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  • 1985-1989  (1,402)
  • 1985  (1,402)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,154)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  (138)
  • Ultrastructure  (112)
Source
Material
Years
  • 1985-1989  (1,402)
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The antral gastrin-producing cells in duodenal ulcer patients (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 406 (1985), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cimetidine ; Duodenal ulcer ; Gastrin producing cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural examination of the antral G cells has been carried out on 11 patients with chronic duodenal ulcer, before and after treatment with a histamine H-2 - receptor antagonist (cimetidine 1 g/ day) for 8 weeks. The study demonstrated an increased area of the Golgi complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum and electron-dense granules, indicating increased G cell activity during treatment. An increased number of lysosomes was a constant feature during treatment. As an hypothesis we suggest that these lysosomes may participate in the secretory mechanism of human G cells, by destroying superfluous (Gastrin) components produced during hyperactivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704296
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malignant peripheral neuroectodermal tumours of childhood and adolescence (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 406 (1985), S. 351-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Neuroepithelioma ; Histology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventeen cases of malignant peripheral neuroectodermal tumour (MPNT) were studied by means of light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. There were nine males and eight females. The mean age of the 17 patients was 10 years with a range of seven months to 20 years. The vast majority of tumours was located in the trunk. Histologically, they closely resembled Ewing's sarcoma, although minor differences were obvious. Special findings included ganglion cells and Flexner rosettes. In 10/11 cases positive staining for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was obtained. Five of 10 tumours were positive for protein S-100. Three contained vimentin, two neurofilaments and one vimentin, neurofilaments and GFAP. Neurosecretory granules were noted in the three cases studied. Five patients died, three are alive with disease and five patients are alive without evidence of disease. It is concluded that these tumours form a homogeneous group, although the grade of differentiation varies. The prognosis in most cases is poor. Distinction from Ewing's sarcoma is possible by staining for NSE and by electron microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704304
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural study of glycogen-rich oxyphilic adenoma of the nasopharyngeal minor salivary gland (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 407 (1985), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Glycogen-rich adenoma ; Salivary gland ; Epithelial cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A glycogen-rich adenoma occurring in the minor salivary gland of the nasopharynx in a 41-year-old woman was studied ultrastrucrurally. The cytoplasm of the tumour cells was abundantly filled with glycogen particles. The tumour cells possessed many mitochondria, a great number of microvillous processes and microvilli and were joined to each other by desmosomes. These findings suggest that this adenoma is of salivary duct epithelial origin most probably from storing striated ductal cells, and is a variant of monomorphic oxyphilic adenoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00737072
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herpes simplex virus lymphadenitis mimicking tumoral relapse in a patient with Hodgkin's disease in remission (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 408 (1985), S. 313-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Herpes simplex lymphadenitis ; Viral particles ; Ultrastructure ; Immunolabelling ; Histopathology ; Intra cellular viral antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A patient treated for Hodgkin's disease and presenting 12 years later with a left inguinal lymphadenopathy mimicking a relapse is reported. Histopathological study disclosed large histiocytic granulomas in the sinuses. Some of these granulomas showed necrotic areas with numerous neutrophils. At the edge of the necrotic zones, cells of undetermined origin exhibited intra-nuclear inclusions typical of Herpes simplex virus. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunolabelling, revealing Herpes simplex viral antigens in frozen and paraffin sections, and by ultrastructural studies. The diagnostic value of the histological methodology and pathological changes and the significance of the disease, appearing in a patient treated for Hodgkin's disease are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707994
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    De quervain's disease (1985)
    Springer
    International orthopaedics 9 (1985), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5195
    Keywords: De Quervain ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les gaines tendineuses du court extenseur et du long abducteur du pouce ont été étudiées du point de vue histologique et ultrastructural chez quatre patients atteints de maladie de de Quervain. Dans les gaines tendineuses, beaucoup plus épaisses que normalement, ont été identifiées trois couches différentes. La couche externe et la couche intermédiaire sont formées d'épais faisceaux de fibres collagènes qui contiennent peu de fibroblastes. La couche interne est formée principalement d'un tissu myxoïde et chondroïde; les fibrilles collagènes sont plus épaisses que la normale, atteignant le diamètre de 2100 nanomètres. De nombreuses cellules semblables à des «myofibroblastes» sont présentes dans toutes les couches de la gaine. Nos résultats semblent indiquer que l'augmentation d'épaisseur et de consistance de la gaine tendineuse du court extenseur et du long abducteur du pouce dans la maladie de de Quervain, est causée par l'augmentation de la synthèse de la matrice extra-cellulaire, par l'augmentation d'épaisseur des fibrilles collagènes et par des aires de métaplasie myxoïde et chondroïde.
    Notes: Summary The tendon sheaths of extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL), obtained from four patients with de Quervain's disease were studied by light and electron microscopy. Three different layers were identified in the sheath which was much thicker than normal. Both the outer and the middle layers had thick bundles of collagen fibres with scattered fibroblasts. The inner layer was mainly formed by chondroid and myxomatous tissue. Collagen fibrils were thicker than normal, reaching 2100 nm in diameter. Numerous cells which resembled «myofibroblasts» were scattered throughout the whole thickness of the sheath. The results seem to indicate that thickening and hardening of the EPB and APL tendon sheaths in de Quervain's disease is caused by increased synthesis of the extracellular matrix, increased thickness of the collagen fibrils and areas of myxomatous and chondroid metaplasia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00267036
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of pigment in adrenocortical pigmented adenomas of Cushing's syndrome and in non-functioning pigmented nodules with respect to tissue steroid analyses (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 405 (1985), S. 161-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pigmented adenoma ; Cushing's syndrome ; Lipofuscin ; Ultrastructure ; Steroid analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural and morphometrical analysis of brown pigment in pigmented (black) and non-pigmented adrenocortical adenomas of Cushing's syndrome and non-functioning pigmented adrenocortical nodules was performed in reference to tissue concentrations and in vitro production of steroids by the adenoma tissue. Pigment in pigmented adenomas was of membrane-bound lysosomal nature, while that of pigmented nodules contained membrane-unbound droplets of lipoid character. The morphometrical study showed little difference among individual adenomas. There was no difference between pigmented and non-pigmented adenomas in the amount of production and tissue concentrations of steroids. The steroid concentrations in a pigmented nodule were lower than those in an adenoma of Cushing's syndrome, but not significantly. Discussion is focused on the difference of pigment of lysosomal nature and of lipoid peroxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704369
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localisation of C-terminal gastrin immunoreactivity in gastrinoma cells (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 406 (1985), S. 223-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gastrin ; Gastrinomas ; Ultrastructure ; Immunogold technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Localisation of C-terminal gastrin immunoreactivity has been studied, using the immunogold staining procedure, on ultrathin sections of 6 human gastrinomas conventionally processed for electron microscopy. The specific labelling, whose density depended on the mean diameter of the gold marker, was restricted to endocrine secretory granules. However, in poorly differentiated cells from malignant tumours, a number of granules remained unreactive. The labelling pattern depended also on the functional state of each cell. The immunoreactive granules showed various morphological features. A moderate number of gold particles was demonstrated over the floccular content of the infrequent diagnostic G-type granules. Non-diagnostic round granules of varying size and electron density were prevalent in most cells; their usually strong immunostaining allowed immediate recognition of cell specificity. Dense granules which were large in size and angular in shape and present in one case, were also intensely labelled. In the same tumour, unequal labelling occurred over polymorphous, often elongated granules, of varying size. Granules of different types, including intermediate forms, could be found in the same cell, indicating a spectrum of granule maturation towards well-defined types of the fetal or adult normal tissues. The present methodology would help to identify gastrin-producing cells in prospective or retrospective electron microscopy studies of multihormonal endocrine tumours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00737088
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural characterisation of the proliferative (stem?) cells within the parenchyma of the normal “resting” breast (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 407 (1985), S. 379-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Normal Human Breast ; Mitosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study the proliferative (stem?) cells within the parenchyma of the normal “resting” breast were characterised by the ultrastructural examination of 60 mitotic cells. The parenchyma consists of epithelial and myoepithelial cells plus a few intraepithelial lymphocytes and macrophages. The majority of mitotic cells were randomly distributed throughout the lobules with a few present in ducts. In all cases the cells were identified as luminally positioned polarised epithelial cells. The proliferating cells had similar cytoplasmic features and were indistinguishable from adjacent interphase epithelial cells. No evidence was found for the division of subluminal epithelial or myoepithelial cells. These observations would be consistant with a single cell type giving rise to both epithelial and myoepithelial cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709985
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone marrow lambda-type light chain crystalline structures associated with multiple myeloma (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 407 (1985), S. 449-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Multiple myeloma ; Crystalline deposits ; Ultrastructure ; Image analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 58-year-old man showed bone marrow crystalline structures associated with a lambda light chain producing multiple myeloma. Analysis and processing of electron images clearly displayed the periodic structure of the crystals. Immunochemistry suggested that they contained the whole or a fragmented constant portion of immunoglobulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709991
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma cells in acute hepatitis: An ultrastructural study (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 408 (1985), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hepatitis, viral, human ; Plasma cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma cells and their precursors were studied by electron microscopy in liver biopsies from 41 patients with acute viral or drug-induced hepatitis. Mature plasma cells showed the ultrastructural features of the reticular or lymphatic type. Blast cells of different types were also observed. Type 1 predominated in classical acute hepatitis, and appears to transform directly into mature plasma cells. Type 2 corresponds to the centroblast of lymphoid tissue. It was found in fully developed hepatitis, especially when necrosis was severe. Type 3 resembled the centrocyte of lymphoid organs; it was seen particularly in viral hepatitis, and only in severe cases with extensive necrosis. The type 4 plasmablast had the ultrastructural characteristics of a plasmacytoid T cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00739958
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The blood microvasculature in T-cell lymphomas (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 405 (1985), S. 439-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: T-cell lymphoma ; Microvasculature ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ulex europaeus lectin I
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The microvasculature of lymph nodes of 55 cases of T-cell lymphoma was studied by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. A modified peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method was used for staining paraffin sections with lectin I of Ulex europaeus (UEA-I), which is a specific marker for vascular endothelial cells. The T-cell nature of each case was proven by immunohistochemistry, including immunoperoxidase staining of frozen sections with monoclonal T-cell antibodies. The cases were subclassified according to previously established criteria, but with the addition of a separate group showing a high content of clear cells. For the purpose of the present study, the small blood vessels were separated into two main variants, viz.: high endothelial venules (HEV) and all other types of vessels with flat endothelium (SVFE). The development of each of these variants and the extent of lymphocyte migration through the vascular wall were assessed semiquantitatively. The findings suggest that the blood microvasculature, as a whole, is similar in all types of T-cell lymphoma. There were distinct differences, however, in the development of the two main categories of small vessels between the various types. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia of T-type (T-CLL) and Sézary's syndrome were poor in SVFE and rich in HEV, and there was considerable lymphocyte traffic through the latter. In contrast, T-immunoblastic and especially T-lymphoblastic lymphomas showed numerous SVFE, only a few or no HEV and minimal lymphocyte traffic. The appearance of the microvasculature varied markedly in the various subtypes of “pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma”. In the small cell subtype HEV predominated and SVFE represented only a small or moderate fraction of the microvasculature. As the size of the neoplastic lymphoid cells increased towards the medium-sized and large cell
