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  • 1970-1974  (1,415)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (501)
  • Engineering General  (489)
  • Electron microscopy  (425)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of the pulmonary stretch receptor in the rat (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 143 (1974), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lung ; Stretch receptors ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lappenbronchien (3./6.) (Durchmesser bei mittlerer Inspirationslage 500–700 μ) von männlichen und weiblichen Wistarratten wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Diese Bronchien entsprechen im Wandbau den mittleren Bronchioli größerer Säugetiere. Freie, verzweigte lanzettförmige Terminalfasern werden im Bindegewebe der lamina propria beschrieben. Sie sind in das elastisch muskuläre System der Bronchuswand eingebaut. Die zugehörige markhaltige afferente Nervenfaser ist verzweigt und hat einen Durchmesser von 4–6 μ. Außerdem werden efferente motorische Endigungen an der glatten Bronchialmuskulatur beschrieben. Die freien lanzettförmigen und verzweigten Terminalfasern sind möglicherweise Dehnungsrezeptoren für den Hering Breuer Reflex.
    Notes: Summary In rats the 3rd to 6th bronchi, measuring 500–700 μ in diameter during inspiration, were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The histological appearance of these bronchi is comparable to that of medium sized bronchioles of larger animals. The branched and lanceolate terminals are associated with the connective tissue of the lamina propria and the smooth muscle cell layer. In this way the terminals are bound to the myoelastic system of the bronchial wall. The myelinated afferent fiber is branched and the diameter measures about 4–6 microns. Besides afferent nerve terminals these are numerous efferent endings on the smooth muscle basement laminae. It is supposed that the described receptor represents the pulmonary stretch receptor of the Hering Breuer reflex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00525771
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of gonadal ridge in male and female pig embryos (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 147 (1974), S. 19-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Gonads/embryology ; Swine/embryology ; Sex determination ; Electron microscopy ; Sex characteristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pig embryos aged 21–22 days (d) were obtained from artificially inseminated sows for an ultrastructural study of the development and sex differentiation of the gonadal ridge. The chromosomal sex of the embryos was identified by a chromosome analysis. At the age of 21 d the gonadal ridge consisted of three different tissue: the surface epithelium, the primitive cords, and the mesenchyme. The surface epithelial cells contained elongate mitochondria with lamellar cristae, granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER), the Golgi complex, free polysomes, coated vesicles and fine filaments. The epithelium was continuous with the primitive cords, which were composed of ultrastructurally similar cells. The epithelial basal lamina followed the cord surface, but covered it incompletely. Primordial germ cells (PGC) were located under the surface epithelium in the mesenchyme and in the cords. The nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, and the large mitochondria were round. The cytoplasm contained a pair of centrioles, the Golgi complex, solitary lamellae of the GER, free polysomes, lipid droplets and some coated vesicles. The PGC entered the gonadal cords before these were surrounded by the continuous basal lamina. A day later (22 d) the number and length of the cords were increased. The PGC were more frequent and seen also in deeper layers. All the structures studied at the age of 21–22 d showed that the gonadal ridge also at the ultrastructural level is at the sexually indifferent stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317961
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphodynamik der C-Zellen der Schilddrüse und der Parathyreoideazellen der Ratte nach ein- bis achtwöchiger Calcitoninbehandlung (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 19-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; C-Cells of the thyroid and cells of the parathyroid glands ; Secondary hyperparathyroidism ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Verlauf ein- bis achtwöchiger Behandlung von Wistar-Ratten mit täglich 300 mMRC Einheiten Schweinecalcitonin kam es in den C-Zellen der Schilddrüse, verglichen mit denen der Kontrollserien (unbehandelte und mit Acetatpuffer allein behandelte Tiere), einerseits zu einer morphometrisch signifikanten Abahme der Zahl der Sekretgranula, während andererseits sämtliche Zellorganellen (Mitochondrie,, Golgi-Apparat und auch das granuläre endoplasmatische Reticulum) besser entwickelt waren. In den in gleichen Zeitabschnitten untersuchten Parathyroideazellen fanden wir bei mit Calcitonin behandelten Ratten Strukturveränderungen, die auf eine erhöhte Aktivität hinwiesen: Einfaltungen des Kerns, Erweiterung der Intercellularräume mit Vermehrung und Verlängerung der in diese hineinragenden Mikrovilli, bessere Ausbildung des Golgi-Apparates und des granulären endoplasmatischen Reticulums sowie eine größere Menge freier Ribosomen. Die Zahl der Sekretgranula war eindeutig höher als bei den Kontrolltieren. Der Ca ++- und Mg++-Blutspiegel zeigte während der ganzen Versuchsdauer bei allen Tieren keine statistisch faßbaren Änderungen. Die Autoren vertreten die Hypothese, daß die Aktivierung der C-Zellen durch das Auftreten eines durch die Calcitoninverabreichung hervorgerufenen sekundären Hyperparathyroidismus zustande kommt.
    Notes: Summary Male Wistar rats were injected for one to eight weeks with 300 mMRC units per day of porcine calcitonin. During this period C-cells (or “parafollicular” cells) of the thyroid gland and cells of the parathyroid glands were examined ultrastructurally. The C-cells were further studied morphometrically in animals treated with calcitonin dissolved in acetate buffer as well as in acetate buffer- and not-treated control animals. In the thyroid C cells the number of secretion granules significantly decreased following calcitonin administration, whereas the volume of all cell organelles (mitochondria, Golgi complex and granular endoplasmic reticulum) augmented. The cells of the parathyroid glands of the calcitonin-treated rats showed structural changes due to higher activity: invaginations of the nuclear envelope, enlargement of the intercellular spaces with increase in number and size of the microvilli, better development of the Golgi complex and the granular endoplasmic reticulum, larger population of free ribosomes and secretory granules. However, no significant differences in the blood calcium and magnesium levels were detected when a comparison was made of calcitonin-treated and control animals. All these observations support the hypothesis that the activation of the C-cells may result from a secondary hyperparathyroidism itself induced by the administration of moderate doses of calcitonin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518631
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural differences along the colonic mucosa of the mouse (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Colonic mucosa ; Mouse ; Vacuolated cells ; Electron microscopy ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Swiss ICR adult male mice were used to analyse regional morphologic differences in the mucosa of the colon. The three cell types recently described in the descending colon of the mouse were also observed in the transverse and in the ascending colon. However the vacuolated cells of the crypts have presented different morphological characteristics depending on their localisation. In the ascending colon, they exhibited small supranuclear vesicles in contrast to the large vesicles observed in the descending colon. Several cell combining features of argentaffin-vacuolated, goblet-vacuolated and goblet-argentaffin cells have been observed. Furthermore a special type of granule referred to as a secondary lysosome was observed in the peripheral area of the typical goblet cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518634
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic observations on postnatal development of the X zone in mouse adrenal cortex (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 85-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: X zone ; Electron microscopy ; Development ; Adrenal ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development and involution of the X zone in the mouse adrenal cortex of both sexes were examined using the light and electron microscopes. At 0–5 days of age, no special cell group could be distinguished for the developing X zone in the inner cortex. The inner cortical cells contained spherical or ellipsoidal mitochondria with vesiculotubular cristae, vesiculotubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) and electron-lucent lipid droplets. The first sign of the developing X zone was the appearance of small groups of cells in juxtamedullary region differing from the cells in other part of inner cortex at 8 days. The electron microscopy showed that such cells contained nuclei of somewhat irregular outline and some parallel stacks of flattened sER. At 10–11 days, a thin layer of small eosinophilic cells were clearly identified as the developing X zone light microscopically in both sexes. Electron microscopically, the X zone cells showed a much dense cytoplas, which contained abundant sER, many mitochondria and numerous ribosomes. The typical X zone cells were characterized by the formation of peculiar mitochondrial complexes and whorled pattern of the sER. Mitoses were often found in the X zone, where mitotic cells even contained the whorled sER and bizarre mitochondria characteristic of the typical X zone cells. In the male the X zone rapidly involuted and might disappear by 30 days of age, whereas in the female X zone persisted as a thicker layer with the earlist sign of fatty degeneration. The origin of the X zone cell and the process of formation of its characteristic organelles are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518635
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Feinstruktur des Maulwurfovars (Talpa europaea, L.) (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 144 (1974), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Mammals ; Mole ; Ovary ; Interstitial cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Ovar des Maulwurfs wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Der Feinbau der verschiedenen Follikel und der Keimzellen entspricht dem anderer Species. Die Granulosa wird vermutlich erst mit der Ovulation luteinisiert. Sie enthält reichlich rauhes endoplasmatisches Reticulum und Sprossen von glattem endoplasmatischem Reticulum. Die Zellen der Theka interna leiten sich von Fibrocyten ab und enthalten neben reichlich glattem ER auch granuläres ER sowie Lipidtropfen und Mitochondrien mit Cristae und Tubuli. Diese Zellen ähneln in ihrer Feinstruktur stark den Zwischenzellen des ovarialen Marks. Dieses enthält in der Marksträngen Epithelien, die einer kräftigen Basalmembran aufsitzen. Sie werden teils als embryonal persistierende Vorstufen von Granulosa- oder Sertoli-Zellen, teils als Granulosasprossen aus der Rinde gedeutet. Für die Zwischenzellen des Marks erscheint eine Analogie mit den Hiluszellen des menschlichen Ovarialmarks bzw. eine Homologie mit den Leydig-Zellen des Hodens zweifelhaft. Als mögliche Quelle für diesen Zelltyp werden neben embryonal liegengebliebenen Anteilen auch Thekakeile und Epoophoronzellen sowie Fibroblasten diskutiert. Neben einer Steroid-synthese dürfte ihnen eine Reserve- und Speicherfunktion zukommen.
