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  • 1990-1994  (261)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1994  (261)
  • Conference proceedings  (179)
  • Life Sciences (general)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1715-1721 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Fluctuations (noise, chaos, nonequilibrium superconductivity, localization, etc.) ; Flux pinning ; flux motion ; fluxon-defect interactions ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary High-quality single-phase thin platelets of BSCCO-2223 have been produced by a novel method on thermal-gradient-enhanced KCl flux which allows the growth of the 2223-phase in an extremely short time interval compared to those reported in the literature. In-plane electrical resistivity measurements in zero applied magnetic field have been performed. Experimental data have been analysed and interpreted within the Aslamazov-Larkin theory of amplitude fluctuations and the Ginzburg-Landau Coulomb gas model of phase fluctuations. These theories seem to fit in a very reliable way the experimentalR(T) curves.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1815-1820 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Insulator-superconductor transitions ; unconventional mechanisms of high-T c superconductivity ; Other topics in superconductivity ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The temperature dependence of local Cu site conformations in single-domain crystals of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+y (Bi-2212) and La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 (La-214) has been determined by EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure), a fast (10−15 s) and local probe. Two sets of Cu site conformations characterized by the Cu−O(apical) bond distances and tilting of copper square plane have been found atT〈T*∼1.5T c . The difference between the long and short Cu−O(apical) distance appeared to be 0.17 Å and 0.12 Å atT〈T* in Bi-2212 and La-214 systems, respectively. The polarons are associated with the short Cu−O(apical) bond distance. The ratio between the number of short and the total number of Cu−O(apical) bonds (N short/N tot∼0.42 in both systems) is a measure of the relative area of distorted and undistorted domains. By using this result we have been able to show the polaronic nature of the one-dimensional structural anharmonic modulation of the CuO2 plane in Bi-2212 where the polarons have dimensionW=(11±1) Å atT〈T*≈1.4T c and are condensed into a one-dimensional generalized Wigner charge density wave (CDW). It appears that superconductivity is stabilized at thigh temperature by resonant quantum confinement in a superlattice of stripe widthL wherek Fx ∼k Fy ∼π/L.
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1843-1849 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Fluctuations (noise, chaos, nonequilibrium superconductivity, localization, etc.) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary This work is focused on how oxygen stoichiometry and distribution affects the pretransitional region in YBa2Cu3O7−δ pellets prepared by different thermal treatments starting from the same batch with oxygen content 6.94. We find that slightly deoxygenated samples, which show higherT c and narrower transition than the starting material, also exhibit a more pronounced rounding of the resistivity extending towards higher temperatures. We analyse the presence and the extension of regions with different power law behaviour of excess conductivityvs. temperature.
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  • 4
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1871-1876 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Magnetization curves ; Meissner effect ; penetration depth ; Critical currents ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary BSCCO (2223) phase superconductor, prepared by the traditional solid-state reaction route, was densified by hot pressing, yielding high-density and textured-bulk materials. A correlation between processing parameters and inter-, intra-granular properties of the sample was performed through the evaluation of microstructural features and the study of electrical resistivity and magnetization behaviour as a function of different temperature and magnetic field.
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  • 5
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1925-1932 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Flux pinning ; flux motion ; fluxon-defect interactions ; Critical currents ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The results of low-temperature magnetic-relaxation experiments in TlBaCaCuO superconductors (2212 and 2223 phase) are reported. They give evidence of a crossover from a thermally activated regime of flux motion to a nonthermally activated one. The magnetic-relaxation rate is found to become temperature independent below ≅7K and ≅3K, for the 2212 and 2223 phase, respectively. Its value compares well with that predicted by the theories of flux motion by quantum tunnelling.
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  • 6
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1917-1924 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Flux pinning ; flux motion ; fluxon-defect interactions ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Measurements of fundamental and higher harmonics of a.c. susceptibility on polycrystalline high-T c superconductors were carried out using a new method, involving a 2-channel dynamic analyser, allowing 20 harmonics in phase and out of phase to be measured at the same time. The critical-state model, used for describing the higher-harmonics dependence on temperature at fixed d.c. and a.c. magnetic fields, did not explain the experimental results. A frequency analysis indeed suggested that an effect of the fluxon dynamics takes place. Simple considerations lead to the conclusion that really Thermally Activated Flux Flow (TAFF), Flux Creep (FC) and Flux Flow (FF) would have a big role in determining the higher harmonics of a.c. susceptibility. Measurements on low-T c superconductors showed the occurrence of the same effect.
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  • 7
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1933-1939 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Flux pinning, flux creep, and flux-line lattice dynamics ; Critical currents ; Material effects onT c, κ, critical currents (including impurities, ion implantation, etc.) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Bulk slabs of sintered YBCO were irradiated with monoenergetic protons at different energies (3.5 and 6.5 MeV) and different fluences, ranging from 1.8·1016 to 8.6·1016 p/cm2. The effects on intergrain critical currents of protons crossing the sample and the effects of protons implanting in the specimen, has been studied by means of a.c. susceptibility characterizations. D.c. hysteresis cycles were measured in low fields in order to investigate the modifications in the intergrain critical current density due to proton implantation. The main result is the evidence that the intergrainJ c response to the applied field can be modulated by means of the proton irradiation. Resistive measurements were also performed in order to investigate the complex transport phenomena in polycrystalline materials. Irradiation-induced effects on both superconducting- and normal-state resistivity are studied. The addition of extrinsic defects can lead to enhanced transport properties, emerging especially when a magnetic field is applied.
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  • 8
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1671-1678 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Effects of material synthesis ; crystal structure ; chemical composition ; Y-based compounds ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary YBCO with high granulometric perfection and low dispersion can be obtained by a low-temperature reaction (≈800°C) of atomic-scale dispersed powders, produced through the thermal decomposition of liquid precursors. As reacted such powders are tetragonal and not superconducting, but they transform into the high-T c phase after optimized annealing treatments. We describe the method we developed and the characteristics of the materials we achieved, and we discuss the main features of the process in the light of the current know-how.
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  • 9
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 2019-2024 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Proximity effects, tunneling phenomena, and Josephson effects ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary An analysis of superconducting transport properties and magnetic behaviour of d.c. SQUIDs employing YBCO bicrystal grain boundary junctions (GBJs) has been performed. GBJs have been obtained by deposition of ac-axis-oriented YBCO film on a SrTiO3 bicrystal substrate by ICM sputtering technique. Experimental measurements on a YBCO d.c. SQUID with a misorientation angle θ=20° are reported. The SQUID shows a critical temperatureT c∼89 K and a high critical current densityJ c∼3·106 A/cm2 atT=4.2 K. Current-voltage characteristics are close to the behaviour predicted by the resistively shunted junction (RSJ) model and the temperature dependenceJ c(T) shows a linear behaviour at small reduced temperatures and a depressedJ c value close toT c. High-quality flux-voltage curves have been found upT=87 K over a large range of magnetic field. The high reproducibility and the good control of transport properties by the variation of θ make YBCO bicrystal GBJs very useful for applications in electronics.
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  • 10
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1799-1802 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Relaxation effects ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary High-temperature (T〉200 K)139La NMR relaxation rates in single crystals of La2CuO4+δ (δ∼0.015 and δ∼0.002) at two measuring frequencies are presented and compared with zero-field NQR data for a series of La2−x Sr x CuO4+δ powder samples with 0≤x≤0.08 and 0〈δ0.013. For δ≠0 an enhancement of the relaxation rate is observed which is related to the time dependence of the quadrupole interaction. Quantitative information on the oxygen diffusion is obtained from the analysis of the data with a simple diffusion model. The results are discussed in relation to the problem of macroscopic phase separation occurring for higher oxygen content.
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  • 11
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1701-1708 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting perovskites and related structures ; Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure and properties ; Conductivity phenomena in semiconductors and insulators ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The transformation of the 2223 (n=3) phase in the 2201 (n=1) phase by heating the sample in Ar atmosphere was studied. The subsequent cycling of the sample temperature and the oxygen enrichment of the gas phase convert the 2201 (n=1) phase in the 2223 (n=3) phase in the presence of the 2212 (n=2) and Ca2PbO4 compound. Thein situ resistivity measurements,T c values and XRD carried out on the sample confirm these phase changes. The experiment indicates that this process is oxygen dependent at low oxygen partial pressure.