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00737170
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inverted papilloma: Observation with scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 407 (1985), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human bladder tumour ; Inverted papilloma ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three cases of inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopic observation was made in one of these. The surfaces of the outermost tumour cells were covered with short stubby microvilli. Multiple bud like proliferations of the tumour cells were compatible with a trabecular type of inverted papilloma. The tumour cells of the trabeculum mimicked the intermediate and basal cells of the epithelium which covered the surface. Microcysts are believed to be formed by epithelial migration into pits, creating an epithelial inversion, and do not represent central necrosis. Ultrastructure suggests that inverted papilloma is a very well differentiated tumour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00701326
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oligomeganephronic renal hypoplasia with tapetoretinal degeneration (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 407 (1985), S. 477-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Oligomeganephronic renal hypoplasia ; Tapetoretinal degeneration ; Ultrastructure ; Focal glomerular sclerosis ; Nephronic reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bilateral renal hypoplasia with oligomeganephronia, associated with bilateral tapetoretinal degeneration was observed in a child; this association has been reported only once before. Light, ultrastructural and immunofluorescent microscopic studies of the renal tissue were performed. The glomeruli were few and hypertrophic, with numerous mesangial cells, mesangial deposits, focal glomerular sclerosis and prominent thickened basement membrane. Two types of tubular changes were observed: focal necrosis of proximal tubules and focal atrophy of tubules surrounded by a thickened basement membrane. Mild fibrosis with few lymphocytes could be observed in the interstitium. A congenital reduction in the number of nephrons, related to a yet unknown pathological process may explain these morphological changes in part.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709994
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transvascular migration of L2C leukemic cells studied in the liver of the guinea pig (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 406 (1985), S. 425-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Leukemia ; Liver ; Ultrastructure ; Endothelium ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possible routes of transvascular migration of leukemic cells in the liver were studied in guinea pigs with an L2C lymphoblastic cell-line inoculation leukemia. Invasion of the hepatic parenchyma theoretically can occur in three ways: 1. Through the intact sinusoidal endothelium, utilizing either pre-existent gaps (normal in the liver), or newly created pores, whether interendothelial or intraendothelial. We could not convincingly demonstrate this, but could not wholly exclude this either. 2. After destruction or retraction of the endothelium, either on account of the remarkable sinusoidal engorgement and distension by masses of leukemic cells, or by direct assault on the endothelium by the leukemic cells. We can clearly demonstrate the former, and hold it to be the major cause of hepatic infiltration. Evidence for a direct endotheliolytic effect was not uncovered in our studies. 3. Secondary infiltration from the portal triads. Heavy leukemic infiltration of the triads, whether from the portal or hepatic veins, or from the lymphatics, is indeed and early an consistent feature - but the infiltration of the hepatic lobule shows no peripheral, or any other zonal preference. In both portal and hepatic veins, leukemic cells transverse the endothelium through a cytoplasmic “pore”, adjacent to cell junctions, without obvious damage to the endothelium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710234
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiomyopathy associated with Leigh's disease (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 407 (1985), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Cardiomyopathy ; Leigh's disease ; Mitochondriopathy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical and postmortem findings in a female infant, suffering from Leigh's disease and cardiomegaly are described. The cardiac enlargement was due to symmetrical thickening of both ventricular walls and the septum. On light microscopy a widespread fibre disarray with a slight predilection for the ventricular septum was observed. Ultrastructural changes included an extreme reduction in the number of myofibrils and an excess of mitochondria. Abnormalities of the mitochondrial structure with tubular and myelinic transformation of the cristae suggested that a mitochondriopathy is responsible for the cardiomegaly in Leigh's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00701332
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intraepithelial lymphocytes and macrophages in the normal breast (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 407 (1985), S. 369-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study the presence of intraepithelial cells within the normal breast parenchyma was investigated by electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. Cells were observed which could be differentiated from the epithelial and myoepithelial cells by their cytoplasmic and nuclear morphology and the absence of cell junctions. Two cell types (lymphocytes and macrophages) were identified ultrastructurally and the bone marrow origin of the cells was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. The intraepithelial lymphocytes and macrophages were present in all samples irrespective of the physiological state. In the “resting”, pregnant, and lactating breast the majority of cells were lymphocytes while in the involuting breast there was a marked increase in the proportion of macrophages. The rarity of lymphoma of the breast may be related to the relatively small amount of lymphoid tissue present and the passive nature of the environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709984
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multicentric angiosarcoma (Kaposi's sarcoma) (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 408 (1985), S. 29-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Kaposi's sarcoma ; AIDS ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Comparison of idiopathic Kaposi's sarcoma in Europe and Africa and Kaposi's sarcoma in connection with AIDS shows an identical morphological appearance in all three types. Ultrastructural and immunohistological investigations indicate that the tumour originates from the endothelial cells of proliferating capillaries and is therefore a vascular tumour. The clinical course and the sites of manifestation differ slightly in idiopathic cases and those occurring in connection with AIDS. This effect may be determined by the general condition of the patient, the state of immune deficiency and the influence of opportunistic infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00739960
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural, immunohistochemical and biochemical studies on amylase and ACTH producing lung cancer (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 408 (1985), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Small cell carcinoma ; Amylase ; ACTH ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tumour tissue from a lung cancer patient who showed elevated serum amylase and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was studied ultrastructurally, immunohistochemically and biochemically. Histologically the tumour was a small cell carcinoma. On electron microscopic examination the tumour cells contained large zymogen-like granules within the cytoplasm. Furthermore, cells which possessed many small dense core granules of the endocrine type were also observed. It was of interest that the large zymogen-like granule-containing tumour cells had microvilli at the apical border, connected by desmosomes and forming lumina showing adenocarcinomatous differentiation. Electrophoretic analysis of the serum revealed that the major elevated amylase was of the salivary type with minor components. Immunostaining clearly demonstrated that most of the tumour cells possessed immunoreactive ACTH, whereas salivary amylase was only found in occasional clusters of the tumour cells. The results seem to indicate that the tumour showed both endocrine and exocrine characteristics - an amphicrine carcinoma, expressing amylase and ACTH simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707979
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructural immunohistochemistry of oncofoetal antigens in large bowel carcinomas (1985)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 405 (1985), S. 263-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Oncofoetal ; Antigens ; Bowel ; Carcinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seven large bowel carcinomas were examined by light and electron microscopy for the presence of five oncofoetal antigens. Ultrastructural investigations involved a novel method whereby thick sections of gluteraldehyde-fixed material were cut on a vibratome and then labelled using slight modifications of a standard unlabelled antibody-enzyme (PAP) technique, before further processing. Ultrastructural preservation, staining properties and the retention of antigen activity was seemingly better than that achieved by other investigators. Specific, positive labelling for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), colon specific antigen (CSA) and pregnancy-specificβ-1-glycoprotein (SP1) was seen in every case. Clear positive labelling for placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was seen in two cases. Extracellular labelling was found in areas of cell debris, free lying or in phagocytic cells and on tumour cell brush borders. The pattern of intracellular labelling, however, was different for each antigen and reflected the probable sites of synthesis and release from the cells. Thus CEA, a complex glycoprotein, was localised within the golgi apparatus, small apical cytoplasmic vesicles and mucous droplets in relatively well differentiated tumour cells. CSA, a chemically related glycoprotein, had a similar, but less dense distribution. SP1, by contrast, was localised within basally-located vesicles associated with the ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum and appeared to be released and persist as debris or taken up by phagocytic cells below the basal lamina. PLAP and HCG, both proteins, were found within simple single membrane-bound vesicles within relatively undifferentiated cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704377
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and hydrolase cytochemistry of the developing marmoset yolk sac (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 101-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Marmoset ; Ultrastructure ; Hydrolase cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Yolk sacs from Callithrix jacchus were investigated light and electron microscopically as well as by qualitative light microscopic enzyme histochemistry on days 35 to 126 of gestation. The thin yolk sac wall of the early stages (day 35–41) consists of the cuboid, endodermal epithelium, the mesothelium of the exocoelom and some interposed blood vessels. The inner endodermal surface is rather smooth. At later stages, the epithelium becomes highly prismatic and forms folds which are lined by a mesenchyme and blood vessels. Microvilli and a small number of endocytotic vesicles are observed at the apices of the epithelial cells, which are interconnected by gap junctions, desmosomes and interdigitations. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells is characterized by a well-developed rough endoplasmie reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus and glycogen deposits. Four different membrane-bordered types of inclusions can be distinguished in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells: The type I and II inclusions are considered as secretion granules. Their increase and their localization in the cavities of the endoplasmic reticulum at later stages are ascribed to an inhibition of the intracellular transport at the onset of involution. The type III and IV inclusions may represent lysosomes and related organelles. Bile capillary-like spaces exist between the epithelial cells. The basement membrane is incomplete below the epithelium and absent around the capillaries, the endothelium of which is porous in certain areas. Aminopeptidase M is highly active in the plasmalemma and the bile capillary-like structures of the epithelium, dipeptidylpeptidase IV in the mesothelium and alkaline phosphatase in the blood vessel endothelium. Other membrane hydrolases are absent. Acid proteases, glycosidases, non-specific phosphatases and non-specific esterases can be detected stage-dependently with moderate to high activities in the yolk sac epithelium. Compared with other organs, the yolk sac structure and hydrolase equipment are similar to those of the liver and may, therefore, have similar functions, e.g. synthesis and secretion of proteins. In addition, however, the yolk sac epithelium might also be involved in resorptive processes of material from the lumen followed by lysosomal digestion. The Callithrix jacchus yolk sac starts involution on day 80 of gestation by disintegration of the cells. On day 100, this process is completed. the stage of involution which is late in comparison with other primates, e.g. man and Rhesus monkey, is ascribed to the strongly delayed development of Callithrix jacchus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318949
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distinct argyrophilic cytoplasmic organelles revealed during mouse spermiogenesis (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Mouse ; Spermiogenesis ; Cytoplasmic organelles ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic Ag-staining method was used to study the argyrophilia of specific cytoplasmic organelles that appear during mouse spermiogenesis. The microtubuli of the centrioles are surrounded by a thin layer of argyrophilic material that also surrounds the microtubuli of their derivatives, e.g., the centriolar adjunct, the axoneme, and some structures of the connecting piece. As the mantle, i.e., the junctional complex between Sertoli cell and spermatid, develops, the involved regions of its plasma membranes are covered with silver precipitates. The apical portion of the nuclear ring as well as that of the perforatorium show clear argyrophilia. Besides these structures, a number of ring-shaped and spheroidal bodies at various sites in the cell also are decorated with silver precipitates. Most of these argyrophilic structures show a positive reaction with the EDTA method, too, suggesting that they contain ribonucleoprotein and might be of nucleolar orgin. Since, furthermore, most of these structures are known to contain distinct cytoskeletal proteins, it is assumed that the staining reaction might be caused by proteins that are associted with the genuine cytoskeletal proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319607