    Notes: Summary In order to make possible comparison between relatively primitive and relatively specialized gonads, the ovary of the mole was studied by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of primary, secondary and tertiary follicles and of the germ cells is similar to that of other species. The granulosa cells of secondary and early tertiary follicles contain abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and a small number profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The cells of the theca interna, which develop from simple fibrocytes are rich in smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum and contain many lipid droplets and mitochondria, which possess both cristae and tubuli mitochondriales. At the time of ovulation, the granulosa cells are luteinized and their ultrastructure changes correspondingly. The medulla of the ovary is composed of the medullary cords and the interstitial cells. The medullary cords are solid epithelial cords, which are surrounded by a prominent basement membrane. They may be derived from embryonic precursors of granulosa—or Sertoli-cells or bud from the cortical zonae granulosae. There is a striking morphological similarity between the theca and interstitial cells. The interstitial cells of the ovarian medulla differ from the hilus cells of the human ovary and the Leydig-cells of the testis. They may develop either from embryonic rudiments of Leydig—or hilus-cell precursors, or bud from the theca or the epoophoron, or they may develop from fibrocytes. In addition to their suggested activity in steroid biosynthesis, the interstitial cells may have a trophic or storage function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00518630
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of sarcolemma from human skeletal muscle (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 145 (1974), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Human skeletal muscle ; Sarcolemma ; Isolation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An isolation procedure for sarcolemma of human skeletal muscle is described. The method includes the possibility to prepare sarcoplasmic reticulum from the same muscle fibres. Electron microscopy reveals a homogeneous final fraction of 80–90% myofibre enveloping membranes contaminated by blood vessel membranes. The typical three-laminar composition of isolated sarcolemma is demonstrated. The mechanism of muscle fibre emptying is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519728
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cerebellar projections to the nuclei ventralis lateralis and ventralis anterior thalami (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1974), S. 95-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Thalamus ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An experimental electron microscopical study has been made on the mode of termination of the cerebellothalamic projections in the cat. Supporting experimental light microscopical studies of silver impregnated sections following a large lesion of the cerebellar nuclei and light microscopical autoradiographic studies of the thalamus following injections of tritiated leucine in parts of the cerebellar nuclei, have been made as well. Following large lesions of the cerebellar nuclei, only the largest occuring type of bouton in the cat's VL and VA (type LR bouton) degenerates. Following such lesions, type LR boutons undergo a filamentous hypertrophy before becoming electrondense. One degenerating LR bouton establishes complex synapses with the dendrites of both thalamocortical relay cells and interneurons. Not all type LR boutons in VL and VA degenerate following lesions of the cerebellar nuclei. Light microscopical autoradiographic studies as well as experimental electron microscopical investigations indicate that cerebellothalamic fibers end in clusters within VL and VA, and that the areas of termination lie more rostrally within these thalamic nuclei than has been inferred from experimental studies of silver impregnated sections following lesions of the cerebellar nuclei. The findings are discussed with respect to relevant morphological and physiological data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341384
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bleivergiftung: Feinstrukturelle Lokalisation von Blei im Gingivagewebe (1974)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 32 (1974), S. 129-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Lead intoxication ; Lead line ; Electron microscopy ; Stomato-Logy ; Bleiintoxikation ; Bleisaum ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Stomatologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die histologischen Befunde beim Bleisaum im Licht- und Dunkelfeld werden kurz besprochen. Die Beobachtungen stimmen mit den bekannten Angaben aus der Literatur überein. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Gingivabiopsien von 3 Patienten mit Bleivergiftung und deutlichem Bleisaum zeigten, daß die Ablagerungen sowohl extra- als auch intracellulär zu finden sind. Extracelluläres Blei war hauptsächlich zwischen kollagenen Pasern, um die Blutgefäße und in die Basallamina an der dermo-epidermalen Grenze eingelagert. Intracelluläres Blei war in einer Gruppe von Zellen in membranbegrenzten Phagosomen vorhanden, während es in anderen Zellen diffus im Cytoplasma verteilt war, wobei es zu einer Einlagerung in die verschiedenen cytoplasmatischen Membransysteme, besonders in die mitochondrialen Membranen, kam. Reste von lytischen Zellen mit diffus im Cytoplasma verteiltem Metall wurden von Makrophagen aufgenommen. Es wird vermutet, daß ein Cyclus abläuft, der mit der Phagocytose von Blei beginnt und über progrediente Zellschädigung zur Lyse führt. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Beobachtungen bei Argyrose verglichen. Das unterschiedliche Verteilungsmuster der Metalle bei diesen beiden Erkrankungen wird im Hinblick auf eine Hypothese über den Pathomechanismus von Schwermetallvergiftungen diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The histology of the lead line is briefly reviewed on the basis of light- and dark-field microscope studies. The observations correspond with published data. Electron microscope studies on gingival biopsies obtained from 3 patients with lead intoxication and marked lead lines showed extra- and intracellular deposits of the metal. Extracellular lead was preferentially deposited between collagen fibers, around blood vessels and on the basal lamina of the dermal-epidermal junction. Intracellular lead was present within membrane-bound phagosomes of one group of cells, whereas it was diffusely distributed within the cytoplasm of another cell group. In the latter it was deposited on the different cytoplasmic membrane systems, particularly on the mitochondrial membranes. Residues of lytic cells, which contained diffusely distributed metal, were phagocytized by macrophages. It is assumed that a cycle starts with the phagocytosis of lead and ends with increasing cellular damage and cytolysis. The results are compared with the observations in argyria. The different distribution patterns of the metal in the two diseases are discussed in the light of a proposed hypothesis on the pathomechanisms of heavy-metal poisoning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00539101
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early structural changes in a case of late infantile amaurotic idiocy (early form of Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt disease) (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 207 (1974), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Amaurotic Idiocy ; Late infantile Neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis ; Mental retardation ; Electron microscopy ; Inclusion bodies ; Membrane bound neuronal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die lichtmikroskopischen, histochemischen und elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde in der Gehirnbiopsie eines Frühfalles von später infantiler Form der amaurotischen Idiotie (oder einer frühen Form der Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt-Krankheit) beschrieben. An die Membranen gebundene cytoplasmatische Einschlußkörperchen sind in einigen wenigen Neuronen vorhanden. Die morphologischen Befunde werden mit Bezug auf die Ätiologie der Erkrankung diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The light microscopic, histochemical and electron microscopic findings in a brain biopsy of an early case of Late Infantile Amaurotic Idioty (early form of Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt disease) are reported. Membrane bound cytoplasmic inclusion bodies are present in a small number of neurons. The morphological findings are discussed in relation to the etiology of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312581
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Central neuroblastoma induced by transplacental administration of methylnitrosourea in Wistar-R rats (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 208 (1974), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Neuroblastoma, central ; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea ; Transplacentar carcinogenesis ; Neuronal differentiation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die transplacentare Gabe von MNH an schwangere Ratten am 16. Tage der Gravidität, obwohl sie bei allen untersuchten Nachkommen zu Gehirnmißbildungen führte, erzeugte nur einen Tumor des Nervensystems. Dieser bösartige Tumor, bei dem am Lichtmikroskop die Diagnose Neuroblastoma gestellt wurde, wurde auch durch E.M. untersucht. Obwohl Strukturen stark andeutend auf unreife oder regressive synapsenartige Kontakte vorhanden waren, konnten gutentwickelte Synapsen jedoch nicht beobachtet werden. Bei den verschiedenen neuronalen Eigenschaften, die bei den Tumorzellen zum Vorschein kamen, besonders extensive Nissl-Schollen und zahlreiche „subsurface“ Zisternen, waren mehrere typisch für die embryonale Entwicklung der Nervenzellen: geästete Zellfortsätze mit Wachstumskonen und dense core, neurosekretorische Granula; diese Granula wurde als charakteristisch für neuerwachsende Nervenfasern angesehen. Die Anwesenheit dieser Entwicklungsmerkmale in einem Nervenzellenmalignom kann die vermutete embryonale Abstammung des Neuroblastomas als Abkömmling von unreifen Formen und nicht von entdifferenzierten Zellen bestätigen.