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  • 12
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1735-1741 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Response to electromagnetic fields ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; ultrasonic attenuation ; Scattering by phonons, magnons, and other nonlocalized excitations ; Superconducting perovskites and related structures ; Refractive index, reflectivity, critical angle, dispersive power ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Evidence of polaron formation in superconducting cuprates is provided by infrared reflectivity spectra. In the Nd−Ce−Cu−O withT c≈20 K, polaron formation corresponds to vibrational local modes in the far-infrared and to a band in the mid-infrared built up through overtones and combination bands of these modes. A comparison with infrared spectra taken by different groups on Y−Ba−Cu−O, and Tl−Sr−Ca−Cu−O suggests that polarons survive in the highest-T c superconductors.
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  • 13
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 2005-2010 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting films ; PACS 81.15.Cd ; Deposition by sputtering ; Microwave circuits (e.g., parametric, solid state) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Superconducting films of YBa2Cu3O7−x were depositedin situ on LaAlO3 substrates using single-target 90° off-axis sputtering. The obtained films have tipicalT c values of 91K. Surface resistance measurements on as-grown films reach 1.1 mΩ at 77K and 10GHz; whilst on ion-etched patterned resonant linesR s (77K, 10GHz) it is about 10mΩ.
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  • 14
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 2113-2117 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices ; superconducting cables and conductors ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Ag/BSCCO-2223 phase tapes were prepared with a new plastic deformation cycle. Starting from the hot extrusion of composite billets, hundreds of metres of tape 0.15×3 mm were obtained by drawing and rolling the extruded bars. The cross-section, monofilamentary with a central Ag insert, is quite regular along all the length. Samples from 30 cm to 100 cm in length were heat-treated at different temperatures between 830°C and 480°C in Ar+10% O2 atmosphere. Electrical-transport properties were tested at 77K.J c of 3000 A/cm2 were usually achieved after first heat treatment. The superconducting properties were also tested by magnetic measurements using a vibrating sample magnetometer.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polymer reactions and polymerization ; Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We analyse data from the dynamic light scattering of poly(N-isopropylacrilamide) in water solution as we cross the collapse transition. Experimental data are interpreted by the Gaussian self-consistent Zimm model that takes into account two- and three-body excluded-volume effects, and Oseen hydrodynamic interactions, as well as by the standard cumulant and Contin analyses. By fitting the dynamic structure factor we extract the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficientD and the first relaxation time τ1 across the collapse transition for a range of scattering angles. The relaxation time τ1 possesses a characteristic peak at about 32.4 °C due to slowing of the internal motions of the polymer at the theta-point, and a minimum at 33.4 °C. We interpret this as a combination of collapse closely followed by the growth of critical correlations. At large scattering angles we reach the universalk 3 regime, and observe that this behaviour vanishes at the onset of collapse transition.
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  • 16
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 817-824 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Computer simulation of static and dynamic behavior ; Liquid metals and liquid alloys ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Results of extensive computer simulations performed in liquid water are reported in order to clarify the main features of dynamical density correlations in this system. Puzzling aspects, such as the anomalous sound wave propagation at finite wave vectors, are related to the peculiar structural aspects of this hydrogen-bonded liquid. Additional features (such as the evolution of the relevant memory functions at increasing wave vectors and the emergency of a second mode in the longitudinal current spectra) are also discussed in some detail.
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  • 17
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 697-702 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polymers, elastomers, and plastics ; Field theory ; Spontaneous and radiative symmetry breaking ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Filamentary-surfaces randomly branched polymers can be represented byO(N) symmetric quantum field theories in the limit whereN→∞ and the coupling constantg→g c in a correlated manner. The statistical systems of randomly branched polymers are realized as dual diagrams of the Feynman graphs of the underlyingO(N) symmetric quantum field theory. The purpose of these studies is to gain intuition for the long-lasting search for a possible description of quantum field theory in terms of extended objects.
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  • 18
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 803-807 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Conformation (statistics and dynamics) ; Polymers and plastics ; Heterogeneous liquids: suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, pastes, slurries, foams, block copolymers, etc ; Thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Simulation results as well as experimental data indicate that full stretching of flexible polyelectrolytes will not occur under experimentally realizable conditions. Using density-dependent swelling exponents ν(ϕ) as suggested by Stevens and Kremer from the results of a MD simulation study, we present an Alexander-de Gennes-like scaling picture for the behaviour of charged brushes. The brush height is found to become dependent on the grafting density as soon as internal stretching is incomplete. For a particular anchoring technique used in experimental studies the grafting density itself becomes dependent on the chain length. The resulting modified overall chain length dependence of the brush height is discussed.
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  • 19
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 835-842 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Order-disorder and statistical mechanics of model systems ; Small-angle scattering, EDXD, EXAFS, and other techniques ; Layer structures, intercalation compounds, and superlattices: growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties ; Polymers, elastomers, and plastic ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A homologous series of nine symmetric poly(styrene)-block-poly(butadieme) diblock copolymers was synthesized and characterized. The scaling of the lamellar thickness,D, with the chain lengthN(DαN δ ) was investigated with small-angle X-ray scattering. Different sample preparation methods were used: annealing, solvent-casting and shear alignment. We find that the lamellar thickness and thus the value of the exponent δ depends on the preparation method used,i.e. care must be taken to ensure that the samples investigated are in thermodynamic equilibrium.
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  • 20
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 865-871 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Disperse systems ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The phase diagram of the ternary system,i.e. poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), poly(acrylic acid, sodium salt), and water was investigated by varying the molecular weight of the components. In general, a range of phase separation is surrounded by a one-phase system. The range of phase separation can be subdivided into a region of flocculation and/or coacervation in contrast to stable symplex dispersions. By increasing the molecular weight of the components the range of phase separation is increased and phenomena of flocculation followed by coacervation were observed predominantly. Above a molecular weight of 10 000 g/mol the transition to concentrated macroscopic homogeneous one-phase systems was observed at a constant ionic strength of 2 mol/l coinciding with the «critical ionic strength» for Coulombic interactions in this system. That means the transition to concentrated one-phase systems can be understood by the disappearance of Coulombic forces above a system-specific ionic strength resulting in a quite additive behaviour of the mixtures with regard to the components.
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  • 21
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 895-900 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Liquid crystals ; Interface elasticity, viscosity, and viscoelasticity ; ther topics in the structure and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and thin films ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The nematic planar anchoring is usually explained by using simple elastic models: the surface easy axis corresponds to the surface direction that minimizes the excess of nematic elastic energy. When anisotropic rough substrates are used to align nematic liquid crystals, due to the complex surface morphology, usual elastic models are not directly applicable. This paper presents quantitative topographical data of rough substrates, obtained with oblique SiO evaporation under vacuum for nematic planar anchoring. Experimental data are obtained by means of Atomic Force Microscopy and they are used to demonstrate the self-affine nature of these substrates and to relate the nematic anchoring with the anisotropy of the local fractal properties of the substrate itself.
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  • 22
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 637-640 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polymers, elastomers, and plastics ; Interface elasticity, viscosity and viscoelasticity ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We discuss the role of «connectors» between two rubber blocks or between a rubber and a solid. Early descriptions of these systems were restricted to very dilute connectors, working independently. In the present work, we investigate theoretically the role and the limits of the surface concentration of connectors.
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  • 23
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 923-931 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering ; Ultrasonic relaxation processes in gases, liquids, and solids ; Structure of associated liquids ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We have performed Brillouin and depolarized Rayleigh light scattering on water-methanol solutions as a function of methanol molar fraction and temperature. For this system, molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation predicts that a shell of water forms around a methanol molecule, prediction which has been recently confirmed by neutron diffraction experiments. The results obtained by light scattering and presented here confirm previous observations and show, in addition, an increase of the stability in time of the water structure in the shells when temperature decreases and methanol concentration approaches a particular value.
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  • 24
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 641-652 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Macromolecular and polymer solutions (solubility, swelling, etc.) ; polymer melts ; Thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We consider the configurations and the various regimes when an alternating, symmetric, multiblock copolymer made of successive sequences of A and B monomers with equal lengthZ is at the interface between two immiscible solvents that are respectively good for one of the sequences and poor for the other one. We find two semi-dilute regimes, when the copolymers overlap. For monomer concentrations belowГ **, we find a first range where the thickness of the copolymers is constant and equal to the radius of a sequence. For concentrations larger thanГ **, a second regime appears, where the seqeunces stretch our and adopt a conformation similar to what was reported for grafted polymers. Finally at a concentrationГ sat, the interface is completely saturated, and the copolymers form micelles in the bulk: it becomes energetically more favourable to have copolymers in the bulk than at interface.