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings in the human knee joint capsule (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 265-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Human knee joint capsule ; Free nerve endings ; Ruffini corpuscles ; Pacini corpuscles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings in the human knee joint capsule was studied. Three types of nerve endings were found: free nerve endings (FNE), Ruffini corpuscles and Pacini corpuscles. In the joint capsule, FNE are located below the synovial layer and within the fibrous layer near blood vessels. These nerve terminals derive from myelinated Aδ-fibres or from unmyelinated C-fibres. Their structure is almost identical to FNE in human hairy and non-hairy skin. Ruffini corpuscles are present within the fibrous layer and the ligaments of the capsule in three variations: small Ruffini corpuscles without a capsule, small with a connective tissue capsule, and large Ruffini corpuscles with an incomplete perineural capsule. Their afferent axons are myelinated and measure 3–5 μm in diameter. Inside the corpuscle, nerve terminals are anchored in the connective tissue belonging to the fibrous layer or to the ligaments respectively. The presence of an incomplete perineural capsule depends on the structure of the surrounding connective tissue. In ligaments with collagenous fibrils oriented in a parallel fashion, the perineural capsule is well-developed and the Ruffini corpuscle resembles a Golgi tendon organ; in areas where the fibrils show no predominant orientation, Ruffini corpuscles lack a capsule. Small Pacini corpuscles are situated within the fibrous layer near the capsular insertion at the meniscus articularis or at the periost. They consist of one or several inner cores and a perineural capsule of 1–2 layers. Larger Pacini corpuscles with one or several inner cores and a perineural capsule consisting of 20–30 layers are found on the outer surface of the fibrous layer. The ultrastructure of these nerve endings is compared with the ultrastructure of articular receptors of various animals and with the ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings in the skin of several mammalian species including man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318974
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopy of the initial stages of placentation in the pig (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 281-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pig ; Blastocyst ; Endometrium ; Implantation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To elucidate the morphology of the initial stages of epitheliochorial placentation in the pig, material from 10 sows of the Danish Landrace and from one Göttinger minipig gilt from day 13 to day 26 of gestation was processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The observed foetomaternal interaction from day 19 1/2 minipig placenta corresponded well to the observations on the Danish Landrace placenta. From the results and the discussion it was concluded that the following structures were implicated in the initial phases of placentation in the pig: (1) Protruding epithelial proliferations of the uterine epithelium enclosed by chorionic caps serving to immobilize the blastocyst (days 13 and 14). (2) A thick glycocalyx on the maternal and a thin one on the foetal epithelium before contact. (3) Close apposition between the apical plasma membranes from trophoblastic and uterine epithelium (day 14). (4) Development of interdigitating microvilli (days 15–16). (5) Formation of apical domes on the uterine epithelium closely related to the trophoblast provided with long cytoplasmic extensions into a luminal space between the apical domes, apparently representing a transition from histiotropic to haemotrophic nutrition (days 15–20). (6) Placentation, development of interdigitating microvilli between foetal and maternal epithelium, was extended but not terminated in the peripheral zone at day 26.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318976
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myoepithelial cell ultrastructure in the submandibular gland of man (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Man ; Myoepithelial cell ; Submandibular gland ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In human submandibular glands, two types of myoepithelial cells can be distinguished in serial, ultrathin sections. The dark myoepithelial cell type was stellate in shape and exhibited a pronouneced electron density due to numerous myofilaments with focal densities. Dark cell types accounted for the greater part (76%) of the myoepithelial cells and furthermore showed adenosine triphosphatase activity. This type of myoepithelial cell is considered to be that previously observed in mammalian salivary glands. Occasionally, desmosomes could be found between the processes of adjacent dark myoepithelial cell types, which is appropriate with respect to the strong compression of acinar or intercalated duct cells. The light myoepithelial cell type was large and ellipsoid with a few short-thick processes, and was characterized by an electron lucent cytoplasm which included scant and unevenly distributed myofilaments. Light cell types showed positive adenosine triphosphatase activity and accounted for only a small part (17%) of the myoepithelial cell number. Transitional forms between these two types were also observed. The light myoepithelial cell type may mature into the dark myoepithelial cell type by means of the transitional form. In addition, clear cells were sometimes encountered between the myoepithelial cell and the acinar or intercalated duct cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347014
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Permeability studies of the guinea pig placental labyrinth (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta (guinea pig) ; Permeability ; Freeze-Tracturing ; Ultrastructure ; Cell junctions ; Tracers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Permeability of the fetal endothelium within the guinea pig placental labyrinth is studied by means of horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) and ionic lanthanum as diffusion tracers. The paracellular transport of HRP is restricted by the occluding junctions of the fetal endothelium. In contrast, ionic lanthanum readily permeates most of the intercellular junctions and rapidly infiltrates the basal lamina. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal zonulae occludentes connecting the fetal endothelial cells. The network of the zonulae occludentes is variable, exhibiting highly complex areas as well as single strand interconnections. A correlation between the permeability studies and freeze-fracture findings is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347018
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light and ultrastructure of intra-ovarian oocyte release in infantile rats (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 331-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ovary ; Oocyte ; Ovulation ; Follicle ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Follicular ruptures with intra-ovarian oocyte release (IOR) were studied in 17, 21 and 24-day-old rats by morphological methods. Using a light microscope, it was seen that IOR occurred at all times and the IOR frequency did not change. IOR developed in preantral follicles. Their oocytes were mostly found within the follicular compartment (incomplete IOR). Using an electron microscope, a circumscribed dissolution of the basal lamina was observed. IOR granulosa cells appeared activated. They rarely underwent typical necrosis after herniation into the extrafollicular area. Herniated granulosa cells tended either to stay intact or to shed cytoplasmic components into the extracellular space. whilst nuclei of active cell function were maintained. Tissue adjacent to an IOR seemed inactive with the exception of endothelial cells. Some endothelial cells underwent necrosis. Additionally, the endothelium was discontinous. The morphological data support the hypothesis that the mechanism of follicular rupture represents an inside to outside process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318981
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localization of cholinesterase uring chondrogenesis and myogenesis in the chick limb bud (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 183-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cholinesterase ; Limb bud ; Chick embryo ; Ultrastructure ; Chondrogenesis ; Myogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cholinesterase (ChE) is transiently expressed in undifferentiated embryonic cells. In the chick limb bud ChE-activity was found in the apical ectodermal ridge and in the subridge mesenchyme. The reaction was localized in the perinuclear cisterna, in an extensive network of narrow profiles of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and in the Golgi complex The chondroblasts emerging from the subridge mesenenyme, also showed strong ChE-activity. During differentiation the enzyme first disappeared from the Golgi zone. Then, the narrow ChE-positive ER was successively replaced by ChE-negative extended rough ER characteristic for the differentiated chondrocyte. The myoblasts showed weak ChE-activity with the same ultrastructural localization as in other mesenchymal cells. After fusion the myotubes exhibited strong ChE-activity in the perinuclear cisterna and the developing sarcoplasmic reticulum. In later stages of myogenesis the myoblasts were closely attached to the myotubes and had lost their ChE-activity. During mitosis of ChE-positive cells, ChE-activity was retained in fragments of perinuclear cisterna and ER. In ChE-active mesenchymal cells and chondroblasts we observed specialized contact zones between ER and plasma membrane. ChE-active cisternae of ER run parallel to the plasma membrane with a gap of approximately 10–15 nm. We discuss a possible function of a cholinergic system during morphogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319601
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electron microscopic study of sperm penetration into the human egg investments (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1985), S. 247-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Spermatozoa ; Zona pellucida ; Cumulus cells ; Human egg investments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of human spermatozoa located in the cumulus cells and the zona pellucida of a pronuclear egg, and in the zona pellucida of a two-cell egg, both fertilized in-vivo, has been analysed in order to understand how the human spermatozoon penetrates the investing coats of the oocyte. Among the 36 spermatozoa found in the cumulus cells, 31 were phagocytosed by cumulus cells and 5 were wedged in the matrix between the cells. These spermatozoa were acrosome-reacted and their equatorial segment was intact. Six of the seven spermatozoa found in the zona pellucida (four spermatozoa in the pronuclear egg and three in the two-cell egg) had lost the equatorial segment, while the other one was partially reacted. The sperm heads were located in slits with sharp edges. From these findings it was concluded that in the human (1) only few and normal spermatozoa seem to reach the cumulus cells after natural insemination, (2) the acrosome reaction probably occurs sometime before the spermatozoa reach the vicinity of the corona cells, (3) the reaction of the equatorial segment seems to occur during or before the initial phase of zona penetration, since the spermatozoa located in the matrix of the zona pellucida had no equatorial segment. No evidence of the presence of spermatozoa with an intact acrosome in the matrix of cumulus cells or with an intact equatorial segment in the zona pellucida were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316305
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristic distribution of noradrenergic terminals on the anterior horn motoneurons innervating the perineal striated muscles in the rat (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dopamine-β-hydroxylase ; Anterior column ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the noradrenergic fibers and terminals in the anterior column of the rat lumbosacral spinal segments. PAP-positive varicose fibers were widely distributed in the gray matter with preferential accumulation in the nuclear regions containing motoneurons involved in the contraction of perineal striated muscles. Unmyelinated DBH fibers were composed of nodular enlargements (varicosities, 0.4–3.0 μm in diameter) and very fine, short intervals (intervaricose segments, 0.1–0.2 μm in diameter and 1.0–4.0 μm in length). DBH-positive dense products were electron microscopically often confined within small granular particles and less frequently within large granules. Additionally, in order to characterize the innervation pattern of noradrenergic fibers on dendritic bundles organized in the motoneuronal pools innervating the pelvic small muscles, semi-quantitative analysis was done in the area of the dorsolateral nucleus endowed with especially well-developed dendritic bundles. DBH terminals contacting with unreactive dendrites were more common (67.9%) than those with neuronal somata (15.1%), and the remainder (17%) had no contacts with surrounding neuronal elements. Furthermore, specialized synaptic formations were observed in only 20.1% of these nodules. The results suggest that bulbospinal descending noradrenergic neuron systems influence the functioning of pelvic muscles principally via the neuronal contacts with dendritic bundles in the spinal cord.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347015
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large particles associated with gap junctions of pancreatic exocrine cells during embryonic and neonatal development (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 171 (1985), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracture ; Intercellular junction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The formation of gap junctions was studied in pancreatic exocrine cells of rats and mice during late embryonic and neonatal development by the freeze-fracture replica method. Small gap junctions were present in association with tight junctional strands near the cell apex during embryonic development. Independently of tight junctions, small gap junctions were sometimes seen more basally on day 13 to 15 of gestation. The gap junctions increased in number and were rapidly enlarged by day 18 to 20 of gestation. Large particles 12–13 nm in diameter were frequently associated with the gap junction, which consisted of 10 nm particles. The large particles were either irregularly distributed or arranged in hexagonal patterns. The number of large particles decreased with time, so that they sparsely rimmed the gap junction in postnatal animals. This suggests that large particles are precursors of typical gap junctional particles, and that they participate in rapid growth of the gap junction during late embryonic development. It may be also possible that large particles represent functionally different gap junctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00347019