    Notes: Summary Transplacentar administration of MNU to pregnant Wistar-R rats at the 16th day of gestation, while inducing cerebral malformations in all the offspring examined, produced only one nervous system tumor. This malignant neoplasm, diagnosed optically as a neuroblastoma, was also examined at the EM level. Although structures strongly suggestive of incipient or abortive synaptic formations were present, well developed synapses were not observed. Among the various neuronal features displayed by the tumor cells, notably some extensive Nissl arrays and numerous subsurface cisternae, several were indicative of maturing nerve cells: branching tumoral processes provided with typical growth cones and dense cored “neurosecretory” vesicles. These vesicles are now considered to be one of the characteristics of newly developing nerve fibers. The presence of these developmental features in a nerve cell tumor helps to substantiate the embryonic origin of neuroblastomas postulated as arising from immature forms and not from dedifferentiated cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313329
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on dentinogenesis in the rat (1974)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 93-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentinogenesis ; Globules ; Pyrophosphatase ; Calcification ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three-day-old rats were fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde and thin slices were cut of the first molar germs. The slices were treated with EDTA and “activated” with buffered solutions containing Mg2+, Ca2+ or Zn2+. Incubation was carried out in buffered solutions (pH 8.5) containing inorganic pyrophosphate and Pb2+. In the Mg2+-activated specimens incubation products were localized to the plasma membranes in the stratum intermedium and the subodontoblastic area. Lead deposits were found on the periphery of the dentinal globules. Incubation products were more randomly distributed in Ca2+-activated specimens whereas those activated with Zn2+ displayed a deposition of lead precipitates mainly corresponding to that seen after activation with Mg2+. The findings are discussed in reference to the localization of alkaline phosphatase in the dentin-producing tissues and it is proposed that the results are indicative of the presence of an inorganic pyrophosphatase in these tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02008216
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acid phosphatase in the mantle of the shell-regenerating snailHelisoma duryi duryi (1974)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acid phosphatase ; Electron microscopy ; Shell Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Acid phosphatase activity was mainly localized in the lysosomes in all the regions of the outer epithelium. The transitional portion of the outer epithelium showed more intense activity than the other regions. During shell regeneration the activity of this portion decreased to a minimum level at 12 hours and was restored to normal at 72 hours. The other regions showed no change of activity during shell regeneration. It is postulated that the acid phosphatase in the transitional protion is responsible for conferring calcifiability to the organic matrix of the shell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059058
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning and transmission electron microscopy evidence of the cytological effect of pyrrolnitrin on ‘Microsporon audouinii’ Gruby CBS 313-54 ‘in vitro’ (1974)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 53 (1974), S. 111-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Microsporon audouinii ; Pyrrolnitrin ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that a ceiling quantity (1.56 mcg) of antifungal antibiotic Pyrrolnitrin caused heavy damage to dermathophyteMicrosporon audouinii Gruby CBS 313-54in vitro. Suitable preparation technique made it clear that the changes involved consisted of hyphal collapse on the edge of the culture, with loss of euplasmic organelles identity and cell autolysis. The cell wall, however, was apparently undamaged. These findings fit in with the suggestion that the mode of action of the antibiotic leads to generalised lipoproteic membranes damage. They must, however, be considered as representing the result of the terminal phase of cell distress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02127201
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The concentration of protein solutions by normal freezing (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 21-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus is described which is designed for preparative freeze concentration experiments by the technique of normal freezing. It has a capacity of approximately 22 liters distributed over twelve vessels. The influence of various geometrical and chemical parameters such as stirring speed, crystallization rate, and sample composition on the normal freezing of protein solutions are discussed. For dilute protein solutions (〈0.1%) the concentration factor generally was 8- to 10-fold with recoveries of 90-100 percent. With higher protein concentrations and at ionic strengths higher than approximately 0.05, the recovery was decreased. No loss of activity was detected when concentrating enzyme solutions.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160104
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immobilized α-galactosidase continuous flow reactor (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 135-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An α-galactosidase which will hydrolyze the oligosaccharides melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose has been immobilized on nylon microfibrils suitable for use in large flow-through reactors. This catalyst system is stable for many months, both under use and storage conditions. The immobilized enzyme behaves similarly to the enzyme in solution, characteristically exhibiting both product and substrate inhibition. The catalyst is prepared in situ and a large, 8-liter reactor has been made. The catalyst has been used to reduce the raffinose concentration in beet sugar molasses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160110
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160201
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of microorganisms on chemically synthesized carbohydrate (“formose”) syrups (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 209-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Formose syrup was studied as a carbon source for growth of a series of microorganisms obtained from various collections. Approximately 80 strains of bacteria, yeasts, and molds were inoculated into a medium containing formose syrup and mineral salts supplemented with small amounts of yeast extract and casein hydrolysate to supply accessory growth factors. Two preparations of formose syrup, produced by two different laboratories, were employed. Formose syrup I, characterized by a low sugar content, was poorly utilized; syrup II, containing a higher sugar concentration, was utilized to a greater extent. Two strains of Aerobacter acrogenes yielded 1.3 g dry cell mass from an initial charge of 10 g of formose II solids, whereas growth on 10 g of D-glucose amounted to 3.7 g.Klebsiella aerogenes MIT-B44, the best microbial strain isolated from soil by an enrichment technique, produced 1.3 g cells from 10 g fromose syrup II solids in supplemented medium; in direct comparisons, it produced 10-15% more cell 0.7-0.9 g cells per 10 g formose and grew with a doubling time of 55-70 min. Under such conditions, its macromolecular composition was 52% protein, 22% RNA, and 2% DNA. Although the apparent yield of cells from formose was only 8-11%, the actual yield based on formose utilized was 30%, the same as observed with glucose.A second strain was isolated from soil by enrichment with spent broth from K. aerogenes. This unidentified gram-negative, short rod-shaped bacterium grew in mixed culture with strain MIT-B44; in unsupplemented media they produced 1.55 g cells from 10 g formose II solids and 2.9 g cells from 10 g glucose.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160205
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of immobilized leucine aminopeptidase on porous glass (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 275-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160209
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of enzymes on magnetic particles (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 385-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) was immobilized in low yield on aminoalkylsilylated magnetite (Fe3O4). Better results were obtained when trypsin was immobilized by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde on magnetite. The preparation contained 36 mg protein/g magnetite and the enzyme retained 46% and 11% of esterase and proteolytic activity. Immobilized trypsin was more heat stable than trypsin. Invertase (β-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) was cross-linked on magnetite with glutaraldehyde in low yield due to the inactivation of the enzyme. However in the presence of 1% sucrose, the total activity recovered was 79% of the initial activity and the preparation contained 4.4 mg/g of active invertase. Immobilized invertase was less active than invertase when acting on oligosaccharides of the raffinose family. The immobilized enzymes could be easily recovered, from solutions or suspensions, magnetically.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160308
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of specific growth rate on biomass yield of heterogeneous populations growing in both continuous and batch systems (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 423-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160312
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A fiber-optic retroreflective turbidimeter for continuously monitoring cell concentration during fermentation (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 475-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fiber-optic retroreflective turbidimeter has been developed to automatically and continuously assay the cell concentration in a fermentor by measuring the turbidity of the solution as a function of the light scattered at 180° to the incident light. The output signal is nearly directly proportional to the cell concentration in a fermentor when the sample stream contains from 0 to more than 50 g of cells per liter (wet weight). The device consists of a bifurcated fiber-optics light pipe with its distal end inserted into a flow cell through which the material to be analyzed passes. A light source on one proximal branch of the light pipe illuminates the sample stream; light that is back-scattered from participates in the stream re-enters the light pipe and is returned to a photodetector on the other proximal branch of the light pipe. A signal conditioning system connected to the optical head by a cable provides gain and zero adjustment.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160404
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced enzymatic reaction rates with substrates in aerosol form (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 551-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160412
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of an immobilized two-enzyme system, β-amylase-pullulanase, to an acrylic copolymer for the conversion of starch to maltose. I. Preparation and stability of immobilized β-amylase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 567-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.2), obtained from barley, was chemically attached to a crosslinked copolymer of acrylamide-acrylic acid using a water-soluble carbodiimide. The derivative showed 23% β-amylase activity in relation to that of free enzyme with a coupling yield of 40% based on the amount of added β-amylase. In order to find optimal coupling conditions, the effect of pH and different carbodiimide concentrations was investigated. The enzymic activity associated with different β-amylase concentrations was further outlined. A slightly increased operational stability for the enzyme upon immobilization was observed. Markedly improved operational stability has been obtained by coupling in the presence of reduced glutathione of bovine serum albumin.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160502
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzyme yields from cells of brewer's yeast disrupted by treatment in a horizontal disintegrator (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 623-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Maltase, phosphatase, malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were determined in the supernatant of brewer's yeast cells from samples taken at various intervals during a 90 min treatment in a Dyno-Mill disintegrator.In an attempt to find optimum operating conditions, the following parameters were varied: speed of rotation of the agitator, flow rate, yeast concentration in the slurry and bead diameter, and the specific rate of extraction was determined for each such variation. Analysis of the data showed that, superimposed upon extraction, there was a progressive but slow loss of total activities. Enzyme release could be expressed as an approximately first-order chemical reaction. The results compared well with those of Follows et al. (Biotechnol. Bioeng.), 13, 549 (1971) and showed that the Dyno-Mill can be operated under proper conditions without significant loss of enzyme activity and with high yields.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160506
