue weniger, Die Folge ist: Vor dunklem hintergrund erscheinen rote Flachen näher als blaue. Vor hellem Hintergrund ist es genau umge Kehrt: Rot erscheint hinter Blau. Das Ausmaß der wahrogenommenen Tiefe ist beträchtlich. So scheint der rote Fleck eines Laser-Pointers, auf eine vier Meter entfernte weiße Wand fällt, 110 Zentimeter vor dieser Wand in der Luft zu schweben. Im einzelnen kan der Sachverhalt sehr kompliziert sein. Auch wenn wir meinen, eine bestimmte Farbe zu sehen, handelt es sich in Wirklichkeit meist um ein kompliziertes Gemisch verschiedener Wellenlängen, die alle mit der ChromaDepth-Brille auseinan-dersortiert werden und ganz unerwartete Tiefenstaffelungen erzeugen können.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 218-222 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Scheinbar hat es Vortelie, Zwitter zu sein. Die Erstbesiedlung neuer oder gestörter lebensräume wird durch die Möglichkeit zur Selbstbefruchtung vereinfaht oder bei Abwesenheit von Sexualpartnern sogar erst möglich. Aus einem einzigen Samen einer selbstbestäubenden Pflanze kann sich bei gleichzetig hoher Reproduktionsrate, schnell eine große Population aufbauen. Viele kleine Brassicaceen (Kreuzblülter), wie etwa die Ackerschmalwand Arabidopsis thaliana, sind dafür gute Beispiele. Doch uneingeschränkte Selbstbefruchtung hat offensichtliche Nachtelie. Ungünstige Mutationen häufen sich im Genom an, und die durch Durchmischung des Erbgutes bewirkten heterosiseffekte entfalten sich nicht. Daher finden sich in etwa der Hälfte aller pflanzenfamilien Arten, bei denen Selbstbefruchtung (Autogamie) ausgeschlossen ist ‘5’. Verbreitete Mechanismen, die eine Allogamie (Frembdefruchtung) begünstigen, sind unterschiedliche Reifezeitpunkte und -orte der weiblichen und mänlichen gameten auf einer Pflanze oder die Diözie (Zweihäusigkeit), bei der weibliche und männliche Gameten auf unterschiedlichen Individuen gebildet werden. Weiterhin gibt es eine Vielzahl morphologischer Barrieren, die das zufällige Bestäuben mit dem eigenen Pollen behindern und Pflanzen häufig an Tiere als Pollenüberträger von Blüte zu Blüte binden. “Echte” selbstinkompatible pflanzen können den eigenen Pollen oder den der “näheren Verwandtschaft” erkennen und abn der Befruchtung hindern, sie sind aber nicht etwa steril, wie der früher gebrächliche Begriff Selbststerilität nahelegte, da sie fertile Gameten bilden. Erkannt wurde das Phänomen schon 1764 von Köreuter für die Königskerze Verbascum phoenichicum, doch die erste eingehende Analyse und Zusammen fassung dieser Daten und eigener Befunde erfolgte später (1867) durch Charles Darwin. Er erkannte als erster, daß die beobachtete Unfruchtbarkeit durchaus als “Begabung” angesehen werden kann.Viele landwirtschaftlich genutzte Arten sind heute selbstkompatibel, weil im Laufe ihrer Kulturgeschichte die Selbstinkompatibilitäts- Mechanismen verlorengegangen sind oder bewuß darauf verzichtet wurde. Dies hat gute Gründe: Einer davon ist vor allem eine Ertragssteigerung durch die ungehinderte (Selbst-) Befruchtung. Allerdings ist mit solchen Pflanzen die Produktion von Hybridsaatgut zur, “Handarbeit” des Züchters geworden. Im Zeitalter teurer menschilcher Arbeitskraft hat daher jede Art von Pollensterilität nicht zu unter schätzende wirtschaftliche Bedeutung gewonnen. Die (Rück-) Übertragung eines funktionierenden Selbstinkomatibilitätssystems auf kulturpflanzen erscheint hier als ein Lösungsweg, insbesondere da solche Pflanzen weiterhin fertilen Pollen produzieren könnten, also nicht steril wären. Allerdings ist man heutzutage noch zu weit von einem umfassenden Verständnis der natürlichen Selbstinkompatibilitäts Systeme entfernt, um deren übertragung auf selbstkompatible Methoden, erreichen zu Können.