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensory innervation of the Achilles tendon by group III and IV afferent fibers (1985)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Afferent nerve fiber ; Nociceptor ; Sensory terminal ; Tendon innervation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In sympathectomized cats the innervation of the Achilles tendon by fine afferent nerve fibers was studied with semithin and ultrathin sections. Several different types of sensory endings of group III and group IV nerve fibers were identified. Of the five different types of endings in the group III range (T III endings), two are located within vessel walls. One of them ends in the circumference of the venous vessels (T III/VV). Its lanceolate terminals have characteristic receptor areas at their edges. The second type ends in the adventitia of lymphatic vessels (T III/LV). Its receptive areas are scattered along their terminal course. Two further group III endings ramify within the connective tissue compartments of the vessel-nerve-fascicles of the peritenonium externum and internum. One type is tightly surrounded by collagen fibrils (T III/PTic); the other terminates between the collagen fiber bundles (T III/PTgc). The latter arrangement recalls the ultrastructural relation between nerve terminals and collagen tissue in Golgi tendon organs. The fifth type innervates the endoneural connective tissue of small nerve fiber bundles (T III/EN). At least some of them come into close contact with bundles of collagen fibers which penetrate the perineural sheath to terminate within the endoneurium. The endings of group IV afferents (T IV endings) show a striking topographic relationship to the blood and lymphatic vessels of all connective tissue compartments of the Achilles tendon. They form penicillate endings which may contain granulated vesicles. In any event, they can easily be discriminated from the T III endings in the vessel walls. In close neighborhood to Remak bundles, a cell has been regularly found which fulfilled all ultrastructural criteria for mast cells. But this cell is not a mast cell proper because it is surrounded by a basal lamina (pseudo mast cell).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319597
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of cerebellar capillary hemangioblastoma (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 254-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Capillary ; Cerebellum ; Endothelial cell ; Hemangioblastoma ; Morphometry ; Pericyte ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy and computerized morphometric techniques were employed to examine pericyte ultrastructure and to assess quantitatively their relationship to endothelial cells in five cases of cerebellar capillary hemangioblastoma. A total of 97 cross-sectioned capillary profiles were studied. Pericyte coverage of capillary ranged from 30.2% to 97.3% with a mean value of 68.7%, which is higher as compared with the available data from the cerebral cortex, skeletal and cardiac muscle, and pulmonary capillaries. The higher pericyte coverage of capillary suggests that pericyte is an active component of cerebellar capillary hemangioblastoma and may have a close functional relationship to endothelial cells. Pericytes contained bundles of parallel microfilaments along the adluminal side and in the terminal processes, and exhibited an intimate “peg-and-socket” relationship with endothelial cells, suggesting a contractile function of pericytes and their possible role in regulating capillary lumina and focal blood flow. The finding of abundant micropinocytic vesicles along the abluminal side of the cytoplasmic membrane indicates an active metabolic exchange between pericytes and the interstitium. It is possible that in cerebellar hemangioblastoma pericytes may act as a mechanical and metabolic monitor barrier for endothelial cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687810
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural studies on the neuromuscular junctions of Becker's muscular dystrophy (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 66 (1985), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Becker's muscular dystrophy ; Neuromuscular junction ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies on muscle biopsies from three patients with Becker's muscular dystrophy showed that the i.m. nerves presented loss or disarrangement of the neurofilaments and an increased number of glycogen granules and/or myelin figures not infrequently in the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The neuromuscular junctions showed markedly widened sole-plate areas, and several terminal axons frequently abutted and formed neuromuscular junctions on the same fiber. The secondary synaptic clefts were markedly decreased in number and short in length in type I fibers but not in type II fibers. Most terminal axons showed no degenerative changes. Therefore, the participation of a neural factor might be suggested as the cause of Becker's muscular dystrophy, although it does not mean denervation in the conventional sense of an axonal degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690960
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new cell wall structure in a symbiotic and a free-living strain of the blue-green alga genus Chroococcidiopsis (Pleurocapsales) (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 143 (1985), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanophyta ; Chroococcidiposis ; Lichenphycobiont ; Cell wall ; “Outer membrane” ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze fracturing/etching ; Patchwork-like leaflet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Freeze etching studies in a symbiotic and a freeliving strain of Chroococcidiopsis revealed a specific layer in the outer cell wall not described so far from Cyanophyta. The layer showed a complex organisation: The main unit are ribbons, 2–3 nm thick, striated at right angle to the longitudinal axis. They are interwoven to a patchwork-like leaflet. The ribbons are virtually composed of globular particles associated in parallel rows. The cytoplasmic membrane and the cell walls of the symbiotic and the free-living strain were compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411033
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A case of lipogranulomatosis Farber: some clinical and ultrastructural aspects (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 143 (1985), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Farber disease ; Lipogranulomatosis ; Acid ceramidase deficiency ; Arthropathy ; Hoarseness ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 20-month-old girl showed typical clinical signs of Farber disease: hoarseness since birth, and periarticular subcutaneous painful nodules. Complete deficiency of acid ceramidase activity was found in cultured skin fibroblasts. An electron microscopic examination of a dermal nodule disclosed pathognomonic tubular inclusions in histiocytes. In epidermal cells zebra-body-like and needle-like lysosomal inclusions were found. Their ultrastructure is different from that of the intrahistiocytic lysosomal inclusions. Probably three clinical types of Farber disease may be distinguished according to the symptomatology and the course of the discase: a severe type, an intermediate type and a relatively mild type. The activity of acid ceramidase does not correlate with prognosis of the disease, while a correlation between first appearance of dermal nodules and clinical course appears likely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442139
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study on the micromorphology of Mycobacterium leprae (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 277 (1985), S. 220-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Mycobacterium leprae ; Ultrastructure ; Fixation methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The micromorphology of Mycobacterium leprae is described. After fixation with osmium tetroxide supplemented with calcium ions, the cell wall was seen to be composed of three layers; the cytoplasmic membrane exhibited the architecture of an elementary membrane. The mesosomes were best visualized after fixation with glutaraldehyde; they were sometimes in contact with the nuclear equivalent. Only one sort of phosphate body was found. The nucleoid was best visualized after fixation with osmium tetroxide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404320
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural identification of somata and neural processes immunoreactive to antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat (1985)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 59 (1985), S. 151-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; GAD ; GABA ; Inhibition ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) was examined at the light- and electron-microscopic level after immunocytochemistry for GAD (the synthesizing enzyme of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA), to identify cells and processes with GAD-like immunoreactivity. GAD-positive perikarya were distributed throughout the A and C laminae, constituting a moderate proportion of cells in the LGN. Labeled cells were characterized by small size, scant cytoplasm, relatively large nuclei with common indentations, small mitochondria, few organelles and few strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Unlabeled cells were of large, medium and small size. GAD-positive terminals were identified as F1 and F2 types (Guillery's nomenclature) on the basis of their synaptic relations and ultrastructure. Labeled F2 terminals were postsynaptic to retinal (RLP) boutons and presynaptic to unlabeled dendrites in synaptic glomeruli. Labeled F1 terminals made synapses on unlabeled somata and dendrites, and on labeled dendrites and F2 terminals. Presumably, most labeled F1 terminals originate from GABAergic perigeniculate axons. Retinal (RLP) and cortico-geniculate (RSD) boutons remained unlabeled in the reative zone. These terminals made synapses with labeled and unlabeled dendrites and with labeled F2 boutons. In conjunction with previous studies on GAD-positive cells in the perigeniculate nucleus, these results provide immunocytochemical and morphological evidence suggesting that the GABAergic intrinsic and extrinsic (perigeniculate) interneurons mediate the different inhibitory phenomena which occur in relay cells of the cat LGN. The ultrastructural features and synaptic relations of GABAergic cells and processes in the cat LGN are similar to those of equivalent neural elements in the LGN of rat and monkey, suggesting general principles of organization and morphology for GABAergic neurons in the thalamus of different mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237675
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axonal and myelin lesions inβ-mannosidosis: Ultrastructural characteristics (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 65 (1985), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: β-mannosidosis ; Axonal spheroids ; Myelin deficit ; Oligodendrocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in central nervous system (CNS) white matter of three goats affected withβ-mannosidosis were analyzed to further define characteristics and pathogenesis of axonal and myelin abnormalities. The variations in myelin association and contents of axonal spheroids were delineated. The occurrence of spheroids in a 96/150-day fetus documented the early development of these axonal lesions. In regions of severe myelin deficits, the presence of apparently normal axons and a reduction in the number of oligodendrocytes were confirmed. Many remaining cells in myelin-deficient regions were characterized by dark, vacuolated cytoplasm. The occurrence of internodes with myelin sheaths adjacent to internodes without myelin sheaths suggested that an axonal defect is not primarily responsible for the absence of myelin sheaths. A mild myelin deficit in the spinal cord was indicated by the presence of unmyelinated axons. Except for occasional mild cytoplasmic vacuolation, the spinal cord glial cells appeared relatively normal. The findings presented here are consistent with the hypothesis that an oligodendrocyte defect, expressed by regional differences, is a major factor in the pathogenesis of myelin deficiency inβ-mannosidosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687011
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and ultracytochemical identification of the small granules in basophils from human and animals (1985)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 51 (1985), S. 385-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Ultracytochemistry ; Basophils ; Small granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The small granules in the basophils obtained from humans and animals were compared ultrastructurally and cytochemically. Cytochemically, there were no qualitative differences among the small granules in the species examined. The small granules in humans, guinea pigs and rabbits were approximately 0.16–0.22 μm, 0.15–0.17 μm, and 0.12–0.16 μm, in diameter, respectively. In all species small granules had a single unit membrane and contained some amorphous material. In immature cells many of the small granules were distributed near the Golgi apparatus, while in the mature cells many of them were found around the periphery of the cell. There were no morphological or cytochemical differences between the small granules of the immature cells and those of the mature cells. The negative reaction in the dialysed iron and high iron diamine methods showed that the small granules did not have acid mucopolysaccharides or sulfated glycoconjugates. The strong reaction of the small granules of all species to the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) test, which was especially prominent in rabbit, showed that the small granules have many periodate-reactive neutral glycoconjugates but no acidic glycoconjugates. Enzyme cytochemistry revealed that the small granules are negative for peroxidase and catalase but positive for acid phosphatase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320724
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Severe polyneuropathy in tangier disease mimicking syringomyelia or leprosy (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 232 (1985), S. 283-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Tangier disease ; Polyneuropathy ; Ultrastructure ; Biopsy findings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyneuropathy in Tangier disease can be divided into three clinical types. The most severe form (type III) with a syringomyelia-like syndrome has been described in three cases only. Here, a fourth case of this type is presented. Because of unusual trophic disturbances even leprosy was suspected. Electrodiagnostic findings, including evoked cerebral potentials in this case, were suggestive of a generalized neuropathy with some degree of primary or secondary demyelination and implied possible impairment of central structures. Sural nerve biopsy, including electron microscopy and quantitative analysis, revealed a predominant reduction of smaller myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. The main morphological feature was the abundance of abnormal non-membrane-bound vacuoles in Schwann cells, mostly of the unmyelinated type, and in some endoneurial fibroblasts, macrophages and perineurial cells. There was no inverse relationship between lipid vacuoles and axons in Schwann cell complexes as supected by others. An excess of endoneurial collagen as well as an increased fascicular area were obvious. In five skin biopsy specimens of different regions typical vacuoles were noted in Schwann cells, histiocytes, nevus cells, and rarely in perineurial cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313867
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative study of blood-brain barrier permeability ultrastructure in a new rat glioma model (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 96-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Morphometry ; Ultrastructure ; Experimental glioma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cerebral edema, a major complication of tumors in the brain, is the result of an alteration in the blood-brain barrier (B-BB). The vascular ultrastructural changes that underlie edema formation have been described in a variety of tumors. Interendothelial junction abnormalities, fenestrations, and large numbers of tubulo-vesicular profiles in the tumor vascular endothelium have been presumed to represent permeability routes that permit the escape of serum constituents into the tumor, from where they flow into the surrounding brain. Descriptive studies do not provide information on the relative frequency of these presumptive permeability routes. In the study reported here we have quantified ultrastructural features associated with the B-BB in the vessels of an experimental glioma in rat. We found that approximately 60% of the tumor vessel profiles have junctional abnormalities and 30% have one or more fenestrations. The density of tubulo-vesicular profiles, however, was not increased. In addition, tumor vessel walls were thicker than normal vessels of the same caliber and the mitochondrial density was in the range of that for non-barrier vessels. Vessels in peritumoral regions were not altered in any of the parameters measured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688129