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of immobilized lactase. Continued studies on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 689-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A soluble fungal lactase (lactase-W) of greater activity that the previously available fungal lactase (lactase-M) has been covalently coupled to ZrO2-coated porous glass particles and 1 mm diameter porous TiO2 particles. The immobilized lactase-W appears to give results similar to the lactase-M except for the operational half-life. At 30°C the half-life of the lactase-M appears to exceed that of the lactase-W by approximately 100 days under operational conditions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160510
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and operational model for complete mixing activated sludge system (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 703-722 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The complete mixing activated sludge (CMAS) system is gaining in popularity for treating both domestic and industrial wastewaters. Experience over the past 20 years has produced a simple mathematical model which can be used in both the design and the operational evaluation of CMAS systems. Laboratory pilot plants and full scale field units have furnished the basic data needed to confirm the validity of the mathematical model. The basic concepts of the model are discussed in light of field evaluations. Areas of conflict and confusion which have arisen in the past will be presented and discussed. Design examples and operational evaluations are presented for several different wastewater systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160603
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  • 28
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    Temperature effects on anaerobic fermentation of domestic refuse (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 771-787 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Anaerobic fermentation of organic solid waste can provide a significant source of fuel gas (methane). Application of this process requires a better understanding of the kinetics of the biological system. The literature is replete with kinetic studies of this process as applied to waste solids from water pollution control systems. Much of this work has been conducted in the mesophilic temperature range. Increased temperatures yield higher reaction rates that will improve the economics of the process. The rate limiting step in the fermentation of refuse is the hydrolysis of the complex organic solids, in particular cellulose. Cellulose is a major component of the refuse. A laboratory study employing domestic refuse has shown the effect of temperature on the rate of methane fermentation. The optimum mesophilic temperature was found to be 42°C, while the optimum thermophilic temperature was at least 60°C. No data was obtained beyond the 60°C temperature. Reaction rate constants are presented for anaerobic fermentation of domestic refuse. Because of the characteristics of the substrate it-was not possible to obtain the necessary measurements for evaluation of constants in the Monod model. An overall system constant was developed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160607
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  • 29
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    Large-scale purification of Qβ-virus by differential centrifugation (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 847-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bacterial RNA virus, Qβ, has been purified in gram amounts by differential centrifugation. Final separation of the virus from host E. coli rRNA was based on the density differential in the pellet. The method provided a simplified alternative to the more conventional rate zonal or isopycnic zonal centrifugation techniques.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160611
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160701
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  • 31
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    External and internal diffusion in heterogeneous enzymes systems (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 909-923 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The intrusion of diffusion in heterogeneous enzyme reactions, which follow. Michaelis-Menten kinetics, is quantitatively characterized by dimensionless parameters that are independent of the substrate concentration. The effects of these parameters on the overall rate of reaction is illustrated on plots commonly employed in enzyme kinetics. The departure from Michaelis-Menten kinetics due to diffusion limitations can be best assessed by using Hofstee plots which are also suitable to distinguish between internal and external transport effects. A graphical method is described for the evaluation of the reaction rate as a function of the surface concentration of the substrate from measured data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160705
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  • 32
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    Production of Sindbis, influenza, and vesicular stomatitis viruses in chicken embryo and rat embryo cell suspensions (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1025-1044 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies were carried out on the production of Sindbis, influenza and vesicular stomatitis viruses in suspensions of chicken embryo and rat embryo cells. The yield of Sindbis virus in chicken embryo cell suspensions was independent of the multiplicity of infection over the range 0.0001 to 0.01 although reduction in multiplicity caused a delay in virus production. With influenza virus the use of higher multiplicities gave increased virus yields possibly due to the very slow production at low multiplicities. In both monolayer and suspension cultures of chicken embryo cells addition of serum or use of media richer than minimum essential medium (Eagle) had little effect on Sindbis virus production, but if the glucose were omitted the virus yield was markedly reduced. In cell suspensions, a marked reduction in virus yield occurred if infection were delayed more than 24 hr after cell preparation whereas in monolayers the delay of infection allowed cell propagation and hence a higher yield of virus. It was also shown that vesicular stomatitis virus can be produced in chicken embryo cell suspensions, and that rat embryo primary cell suspensions can be used to prepare both Sindbis and vesicular stomatitis viruses. Sindbis virus obtained from chicken embryo cell suspensions was purified by polyethylene glycol precipitation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation and shown to contain only those proteins previously identified as viral, without any contamination from chicken cell proteins. The relative ease and economics of virus production by cell suspension and monolayer methods is compared.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160804
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  • 33
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    Enzyme catalysis in the presence of nonaqueous solvents using chloroperoxidase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1045-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies exploring the effect of two nonaqueous solvents on enzyme activity were done using chloroperoxidase as a model system. Chloroperoxidase produced by Caldariomyces fumago is a bifunctional enzyme with halogenating activity at pH 3 and peroxidation activity at pH 5 to 6. Methanol affected both of these activities similarly. Furthermore, methanol and the halogen acceptor, monochlorodimedon, competitively inhibit the reaction. These results are discussed in terms of the site of action of methanol. At 10% methanol concentration, the enzyme retained up to 33% of its activity depending on the monochlorodimedon concentration. Dimethylsulfoxide at 10% concentration permitted up to 47% retention of activity. Its effects on the enzyme are more complex than methanol and are discussed in terms of a transitory inactivation of the enzyme.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160805
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  • 34
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    Influence of intraparticle diffuisional limitation on the observed kinetics of immobilized enzymes and on catalyst design (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1081-1093 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical solutions to the equations describing simultaneous mass transfer and enzymic reaction within porous spherical particles have been used to examine the effect of enzyme content and other parameters on the kinetic behavior of immobilized enzymes. These solutions have also been compared with experimental data for enzymes immobilized to DEAE-cellulose particles. The influence of particle size and enzyme content on catalyst design is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160808
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  • 35
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    Enzymatic RNA reduction in disintegrated cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1123-1133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Degradation of UNA by endogenous RNase in cell suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to be achieved by mechanical disintegration followed by incubation in the presence of NaCl. The incubation parameters pH, temperature, time, and concentration of NaCl were investigated. Protein concentrates with a low content of RNA were obtained by precipitation of the incubated suspensions and separation of the degradation products.On a pilot plant scale the incubation was performed at 50°C and pH 5.6 in the presence of 3% NaCl for 20 min. Kilogram quantities of protein concentrates containing 1.4% RNA and 8.2% nitrogen were obtained. The RNA reduction and the nitrogen yield was 85 and 60%, respectively. The yield of amino acids was about 75%. The process described can probably be applied for large-scale production.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160812
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  • 36
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    Development and application of the thin channel rectangular air lift mass transfer reactor to fermentation and waste-water treatment systemsPresented at the 166th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, August 26-31, 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1179-1195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The consideration of fermentation principles in the treatment of industrial and sanitary waste waters leads to substantial process improvements. In particular, the rate of reaction can be improved by several fold by establishing the proper environmental conditions for microbial growth in a fermentation system. Recent work on the concentric cylinder air lift has shown it to be an economical fermentor with many advantages over conventional fermentors. An attempt to improve the economical performance of this system led to the development of the thin channel rectangular air lift fermentor. This was based upon a theoretical analysis of performance parameters. The analysis indicates decreased bubble coalescence, increased bubble entrainment, decreased power costs, increased mass transfer coefficients, and decrease capital costs. Experience using a prototype thin channel rectangular air lift system with sanitary and industrial waste-water treatment systems has demonstrated exceptionally high rates of BOD removal at low operating and capital costs.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160904
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  • 37
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    The tubular loop batch fermentor: Basic concepts (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1261-1272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A tubular loop batch fermentor has been designed and constructed, and was found to behave in a similar manner to a conventional stirred tank reactor. It appeared that foaming could be greatly reduced as no air ever encountered the impeller. The fluid mechanics of pipe flow are considerably simpler than tank flow patterns. On this basis a design procedure for a large scale tubular fermentor was outlined, which had considerable advantages over the more complex scale-up problems of a tank fermentor.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160909
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  • 38