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  • 25
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1205-1216 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Statistical theories of liquid structure ; Computer simulation of static and dynamic behavior ; General studies of phase transitions ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Binary-fluid mixtures show first-order phase transition phenomena which are either classified as mixing-demixing (phase separation), or as condensation-evaporation. The localization of the transition lines, the characterization of the new phases, and the analysis of the parameters which force model systems to choose one of the two transition mechanisms is the aim of this study. We performed both parallel-molecular-dynamics simulations and integral-equation theory calculations on binary mixtures of Lennard-Jones particles. By fixing the composition and by varying the interaction strength, we found a continuous change between the two kinds of transition mechanisms. Theoretical and simulation results are compared with each other and a quantitative agreement i8s found. However, the simultation analysis appears to be more promising since, in contrast to the integral-equation theory in which the spinodal lines can only be approched, information on the microscopic structure of the new phases can be obtained.
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  • 26
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1065-1089 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Optical chaos ; Classical mechanics of continuous media: general methematical aspects ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary In 1952 A. Turing introduced the concept of chemical morphogenesis. A medium with at least two interacting and diffusing components (activator and inhibitor) can be subjected to spontaneous pattern formation, with a scale length independent of the boundary conditions, and thus maintained even in the infinite volume limit. This is at variance with pattern formation in fluids (as,e.g., Rayleigh-Benard and Faraday instabilities) where the size is imposed by the boundary geometry. In non-linear optics, patterns emerge from the coupling of a diffractive equation describing electromagnetic propagation with a diffusion equation describing the local modification of the polarizability in a medium. As we adjust an extensive parameter (the so-called Fresnel numberF) corresponding to the optical aspect ratio, we observe a transition from a regime dominated by the boundary constraints to a Turing-type regime dominated by the bulk parameter. This is equivalent to saying that the preminent role is due to the diffractive equation in one case and to the diffusive one in the other. Morphogenesis for lowF arises from the non-linear competition among a small number of degrees of freedom, giving rise to a space-uniform excitation with a low-dimensional dynamics. This gives rise to the different scenarios of chaos. Their properties have been explored in the past decade. In the large-F case, the space-time instabilities rapidly evolve toward complex patterns, not reducible to a few indicators. In the case of two-dimensional fields, global characterization is achieved via the statistics of the topological defects.
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  • 27
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1127-1139 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Colloids ; Solubility, segregation, and mixing ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We review the phase behaviour of mixtures of colloids and non-adsorbing polymers. The exclusion of polymer molecules from overlapping «depletion zones» between two neighbouring colloidal particles results in an unbalanced osmotic pressure pushing the particles together. This depletion potential is separately tunable in range and depth. Theory predicts that the resulting phase behaviour is sensitive to ξ=r g/R, the ratio of the radius of gyration of a polymer molecule, to the radius of the colloid. At large ξ, a stable colloidalliquid phase becomes possible. This has been confirmed by recent experiments. The formation of non-equilibrium «transient gel» states when the size ratio is small (≈0.08) is also introduced briefly.
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  • 28
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1171-1176 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Thermal expansion and thermomechanical effects ; Lattice theory and statistic ; Ising problems ; Polymer reactions and polymerization ; General studies of phase transitions ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The role of chemical reactions in the selection of patterns in phase-separating mixtures is presented. Linearized theory and computer simulation show that the initial long-wavelength instability characteristic of spinodal decomposition is suppressed by chemical reactions, which restrict domain growth to intermediate length scales even in the late stages of phase separation. Our findings suggest that chemical reactions may provide a novel way to stabilize and tune the steady-state morphology of phase-separating materials.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1373-1390 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Mechanical properties of liquids ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A general method is presented for the preparation of viscoelastic surfactant phases that consist of densely packed multilamellar vesicles in water. The phases form spontaneously when ionic surfactants are added to Lα-or L3-phases from uncharged surfactants and cosurfactants. The dimensions and the structure of the vesicles were studied from FF-TEM micrographs for 100 mM surfactant solutions. The average diameter of the vesicles is in the range of 1 μm, the interlamellar spacing is around 800 Å. Under these conditions the vesicles are densely packed and cannot pass each other. The systems are highly viscoelastic and have a yield value. The storage and the loss moduli were determined by oscillating rheological measurements. The storage modulus was about one order of magnitude larger than the loss modulus and independent of frequency. Both parameters were determined as a function of the concentration and the chain length of the surfactant and cosurfactant, the charge density and ionic strength, the solubilization of hydrocarbon and temperature. The yield values and shear moduli increase linearly with the surfactant concentration. For constant surfactant concentration the moduli increase in a S-shaped form with the charge density and reach saturation for a mole fraction of about 7% of ionic surfactant. The storage moduli and yield values decrease with the addition of excess salt. The storage moduli depend strongly on the chain length of the surfactant. The values of the moduli are explained on the basis of a hard-sphere model in which the multilamellar vesicles are considered as hard-sphere particles.
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  • 30
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1433-1437 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Viscosity and diffusion: experimental ; Diffusion and thermal diffusion ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The dynamics of water molecules occupying very small volumes can be probed by incoherent quasi-elastic neutron scattering. We summarise some results obtained with wet samples of porous silica and hydrated proteins. The movements of the molecules in the vicinity of the substrate are extremely reduced as compared to those of bulk water at the same temperature. Almost only rotational movements subsist and the local diffusion is of the order of that observed in deeply supercooled water.
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  • 31
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1471-1477 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Photochemical reactions of biomolecules biochemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics, model reactions ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) was studied in phospholipid vesicles and in Langmuir-Blodgett bilayers in the attempt to produce a model for electron transfer processes in biological media. Spatial organization of the reaction centers in lipid membranes needs to be controlled in order to provide high efficiency of light-to-chemical energy conversion. We designed a phospholipid system where the donor is localized in the inner bilayer whereas the acceptor is at the polar groups-water interface. We used dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid vesicles containing low molar fractions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine with pyrene (donor) bound to one of the alkyl chains. Methylviologen (acceptor) was added to the external aqueous phase; upon photoexcitation of the donor we observed the electron transfer to take place in a unidirectional manner from the inside of the bilayer to the interface. Information about the location of the donor was obtained studying the photophysical properties of the pyrene chromophore in vesicles and in LB layers. The photoinduced electron transfer reaction was evidenced by quenching of pyrene fluorescence in the presence of increasing concentrations of acceptor, the process was studied both with steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence emission. Fluorescence intensity was found to decrease with increasing concentration of methylviologen, similar results were obtained for vesicles and LB layers of analog composition immersed in a methylviologen solution. Lifetimes of the excited species were found to be of the same order of magnitude in vesicle and LB-layer systems.
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  • 32
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1297-1303 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Fluid surfaces and fluid-fluid interfaces ; Liquid thin films ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Stiff rod-like chain molecules with harmonic bond length potentials and trigonometric bond angle potentials are used to model Langmuir monolayers at high densities. One end of the rod-like molecules is strongly bound to a flat two-dimensional substrate which represents the air-water interface. A ground-state analysis is performed which suggests phase transitions between phases with and without collective uniform tilt. Large-scale off-lattice Monte Carlo simulations over a wide temperature range show in addition to the tilting transition the presence of a strongly constrained melting transition at high temperatures. The latter transition appears to be related to two-dimensional melting of the head group lattice. These findings show that the model contains both, two- and three-dimensional ergodicity breaking solidification transitions. We discuss our findings with respect to experiment.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1401-1410 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Mechanical properties of liquids ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Both linear and non-linear viscoelasticity experiments have been performed in semi-dilute micellar aqueous solutions of ethanediyl-α,ω-bis (dodecylmethylammonium bromide) as a function of solution chloride (NaCl) concentration. The results suggest that both linear and non-linear properties are affected by the electrostatic interactions. In particular, the plateau modulusG′∞ and the ratioσ m/G′∞, whereσ m represents the plateau value in a stress-shear rate experiment, are enhanced as the electrostatic interactions are screened by addition of salt. The zero-shear viscosity is lowered upon addition of NaCl, due likely to an exchange of the Cl− ions with the Br− counterions.
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  • 34
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1367-1372 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Fluid surfaces and fluid-fluid interfaces ; Transitions in liquid crystals ; Defects in liquid crystals ; Liquid thin films ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Optical studies of Langmuir monolayers of simple amphiphiles such as fatty acids and esters by polarized fluorescence microscopy and Brewster-angle microscopy reveal a large variety of textures including stripes, stars, and spirals that closely resemble textures observed in liquid crystals. The textures represent large-scale (〉10 μm) spontaneous organization of the molecular tilt azimuth. Phase transitions within the monolayer can be directly observed by marked changes in texture, revealing a complex phase diagram. Many of the textures can be explained by a Landau-deGennes theory of tilted hexatic phases that takes into account the broken-symmetry characteristic of amphiphiles at an interface.