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of cerebellar hemangioblastoma (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 6-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebellar hemangioblastoma ; Ultrastructure ; Stromal cells ; Cytoplasmic process ; Adjacent brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five cases of hemangioblastoma were studied by electron microscopy with particular attention to the stromal cells and their surrounding structures. Most of the stromal cells of the tumor had abundant clear cytoplasm containing rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, scattered fibrils, and large lipid inclusions. They were usually aggregated without intervening cells. In the perivascular areas, their sufaces facing the perivascular collagen were surrounded by basal lamina. Their apposed cell membranes had occasional adhesive devices. Occasional, long, apparently cylindrical processes of the stromal cell cytoplasm were observed in some cases. These processes contained intermediate filaments of undetermined nature and microtubules. In the border zone between the tumor and the surrounding brain, the stromal cells were occasionally surrounded by narrow sheets of dark cell processes containing fibrils and glycogen granules, consistent with astrocytic processes. Altered neuronal elements were also observed inthis area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688119
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood vessel ultrastructure in the chick optic tectum developing under chronic hypoxia conditions (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 242-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Optic tectum ; Blood vessels ; Ultrastructure ; Hypoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The maturation process of blood vessels has been ultrastructurally investigated in the optic tectum of chick embryos kept in a condition of aerogenic hypoxia and of chickens born from fertilized eggs incubated under hypoxia but kept in the open air after hatching. By comparing the fine structure of the intratectal vessels of chick embryos exposed to hypoxia to that of embryos developed under normal conditions, the conclusion has been drawn that O2 deprivation does not prevent the temporal sequence of appearance and/or differentiation of the various vascular wall components (endothelium, endothelial basement lamina, pericytes, perivascular glia), but it produces, at least in a part of the latter, modifications, the type and degree of which apparently depend upon hypoxia duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687808
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gliosarcomas: Histological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and tissue culture studies (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 67 (1985), S. 201-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Gliosarcoma ; GFAP ; Factor VIII/RAg ; Ulex europaeus I agglutinin ; Ultrastructure ; Weibel-Palade bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-nine cases of gliosarcomas, two initiating as fibrosarcomas, 25 as mixed gliomas and sarcomas, and 12 as anaplastic gliomas with secondary sarcomas, were studied by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, using GFAP, factor VIII/RAg, andUlex europaeus I agglutinin (UEA I), electron microscopy and tissue culture. GFAP was found variably positive in the glial areas; F VIII/RAg and UEA I, markers of both normal and neoplastic endothelial cells and their derivatives, were found in vessels of both gliomatous and sarcomatous parts of GS, less intensive in hyperplastic glomeruloid structures and, with decreasing intensity, in adjacent fibrosarcomatous areas, while UEA I, giving stronger reaction than F VIII/RAg, was occasionally demonstrated in sarcomatous cells. In vitro studies confirmed previous data of a separate growth of glial and mesenchymal cells with a divergent migratory speed. Electron microscopy demonstrated the frequent close admixture of glial and mesenchymal tumor cells, which showed the feature of either fibrosarcoma or angiosarcoma. The frequent resemblance of the latter with endothelial cells was supported by the occasional demonstration of Weibel-Palade-like bodies in both vascular endothelial and adjacent sarcomatous cells. These observations confirm the hypothesis that at least part of the sarcomatous components in many GS originate from vascular endothelial proliferation and obviously represent the final stage of a process starting with the endothelial hyperplasia in anaplastic gliomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687802
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinal ultrastructure of neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis in the Dalmatian dog (1985)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 68 (1985), S. 224-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dalmatian dogs ; Lipopigments ; Retina ; Retinopathy ; Ultrastructure ; Ceroidlipofuscinosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of the retinae in two NCL-affected Dalmatian dogs revealed ubiquitous accumulation of lipopigments in numerous cell types of the retina, the fine structure of which closely resembled that seen in NCL-affected English setters. Photoreceptors and other retinal cell types were largely intact. These findings show that the retinal involvement in NCL of our Dalmatian dogs is identical to that of NCL-affected English setters. It also shows that in canine NCL a severe retinopathy, regularly encountered in human childhood NCL, does not develop. Thus, the NCL of Dalmatian dogs —and English setters — represents a reliable model to study human NCL, but for human retinopathia pigmentosa perhaps only at its earliest stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690199
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autosomal-dominant lamellar ichthyosis: Ultrastructural characteristics of a new type of congenital ichthyosis (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 278 (1985), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Lamellar ichthyosis ; Autosomal-dominant inheritance ; Ultrastructure ; Transforming cells ; Genetic counselling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recently, autosomal-dominant lamellar ichthyosis (ADLI) has been shown to be a new genetic trait with clinical and histologic features similar to those of autosomal-recessive lamellar ichthyosis. In two patients affected with ADLI, the malpighian keratinocytes showed ultrastructural signs of increased cellular metabolism. The tonofilaments and keratohyaline granules were regular in structure and number. However, as a distinctive ultrastructural feature, a prominent transforming zone was found between the granular and horny layers. Moreover, a normal keratin pattern and only a limited number of lipid inclusions were observed in the stratum corneum. Thus, ADLI can be distinguished from the autosomal-recessive forms of lamellar ichthyosis, permitting a correct diagnosis when genetic counselling has to be given in sporadic cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412487
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure of congenital nevocytic nevi. I. Nevus cells in walls of blood vessels and lymphatics (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 278 (1985), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Congenital nevocytic nevi ; Nevus cells ; Blood vessels ; Lymphatics ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary As congenital nevocytic nevi have an increased risk of malignant degeneration, nevus-cell involvement in blood vessels and lymphatics is of particular interest. The present histological and ultrastructural studies revealed nevus-cell nests in the walls of venules in 1 out of 11 patients with medium-sized nevi, and in subcutaneous veins in 3 out of 8 patients with garment nevi. In all cases, the nests histologically consisted of benign-appearing subendothelial B-type cells. Ultrastructurally, the features of these nevocytes essentially corresponded to those of nevocytes in the surrounding area. In 1 patient with a garment nevus, in whom affected vessels of the lumbar area as well as of the neck were examined, the nevus-cell nests were exclusively situated between the endothelium and its basal lamina. These nevocytes appeared to be more electron dense, but had no unequivocally atypical features. In the region of these nests, the endothelium was often discontinuous; thus, the nevus-cells were in direct contact with the lumen. Some of these cells exhibited slight degenerative changes. The lymphatics were affected in 6 of the 18 cases of garment nevi and in 2 of the 11 cases of medium-sized nevi. The morphological findings were comparable to those for blood vessels. It is concluded that, in garment nevi, morphologically benign nevocytes may be carried off hematogenously as well as lymphogenously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412496
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early ultrastructural adaptive changes of ileal enterocytes after proximal small bowel resection as determined morphometrically (1985)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 185 (1985), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Small bowel resection ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Intestinal adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to evaluate in terms of quantitative measurements whether the well-known histomorphological and functional adaptive changes in the intestinal mucosa after small bowel resection are accompanied by alterations on the ultrastructural level. Therefore, samples of the ileal remnants after a 60% proximal resection were processed for ultrastructural evaluation and analyzed employing point counting planimetry and direct measurements. Microvillus surface area increased from the bottom of the crypts to the villus tips in both resected and sham-operated animals. This increase in microvillus surface area from the crypt to the villus was significantly less pronounced after proximal resection, while there were no changes in the crypt compartment. No significant differences of the relative areas of the nuclei, mitochondria, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed when comparing the different positions along the villus crypt axis in normal and hyperplastic mucosa. In agreement with functional and enzyme histochemical results, these ultrastructural findings provide further evidence for an altered pattern of enterocyte maturation after proximal resection, which is most probably due to an increase in the migration rate of the enterocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01851950
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Massive ribonucleoprotein bodies in gametophyte vegetative cells of the mossTimmiella barbuloides (Brid.) Moenk (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 127 (1985), S. 204-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Biogenesis ; Cytochemistry ; Ribonucleoprotein bodies ; Ribosomes ; Timmiella barbuloides (Musci) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vegetative cells of the gametophyte phase of the mossTimmiella barbuloides (Pottiales) are characterized by large cytoplasmic bodies of spherical shape (SBs) whose ribonucleoprotein composition is cytochemically demonstrated. SBs seem to be derived from massive aggregation of cytoplasmic ribosomes, with possible participation by rough endoplasmic reticulum elements. SBs have been found in stereids, parenchymatous cells and young hydroids of the gametophyte stem, and in euricysts of the leaf nerve. The SBs develop early in the course of cell differentiation and, once formed, persist until advanced stages of cell senescence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276264
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural aspects of cytoplasmic male sterility inPetunia hybrida (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 127 (1985), S. 230-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Mitochondria ; Petunia hybrida ; Tapetum ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuoles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anther development of isogenic male fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile types ofPetunia hybrida cv. Blue Bedder is studied by electron microscopy. First deviation in sporogenesis of the sterile type, is observed during leptotene stage of the meiocytes. Initial aberration is represented by the presence of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the tapetal cells. These vacuoles reveal the first aspects of degeneration; no other ultrastructural differences are observed. Vacuolation is accompanied by the condensation of cytoplasmic organelles. The tapetal cells become distorted and ultrastructural aberrations in mitochondria do occur. The mitochondria elongate and contain several tubular cristae. Substantial evidence suggests, that cytoplasmic male sterility in petunia is encoded by the mitochondrial genome (Boeshore el al. 1983). However, before degeneration becomes manifest, no consistent ultrastructural differences in mitochondrial organization are observed. Abortion of the tapetum and the sporogenous tissue in cytoplasmic male sterile plants, generally follows a corresponding pattern. Ultimately, the cells are highly distorted, the nucleus is disrupted and the cytoplasm disorganized. Mitochondria and plastids degenerate and many lipid droplets are present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276267
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myoendothelial junctions in blood vessels of a teleost (Prochilodus scrofa) pancreas and caeca (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 128 (1985), S. 224-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Blood vessels ; Myoendothelial junctions ; Teleosts ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Close contacts between endothelial and smooth muscle cells in teleost (Prochilodus scrofa) blood vessels are described for the first time in the present study. More frequently are seen finger-like, club-shaped or foot-like endothelial processes that come into close contact with the plasma membrane of a smooth muscle cell. Rarely, some myoendothelial contacts occur between the finger-like protrusions that arise from both the endothelial and from the smooth muscle cells. The functional significance of the myoendothelial connection is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276345
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochemical and X-ray microanalysis studies of intracellular calcium pools in scale-bearing cells of the coccolithophoridEmiliania huxleyi (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 124 (1985), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Calcium localization ; Coccolithophorids ; Emiliania huxleyi ; Pyroantimonate ; Ultrastructure ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Emiliania huxleyi is a coccolithophorid with a life cycle including a stage characterized by the occurrence of a scale-bearing cell type. The scales are composed of organic material and are produced in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. The present report deals with the ultrastructural calcium localization in scale-bearing cells using cation-precipitating agents. Cations were precipitated either with potassium pyroantimonate alone or according to a combined procedure in which cells are treated first with potassium oxalate, or potassium carbonate, or potassium phosphate, and then with potassium pyroantimonate. The distribution of electron-opaque deposits was the same when visualized by all four techniques. The most extensive deposits occurred in the Golgi apparatus, the “peripheral space” (a cellular compartment totally encompassing the protoplast), the multivesicular bodies, and the cell vacuole. X-ray microanalysis revealed that calcium was a constituent of the electron-opaque deposits. The uptake and transport of calcium, as universal functions of the Golgi apparatus, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279719