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    Death kinetics of yeast in spray dryingPresented at the 33rd Annual Meeting, Institute of Food Technologists, Miami, Florida, June 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1245-1259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The death kinetics of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied in an industrial scale spray drier. In solution studies, the death kinetics of yeast was found to be comparable to pathogen destruction. From the studies in drying of yeast a prediction of a 4 log cycle decrease in viable cells of pathogens could be made for normal processing conditions. This should insure the safety of spray-dried foods unless after contamination occurs. It was found that during drying, although the rate of death is high, the activation energy is greatly decreased over that of death in aqueous solution (reduction from 130 kcal/mole to 5 kcal/mole). The reduction in Ea may be attributed to the thermodynamic compensation phenomenon in which the resulting negative entropy of reaction acts to protect the cells through a water-protein interaction. However, the possibility of a change in death mechanism cannot be precluded. Overall, these results suggest the danger in extrapolating death kinetics to high temperature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160908
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  • 39
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    Studies on the binding of amyloglucosidase to inert proteins (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1393-1398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161007
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  • 40
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    A stannous bridge for coupling urease to controlled pore titanium (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1419-1423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161011
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    Large scale enzymatic synthesis of nucleoside-5′-monophosphates using a phosphotransferase from carrots (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1449-1458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzymatic synthesis of nucleoside-5′-monophosphates from purineriboside, 6-mercapto-purine riboside, 6-methylmercapto-purine riboside, 6-chloro-purine riboside, tubercidin, 8-aza-adenosine, and 3′-deoxy-adenosine is described in gram scale. The synthesis is catalyzed by a phosphotransferase from carrots and uses phenylphosphate as phosphate donor. The reaction products are purified on QAE-Sephadex A25 columns. The large scale preparation of the enzyme is also reported.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161103
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Properties of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase immobilized on porous glass (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1507-1516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase from spinach has been bound to arylamine porous glass with a diazo linkage and to alklamine porous glass with glutaraldehyde. Stability at elevated temperatures and responses to changes of pH and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate, Mg2+, and dithiothreitol concentrations were not significantly different from the soluble enzyme, though stability at 4°C was somewhat improved.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161107
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  • 43
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    A new method for measuring drop-size distribution in hydrocarbon fermentations (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1557-1564 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161114
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  • 44
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    Preparation of an immobilized two-enzyme system, β-amylase-pullulanase, to an acrylic copolymer for the conversion of starch to maltose. III. Process kinetic studies on continuous reactors (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1567-1587 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kinetic studies on the parameters influencing the potential industrial application of an immobilized two-enzyme system of β-amylase and pullulanase for conversion of starch to a product with high maltose content, have been performed. The apparent Michaelis constant, the apparent product inhibitor constant, and the activation energy have been determined for the immobilized preparation and compared to the values for the corresponding soluble enzyme system. The catalytic activity of the immobilized enzymes was studied in a plug-flow reactor and a continuous feed stirred tank reactor. Mathematical models for these reactors have been formulated and adapted to fit the experimental data. Comparisons of the reactor efficiencies were made and the conditions were found to be such as to favor the plug-flow reactor. Results on operational stability tests at different temperatures and substrate concentrations are given.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161202
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance characteristics of continuous yeast-alcohol fermentors with no mechanical stirring (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1611-1631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous fermentation of grape juice was studied in three basic kinds of nonmechanically stirred fermentors, classified according to the direction in which flow is applied against settling: upward-flow, slant-flow, and horizontal-flow.Fermentation kinetics were found to be zero-order, thus rate was directly proportional to cell density.Completeness of fermentation depends upon yeast characteristics (growth rate flocculation), fermentor geometry (settling depth, flow path length), and upon flow velocity.Fermentor analysis demonstrated that to achieve complete fermentation in the minimum juice holding time, efficient cell retention as well as rapid yeast growth and fermentation rates are required. Fermentor design and operation are discussed in the light of this analysis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161205
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deactivation of immobilized beef liver catalase by hydrogen peroxide (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1659-1673 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized beef liver catalase has been used in a flow reactor to decompose hydrogen peroxide; at the same time the catalase is inactivated by its substrate. A model has been developed which predicts this rate of decomposition of peroxide and inactivation of catalase. First order dependence on peroxide concentration is assumed. The model was verified by experiment for a range of operating conditions and then used to predict the effects of a change in operating variables.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161208
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
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    Automated instrument for measuring biological transport kinetics over intervals of a few seconds (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1645-1657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Automated sampling device was designed to permit determination of rates of biological transport of metabolites into cells. The substrate was automatically introduced into a stirred cell suspension at 37°C. The first sample was automatically taken after a mixing interval of 1 sec and nine subsequent samples were taken at programmable intervals (1 to 100 sec). The samples were forced by pressure differential (vacuum) through 0.4 μ pore size membranes and approximately 50 μl were collected in disposable cups. The duration of the sampling interval was controllable down to 0.1 sec. The samples preserved records of the substrate concentrations in solution at the time of filtration. With the use of suitable radioactive labeled isotopes, the changes in substrate concentrations may be conveniently measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry, but other analytical procedures of suitable sensitivity may be used. Initial and steady-state transport rates of succinate and glucose in Escherichia coli were obtained using the device.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161207
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen metabolism in extended aeration processes operated with and without hydrolytic pretreatment of portions of the sludgePresented at the 24th Annual Pollution Control and Industrial Waste Conference, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, April 2-3, 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nitrifying characteristics were compared for an extended aeration (total cell recycle) process and one employing an engineering modification of the process utilizing a “hydrolytic assist” to aid biological autodigestion. Laboratory pilot plants were run over a period of years, and it was found that the recently recommended “hydrolytic assist” did not militate against production of a highly nitrified effluent. Under this mode of operation, the effluent was as nitrified as the effluent from the normal extended aeration process. It was also found that the modified process rapidly recovered its nitrifying capability after a period of deprivation of excess ammonia nitrogen. Throughout the period of operation, substrate removal efficiency remained high.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160103
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  • 49
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    Theory of the kinetics of reactions catalyzed by enzymes attached to membranes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 77-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical treatment has been worked out for the kinetics of solid-supported enzyme systems, with diffusive and electrostatic effects taken into account. A utilization factor, defined as the ratio of the actual reaction rate to the rate of substrate consumption in the outer solution, is defined, and equations to evaluate the utilization factor are given for five kinetic conditions: (a) Michaelis-Menten behavior, (b) substrate inhibition, (c) product inhibition (competitive), (d) product inhibition (noncompetitive), and (e) product inhibition (anticompetitive). When the solid-supported enzymes obey a Michaelis-Menten relationship, an equation for the apparent Michaelis constant is given and a criterion for insignificant diffusion effects is shown. A substrate-inhibited enzyme reaction may display multiple steady-state behavior, and a criterion for uniqueness is presented. In the case of product-inhibited enzyme reactions, the utilization factor is always less than that which corresponds to a Michaelis-Menten relationship. Equations to evaluate the apparent Michaelis and inhibition constants are given.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160107
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  • 50
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    Electronic Resource
    Maintaining perpetual synchrony in HeLa S3 culture (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: HeLa S3 cells in suspension culture are resynchronized in each successive generation by exposure to 0.25mM thymidine. The resynchronization approach appears to be superior to single- and double-block techniques because the period of effective inhibition of DNA synthesis is significantly shortened. Gram quantities of highly synchronous viable cells have been produced on a daily basis.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160111
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  • 51
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    The rheology of mycelial broths (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 181-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation on the rheology of penicillin broths was undertaken in order to obtain more understanding of this important aspect of the fermentation process. The measuring technique consisted in observation of the torque exerted upon a rotating turbine impeller. The experimental data were interpreted in terms of a model which basically is a synthesis of a known relationship for the rheological behavior of printing ink (Casson equation) and some considerations analogous to the rheological description of polymer solutions (excluded volume concept). One of the key variables in the model is a morphology factor, which can be used for a quantitative description of mycelial morphology. The value of the morphology factor can be determined experimentally by a simple viscosity measurement in combination with a mycelial dry weight determination. There are strong indications that the model may be applicable to mycelial broths other than those of penicillin.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160204
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    Mechanical disintegration of microorganisms in an industrial homogenizer (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Disintegration of microorganisms in a continuously working industrial homogenizer has been studied. The homogenizer consists of rotating discs in a cylinder filled with glass beads. Different parameters for disintegration of baker's yeast were investigated. The disintegration process is a first-order reaction and it is influenced by the flow rate of the suspension and by the agitator speed. At a flow rate of 200 liters/hr about 85% of the yeast cells can be disrupted in a single pass through the disintegrator. This type of disintegrator can be used for disruption of cells in order to produce single-cell protein, active enzymes and other valuable cell components.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160208