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  • 35
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1411-1418 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Physical chemistry of solutions of biological macromolecules ; Colloids ; Gels and sols ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Mucus is the viscoelastic secretion that lines, most epithelial surfaces forming a protective, lubricating barrier. The viscoelastic properties of mucus arise from mucin, a glycoprotein of molecular weight ranging from 2–10 million. In this paper we address two problems where the aggregation and interactions of mucin with colloidal particles is of physiological relevance. The first deals with gastric mucin and the question of the mechanisms that prevent the stomach from digesting itself. Using dynamic light scattering techniques we show that solutions of gastric mucin aggregate belowpH 4. Very large aggregates with 100-fold slower diffusion constants than the mucin monomer are observed atpH 2. Viscosity measurements indicate that mucin will eventually gel at lowpH, thus acting as a diffusional, barrier and protecting the stomach. The second problem is concerned with the role of mucin in the nucleation of cholesterol crystals which lead to gallstone formation. Using dynamic light scattering we have shown that mucin at relatively low concentrations (4 mg/ml) promotes the fusion of phospholipid + cholesterol vesicles. The time evolution of the fusion process was measured. No changes in the aggregation state of the gallbladder mucin were observed during the fusion process, suggesting that this phenomenon is related to physico-chemical interactions between the polymer (mucin) and the colloidal particle (vesicle).
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  • 36
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1551-1557 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Disperse systems ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A simple computer model of defection process caused by interactions between melittin and phosphatidylcholine (PC) model membrane has been proposed. It leads to a scaling formula which connects the average diameter (or linear size parameter) of the affected domain with the reciprocity of the number of such domains. Some preliminary investigations show the scaling exponent to be a small fractional number between ca. 0.3 and 0.1, depending on the number of possible infection directions and the type of lattice taken as a lipid matrix. Such small values of the scaling exponent can roughly be interpreted in terms of random tesselations on a plane (like random Voronoi networks), and the whole process displays a statistical self-similarity. The values obtained seem to be, however, small comparable to the scaling exponents characteristic for the faulting process occurring during the earthquake propagation.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1579-1584 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Fluid surfaces and fluid-fluid interfaces ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Oriented systems such as monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers constitute supramolecular structures appropriate for ion detection. In fact, they are sensitive to small quantities of ions since they have specifically oriented ligand head groups that can easily combine with the ions to be detected in solution. We investigated monolayers of dioctadecyldithiocarbamate (DODTC) specificially synthesized and we studied the interactions of the monolayers with transition metal ions such as Ni2+ dissolved in the subphase. The spreading isotherms, the surface potential-area isotherms and the spectroscopic measurements (UV-Vis absorption and ESCA spectroscopy) show that the metal ions can combine with the DODTC monolayers. The present findings show that it is possible to employ these systems to build chemical sensors for transition metal ions
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1585-1594 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Molecular biophysics ; Defects in liquid crystals ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of adding the defect-forming molecules melittin and C12E5 to DMPC membranes has been studied and the corresponding phase diagrams established. Light, X-ray and neutron small-angle scattering have been used to characterize the mixed membranes. Both systems show a melting of the lamellar Lα into an isotropic phase upon addition of the second membrane constituent. The molar ratio, where the melting occurs is the same in concentrated and dilute samples. For the DMPC/C12E5 system not only membrane composition, but also temperature can be used to induce a transition from an isotropic to a lamellar phase.
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  • 39
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1619-1625 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering ; Ultrasonic relaxation processes in gases, liquids, and solids ; Acoustical properties of liquids ; Order-disorder and statistical mechanics of model systems ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A water/butoxyethanol solution has been investigated by means of several techniques (viscosity, ultrasound and hypersound) as a function of concentration and temperature. The butoxyethanol molar fraction range investigated was situated between 0.015 and 0.09, while temperature ranged between −10°C and +45°C. We observed the building-up of large structures lowering the temperature, in particular below +15°C. All data coming from different techniques seem to confirm such a picture and indicate that this aggregation phenomenon is a percolation-like process.
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  • 40
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1679-1683 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Thermodynamic properties ; thermal conductivity ; Methods of crystals growth and purification ; Phase diagrams of other materials ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary In this work the thermal conditions required for single-crystal growth in RBa2Cu3O7−x systems (R=Y or rare earths apart from Ce and Tb) have been systematically revised in order to improve the size of crystals obtainable by the flux method. Large single crystals of NdBCO, SmBCO and EuBCO have been actually obtained and characterized by XRD, oxygen content and electrical resistivity.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1695-1699 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Bi-based compounds ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A systematic study of yttrium substitution for calcium in the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 compound has been performed. The samples of Bi2Sr2Y x Ca1−x Cu2O8 have been prepared by the sintering standard procedure using oxides and carbonates as precursors, weighted to obtain the nominal composition with 0≤x≤1. The real stoichiometric composition of the pellets and uniformity of the samples has been verified by EDS analysis. The grain dimension (≈1 μm) and the good pellet compactness have been established by SEM morphologic observation. By X-ray diffraction analysis the crystalline structure of orthorhombic type has been established. By increasing the yttrium concentration the resistivity dependence on temperature goes from metallic to insulating behaviour. For the superconductive samplesT c decreases for increasing doping percentage. «Thick» films on MgO substrates of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 have been obtained by melting-quenching-annealing procedure. These films showed critical temperatures higher than the pellets.
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  • 42
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1723-1728 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting materials ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Two procedures of partial melting of bulk NdBa2Cu3O7−δ, in air and in reduced oxygen pressure, were developed. When the treatment was carried out in air, poor superconducting properties were observed. On the contrary, when the treatment was carried inP O 2=1.3 mbar, good properties were obtained, withT conset=93 K and 100% shielding at lower temperatures. Near full density (2.5×2.5×28) mm3 Nd1.07Ba1.89Cu3.04O7−δ bars, with domains extending in the mm size range, were obtained.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1755-1760 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: La-based compounds ; Tl-based compounds ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Deterioration of the superconducting properties of HTC materials, induced by different substitutions, offers a key towards the understanding of the basic HTC interactions. Similar effects are obtained either by doping of layers of the perovskite not directly involved in the superconducting mechanism, or by direct substitution of the copper itself. However, this apparent similarity is misleading. In YBCO, for instance, in the first case the oxygen content or the substitution of Y with Pr4+ appear to control essentially the carrier density,n, while in the second case the direct substitution of Cu in the bilayers by Zn or Ni affects more extensively the overall electronic structure of the material. A sensitive experimental tool, such as μSR, detects correspondingly different behaviours.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 2039-2044 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Proximity effects, tunneling phenomena, and Josephson effects ; Amorphous, highly disordered, and granular superconductors ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We present a careful study of the behaviour of the below-gap photoresponse in 2D arrays of superconducting junctions. We have included the effects of the temperature, not only through the white-noise current term, but also through theT-dependence of the junction coupling energy. In order to render our model more realistic we also consider the correction due to the self-field generated by the screening currents.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 2067-2072 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices ; superconducting cables and conductors ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper reviews and assesses the progress in conductor development across the world in advancing high-temperature superconducting science and technology towards the fabrication of superconducting transmission cables operating at 77 K. Materials, fabrication routes and the feasibility of high-temperature superconducting cables will be discussed.
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  • 46
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 2095-2102 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Proximity effects, tunneling phenomena, and Josephson effects ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The current status of the electronic applications of high-T c Josephson junctions is briefly reviewed. Recent results obtained by the authors on devices employing step-edge junctions are reported. In particular the design of a microwave oscillator based on a parallel array of junctions is discussed and preliminary experimental results are presented.