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural studies on plastids of generative and vegetative cells inLiliaceae 3. Plastid distribution during the pollen development inGasteria verrucosa (Mill.) Duval (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 124 (1985), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: First pollen mitosis ; Gasteria verrucosa ; Male plastid inheritance ; Pollen development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the development of pollen grains ofGasteria verrucosa from the late microspore to the mature two-cellular pollen grain. Ultrastructural changes and the distribution of plastids as a result of the first pollen mitosis have been investigated using light and electron microscopy. The microspores as well as the generative and the vegetative cell contain mitochondria and other cytoplasmic organelles during all of the observed developmental stages. In contrast, the generative cell and the vegetative cell show a different plastid content. Plastids are randomly distributed within the microspores before pollen mitosis. During the prophase of the first pollen mitosis the plastids become clustered at the proximal pole of the microspore. The dividing nucleus of the microspore is located at the distal pole of the microspore. Therefore, the plastids are not equally distributed into both the generative and the vegetative cell. The possible reasons for the polarization of plastids within the microspore are briefly discussed. The lack of plastids in the generative cell causes a maternal inheritance of plastids inGasteria verrucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01279731
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and histochemistry of the extrafloral nectary ofAcacia terminalis (Salisb.) MacBride (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 127 (1985), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Acacia terminalis ; Extrafloral nectary ; Histochemistry ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The extrafloral nectary ofAcacia terminalis is of the flat type and is located on the adaxial surface of the petiole of the bipinnate leaf. The secretory area is restricted to the base of the trough and no gaps or pores were detected by staining with vital dyes. Between the vascular bundles beneath the nectary and the surface cuticle there were three cell types. The cells of the flanking zone adjacent to the vascular bundles did not appear to be producing secretion whereas the cells of the glandular and secretory zones were secreting. The cells of the glandular zone were elongated whereas those of the surface secretory zone were spherical. Both had endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies with secretory vesicles which were observed in close association with the plasmalemma. Secretion accumulated in the intercellular spaces of the glandular zone cells and forced the cells of the secretory zone apart. Symplastic contact was maintained in all cell types by plasmodesmata which were often associated with endoplasmic reticulum. Secretion accumulated beneath the cuticle which was distended but remained intact on the surface of the secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01273698
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and function in the grass ligule: The membranous ligule ofLolium temulentum L. as a secretory organ (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 127 (1985), S. 128-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Ligule ; Lolium temulentum L. ; Poaceae ; Polysaccharide cytochemistry ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using phosphotungstic acid and periodic acid/thiocarbohydrazide/silver proteinate (Thiéry test) aspects of polysaccharide ultracytochemistry were studied in the membranous ligule ofLolium temulentum L. Staining results are presented for all three tissues-abaxial and adaxial epidermes and mesophyll-but discussed only for the epidermes. PTA- and PATAg-staining of the adaxial epidermis suggested synthesis of a conjugated polysaccharide material in this tissue, its accumulation in the periplasmic space and its subsequent secretion to the outside of the ligule via gaps in the cuticle. The ligule of this grass is considered to be a secretory organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01273709
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural ontogeny of leaf cavity trichomes inAzolla implies a functional role in metabolite exchange (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 129 (1985), S. 10-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Azolla ; Anabaena ; Symbiosis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Trichome ; Transfer cell ; Ontogeny ; Ultrastructure ; Gland ; Metabolite exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anabaena azollae is associated with two types of multicellular epidermal trichomes inAzolla leaf cavities, the simple and branched hairs. The observation of transfer cell ultrastructure in some hair cells led to speculation that the cavity hairs might participate in metabolite exchange between the symbionts. The developmental ontogeny of cavity trichomes is described here, using transmission electron microscopy, with a goal of improving our understanding of possible functions of these structures in the symbiosis. The observations have established that all cells of simple and branched hairs develop the structural characteristics of transfer cells, but not simultaneously. Rather, there is an acropetal succession of transfer cell ultrastructure beginning in terminal cells, moving to body cells where present, and ending in stalk cells. The transfer cell stage is followed immediately by senescence in all hair cells. The timing of transfer cell differentiation, considered together with information from other studies, suggests that branched hairs may be involved in exchange of fixed nitrogen between the symbionts, while simple hairs may participate in exchange of fixed carbon fromAzolla toAnabaena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282301
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    Formation of the plasma membrane during regeneration ofParamecium caudatum (1985)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 125 (1985), S. 94-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Biogenesis ; Plasma membrane ; Regeneration ; Ultrastructure ; Paramecium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fragments ofParamecium caudatum cells obtained by merotomy were fixed in 1% OsO4 within 5 seconds after cutting. The ultrastructure of the damaged area of the fragment was studied in oriented ultrathin sections and by scanning electron microscopy. The cytoplasm exposed by merotomy was covered during a few seconds with a new membrane. This was a typical trilaminar membrane continuous with the plasma membrane covering the undamaged surface of the cell. The surface over the wound was wrinkled into irregular grooves and ridges. The cytoplasm, mitochondria and trichocysts in the injured region were electron translucent. The cytoplasm under the new membrane contained an unusually high amount of small membrane vesicles, 20–90 nm in diameter. These were probably the remnants of subpellicular alveoli and the plasma membrane destroyed by microsectioning. The possibility that the exposed cytoplasm would be covered by mere shifting of the existing plasma membrane can be excluded. The complex structure of the cortex with its subpellicular alveoli and regularly distributed cilia provide a strong argument against this notion. It seems probable that the new membrane was built up from the available molecular material,e.g., phospholipids and proteins present in the cytoplasm. Fragments of the membrane and alveolar membranes in the form of small vesicles may have also been included into the new membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01297354
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    High-speed cinematographic analysis of the movement of Chlamydomonas (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 251-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; movement ; flagellar beat ; stigma ; high-speed microcinematography ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using high-speed microcinematography (100-500 f/s) the movement of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant 622 E has been studied with frame-by-frame analysis. The stigma lies in the cell equator, displaced out of the flagellar plane anticlockwise by an angle of about 45°. During forward movement the cells rotate anticlockwise about their long axis with a frequency of 1.4-2 Hz (maximum 2.5 Hz). The rotation is caused by a lateral component of 3-dimensional beating of the flagella during the effective strokes. The helical swimming path is a result of an unequal flagellar beating. This is normally synchronous, but synchrony is interrupted from time to time by an additional beat of the outward directed flagellum, in our study one after about every twenty beats on average. These results are discussed and compared with the results published by other groups.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050307
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050501
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    Newt lung ciliated cell models: Effect of MgATP on beat frequency and waveforms (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 377-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: newt ; lung ; cilia ; beat frequency ; waveform ; models ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Highly coupled newt lung ciliated cell models were used to study the effects of MgATP concentration on ciliary beat frequency and waveform. Models were prepared from ciliated lung cells of the newt Taricha granulosa by trypsin dissociation of the epithelium, demembranation with Triton X-100, and reactivation with MgATP, as described previously [Weaver and Hard, 1985]. Beat frequencies were measured stroboscopically. Ciliary waveforms of reactivated models and intact mucociliary epithelial sheets were determined by single frame analysis of high-speed movies. Waveform parameters calculated included the durations of the effective and recovery strokes, the angular velocities of the ciliary base and tip, the position of the bend along the ciliary shaft during the recovery stroke, the velocity of recovery stroke bend propagation, and the ratio of the duration of recovery stroke bend propagation to the duration of the recovery stroke itself. We found that beat frequency varied biphasically in response to MgATP at 21°C, as shown previously for isolated, individual, newt lung axonemes. Apparent Fmax (maximum beat frequency) and Km values of 25 Hz and 0.14 mM, and 35 Hz and 0.47 mM, respectively, were obtained for each linear segment of the biphasic double reciprocal plot. Demembranation did not alter either ciliary waveform or the pattern of coordination. In this system, metachrony is antilaeoplectic and ciliary waveform appears to be regulated independent of beat frequency.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050503
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    A model for fast axonal transport (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 507-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axonal transport ; microtubules ; organelles ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A model for fast axonal transport is developed in which the essential features are that organelles may interact with mechanochemical cross-bridges that in turn interact with microtubules, forming an organelle-engine-microtubule complex which is transported along the microtubules. Computer analysis of the equations derived to describe such a system show that most of the experimental observations on fast axonal transport can be simulated by the model, indicating that the model is useful for the interpretation and design of experiments aimed at clarifying the mechanism of fast axonal transport.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050607
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    A Ca2+ insensitive actin-crosslinking protein from Dicytostelium discoideum (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 529-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; regulatory protein ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have isolated a 30,000-dalton protein from Dictyostelium which cosedimented with and affected the low shear viscosity of actin. At low concentrations, this protein increased the low shear viscosity to greater than that of the actin control, whereas higher concentrations decreased viscosity. The viscosity decrease correlated with the formation of actin filament bundles, as seen electron microscopically. This protein resembled a previously reported actin-binding protein from Dictyostelium [Fechheimer and Taylor, 84, J Biol Chem 259:4514] in electrophoretic mobility, Stokes radius, and ability to crosslink filaments, but was shown to be different by peptide mapping, lack of immunologic crossreactivity, and lack of sensitivity to calcium.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050608
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    A Method for quantifying F-Actin in chemotactic peptide activated neutrophils: Study of the effect of tBOC peptide (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 545-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: neutrophils ; cytoskeleton ; actin polymerization ; NBDphallacidin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The studies presented here characterize a simple, quantitative NBDphallacidin extraction assay for determining the F-actin content of fMLP-activated neutrophils. The NBDphallacidin extraction assay is based upon the specificity of NBDphallacidin binding to F-actin and the solubility of NBDphallacidin in methanol. Cells are fixed, permeabilized, and stained with NBDphallacidin; the cells are then pelleted, the bound NBDphallacidin is extracted into methanol, and the RFI (excite 465; emit 535) of the solution is determined. Binding of NBDphallacidin to neutrophils is saturable and 90% of bound NBDphallacidin is displaced by nonfluorescent phalloidin. The extraction of bound NBDphallacidin into methanol is complete and the excitation/emission characteristics of NBDphallacidin are not altered by extraction. The assay is relatively inexpensive, applicable to the study of cells in suspension or on substratum, allows kinetic studies with 5-10s time resolution, and is not affected by the shape of the cell or the distribution of the probe. We used the NBDphallacidin extraction assay to study the kinetics of fMLP-induced change in the F-actin content of neutrophils and the effect of tBOC peptide, an inhibitor of fMLP binding, on these changes. The extraction assay reveals a rapid, sequential fMLP-induced increase followed by a decrease in F-actin content. The tBOC peptide inhibits fMLP-induced actin polymerization. Addition of tBOC during fMLP-induced polymerization or at times when F-actin content is maximal enhances F-actin depolymerization. The rate of F-actin depolymerization is ≥ fourfold faster in the presence than in the absence of tBOC. The results show that (1) The NBDphallacidin extraction assay is useful for studying the kinetics of change in F-actin content of nonmuscle cells; (2) fMLP receptor occupancy is required for fMLP-dependent polymerization but not depolymerization; and (3) both the actin polymerizing and depolymerizing processes are active in the cell within 5 s after fMLP stimulation. Implications of these observations for understanding the observed increase and, then, decrease in F-actin content of fMLP-activated cells are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050609