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    Bactericidal effectiveness of immobilized peroxidases (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 289-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160212
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    A novel shaft bearing housing for laboratory-scale fermenters (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 293-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160213
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  • 55
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    Water insoluble enzyme columns: Kinetic study on steady state and transient conditions (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 315-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetic behavior of water insoluble enzyme columns was studied using the hydrolysis of GPNA (N-glutaryl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide) by α-chymotrypsin as a model. Thermal denaturation of soluble and insoluble enzyme was compared in a batch reactor and in a tubular reactor. Convection of metabolites, enzyme reaction, diffusion of metabolites across porous particles and the kinetic behavior of a water insoluble enzyme column were tested.The respective and mutual effects of the first two phenomena were comprehensively analyzed for both stationary state and transient conditions. When the ingoing substrate concentration was varying with time, convection-reaction equations were solved by digital computation. The possible effects of diffusion limitations and unstirred layers are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160303
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  • 56
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    Immobilized enzyme reaction stability: Attrition of the support material (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the main reasons for immobilizing an enzyme is to enable its reuse, or continuous use, in a reactor. Consequently immobilized enzyme stability is an important factor in enzyme reactor design. The performance of the reactor will decrease if during operation the support material disintegrates into smaller particles that pass out of the reactor system.When β-galactosidase is immobilized by covalent attachment to AE-cellulose, the smaller particles have a higher activity. After subjection of the immobilized enxyme to a shear stress the average particle size decreases and the total enzymic activity increases. A loss of small particles from the reactor, although constituting a small weight percent loss of support, will result in a disproportionately large loss in activity. The relevance of these observations to reactor performance is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160304
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    Mechanism of cell disintegration in a high pressure homogenizer (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 371-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The disintegration of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by a high pressure homogenizer, to a pressure of 25,000 psi. (172.37 MNm-2) is described, together with details of the methods of measurement used to obtain information on the valve movement and pressure transients. The theory of the mechanism of cell disintegration is discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160307
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    Film diffusion studies of immobilized catalase in tubular flow reactors (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 419-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160311
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  • 59
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    Response of the adenosine phosphate pool level to changes in the catabolic pattern of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 455-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Changes in the catabolic pattern of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, growing in continuous culture, were effected by altering the glucose feed rate or the dissolved oxygen concentration. The cytochrome concentrations and the adenosine phosphate pool level of the yeast in a series of steady states and during three transitions were measured and compared with the glucose uptake rate (QG), the respiration rate (QO2), and the rate of ethanolic fermentation (QE).Respiration was decreased at high glucose feed rates only if oxygen was low but cytochromes were glucose repressible at both high and low oxygen concentrations. In the main, QE and the levels of ATP, ADP, and AMP were decreased and cytochrome concentration were elevated at low QG values. No consistent relationship between any of the adenosine phosphate parameters and QO2 was discernible.Evidence is presented for the concept that the QG directly controls the adenosine phosphate pool level and that a relationship between the concentration of adenosine phosphate anhydride bonds and the adenosine phosphate level is constantly maintained.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160403
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    Properties and use of invertase entrapped in fibers (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 501-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Invertase was entrapped in cellulose triacetate fibers and the properties of the insoluble derivative were studied. Fiber-entrapped invertase was found very stable under operating conditions. For some insoluble preparations a half-life value of 5,300 days was calculated; a sample of invertase fibers, continuously hydrolyzing sucrose, maintained unchanged its activity for five years. The activity displayed by invertase fibers was 15-65% of that of the free enzyme, depending on the amount of entrapped enzyme and on the porosity of the fibers. At very high substrate concentrations the activity of the entrapped invertase approximated to that of the free enzyme. The pH optimum for activity was around 4.5 for the free and entrapped invertase. The native and entrapped enzyme was unstable at temperatures higher than 35°C.The continuous hydrolysis of sucrose using invertase fiber was studied and the potential industrial application of entrapped enzyme is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160406
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    Reduction and separation of nitrate and nitrite by liquid membrane-encapsulated enzymes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 513-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purified enzymes encapsulated in liquid surfactant membranes have been shown to retain their catalytic activity. In general, previous work on encapsulation has been confined to single enzymes. The system has now been extended to encapsulate a bacterial cell-free homogenate. Liquid membrane-encapsulated bacterial cell-free homogenate reduces effectively NO3- to NO2- and other nitrogen compounds of lower oxidation state. This technique of removing nitrates and nitrites may have application in waste-water treatment. Also, it has been shown that encapsulated cell-free homogenate does not leak and there is no absorption of the substrate onto the liquid surfactant membrane surfaces. The reduction in the reaction rates is discussed in terms of solubility of the substrate and the rate of permeation of the substrates through the liquid surfactant membrane.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160407
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  • 62
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    Hydrolysis of starch by a mixture of enzymes in a membrane reactor (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 545-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160411
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  • 63
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    Effect of wall growth on continuous biological oxidation of ferrous iron (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 559-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160414
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    Immobilization of enzymes by radiopolymerization of acrylamidePart 1 in a series of studies on the preparation of immobilized enzymes by radiopolymerization. An outline of the work described here was presented at the annual meeting of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, April 1973, Tokyo. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 609-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new and simple method for immobilization of enzymes by the aerobic radio-polymerization of acrylamide was developed. Irradiation treatment of acrylamide in the frozen state produces a spongy immobilized enzyme membrane without the addition of carriers. Aerobic polymerization yields of acrylamide in the frozen state were increased by the addition of starch and also by lyophilization.Glucose oxidase (activity recovery was 12.3-33.7%), invertase (69.2%), D-amono acid oxidase (25.0-70.5%), aminoacylase (39.2-43.7%), mold α-amylase (18.0%), malt β-amylase (4.1%), glucoamylase (6.5%), alkaline protease (5.3%), and neutral protease (10.5%) were immobilized by this method. Invertase entrapped by this method had a wider optium pH range and was active at higher temperatures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160505
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    Symposium on kinetics of waste treatmentThis symposium, presented before the 166th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society on August 30, 1973, in Chicago, Illinois, was organized by the Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology and jointly sponsored with the Environmental Chemistry Division. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 701-702 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160602
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    Mixing in anaerobic digestion (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 757-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mixing of the anaerobic digester contents significantly influences the efficiency of this operation; in particular, hydraulic dead zones are extremely detrimental to the reaction kinetics involved in anaerobic digestion. An analysis of the relative importance of thermal fluid movement in the digester to those caused by fluid inflow and outflow is presented. As an example, these principles are applied to a digester at the South Bend Wastewater Treatment Plant. Experimental measurements, which have general applicability for the measurement of digester mixing volume, confirm the theoretical conjectures. Various types of optimizations can be attempted on this mixing operation. One such optimization applied to gas lift mixers, as employed in the South Bend Treatment Plant, is illustrated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160606
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    Cost optimization of activated sludge systems (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 807-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Activated sludge is a widely used aerobic biological waste-water treatment process. A rational approach to least cost design of an integrated system is described which includes the following processes: activated sludge reactor, final settling tanks, gravity thickening, and aerobic sludge digestion. Both capital and operation and maintenance costs are considered. Biological reactor design is based on microbial kinetic concepts and continuous culture of microorganisms theory. Biological solids retention time (θc) is utilized as the primary independent design variable to which system performance is related, e.g., effluent quality, ammonia oxidation, and excess sludge production. Liquid-biomass separation is based on the batch flux technique, a rational approach to design of gravity separators (final settling tanks). Trade-offs among reactor volume, clarifier size, recycle pumping capacity, thickener capacity, digester volume, air requirements, and sludge production are discussed. The optimum design is taken as the combination of these parameters within the acceptable design domain, determined by effluent quality criteria, that results in minimum cost. While the method described is general, design of a given treatment system depends on availability, from lab or pilot studies, of system specific numerical values for biological growth coefficients and biomass setting characteristics. A design example illustrates the approach.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160609
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  • 68
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    Mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake by microorganisms (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 863-865 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160614
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  • 69