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 250-254 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 238-246 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nur bei wenigen Wachstumsprozessen wird eine so groß Genauigkeit gefordert und erreicht wie bei der Abstimmung der Augenlänge auf die Brennweite von Linse und Hornhaut. Wenn das Auge um nur ein Prozent zu lang ist, besteht bereist eine Kurzsichtigkeit (Myopie) von fast einer Dioptrie (dpt). Dabei fällt die Sehschärfe in der Ferne auf etwa ein Drittel. ab. Ist das Auge daggen zu kurz (Weitsichtigkeit-Hyperopie), so kann man zwar in der Ferne meist noch gut sehen, aber die Arbeit in der Nähe wird schwierig, weil mehr Akkommodation aufgebracht werden muß. Die hat nichts mit der “Alterweitsichtigkeit” (Presbyopie) zu tun, wo zwar der Bau des Auges normal ist, aber der altersbedingte Verlust der Akkommodation scharfes Sehen in der Nähe unmöglich macht.Beim Menschen, einigen Afen und Vögeln erreicht die Abbildungsgüte im Bereich der Stelle des schärfsten Sehens (Fovea) die Grenze der physikalischen Möglichkeiten. Nicht optische Schwächen oder Ungenauigkeiten im Bau des Auges, sondern die Lichtbeugung an der Pupille, die zwangsläufig aus den Welleneigenschaften des Lichtes folgt, begrenzen weitere Auflösung. Es ist schwer vorstellbar, wie diese Genaukeit erreicht werden kann, wenn nicht eine Steuerung des Wachstums durch einen rückgekoppeltn Regelkreis erfolgt, der sein Fehlersignal aus dem Netzhautbild entnimmt. Bis vor wenigen Jahren herrschte dennoch die Meinnung vor, daß das Augenlängenwachstum weitgehend genetisch bestimmt ist. Inszwischen ist aber durch Experimente mit brillentragenden Hühnern und Affen gezigt worden, daß “normale” Seherfahrung tatsächlich Voraussetzung für genaues Wachtsum ist. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen sind noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt, ber bisherige Ergebnisse lassen Schlüsse über mögliche Ursachen von Kurzsichtigkeit zu.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 268-277 
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 286-291 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Kein Schiff überquert sden Ozean ganz ohne blinde passagiere. Muscheln undAsseln bohren sich in Holzplanken. Algen und Seepocken heften sich mi Unterwasserbereich an die Schiffsrümpfe. Planktische sporen und Larven gelangen in das Ballastwasser, das jedes moderne Schiff zur Stabilisierung mit sich führt ‘1 und 3’. Je größer und schneller ein Schiff ist, desto, besser ist dies für die unbeachteten Tramper der Weltmeere. Wer solch eine lange Seereise überlebt, ist auch widerstands- und anpassungsfähig genug, um sich an neuen Küsten zurechtzufinden (Abbildung 2). Günstige Gelegenheiten zur Mitreise ergeben sich auch, wenn Austern oder andere Meerestiere für die Weiterzucht an ferne Küsten versandt werden. Solch ein Handel hat weltweit zugenommen, ebenso wie der interkontinentale Schffsverkehr. Diese Entwicklung führte dazu, daß mehr und mehr Arten zu Bewohnern weit voneinander entfernter Küsten wurden. Der mensch half die natürlichen Ausbreitungsbarrieren zu überwinden und leitete eine Globalisierung der Lebensgemeinschaften an den Küsten ein. - Welchen Umfang aber hat dies im Bereich der Nordsee angenommen? - Welche ökologischen Konsequenzen ergeben sich? - Kann und soll dieser Trend aufgehalten werden? - Diese brisanten Fragen stellen sich weltweit für die Meeresküsten und ebenso auch für die Süßwasser und das Land ‘11-13’.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 292-300 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zu en vielen Schutz- und Verteidigungsstrategien, die von den Organismen entwickelt wurden, um dem Gefressenwerden zu entgehen, Zählen ein sperrigerwerden der Individuen, die Bildung von Panzern, Stacheln und Dornen, das Produzieren und Speichern von schwerverdaulichen Stoffen und Giften, aber auch die Entwicklung eines komplexen verhaltensrepertoires zur Vermeidung von Freßfeinden ‘8’. Bis zur dieses Jahrhunders glaubte man, daß die der Verteidigung dienenden Maßnahmen dauerhaft seien, also im Laufe der Evolution entstanden sind und im Verlauf ddes Lebens eines Individuums zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt zur Ausprägung, gelangen, unabhängig von der gerad