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050101
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050301
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  • 66
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    Orthokinetic and klinokinetic responses of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 447-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: chemokinesis ; orthokinesis ; klinokinesis ; polymorphonuclear leucocytes ; locomotion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Evidence is presented to show that klinokinesis, which was previously demonstrated in bacteria and amoeba only, may also occur in metazoan cells. The chemotactic peptide formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) elicited orthokinetic and klinokinetic responses of human blood-borne polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) under the test conditions used. Increased speed (orthokinesis) was due to an increase in the proportion of migrating cells as well as in the speed of the locomoting subset. The klinokinetic effect was manifested by a decrease in the klinolocomotion index, the mean angle of changes in direction ≥ 90°, and the frequency of turns ≥ 90°. The klinolocomotion index was inversely related to speed. This explains the synergistic effect of klinokinesis and orthokinesis in this system. Colchicine alone had and orthokinetic effect which was exclusively due to alterations in the proportion of migrating cells and it altered the turning behaviour without exerting a klinokinetic effect. However, colchicine had marginal orthokinetic and klinokinetic effects on fMLP-stimulated cells resulting in reduced translocation. The relationship between klinokinesis and mean angle or frequency of turns has been analysed. Klinokinesis was a substantial though not the major element of the chemokinetic response to fMLP under the conditions used. No other metazoan cells have been shown to possess such a complete pattern of responses, including orthokinesis, klinokinesis, and chemotaxis, which regulate locomotion.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050603
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    Isolation of newt lung ciliated cell models: Characterization of motility and coordination thresholds (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 355-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Newt ; lung ; cilia ; cell models ; ciliary coordination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Demembranated ciliated cell models are useful for studying mechanisms responsible for the regulation of ciliary coordination and waveform. This paper describes procedures for isolating ciliated cells from the newt, Taricha granulosa, by trypsin dissociation, their subsequent demembranation by Triton X-100, and their reactivation with MgATP to produce highly motile, coordinated, ciliated cell models. Reactivation of cell models with a high degree of mechanochemical coupling depended on avoiding mechanical damage and maintaining optimal conditions during all stages of isolation and reactivation. Highly motile models were prepared from cells incubated in trypsin, treated briefly with EDTA, separated by gentle agitation, and concentrated by centrifugation at low gravitational forces. Optimal demembranation and reactivation conditions were similar to those described previously for isolated newt lung axonemes. Under these conditions, nearly 100% of the models were reactivated when provided with MgATP and 90-95% beat with coordinated waves. The ciliary tufts beat at frequencies within the range measured in living cells and their reactivated motility was stable for at least 30 min at constant MgATP. These highly coupled models were used to show (1) that development of coordination in the ciliary tuft occurs at a higher substrate concentration range (10-25 μM) than that required to initiate motility per se (2-10 μM); (2) that outer dynein arms may not contribute to beat frequency at substrate concentrations below 35 μM; and (3) that vanadate has effects both on beat frequency and coordination of the tufts.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050502
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    An approach to digital image analysis of bending shapes of eukaryotic flagella and cilia (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 475-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: digital image processing ; flagella ; cilia ; bends ; Hemicentrotus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A novel method of digital image analysis of the bends of eukaryotic flagella and cilia was devised. In the analysis system, all image pixels were systematically extracted and processed to measure angular direction and curvature. Simulation experiments on theoretical model pictures of flagella with sine-generated or arcstraight line bending waves demonstrated that the method can be used with considerable high accuracy. This method then revealed abrupt changes in slope of the curvature in sperm flagella and embryo cilia of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. This indicates that the digital image processing used may be helpful in the study of flagellar and ciliary movements.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050605
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    Reorientation of the golgi apparatus and the microtubule-organizing center inside macrophages subjected to a chemotactic gradient (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell motility ; membrane recycling ; immunofluorescence microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mouse peritoneal macrophages subjected to gradients of activated mouse serum were found by immunofluorescence observations to have their Golgi apparatus and their microtubule-organizing center largely oriented in the direction of the gradient. By analogy with similar results obtained with motile fibroblasts, it is proposed that these two organelles are rapidly and coordinately reoriented inside the macrophages in order to direct the insertion of new membrane mass, via vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, into the leading edge of the cell. Consistent with the importance of such membrane insertion to cell migration, we found that the ionophore monensin, an inhibitor of Golgi functions, inhibited cell motility in the chemostactic gradient. It was further shown that several inhibitors of chemotaxis (monensin, cytochalasin D, cycloheximide) did not inhibit the reorientation of the Golgi apparatus/microtubule-organizing center in cells exposed to a chemotactic gradient, and that the reorientation required extracellular Ca+2.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050103
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    Obituary (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050202
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    An investigation of the involvement of cytoskeletal structures and secretion in gliding motility of the marine diatom, Amphora coffeaeformis (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 103-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: gliding ; cell motility ; cytoskeleton ; diatoms ; capping ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gliding motility was investigated in the marine diatom, Amphora coffeaeformis. Ultrastructural, biochemical, and pharmacological protocols were employed to probe the possible involvement of cytoskeletal proteins and a secretory process in gliding motility. Motility rate was measured using a video recording apparatus, and the effects of various cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs on motility were tested. Cytochalasins D and E, podophyllotoxin, and vinblastine (all at 25 μUg/ml) reversibly inhibited motility, as did monensin (10 μUM) and pronase (25 μUg/ml). Biochemical protein analysis of whole-cell extracts by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed polypeptides comigrating with rabbit skeletal muscle actin and bovine brain tubulin; however, specific assays used to separate actin from whole-cell preparations gave ambiguous results. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of extracellular material between the raphe canal and the substratum in motile cultures. An assay was devised for the detection of radioactively labeled material (MW 〉 1800 Daltons) released by motile cultures into the culture medium. When cultures were treated with either an anticytoskeletal drug or monensin, motility was inhibited while the amount of measured radioactivity increased over solvent-treated control groups. The results from this study indicate possible roles for both actin- and tubulin-based structures in gliding motility of Amphora. Though secretion may be necessary for gliding to occur, its exact relationship to motility was not deduced. The data obtained in this study are compatible with a theory for the mechanism of gliding which involves the surface translocation of externally exposed membrane proteins against an immobile matrix of substratum-attached secreted material to generate the force required for movement.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050204
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    Chromosome movement during meiotic prophase in crane-fly spermatocytes: III. Microtubules and the effects of Colcemid, nocodazole, and vinblastine (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 393-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: chromosome movement ; Colcemid ; nocodazole ; meiotic prophase ; microtubules ; vinblastine ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effects of Colcemid, nocodazole, and vinblastine on microtubules and on the movement of chromosomes during late diakinesis were investigated in spermatocytes of the crane fly Nephrotoma suturalis. The kinds of movements observed in untreated cells - sex bivalent rotations, sex bivalent excursions, and rotations and positional changes of autosomal bivalents - also were observed in drug-treated cells. These results were obtained in living cells in which the disruption and inhibition of microtubule assembly had been confirmed with polarized light microscopy. Effects of Colcemid and nocodazole also were assessed in fixed cells using electron microscopy. The results are in agreement with a hypothesis that microtubules are not a force-generating component of the molecular machinery that brings about prophase movements.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050504
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    Use of multiple monoclonal antibodies to characterize the major microtubule-associated protein in sea urchin eggs (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 431-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microtubules assembled from sea urchin eggs with the use of taxol contain a 77,000-dalton protein as the major nontubulin component [Vallee and Bloom (1983): Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:6259-6263]. We have raised five monoclonal antibodies to this protein to aid in its characterization. Immunoblot analysis of the sea urchin microtubule purification fractions indicated that the protein copurified quantitatively with microtubules. All five antibodies stained the mitotic spindle of dividing sea urchin eggs by immunofluorescence microscopy, indicating that the protein was a component of the mitotic spindle and suggesting that it was actually localized on microtubules in vivo. Immunofluorescent staining of higher resolution was observed in a subpopulation of the coelomic cells found in adult sea urchins, confirming that the 77,000-dalton protein is indeed present on microtubules in vivo. Because taxol was not used for the immunofluorescence experiments, we conclude that the microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-like behavior of the 77,000-dalton protein in vitro was not induced artifactually by taxol. To determine whether this protein is a component of sea urchin microtubules in general, cilia obtained from blastula stage embryos and sperm tail flagella were analyzed with the antibodies. The protein was undetectable by both immunoblot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy in both preparations of axonemal microtubules. These results indicated that the 77,000-dalton MAP is restricted to cytoplasmic and mitotic microtubules in the sea urchin. Furthermore, in view of its particular abundance in embryos, whose microtubules are devoted substantially to mitosis, the 77,000-dalton MAP is likely to play an important role in regulating the activity of mitotic spindle microtubules in the sea urchin.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050602
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    The locomotion of dissociated sponge cells: A cell-by-cell, time-lapse film analysis (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 463-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: sponge dissociates ; cell migration ; time-lapse analysis ; cell aggregation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The production of both lamellipodia and peculiar thin protuberances (scleropodia) characterizes the preaggregative motility of cells after dissociation of the sponge Clathrina.The locomotory paths taken by cells before aggregation were recorded by time-lapse microcinematography. Changes of direction in successive 50-s time intervals and 50-s mean velocities of each cell were both taken into account as statistical variables. Their distributions give probability density curves that seem to fit bilateral exponential functions. The analysis of the angles of turn indicates a tendency for the cells to persist in their direction of motion and to make counter-clockwise turns. Implications of such in vitro cellular behaviors in aggregative and in vivo processes are suggested.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050604
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  • 75
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    The antagonistic effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and methylxanthine on the gill cilia of mytilus edulis (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 293-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Mytilus edulis ; 5-hydroxytryptamine ; lateral cilia ; laterofrontal cirri ; beat frequency ; methylxanthine ; filter-feeding ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The laterofrontal (LF) cirri on isolated gill filaments of Mytilus edulis, prepared in natural seawater, are active and initially beat with an average frequency of about 8 Hz (with a range of 6-14 Hz). However, the lateral (L) cilia on these filaments are arrested in a position at the end of their recovery stroke. Perfusion of the filament with artificial seawater (ASW), with or without 1% ethanol, has little or no biological effect on the activity of the LF cirri, although a transitory decrease in frequency often accompanies the perfusion process. The L cilia remain arrested during perfusion with ASW. The exposure of the gill to low levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) (10-8 〈 5HT 〈 10-7 M) has no effect on the activity of the LF cirri but stimulates the L cilia to beat. Exposure to higher concentrations of 5HT (〉 10-7 M) elevates the beat frequency of the L cilia and simultaneously inhibits the activity of the LF cirri, leading to their arrest in a position at the end of the effective stroke. This arrest of the LF cirri occurs as the L cilia attain a 5HT-induced beat frequency between 12 to 14 Hz. The influence of 5HT on the L cilia and the LF cirri can be reversibly mimicked or enhanced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). A concentration of 0.5 mM IBMX mimics low 5HT concentrations (about 10-7 M) by stimulating the L cilia to beat without affecting the beat frequency of the LF cirri. A combimation of 10-7 M 5HT and 0.5 mM IBMX in ASW mimics high (〉 10-6 M) 5HT concentrations by arresting the LF cirri and increasing the beat frequency of the L cilia. Under these conditions, the threshold of the LF cirri arrest response is again found to occur as the L cilia attain a beat frequency of 12 - 14Hz. These results suggest that the mechanisms of LF cirri arrest and L cilia activation are mediated by 5HT -induced changes in intracellular cyclic AMP levels.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050403