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    Simultaneously immobilized glucose oxidase and catalase in controlled-pore titania (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 897-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The immobilization of glucose oxidase and catalase by adsorption within the pores of controlled-pore titania has yielded a remarkably stable enzyme system. Catalase apparently acts as both a stabilizer and an activator for glucose oxidase within the pores of this material. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations and flow rates have a marked effect upon the apparent activity of the immobilized enzyme system. The carrier parameters were varied to obtain optimum loading and stability information.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160704
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  • 70
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    The functional role of lipids in hydrocarbon assimilation (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 965-985 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The yeast Candida tropicalis utilizes both glucose and hydrocarbons as sole carbon sources. When grown on hydrocarbons, the cells contain twice as much lipid as when grown on glucose. In transient continuous culture experiments, following a substrate change from glucose to hexadecane, an adaption phase occurred. During this phase the lipid concentration per cell increased greatly. It is proposed that a high cellular lipid concentration is necessary for hydrocarbon assimilation, and this is not just a reflection of the lipophilic nature of the substrate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160709
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  • 71
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    Gel entrapped enzymes: Kinetic studies of immobilized β-galactosidase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 943-963 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-galactosidase from E. coli (β-D-galactose galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) has been entrapped in a crosslinked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate gel with a 35% retention of activity. The kinetic behavior of the gel-entrapped enzyme has been studied in a recirculation reactor system, the substrate being o-nitrophenyl-βhyphen;D- galactopyranoside. Kinetic constants were determined for particle sizes ranging from 69 to 231 μm in diameter and compared to those of the free enzyme. External diffusion effects were eliminated by operating at high recirculation flow rates. A fourfold increase in Km(app) was observed for the 231 μm particles, consistent with existing theoretical treatments for internal diffusion effects.An Arrhenius plot of rate data showed significant curvature at higher temperatures, which was attributed to the effects of internal diffusion. The pH-activity profile of the gel-entrapped enzyme was bell-shaped at high substrate concentration and, in contrast to the free enzyme, could be fitted to the titration curve of two ionizable groups, a basic group having a pK of 8.6. The gel-entrapped enzyme had a higher pH optimum and retained a larger percentage of its maximal activity at alkaline pH than the free enzyme; its pH stability at high pH was also much better.The thermal stability of the gel-entrapped enzyme was studied and found to be 14 days at 22°C and 65 min at 45°C.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160708
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  • 72
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    Immobilization of trypsin on partially oxidized cellulose (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 997-1003 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160712
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  • 73
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    Mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake by microorganisms (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1004-1004 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160713
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    CO2 mass balance in a suspension of algae cultivated in the neutral pH region of the suspension on an open cultivation surface (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1015-1023 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The CO2 mass balance for a suspension of algae cultivated in the region of neutral pH of the suspension on an open cultivation surface with a flowing suspension was assessed. From this balance an analytical expression for the course of free CO2 dissolved in the suspension along the flow of the suspension is obtained. Relations for the rate of CO2 decrease in the suspension and the utilization of CO2 supplied to the cultivation surface are derived.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160803
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    Pilot scale affinity chromatography: Purification of β-galactosidase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1103-1112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Galactosidase has been purified from an ammonium sulfate precipitate of E. coli strain ML308 by biospecific adsorption on a column of agarose gel substituted with p-aminophenyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The system described using a 1.8 liter column has a useful processing capacity of 3.8 × 106 units of β-galactosidase per 2 hr cycle. This corresponds to about 5 g of pure enzyme. An electromechanical timing device operates a set of six solenoid valves and carries out a preset program consisting of sample application, washing, and elation operations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160810
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160901
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  • 77
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    Effect of aeration intensity on the biochemical composition of baker's yeast. I. Factors affecting the type of metabolism (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1197-1212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Efforts were made to eliminate the influence of other factors as far as possible in order to obtain reliable results on the effects of oxygen on the growth of baker's yeast. A cultivation method is presented which permits the study of the effects of aeration intensity under conditions where the influence of catabolite repression is eliminated. A completely synthetic medium with glucose as the only carbon and energy source is also described.The capacity of yeast to perform aerobic metabolism varies when cultivated under different intensities of aeration. A clear maximum is observed for growth with 10% oxygen in the aerating gas mixture. Under conditions where catabolite repression does not function yeast has the potential for oxidative metabolism even under oxygen-limited growth. The main agent controlling the ability of yeast to support growth using only the oxidative metabolism is the available oxygen.At high oxygen tensions the metabolism is disturbed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160905
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  • 78
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    An enzyme rate equation for the overall rate of reaction of gel-immobilized glucose oxidase particles under buffered conditions. I. Pseudo-one substrate conditions (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1299-1320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The overall rate of reaction of buffered gel-immobilized glucose oxidase particles is described by means of an enzyme rate equation which relates the overall reaction rate of a particle to the free solution characteristics of the enzyme, the effective diffusivity of the limiting substrate in the gel, the characteristic particle size, and the limiting substrate concentration adjacent to the gel surface. This equation accounts quantitatively for the limitation of the overall rate of reaction by substrate diffusion, and it is used to illustrate the influence of the system parameters, i. e., particle size, enzyme concentration, and pH, on the extent of the diffusional resistance associated with gel-immobilized glucose oxidase particles.The enzyme rate equation is generally applicable to those enzymes whose kinetics approximately follow Michaelis-Menten form when in free solution.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161002
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  • 79
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    An annular bound-enzyme reactor (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1359-1372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A column reactor with an annular cross section was formed by rolling up DEAE cellulose paper and a screening spacer. Glucoamylase was attached by ion adsorption. For the spacer used, pressure drop was very low, suggesting that this form may be useful with feed streams that are not completely particle-free. Tests of this reactor at the high substrate concentrations characteristic of commercial reactors showed very little diffusional resistance, exhibiting zero-order behavior over most of the concentration range. At low concentrations, the reactor had an apparent “half-order” behavior caused by diffusional limitation in the paper. In this range, flow rate influenced the reaction rate, showing that mass transfer in the main stream also is a contributing factor in this range. Because of the high concentrations and the low Michaelis constant (0.0011 M) the reactor does not show first-order behavior, even at very high conversions. The design of a plant-scale reactor was formulated from these data. The increase in the quantity of enzyme necessary to compensate for the effects of diffusion was only a few percent.Two reactors were formed with sheets nonporous to the enzyme, binding the enzyme with cyanogen bromide after forming the reactor. The amount of enzyme bound was about one monolayer, and there appeared to be no diffusional limitations, even at low substrate concentrations.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161005
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  • 80
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    Isolation and immobilization of β-D-glucosidase from alcaligenes faecalis (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1413-1418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161010
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  • 81
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    Optimization in the recovery of a labile intracellular enzymePresented at the 166th American Chemical Society Meeting, Chicago, August, 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1433-1447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A high molecular weight intracellular enzyme of Bacillus brevis ATCC 9999 is released when the organism is disrupted by sonication of homogenization. However, both processes also degrade the enzyme. Assays for protein release and specific enzymatic activity of the released protein indicate that both release and degradation can be represented by first-order kinetic models. Utilization of the difference between the kinetics of release and degradation allows optimization in the recovery of this enzyme for both the sonication and homogenization processes.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161102
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  • 82
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    The influence of alkali and heat treatment on yeast protein (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1495-1506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The soluble components in disintegrated cells of Saccharomyces cereivisiae have been characterized by means of extraction, centrifugation, dialysis, and gel filtration. The influence of alkali and heat treatment on the protein and RNA in the soluble fraction from disintegrated yeast cells and on functional properties of protein concentrates have been studied.After water extraction and centrifugation at 100000 g 42% of the nitrogen containing components of the disintegrated cells were recovered in the supernatant. By extraction at pH 11.5 an additional 31% of the nitrogen was solubilized. Half of the water-soluble nitrogen-containing components has a molecular weight lower than 5000. In the water- and alkali-soluble fractions about 80% of each amino acid was recoveredThe water-soluble protein was separated into 3 fractions by gel filtration on Sephadex G 200. The major portion of the protein had a molecular weight about 100,000. The amount of protein in this fraction was decreased after treatment at increasing pH and temperature. No degradation of protein to low molecular peptides occurred. The amount of RNA in the soluble fraction was only slightly influenced by alkali treatment and by heat treatment at pH 7.5 in the presence of 5% NaCl. RNA was not degraded to low molecular components of the treatments.The solubility of protein concentrates decreased after treatment at alkaline pH and after heat precipitation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161106
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  • 83