herrschenden Bedrohung. Heute wissen wir, daß neben einer solchen kionstitutiven Verteidigung in vielen Organismengruppen auch induzierbare Verteidigungsmechanismen existieren, welche nur dann wirksam werden wenn Freßfeinde im Biotop in größerer Dchte auftreten und somit eine ernstzunehmende Bedrohung darstellen. Das Spektrum induzierbarer Feindabwehrmechanismen ist der Palette der kionstitutiven Abwehrmaßnahmen dabei durchaus sehr ähnlich. Der entscheidende Unterschied ist jedoch der, daß der bedrohte Organismus erst auf ein bestimmtes Signal hin von seinem genetisch festgelegten Schutzmechanismus Gebrauch macht. Dadurch werden die Kostenfür die Feindabwehr minimiert. Neben physikalischen Signalen (wie Licht und Temperatur), welche dem Organismus indirekt Auskunft über den Grad einer aktuellen Bedrohung geben können, spielen von den Freßfeinden abgegebene chemische Signale (Kairomone) eine entscheidende Rollen als Auslöser der induzierbaren Verteidigungsmechanismen. An der Aufklärung der chemischen Natur der Kariomione wird zur Zeit intenxiv gearbeitet.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 301-306 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Früher wurden über 90% aller Vogelarten als monogam klassifiziert, also als in Einehen lebend ‘5’. Manhatte zwar auch schon damals vereinzelt beobachtet, daß es bei einem Teil dieser Arten manchmal zu Kopulationen mit anderen Individuen als dem Paarpartner kommen kann, maß diesem Verhalten jedoch keine größere Bedeutung bei. Man dachte vielmehr, daß es sichhierbei um eine Art krankhaftes Verhalten handele. Dises Ansicht änderte sich erst, als verschiedene Methoden von Elternschaftsnachweissen gezielt auch bei Vögeln angewenden wurden, um damit Jungtiere zu identifizieren, die aus solchen “Fremdkopulationen resultieren”. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß die Häfigkeit dieses Verhaltens aufgrund der wenigen Beobachtungen stark unterschätzt worden war und daß bei einer beeinduruckenden Zahl von Vogelarten mit einem monogamen paarungsssytem Jungtiere zu finden sind, die nicht von dem Männchen abstammen, welches die Brut versorgt ‘1’.Die Untersuchungsergebnisse werfen eine Reihe weiterführender evolutionsbiologischer Fragen auf. So stellt sich unter ande rem die Frange nach dem Anpassungswert, halb des Paarbundes. Während der Nutzen f¨r die Männchen auf der hand zu liegen scheint, sie können durch, “Fremdkopulationen” die Anzahl ihrer Nachkommen erhöhen, ist der evlutionsbiologische Vorteil für die Weibchen nicht nämlilck durch Ko pulationen außerhalb des Paarbundes normalerweise nicht die Anzahl ihrer Nachkommen steigern. Sie erhöhen durch Kopulationen mit einem anderen Männchen allenfalls die genetische Variabilität ihree Nachkommen.Ein weiterer Fragenkomplex ergibt sich durch den Umstand, daß brutpflegende Männchen vermeiden sollten, für Jungtiere zu sorgen, die nicht von ihnen selbst stammen. Dises Erwartung basiert darauf, daß Brutpflege gewöhnlich mit Kosten (Enegie und Zeit) verbunden ist: Wenn die Männchen für Jungtiere sorgen, die nicht von ihnen selbst stammen, dann reduzieren sie auf längere Sicht ihren eingene Fortpflanzungserfolg.Im fogenden Aufastz soll versucht werden, die beiden genannten Fragenkomplexe beispielhaft an Untersuchungsergebnissen zum Paarungsverhalten von Kohleisen zu vertiefen. Dabei soll zunächst gezeigt werden, wie mit Hilfe moderner molekulargenetischer Methoden, namentlich dem DNA-Fingerprinting, das Fortpflanzungsverhalten einer Vogelart analysiert werden kann, um dann anschließend auf die eben genannten evolutionsbiologisch relevanten Aspekte einzugehen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 309-309 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seit 1989 organisieren die beiden Zoologen Prof. Dr. H. K. Schminke aus Oldenburg und Prof. Dr. W. Westheide aus Osnabrück im Sommer einwöchige Intensivkurse zur Vermittlung taxonomisch-ökologischer Kenntnisse über einheimische Tiergruppen. BIUZ wollte mehr über diese Kurse und ihre Ziele wissen.