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  • 47
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1941-1946 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting materials ; General properties ; Critical currents ; Material effects onT c,x, critical currents (including impurities, ion implantation etc.) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary High-resolution a.c. magnetic-susceptibility measurements have been performed on sintered samples of Mg-doped YBCO superconductors YBa2(Cu1−x Mg x )3O7−δ (δ≤0.08, 0≤x≤0.1). An estimation of the intergranular shielding currentsJ s (T, H d.c.) has been obtained by separating the grains and coupling-junctions contributions to the measured susceptibility. The results show that Mg doping increases the weak links weight and reduces the values ofJ s. AtH d.c.=0,J s (T, 0) follows a power law of the type (1−T/T c)β, with β varying from 2 (undoped sample) to about 5 (x=2.5%). The dependence ofJ s on the applied d.c. magnetic field can be fitted to a Lorentzian lineshape whose width appears to be independent of the substitution level.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 2045-2051 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Proximity effects, tunneling phenomena, and Josephson effects ; Amorphous, highly disordered, and granular superconductors ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to describe properly the magnetic status of a 2D superconducting junction array, one has to consider not only the effect of the screening currents but also that of the particular experimental protocol followed to measure the physical quantities of interest like, for example, the magnetization. We show that the value of the lower critical field,f c1, of the junction array depends strongly on the intensity of the screening currents,i.e. on the strength of the junction coupling,E j, and that reliable results can be obtained only by considering the full-inductance matrix. We also show that the magnetic configuration of the vortices may depend on the particular experimental approach followed (static or dynamic) and, even, in some cases, on the initial configuration of the phases.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1987-1991 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting films ; Critical currents ; Material effects onT c, κ, critical currents (including impurities, ion implantation etc.) ; Deposition by sputtering ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Epitaxial films of YBa2Cu3O7−x were depositedin situ on LaAlO3 substrates using single-target 90° off-axis sputtering. The films were characterized by magnetization measurements (M vs. T, H), applying the field parallel toc-axis. The observed differences in theT c andJ c values are attributed to the different oxygen content in the superconducting films.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1973-1977 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Josephson devices ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper we report the in-plane fabrication and the characterization of artificially engineered biepitaxial grain boundaries (GB) obtained by partly interposing a MgO seed layer between a bare or even-buffered substrate and a CeO2 thin layer. The main peculiarity of this technique can be summarized by the capability to locate and engineer a single 45°-tilted GB at any stage of the device preparation. The junctions, realized by patterning the grain boundary occurring in the overhanging YBCO film, show Josephson current modulation in a large temperature range with anI c R n value of about 200 μV at 4.2K, theR n value being constant over the whole superconducting region. Under microwave irradiation, theI–V characteristics display several Shapiro steps while, according to the Resistively Shunted Junction (RSJ) behaviour, the step heights have the typical current biased junction dependence.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1793-1797 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Response to electromagnetic fields ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; ultrasonic attenuation ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary 139La NQR spectra, μSR precessional frequencies and NQR relaxation ratesW driven by the Cu2+ spin fluctuations are used to study the static magnetic properties and the low-energy spin excitations upon substitution of Zn2+ (S=0) for Cu2+ (S=1/2) in the antiferromagnetic (AF) phases of La2 Cu1−x Zn x O4. It is found that the Neel temperaturesT N decrease withx almost linearly, with initial suppression rate close to 4, while the sublttice magnetization is only slightly affected, close to the behaviour expected for a 2DS=1/2 Heisenberg AF in the framework of dilution model. Also the spin wave spectrum appears slightly affected by Zn doping, with moderate effects possibly related to disorder in the AF interactions and/or to finite size. A novel and remarkable effect is observed forT≤100 K. The relaxation ratesW show large maxima, withx-dependentW max andT max. This phenomenon is attributed to the cooperative freezing of local magnetic moments induced by Zn on Cu orbitals. Information on the characteristic fluctuation frequencies and on the spin-glass state superimposed to the AF matrix are thus obtained.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1821-1826 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconductivity: general properties ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Thec-axis transport of impure layered metals is discussed in the cases of clean and dirty limits. The crossover from the Drude regime to the hopping regime in transverse conductivity is treated qualitatively as the change from anisotropic diffusion to Zener oscillations of electrons. It is shown that the superconducting fluctuations in strongly anisotropic layered superconductors substantially affect the transport coefficients above the transition temperature. In a wide temperature range aboveT c the main effect of these fluctuations is to create a virtual gap in the electron spectrum, causing an increase of transverse electric and heat resistivities and decrease of thermoelectric power. This effect turns out to be specially competitive due to the suppression of paraconductivity along thec-axis direction due to the hopping character of electron motion.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 2061-2065 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting materials ; Superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices ; superconducting cables and conductors ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A Modified-Melt-Powder-Melt-Growth (MMPMG) technique has been developed for the preparation of melt-textured Y-Ba−Cu−O pellets. To test their performances, the samples were characterized with respect to their microstructure, pinning strength and interaction force with permanent magnets. A superconducting magnetic bearing was built and integrated in a levitating flywheel system for energy storage.
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  • 54
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    Keywords: Superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices ; superconducting cables and conductors ; Conference proceedings
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    Notes: Summary This paper deals with a comparison of chemical, physical and mechanical characterisation of YBCO samples obtained with Temporary-Liquid-Densification Melt Growth (TLDMG). Ba2YCu3O7-x +50% excess BaY2CuO5 pellets were prepared from different Ba-Y-Cu-O system phases, suitable to produce during the heat treatment temporary liquids at temperatures lower than 1000°C. A mechanical characterisation was performed in zero-field-cooling and field-cooling condition, showing hysteretic behaviour and creep of the levitation force. Measurements of magnetic hysteresis cycles in low fields and a.c. susceptibility were also performed. Some mechanical applications (high-speed electric motor and flywheel energy accumulator) were built and tested. The work now proceeds on two new industrial applications of melt-processed HTSC materials.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 703-709 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Theory and models of liquid structure ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We use the Sticky Electrolyte Model, which we solved before in PY/MSA, to obtain the equation of state of a charge colloid taking into account both sticky and charge contribution.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 727-736 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polymers, elastomers, and plastics ; Phase equilibria, phase transitions, and critical points of specific substances ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A queous solutions of highly charged flexible polyelectrolytes phase separate in the presence of multivalent counterions. We present a theoretical model which explains this behavior in terms of electrostatic bridging between monomers via the condensed counterions. The «Polymer Reference Interaction Site Model» with the Debye-Hückel closure (equivalent to the «Random Phase Approximation») is sufficient to understand the crucial role of the valency of the counterions, to predict a demixion above a given valency and a redissolution of the precipitate in excess of added salt. The model successfully reproduces the different experimental phase diagrams of polystyrene sulfonate suspensions with different added electrolytes.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 721-726 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Neutron scattering techniques (including small-angle scattering) ; Macromolecular and polymer solutions (solubility, swelling, etc.) ; polymer melts ; Solid-fluid interfaces ; Structure and morphology ; thickness ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper, we summarize our cumulative work on neutron reflectivity studies of polystyrene-poly(vinyl-2-pyridine) (PS-PVP) and polystyrene-polyethylene oxide (PS-PEO) adsorbed at a quartz-solvent interface. Deuterated toluene was chosen as the solvent since it is a good solvent for PS and a poor one for either of the other two blocks. In this case, the polystyrene dangles into the solvent while the other block acts as an anchor. The neutron reflectivity studies reveal that the form of the polymer density profile normal to the substrate may be varied from an extended «brush» to a condensed «mushroom» conformation by manipulating the ratio of the molecular weights of the two blocks. In addition, we present new data on the PS-PEO system in a poor solvent, deuterated cyclohexane, under conditions of shear flow in Poiseuille geometry. We find that when the PS-PEO diblock is absorbed from cyclohexane and is allowed to relax, the PS chain takes on a «mushroom» conformation. However, when the shear is applied, the layer shear thickens due to the PS chains extending to nearly twice their original lengths.