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    The kinetics of bacterial growth (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1545-1547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161111
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    Studies on aminoacylase immobilized on porous ceramic carriers (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1537-1544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aminoacylase was covalently coupled to several porous ceramic type carriers and studied for durability under operating conditions. These studies indicate that it should be possible to develop a commercially economic system based on ceramic carriers for the resolution of racemic mixtures of amino acids.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161110
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  • 85
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    An immunoadsorbent process for removing hepatitis antigen from blood and plasmaBased on a talk given at an American Chemical Society meeting, August 31, 1972. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 593-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An immunoadsorbent process has been devised for removing serum hepatitis antigen (HAA), from blood, blood plasma, and plasma products.The immunoadsorbent complexes specifically with HAA and the complex is removed from the plasma by filtration. The complex is dissociated with 0.23M NH4OH. The immunoadsorbant is regenerated for further processing, while the purified HAA by-product my be used to produce more antibody in animals.The rate of complexing is such that HAA is reduced one log cycle each 2hr. Since available tests can only detect HAA to about 109 particles per ml, it is proposed that HAA negative plasma and plasma products can be processed to reduce HAA to a probability of less than one HAA particle per plasma pool.A gibbon injected with infectious commercial Factor IX that was subjected to the immunoadsorbent process showed no sign of infection after 8 months. However 14 weeks after injection with unprocessed Factor IX, the gibbon showed signs of infection.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160504
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  • 86
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    Degradation of lignin by combined chemical and biological treatment (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 789-805 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been demonstrated that ozone dosages of 0.06 lb and 0.78 lb per pound of lignin can reduce the optical density (in the visible range) of the latter by 82% and 92%, respectively. The reduction in color is accompanied by a shift in the molecular weight distribution of lignin from a broad peak of between 20,000 and 70,000 to lower molecular weight, species including substantial amounts possessing a molecular weight of 1000 or less. The cost of decolorizing a typical kraft paper bleach effluent is estimated to be under 50¢/1000 gal which compares favorably with competitive decolorizing processes. Lignin ozonation results in the production of a series of decolorized products which can serve as the sole source of carbon for a variety of microorganisms. Feasibility studies indicated that at least 40% of the ozonated material can be transferred into microbial biomass (protein) as well as other products of commercial interest such as fumaric acid and penicillin.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160608
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  • 87
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    High precision programming of the temperature in growth chambers by use of the peltier element (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 853-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160612
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  • 88
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    Single cell proteins from cellulosic wastes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 869-880 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conventional sources of protein cannot meet the present or projected needs for human consumption. Single cell proteins from fermentation of petroleum and cellulosic wastes are likely sources of additional protein. The volume of cellulosic wastes is sufficient to supply all additional protein needs on a continuing basis for cellulose is a renewable resource. Both mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms utilize cellulose at reasonable rates. Biodegradation of lignin and lignin-cellulose complexes constitutes a major obstacle to commercial utilization of cellulosic wastes. Thermophilic actinomyces appear to be the most effective organisms for single cell protein production from cellulosic wastes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160702
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  • 89
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    Affinity chromatography purification of diphtheria toxin (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 925-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NAD was covalently linked to Sepharose-4B using a 6 carbon spacer. Sterile, dialyzed spent culture medium containing 100 Lf/ml of diphtheria toxin or material concentrated by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation containing 1500 Lf/ml, was chromatographed on a column of NAD-Sepharose. Ultraviolet absorbing material which did not flocculate with diphtheria antitoxin was eluted with 0.02M phosphate buffer. When the elation buffer was changed to one containing 0.5M NaCl, purified toxin was eluted off the column.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160706
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  • 90
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    Maximal exponential growth rate and yield of E. coli obtainable in a bench-scale fermentor (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 933-941 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen supply is one of the main factors which influences aerobic cell growth in a fermentor. Maximal rates at which E. coli can grow on glucose as carbon source under various limiting oxygen-supply conditions were determined in a bench-scale fermentor. Culture conditions are described which gave yields of about 38 g dry cells per liter medium.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160707
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    Masthead (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160801
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilized tannase (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1095-1102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzyme tannase has been immobilized on an inorganic support by covalent attachment. This immobilized enzyme was characterized and half-lives determined. Since this enzyme has application in the treatment of tea cream, experiments were also carried out to determine the effect of tea on enzyme half-life.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160809
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between oxygen demand and extracellular fatty acids of yeasts grown on n-alkanes (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1135-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160813
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of the disruption in freeze-pressed Accharomyces cerevisiae by an electronic particle counterPresented at the All Union Institute of Antibiotics Symposium, Moscow, U.S.S.R., April 12, 1972. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1273-1282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An electronic particle counter has been used to estimate the disintegration by freeze-pressing baker's yeast. A counter threshold level which just yielded the maximum count for intact cells was selected. The conductivity of the suspending medium was chosen such that maximum counts were obtained. Under these conditions, the electronic counts agreed well with the visual counts. At a certain threshold level the maximum count was obtained at a lower resistivity (higher conductivity) in the suspending solution with the freeze-pressed suspension than with untreated cells, indicating that damage to the permeability barrier may occur without disruntion of the cell envelope.Fresh baker's yeast cells do not behave as nonconducting particles. This has to be taken into account when volume determinations with electronic particle counters are performed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160910
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixing by impeller agitation in continuous flow systems containing polysaccharide solutionsPresented at the Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society Chicago, Illinois, August 26-31, 1973. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1283-1297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: System response data for step changes in input tracer concentration have been obtained for two different impeller agitated continuous flow mixing systems containing aqueous polysaccharide solutions. The vessel volumes were 1.6 and 10.9 liters. Polysaccharide concentration, dilution rate, and impeller speed were varied according to a plan devised using dimensional analysis and assuming that bulk motion is the predominant mass transport mechanism in the system. The data show that this is not true and that serious errors may occur if scale-up calculations are based on assuming that bulk motion predominates. Under the operating conditions used, perfect mixing was not observed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160911
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of commensalistic systems (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 1373-1392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The response of two-species commensalistic systems in a chemostat has been investigated after perturbations in steady state conditions and after step changes in dilution rate. The system is inherently stable with not more than three overshoots and undershoots possible. More complicated commensalistic systems are less stable, with limit cycle response occurring after dilution rate changes when feedback inhibition and feedforward activation occurs. In general variation of feedback parameters is more effective in changing the behavior of the systems than variation of feedforward parameters. Limited agreement with the experimental data of Chao and Reilly was obtained.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260161006
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Publisher's note (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160102
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of an immobilized two-enzyme system, β-amylase-pullulanase, to an acrylic copolymer for the conversion of starch to maltose. II. Cocoupling of the enzymes and use in a packed bed column (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 579-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) and pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.9) have been covalently bound in a two-enzyme system to a crosslinked copolymer of acrylarmide-acrylic acid by using a water-soluble carbodiimide. The coupling yields based on the amounts of added β-amylase and pullulanase were 40% and 38%, respectively, with residual enzymic activities of 22% and 32% of those of free enzymes. A markedly increased operational stability was observed for the immobilized two-enzyme system compared to the free enzymes in solution. In order to find optimal operational conditions the influence of different pH values and temperatures on the conversion process was investigated. The action of the immobilized β-amylase-pullulanase derivative on partially hydrolyzed starch (DE 3.4-10.7) in a packed bed column was studied. Analysis of the product was performed using gas-liquid chromatography.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160503
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous hydrocarbon fermentation with colloidal emulsion feed. A kinetic model for two-liquid phase culture (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 635-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida tropicalis was cultured in a chemostat-type fermentor with n-hexadecane, dispersed in water as submicron droplets, as the only carbon substrate. The emulsion as well as the aqueous medium were fed continuously into the fermentor. A Monod-type equation can correlate the specific group rate in the continuous fermentor with the concentration of submicron droplets. The same equation can also be fitted to the data for the conventional-type batch culture in the same fermentor in which an oil phase as well as an aqueous phase existed, if the hydrocarbon concentration in the aqueous phase excluding oil drops is employed as the substrate concentration. This demonstrates that Candida tropicalis takes up only submicron droplets of n-hexadecane as the carbon substrate.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160507
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of invertase activity during ultrafiltration (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 16 (1974), S. 697-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260160511
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