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  • 94
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. V 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 95
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. IX 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 318-318 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 330-335 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Blütenpflanzen können nur über ihre Ausbreitungseinheiten oder Diasporen wandern. Das sind Keimkörper, die entweder auf ungeschlechtliche oder geschlechtliche Weise gebildet werden. Im folgenden werden nur die auf geschlechtlichem Weg entstandenen und für die Bluütenpflanzenevolution so wichtigen Ausbreitungskörper diskutiert.Im einfachsten Fall sind die Ausbreitungskörper bei en Blütenpflanzen die Samen selbst. Es können jedoch auch andere Blütenteile (Fruchtblätter, Blütenaches) und sogar Pflanzenteile außerhalb der Blüte (Tragblätter) in den Aufbau der Diasporen einbezogen sein. Mannigfaltig sind dabei die Anpassungen an die verschiedenen Vektoren, die für den Transport der Diasporen verantwortlich sind. Wind, Wasser, Tiere oder die Pflanzen selbst sorgen für eine geeignete Ausbreitung. Oft wirken mehrere Vektoren zusammen. Große Unterschiede bestehen in der Größe der Diasporen und in der Anzahl, die eine Blütenpflanze hervorbringt. experimente deuten jedoch immer wieder auf ein einheitliches Grundmuster der Ausbreitung hin.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 346-352 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A Is unerläßliches Nebenprodukt fördert der Steinkohlenbergbau unverwertbares Gestein, die “Berge”. Nur ein geringer Prozentsatz dieses Materials kann wieder unter die Erde zuruckgebracht werden, der weitaus größte Teil wird zu Bergehalden aufgeschüttete man die Halden in Form von Spitzkegeln auf, später wurden sie als terrassierte Tafelberge gestaltet. Heute versucht man, die Bergehalden als eine Art “Landschaftsbauwerk” in die Umgebung zu integrieren.Das nackte, schwarze Gestein der Aufhaldungen findet bei der Bevölkerung keine Akzeptanz, darüber hinaus verursacht eine unbegrünte Bergehalde erhebliche Staubentwicklung. Diese Gründe machten es erforderlich, die Bergehalden zu begrünung bestockte man die Halden mit Gehölzpflanzen, mittlerweile versucht man, die Halden unter Einbeziehung wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse nach ökoogischen Gesichtspunkten zu bepflanzen ‘22’. Von besonderem Interesse ist die Frage nach dem Wert dieser Flächen seitens des Naturschutzes. Dies gewinnt insbesondere deshalb an Bedeutung, da gerade in den industriellen Ballungsräumen im städtischen Bereich oft ein großer Verlust an Grünflaächen Stattgefunden hat. Eine Bewertung der Bergehalden hinsichtlich ihres Nutzens für naturschutzorientierte Zwecke kann jedoch nur anhand mehrjähriger Untersuchungen erfolgen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 371-371 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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