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  • 58
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 757-764 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Interface elasticity, viscosity, and viscoelasticity ; Neutron scattering techniques (including small-angle scattering) ; Colloids ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Viscoelastic solutions of a binuclear copper(II) tetracarboxylate (Cu2S8) in tert-butylcyclohexane (TBC) have been investigated by rheology and small-angle neutron scattering techniques. The data are analysed in the theoretical framework of the so-called «living polymers». The Cu2S8 aggregates are semi-rigid thin heterogeneous molecular threads undergoing scission/recombination reactions. Structural and dynamical correlations have been made with the thermotropic columnar phase and some lyotropic swollen mesophases of the system. The simplicity of the composition and structural constitution enables to avoid the usual salt and composition problems of the aqueous analogues and also to deduce some most probable behaviours related to the scission mechanisms, chain flexibility and dynamics of stress relaxation.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 765-770 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and lyotropic structures ; Specialized material fabrications and fabrication techniques ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Pattern formation at phase boundaries moving in a temperature gradient is one of the major areas of nonequilibrium physics attracting considerable attention. While most of the early work concentrated on the moving solid-liquid interface, now the focus has changed to phase transitions characterized by broken continuous symmetry. Most recently we investigated consequences to interfacial patterns of a chirality-induced equilibrium length. Here we study patterns at another chiral interface where one of the phases has a chirality-induced defect lattice, the twist grain boundary (TGB) phase. The TGB state is analogous to the vortex lattice in Type-II superconductors predicted by the Gennes’ analogy between the nematic (N)-smectic A (A) transition and the normal-superconducting transition. In this analogy, a cholesteric A transition is analogous to the normal-superconducting transition in an external magnetic field and a theory has been developed for its analogous vortex lattice, the TGB phase, when this transition is Type II. We study patterns formed at the traveling TGB-A phase boundary. Different patterns are observed depending on whether TGB grows into A or A into TGB. Indeed, this maybe the first time a steady-state pattern is observed in directional melting (i.e. TGB growing into A). As these patterns have a broad band of wavelengths, they are difficult to characterize physically. Thus, we introduced a novel analysis (most simply but not rigorously described as) measuring the fractal dimension of the patterns at these traveling interfaces. Two lengths emerged from this analysis: a longer one set by sample thickness and a shorter one set by the smallest TGB unit that can grow into an oriented smectic A phase. We invoke our old dynamic arguments to account for why TGB cannot propagate at a second-order TGB-cholesteric phase transition so it is eventually squeezed out leaving behind a direct cholesteric-A transition.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 669-674 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polymer reactions and polymerization ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Two polyampholyte copolymers based on sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylsulfonate (NaAMPS) and methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (MADQUAT) have been prepared either in homogeneous solution or by an inverse microemulsion polymerization technique. The copolymer microstructure was shown to depend on the method of preparation. The microemulsion polymerization yields copolymers with a monomer sequence distribution not far from random while those obtained by polymerization in solution have a strong tendency to alternation. The aqueous-solution properties of the two samples have been investigated by viscometry. The results show that the charge distribution along the copolymer chain affects considerably its conformation, in good agreement with recent theoretical studies.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1039-1051 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Renormalization-group ; fractal ; and percolation studies of phase transitions ; Fluctuation phenomena ; random processes ; and Brownian motion ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We review recent developments in the study of the diffusion reaction systems of the type A+B→C in which the reactants are initially separated. We consider the case where the A and B particles are initially placed uniformly in Euclidean space atx〉0 andx〈0, respectively. We find that whereas ford≥2 the mean-field exponent characterizes the width of the reaction zone, fluctuations are relevant in the one-dimensional system. We also presented analytical and numerical results for the reaction rate on fractals and percolation systems.
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  • 62
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1103-1110 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Lattice theory and statistics ; Ising problems ; Localized modes ; Vibrational states in disordered systems ; Renormalization-group, fractal, and percolation studies of phase transitions ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The damping of the vibrations of very irregular discretized systems embedded in viscous fluid is studied in the particular case of the vibrations of a percolation cluster. We develop a formal description for the «regularity» of a vibrational mode. This permits us to measure numerically how the local fluctuations in the vibration amplitude increase the viscous damping. We find that a major part of the dissipation is localized in a small fraction of the next-nearest-neighbour pairs. This is a qualitative indication of the existence of a «localization within localization» of the dissipation. The fact that the regularity is found to be larger than that of a single localized state on a linear chain is qualitatively indicative of the structure of the percolation cluster made of blobs and red bonds.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1149-1157 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Physics of crystal growth ; Colloids ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The process of colloidal crystallization has already been separately investigated by light scattering mearurements of the crystalline order (Bragg peaks) and of long-ranged density fluctuations (small-angle scattering). We present the firstsimultaneous small- and large-angle light scattering experiment. Our measurements have been performed on hard-sphere colloids of different particle densities. We show results for the temporal evolution of crystallization and find two distinct regimes: homogeneous nucleation and diffusion- or reaction-limited growth at early times, followed by ripening of the Lifshitz-Slyozov or Lifshitz-Allen-Cahn type. To our preliminary experience, we can already state that the results are always consistent in both partial experiments.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 911-921 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polymers, elastomers, and plastics ; Anelasticity, internal friction, and mechanical resonances ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The effects of the storage at room temperature of PEO-KSCN polymer electrolytes have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamical mechanical analysis. It has been revealed that, over the explored time interval, the annealing causes small variations in the anharmonic and relaxation properties of the samples, which are to be ascribed to changes in the relative amount of the phases building up the structure. The elastic and anelastic characteristics show a well-defined dependence on the degree of crystallinity of the polymer, which grows slightly with increasing annealing time. The application of a simplified version of a quasi-harmonic model and of the Kolrausch-Williams-Watts stretched exponential function permits to describe the temperature behaviour of the elastic modulusE′ and to obtain an anharmonicity parameter characterizing the polymeric system.
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Solid-fluid interfaces: Mechanical and acoustical properties ; Conference proceedings
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    Notes: Summary The viscoelastic properties of liquids close to solid surfaces differ from the bulk. Nanorheology has been performed by using a surface force apparatus adapted to operate as a rheometer in a sphere-plane geometry. Axial oscillatory measurements have been carried out with high polymer solutions filling the gap. The deformations were kept sufficiently small not to perturb the film structure and were applied in a large range of frequency (10−3 to 102 s−1). It is shown that the complex modulus characterizing the confined medium can be split into two components: a shear modulus (it accounts for the viscous dissipation due to the flow of solvent molecules through the mesh created by the long polymer chains which connect the two solid surfaces) and a compression modulus which is related to the normal stress response of the chains confined between the solid surfaces. The hydrodynamic screening lengthξ h and the correlation length ξ deduced from the two moduli are compared and are found to scale in the same way as a function of the distance between the two surfaces.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1247-1252 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Glass transitions ; Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The relaxation processes of glass-forming polymethylacrylate have been studied in a wide temperature range above the glass transition temperatureT g by means of light scattering measurements. Experimental spectra give evidence of a self-similar behaviourI(ω) ∝ ω−(1−a) over a spectral range of 2–3 decades, consistent with the predictions of the mode-coupling theory. Different from the prediction of the theory, the value ofa is strongly temperature dependent. This behaviour has been attributed to the presence of a slow secondary relaxation located in the GHz frequency region, whose strength progressively increases with temperature.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1111-1118 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Propagation and transmission in homogeneous media ; Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, and Brownian motion ; Disperse systems ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Dynamic light scattering can be a useful tool to determine the confinement of Brownian particles whose motion is restricted to dimensions comparable to the wavelength of the light. The theoretical form of the correlation function of the electric field scattered from such trapped particles has been derived and compared with the signal obtained both in a simulated experiment and in a real experiment where the particles are trapped in a glass wedge. This new result can be of relevance for particles trapped in various media such as a porous (transparent) media, a gel, a suspension of lamellar phases or even a concentrated colloidal suspension where a particle is «trapped» by its neighbours.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1141-1148 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Order-disorder and statistical mechanics of model systems ; Solubility, segregation and mixing ; Colloids ; Fluctuation phenomena, random processes and Brownian motion ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The interceluster organization of a two-dimensional colloidal system undergoing diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregation is considered. During this process the system evolves into a stationary, scaling state. In this state the organization arises from effective intercluster repulsion due to the mutually exclusive depletion zones surrounding each cluster. It is shown that in the scaling regime the relevant size of the depletion zones is determined by the separation between clusters, rather than the cluster size.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 879-882 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Order-disorder and statistical mechanics of model systems ; Multicritical points ; Macromolecules and polymer molecules: Constitution (chains and sequences) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We study random copolymers consisting of two kinds of monomers with attraction between similar kinds. The mean-field analysis of this system indicates a continuous phase transition into a phase with periodic microdomain structure. It is shown that the inverse of the renormalized propagator has a minimum at non-zero wave numbers. Consequently, there is an anomalously large contribution of fluctuations that make the disordered phase locally stable. However, below a certain temperature, the ordered phase is shown to be locally stable and a weak first-order transition is possible, with qualitative differences from the weak crystallization theory developed by Brazovskii. These differences are due to the peculiar form of the fourth-order vertex of the effective Hamiltonian for the system. We calculated the temperature region for the validity of the mean-field estimates of the amplitude and the scale of microphase separation.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 661-667 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Diffusive momentum transport (including viscosity of liquids) ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Concentrated solutions of polystyrene in dioctylphthalate have been examined as a function of temperature over the concentration range 0.2 to 0.9 g/ml. The static screening length and the hydrodynamic screening length evaluated from the cooperative-diffusion coefficient are compared with the predictions of current models.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1027-1037 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Glass transitions ; Renormalization-group ,fractal, and percolation studies of phase transitions ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The static and dynamic properties of the frustrated percolation model are investigated. This model, which contains frustration as an essential ingredient, exhibits two transitions: a percolation transition at a temperatureT p with critical exponents of the ferromagnetic (s=1/2)-state Potts model, and a second transition at a lower temperatureT g in the same universality class of the Ising spin glass model. AboveT p the time-dependent autocorrelation function is characterized by a single exponential, while forT p〉T〉T g preliminary numerical results show a broad shoulder or plateau typical of a structural glass transition. BelowT g the system is in glassy state with an infinitely long relaxation time.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1265-1270 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Renormalization-group, fractal, and percolation studies of phase transitions ; Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, and Brownian motion ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Diffusion of a fractal cluster of dimensiond f in a three-dimensional space is investigated. The diffusion process is assumed to be modelled by a standard parabolic diffusion equation, although a more general case represented by the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogoroff equation is also introduced. The mean-square displacement of the cluster mass centre is analysed and its anomalous behaviour is presented and critically discussed. The results obtained can be applied to describe some effects which may occur during the diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregation process, especially when the viscosity of the solvent is changed in time and/or a directed transport of clusters is present in the system.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1291-1295 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Time-dependent properties ; Computer simulation of static and dynamic behavior ; Molecular dynamics and particle methods ; Glass transitions ; PACS 01.30.Cc ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We present the results of a large-scale molecular-dynamics computer simulation of a binary, supercooled Lennard-Jones fluid. At low temperatures and intermediate times the time dependence of the intermediate scattering function is well described by a von Schweidler law. The von Schweidler exponent is independent of temperature and depends only weakly on the type of correlator. For long times the correlation functions show a Kohlrausch behavior with an exponent β that is independent of temperature. This dynamical behavior is in accordance with the mode-coupling theory of supercooled liquids.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 939-947 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Spin-glass and other random models ; Glass transitions ; PACS 01.30.Cc ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We will review some of the theoretical progresses that have been recently done in the study of slow dynamics of glassy systems: the general techniques used for studying the dynamics in the mean-field approximation and the emergence of a pure dynamical transition in some of these systems. We show how the results obtained for a random Hamiltonian may be also applied to a given Hamiltonian. These two results open the way to a better understanding of the glassy transition in real systems.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 981-991 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Colloids ; Kinetic theory ; Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, and Brownian motion ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The Fokker-Planck equation for the distribution function of a Brownian sphere is derived from the exact hierarchy of kinetic equations for a massive sphere in a bath of smaller spheres, using a multiple-time-scale analysis. Our earlier derivation is specialized to the limiting cases where the bath is either an ideal or Boltzmann gas. The resulting simplifications allow more physical insight, and lead to explicit expressions for the friction coefficient.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1259-1264 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Crystal-field theory and spin Hamiltonians ; Monte Carlo and statistical methods ; Lattice theory and statistics ; Ising problems ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A brief review on how to study frustrated spin models by mapping them into generalized percolation models is given. The percolation models associated to a number of deterministic frustrated models are discussed with particular attention on the properties of critical clusters.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1271-1276 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Granular materials: aggregation characteristics (e.g., grain size, particle size distribution, porosity) ; Polymer reactions and polymerization ; Colloids ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Nanocapsule preparative procedures are able to change the availability of drugs from delivery devices. In particular, the influence of the organic solvent, used in the interfacial polymerisation process, on the shape, mean particle size, size distribution and type of colloidal suspension was investigated. The organic solvents employed in the preparation of PECA nanocapsules were ethanol, acetone or acetonitrile. A non-ionic surfactant (Pluronic F68) was used during the preparation process. The amount of monomer represented another variable, capable of influencing the final carrier properties of PECA nanocapsules. The presence of ethanol achieved the formation of both nanoparticles and nanocapsules. However, the presence of acetone or acetonitrile achieved not only a highly homogeneous size colloidal system, but also the formation of only one type of PECA nanosphere (nanocapsule). The different amount of monomer led to the formation of nanocapsules with a wall thickness proportional to the initial concentration of the polymerising agent.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1499-1514 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Studies of specific liquid structures ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Our recent studies related to the properties of alcohol/water mixtures show the occurrence of some kind of molecular aggregation in the water-rich region of composition beyond a threshold alcohol concentrationx 2 *. The observed behaviour suggests that forx 2〈x 2 * the alcohol molecules are essentially dispersed and surrounded by «water cages» where the short-range order and microdynamic of water molecules are changed with respect to those of pure water. Alcohol molecules are in mutual contact at higher concentration only when almost all water is involved in hydration shells of alcohol molecules. The structural transition atx 2 * resembles, for some aspect, the micellization process. The main results of these investigations are reviewed and discussed in this paper.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1537-1544 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Thin films, growth, structure, epitaxy, and nonelectronic properties ; Structure and morphology, thickness ; Structure, bonding, stereochemistry, and isomerism of biomolecules ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Two triple-chain phospholipid isomers were investigated at the air-water interface by means of fluorescence microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GID). The two lipids differ only in the position of the branched chain at the glycerol backbone. Fluorescence microscopy shows different domain sharp-edged domains. In the case of dendritic domains the chains are more tilted, the deviation from hexagonal symmetry is more pronounced and hence the lattice anisotropy is larger.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1447-1455 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Disperse systems ; Molecular biophysics ; Physical chemistry of solutions of biological macromolecules ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The aggregation behaviour of zinc-free insulin has been studied by small-angle neutron scattering as a function of protein concentration,pH, and ionic strength of the solution. The distance distribution functions for the 12 samples have been obtained by indirect Fourier transformation. The weight-averaged molecular mass and thez-averaged radius of gyration were determined. Both quantities vary systematically with the experimental conditions. They increase with decreasingpH and with increasing ionic strength. The radius of gyration scales as a power law of the weight-average mass with the exponent 0.44. A similar scaling is found for a set of oligomers structures based on the crystal structure of zinc-free insulin. The mass distribution between the oligomers was determined by a model based on these oligomers. The results from this model and the Fourier transformations have been compared to an equilibrium model recently introduced by Kadimaet al. The model takes into account the variation of the effective charge of the monomer withpH and ionic strength. The neutron scattering results agree well with the predictions of the model.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1493-1498 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Physical chemistry of solutions of biological macromolecules ; Macromolecular and polymer solutions (solubility, swelling, etc.), polymer melts ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper we present a small-angle neutron scattering measurement on concentrated aqueous solutions of lysozyme. The ranges for thepH and for the ionic strength of the solutions are chosen in order to match the physiological values at which the enzymatic activity of the protein is at his maximum. The net charge has been determined by separate tritation experiment. The form factor and the structure factor were extracted from the experimental data. The structure factor is quantitatively reproduced within a hard-sphere model with an attractive Yukawa-tail potential. The importance in this kind of systems of the attractive interaction, even at far from zero net charge is highlighted.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1529-1536 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Surface energy ; thermodynamic properties ; Conference proceedings
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Monolayers of a protein β-lactoglobulin (βL) and two lipids distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and dimirystoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) on aqueous subphase containing Na+ or Ca2+ ions are studied. The spreading isotherms and the ATR-FTIR spectra of LB plurilayers transferred, allow to deduce that α-helix conformation of β-lactoglobulin is the prevailing form. The study of bidimensional mixtures between βL with DSPC and with DMPC shows that the components are incompatible at the W/A interface.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1439-1445 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Computer simulation of static and dynamic behaviour ; Liquid-liquid transitions ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We describe the Larson-Stauffer model of a microemulsion and report results which strongly indicate that this is a successful model. Particular attention is paid to the structure of the surfactant which appears to be the decisive factor for modelling a microemulsion. We study the kinetics of micelle formation, the miscibility gap of oil and water, the coexistence of various phases, the segregation of three phases (oil rich, water rich and the bicontinuous surfactant rich) as a function of temperature, the relative interaction strengths of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers of the surfactant with oil and water, and concentration of surfactant. The model is capable of describing most of the observed properties of a microemulsion. In addition, we are now in the position to study the properties of «designer» surfactant,e.g., «bola-form».
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1487-1492 
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    Keywords: Thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Monolayers of a racemic mixture and of the pure S- and R-enantiomers of 3-hexadecyloxy-propane-1,2-diol have been investigated by fluorescence microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Above the transition pressureΠ c domains with a polygonal shape appear. On compressing the monolayers shape instabilities occur. While the spirals of the S-enantiomer turn clockwise and the spirals of the R-enantiomer turn counterclockwise, the spirals from one domain of the racemate exhibit opposite handedness. This behaviour is explained by a separation of enantiomers on the molecular level. At all pressures investigated the enantiomers exhibit an oblique lattice. The tilt angle of the molecules decreases with increasing pressure.
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  • 85
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1515-1522 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Colloids ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Aqueous solutions of nonylammonium chloride (NAC) containing sodium chloride were studied by using light scattering and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques. It was found that the aggregation number of NAC is independent of the surfactant concentration and increases smoothly with increasing the ionic strength. Micelles of NAC in D2O with [NaCl]=0.3422 have prolate ellipsoidal shape and their average aggregation number is greater than that found in H2O at the same ionic strength. A possible explanation of this difference may arise from a solvent effect.
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  • 86
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1545-1550 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Thin films: growth, structure, epitaxy, and nonelectronic properties ; Structure and Morphology, thickness ; Structure, bonding, stereochemistry, and isomerism of biomolecules ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We present the results of thermodynamical and X-ray grazing incidence diffraction experiments performed on Langmuir monolayers of ether lipids with hydrophilic spacers between the glycerol backbone and the phosphatidylcholine head group: DHPC, DH-E01-PC, and DH-E02-PC. As a spacer the oxy-ethylene group is used, which is a typical hydrophilic unit of non-ionic tensides. It turns out that the introduction of the hydrophilic spacers leads to a fluidization of the monolayer and reduces the tilt angle of the chains.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Molecular interactions ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements on the large 50S ribosomal subunit of the extreme thermophile archaebacteriumSulfolobus solfataricus are presented. The structural effects induced by magnesium ions and temperature are investigated. Supramolecular aggregation was present in all the investigated conditions. Removal of magnesium ions and increase of temperature reduce the intensity of the scattering atQ=0. This reduction is discussed looking at the Fourier inversion of the scattering intensity, which includes both inter- and intra-particle contributions.
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  • 88
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1601-1611 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Electron correlation calculations for atoms and molecules ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The structure of water in water/AOT/n-heptane reverse micelles has been studied as a function of the [H2O]/[AOT] ratio (W) by using the absorption IR due to O−H stretching modes in the 3800–3000 cm−1 range. The results show that the IR spectra can be expressed as a sum of contributions from bound- and bulk-like water. The fraction of water in the two «regions» within the water pool was evaluated as a function ofW. The «bound» water region seems to hold 3.5 water molecules (corresponding to 7 O−H oscillators) per AOT molecule and its formation is nearly complete atW〉6.
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  • 89
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1689-1693 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Other topics in superconductivity ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary High-T c superconductors with nominal composition Bi1.8Pb0.4Sr2Ca2.2Cu3O x and eventually admixed with metallic silver were prepared by an original version of the citrate route which permits an excellent interspersion of the elements and makes no use of nitrates. After exsiccation, silver is found to be in metallic form with crystal size of about 300 Å. After the decomposition of the organic part, a special treatment was found to reduce the carbon content and to obtain only the desired phase composition,i.e. 2212, Ca2PbO4 and metallic Ag. The powders obtained show high reactivity in the high-T c phase formation and very little weight loss during calcination. Tapes prepared with the powder-in-tube method showed highJ c values and constant improvement after several thermal treatments.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting perovskites and related structures ; Other nonmetallic inorganics ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The FT-IR/FT-FIR spectra of powders of Nd2−x Ce x CuO4 and La2−x Sr x CuO4 solid solutions and of RBa2Cu3O7−x with R=Y, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb, have been recorded at room temperature. A comparison with the published single-crystal IR data is done. An empirical assignment of the observed bands is proposed on the basis of the factor group analysis and of a discussion of the internal vibrational structure of the CuO x sheets and chains.
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  • 91
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1685-1688 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting materials ; Material effects onT c,K, critical currents (including impurities, ion implantation etc.) ; Decomposition reactions (pyrolisis dissociation and group ejection) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Polycrystalline YBCO was prepared by a pyrolytic process starting from citrate and tartrate precursors. The effect of the precursor on the superconducting properties was investigated by means of magnetic measurements using a SQUID magnetometer, a Vibrating-Sample Magnetometer and an a.c. susceptometer. The critical temperature is not affected by the type of precursor (T c=85 K for both). On the other hand, the precursor plays an important role on the critical current density, which is found to be an order of magnitude higher in the sample obtained from citrates (J c(77K,H=0)=2.3·104 A/cm2 and 103 A/cm2 for the from-citrate and from-tartrate sample, respectively).
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  • 92
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1851-1856 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Magnetization curves ; Meissner effect ; penetration depth ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The field-cooled d.c. susceptibility of granular superconductors is studied by means of simple Josephson-junction array models. It is shown that a paramagnetic behaviour after field cooling for these systems, for certain ranges of the applied field, is a natural consequence of their topological structure and of the presence of weak superconducting coupling between grains. In this way, the recently detected positive field-cooled d.c. susceptibility is interpreted by means of a traditional Josephson-junction network approach.
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  • 93
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1885-1888 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Proximity effects, tunneling phenomena and Josephson effects ; Y-based compounds ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We have realized planar tunnel junctions using both Y123 and Y124 single crystals as base electrodes and Pb as counterelectrode. The crystals, withT c =90 K (Y123) andT c =80 K (Y124), have been chemically etched and natural barriers were formed by a short air exposure. We have compared the tunneling spectra obtained on both systems. The features at about±18mV of the Y123 compound are still observed in the Y124, while the low-bias structures at ±5 mV are not present in the tunneling characteristics of the Y124 system. Linearity of the background conductance is also observed, with less steep slopes in Y124 that might indicate a reduced interlayer coupling in this system.
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  • 94
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1889-1894 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Phenomenological and two-fluid theories ; Response to electromagnetic fields ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; ultrasonic attenuation ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The non-linear response nearT c and the complex electromagnetic conductivity of YBa2Cu3O7 single crystals at microwave frequencies are explained in the framework of the two-fluid model with the additional hypothesis that the e.m. field modulates the partial concentrations of both normal and superconducting fluids.
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  • 95
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1635-1647 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Proximity effects, weak links, tunneling phenomena, and Josephson effects ; Insulator-superconductor transitions ; unconventional mechanisms of high-T c superconductivity ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A variety of experimental investigations has been developed in the last years toward the identification of the symmetry of the order parameter in high-T c superconductors. A short review of the main experiments employing the Josephson effect as a probe for the determination of the symmetry of the pairing state is given. Conflicting data are discussed which evidence the coexistence of certainties and ambiguities.
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  • 96
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1835-1841 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Phenomenological theories (two-fluid, Ginzburg-Landau, etc.) ; Transport properties (electric and thermal conductivity, thermoelectric effects, etc.) ; High-T c cuprates ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The applicability of the Kosterlitz-Thouless theory to HTSC is examined. The model initially presented in its general lines for bidimensional systems is then applied to superconductors. The possibility to explain some dissipative effects (R(T) tails and non-linearV(I) dependences) is examined. The agreement with the experiments in HTSC is presented on the basis of an extension of the theory to quasi-bidimensional systems formed by stacks of weakly coupled superconducting layers.
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  • 97
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1857-1862 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting materials ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We report the synthesis procedure and the chemical-physical characterization of the YNi2B2C superconductor. From magnetic measurements we show that this material is a type-II superconductor. We evaluate the penetration depth, the coherence length and, thus, the Ginzburg-Landau parameter. Despite the low value of κ(12), a very large region of reversibility in theH-T plane is observed.
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  • 98
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1877-1884 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconductivity: Critical currents ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A full set of facilities for transport characterisation of HTS as well as a set of crucial measurements are presented which point out the possible sources of errors of the «home-made» apparatus. The main characteristics are the automatisation of the whole data acquisition, the appositely designed hardware and software with suitable error messages, the on-line statistical treatment of data, the possibility of on-line optimisation of the current pulses and finally the availability of quasi-static temperature conditions in theR vs. T curves. The d.c. four-point method with bipolar d.c. pulsed current is employed. The experimental techniques chosen to obtain specific metrological achievements are discussed.
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  • 99
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 16 (1994), S. 1993-1998 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Superconducting films ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The increasing interest for infinite-layer materials is due essentially to the possibility of studying the simplest high-T c superconductors parent structure. The usual method to produce this material is high-pressure synthesis. In this paper we report on this new material deposited by pulsed laser deposition and on the possibility to create infinite-layer superconducting films.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Proximity effects, tunneling phenomena ; Superconducting perovskites and related structures ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We present a comparison of the electron-phonon spectral functionsα 2(ω)F(ω0 previously determined from point-contact tunnelling experiments in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x with the same functions we obtained more recently from break-junction data of high quality after a numerical procedure for unfolding a part of the broadening found in the experimental conductance. The results indicate that large similarities are present, as well as some important differences that could be related to a certain degree of directionality along the (a, b)-plane of the tunnelling process in the break-junction experiments and to the effects of the unfolding procedure.
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