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    Live and reactivated motility in the 9 + 0 flagellum of Anguilla sperm (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 333-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: eel sperm ; 9+0 flagellum ; motility ; helicoidal bending ; reactivation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sperm flagella of the eel, Anguilla anguilla, are capable of vigorous motion in spite of having an axoneme with reduced structure that lacks the outer dynein arms, radial spokes and spoke heads, the two central tubules and the central tubule projections that are all part of the standard “9+2” axoneme. These sperm progress forward rapidly as a result of the propagation of helicoidal waves distally along the flagellum. Their flagellar beat frequencies are high, 93 Hz at 21°C, and they roll at a frequency of about 19 Hz. Eel sperm could be demembranated with Nonidet P-40 and reactivated with MgATP2- in 0.22 M K acetate at pH 8.1. The reactivated motility closely resembles that of the live sperm, with a beat frequency of 69 Hz, but the demembranated flagella are unusually fragile, and commonly disintegrate by a combination of splitting, coiling, and sliding within a few minutes. Little reactivation is obtained if acetate is replaced by Cl- in the reactivating medium. The Michaelis constant for beat frequency (0.2 mM) is similar to that obtained for several “9+2” flagella. These sperm, however, appear to lack the mechanism by which Ca2+ regulates waveform. Our results indicate that eel sperm flagella, which at rest are straight, are induced to bend helicoidally by ATP, as the result of sliding between tubules that is blocked at both the base and tip of the organelle. The flagellar waveform consists of a series of planar bends separated by short regions of right-handed twist, which give it an overall left-handed helicoidal form.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050406
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050601
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  • 78
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    Alpha actinin distribution and extracellular matrix products during somitogenesis and neurulation in the chick embryo (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 491-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Somitogenesis ; neurulation ; alpha-actinin ; morphogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A discrete stage in two different morphogenetic processes has been examined employing fluorescently labelled alpha-actinin as a probe to localize native alpha-actinin and antibodies to localize fibronectin and collagen type I. The stage of somitogenesis examined is the transition from the compact mesenchymal somitic mass to the epithelial somitic vesicle (ie, epithelialization of the somite). The stage of neurulation examined is the transition from the relatively flat neuroepithelium to the approximation of the neural folds. Before these morphogenetic movements begin, the neuroepithelium is sitting upon a basal lamina and interstitial collagen, and the somite is surrounded by a meshwork of interstitial collagen. During both of these processes, the cells become narrowed at their apices in the region of the tissue that is becoming concave, and alpha-actinin is localized in the apices. The localization of intracellular alpha-actinin and extracellular fibronectin, and the distribution of collagen, suggest that there is a coordinated appearance and distribution of these molecules that is temporally associated with these discrete morphogenetic events.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050606
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  • 79
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    An EHNA-senstive ATPase in unfertilized sea urchin eggs (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 61-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: dynein ; erythro-9-[3-2-(hydroxynonyl)]adenine (EHNA) ; ATPase ; inhibition ; axoneme ; cytoplasm ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In current purification strategies, affinity for microtubules or calmodulin is used to identify and purify cytoplasmic dynein-like ATPase from cell-free extracts of unfertilized sea urchin eggs. However, affinity purification procedures, though they define dynein-like ATPase activity, have not yet proven to be quantitative. An alternative purification strategy capable of producing a high yield of enzyme would require a specific assay in order to monitor cytoplasmic dynein purity at each step.In this study, we make a detailed comparison of the effects of EHNA on 22 different ATP-metabolizing enzyme activities, including 13 Mg++-ATPases. We isolate cytoplasmic dynein-like ATPase activity from three species of sea urchin eggs and sperm and show by means of dose-response curves that their sensitivities to inhibition by EHNA are very similar to one another. We demonstrate further that the EHNA dose-response characteristics of fourteen other ATP-metabolizing enzyme activities, including seven nondynein Mg++-ATPases, differ quantitatively from those of dynein-like ATPases.In studies of three other agents (vanadate, Ca++/calmodulin, and Triton X-100), we find that dynein-like ATPases vary by two orders of magnitude in their sensitivities to inhibition by vanadate, and little or no stimulation by either Ca++/calmodulin or Triton X-100 is seen. Our results suggest that inhibition by EHNA is a universal and specific property of dynein-like ATPases, which ultimately should prove useful in the quantitative purification and characterization of cytoplasmic dynein-like ATPase (s).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050106
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  • 80
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    Ionic control of locomotion and shape of epithelial cells: I. Role of calcium influx (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 123-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: locomotion and shape control ; epithelial cells ; calcium ; reflection-interference contrast-microscopy ; cinematography ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of calcium in the induction of locomotion, control of direction of locomotion, and modulation of shape of epithelial cells derived from Xenopus laevis tadpole epidermis is investigated. Local influx of calcium is achieved by electrophoretic release of small amounts of calcium from a micropipette (tip diameter 0.1-0.5 μUm) closely apposed to the cell body or lamella. The cells are made permeable for calcium by calcium ionophore A23187, and they are kept in Ca++-free, Mg++-rich EGTA Ringer. Another method used to induce Ca++ influx is local application of A23187 while cells move in normal culture medium.Influx of Ca++ into the lamella induces a localised increase in thickness and enlargement of the lamella. Stationary cells become active and show movement in the direction of the Ca++ gradient. Fried-egg-shaped cells tend to acquire a semicircular shape and start moving. Moving cells change the direction of their locomotion, following the direction of Ca++ release. Influx of Ca++ in the cell body region induces its contraction concomitant with an increase in lamellar area.These observations suggest the presence of two different Ca++-sensitive components: an actomyosin meshwork in the cell body and an actin gel in the lamella. Influx of Ca++ induces contraction of actomyosin and solation of actin gel. Interaction of these two systems would explain modulation of shape and generation of locomotion in epithelial cells.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050205
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  • 81
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    Bending patterns of Chlamydomonas flagella: III. A radial spoke head deficient mutant and a central pair deficient mutant (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 195-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: central pair ; radial spoke ; flagella ; mutant ; Chlamydomonas ; suppressor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Flash photomicrography at frequencies up to 300 Hz and computer-assisted image analysis have been used to obtain parameters describing the flagellar bending patterns of mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. All strains contained the uni1 mutation, to facilitate photography. The radial spoke head deficient mutant pf17, and the central pair deficient mutant, pf15, in combination with suppressor mutations that restore motility without restoring the ultrastructural or biochemical deficiencies, both generate forward mode bending patterns with increased shear amplitude and decreased asymmetry relative to the “wild-type” uni1 flagella described previously. In the reverse beating mode, the suppressed pf17 mutants generate reverse bending patterns with large shear amplitudes. Reverse beating of the suppressed pf15 mutants is rare. There is a reciprocal relationship between increased shear amplitude and decreased beat frequency, so that the velocity of sliding between flagellar microtubules is not increased by an increase in shear amplitude. The suppressor mutations alone cause decreased frequency and sliding velocity in both forward and reverse mode beating, with little change in shear amplitude or symmetry.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050303
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  • 82
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050401
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  • 83
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    A versatile and quantitative computer-assisted photoelectronic technique used for the analysis of ciliary beat cycles (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 267-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mammalian cilia ; respiratory tract ; mucociliary clearance ; laterofrontal cirri ; Mytilus edulis ; beat cycle ; computer analysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The beat cycles of rabbit tracheal cilia in culture and Mytilus laterofrontal cirri were recorded using a phototransistor, transillumination, video, and phase-contrast microscopy. The photoelectronic signal and video image of the ciliary activity were simultaneously recorded as a composite image. The photoelectronic signal was converted into a digital signal by a data acquisition system for further computer processing.By the selection of a small detector area and accurate detector alignment, a simple, repetitive photoelectronic signal representing ciliary activity was obtained. This signal records the ciliary beat frequency and demonstrates the triphasic nature of the beat cycle. The photoelectronic signal can be precisely correlated with the ciliary activity by analysis of the composite video recordings to provide the duration of the effective, recovery, and rest phases of the beat cycle. The videophotoelectronic signal correlations were verified by high-speed cinematography. High-speed films of ciliary activity were digitized, and the image density of selected pixels was analyzed by computer with respect to time and ciliary motion.These studies indicate that duration of the phages of the beat cycle are differentially reduced with increased beat frequency; the effective phase duration was quickly reduced to a minimum. This was followed by the reduction of the duration of the recovery phase to a minimum. The rest phase continues to be reduced without reaching a minimum, over the range of beat frequencies observed. These results suggest that ciliary beat frequency may be regulated either by modifying the rates of dynein-microtubule interactions or the rate of transition from one beat phase to the next.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050402
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  • 84
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    Actin assembly and filament cross-linking in the presence of TW 260/240, the tissue-specific spectrin of the chicken intestinal brush border (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 311-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Spectrin ; TW 260/240 ; chicken intestinal brush border ; actin assembly ; actin filament cross-linking ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: TW 260/240 is a tissue-specific spectrin found in the terminal web region of the chicken intestinal bruish border. We have examined the effects of TW 260/240 on assembly rates and critical concentrations (Co's) for monomer addition at the barbed and pointed ends of the actin filament. For these studies, acrosomal processes (AP) from Limulus sperm were used as nuclei for actin assembly. Under conditions which favor the interaction of TW 260/240 for actin (20-75 mM KCl, 2 mM Mg++) no effect on either elongation rates or Co's at either end of the actin filament was observed in the presence of this spectrinlike protein. The Limulus AP nucleation assay also allowed visualization of the kinetics of filament binding and cross-linking by TW 260/240. Ultrastructural analysis of TW 260/240 binding to actin filaments at their growing ends indicates that TW 260/240 tetramers bind laterally to the filament. Finally, evidence is presented that indicates that filaments cross-linked by TW 260/240 are stabilized against shear-dependent breakage.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050404
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  • 85
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    Anouncement (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 351-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050407
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  • 86
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    Bending patterns of Chlamydomonas flagella: II. Calcium effects on reactivated Chlamydomonas flagella (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: calcium ; Chlamydomonas ; flagella ; motility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ca2+ has profound effects on the movement of cilia and eukaryotic flagella, including those of Chlamydomonas. Two clear changes seen in Chlamydomonas flagella with changes in Ca2+ are beat frequency and symmetry. Photographic and computer assisted analysis of flagellar bending patterns on a uniflagellate mutant of Chlamydomonas have been used to examine details of the effects of Ca2+ on the movement of ATP-reactivated, demembranated flagella. In addition to the forward mode bending pattern seen at low Ca2+ concentrations (10-9 M), which has a frequency of about 50 Hz and the reverse mode bending pattern seen at high Ca2+ concentrations (10-4 M) with a frequency around 70 Hz, we carefully examined bending patterns in the intermediate Ca2+ concentration range of 1-6.5 × 10-6 M. In this intermediate range, the bending patterns have significantly reduced asymmetry and slightly increased frequency, compared to the motility observed at low Ca2+ concentrations. These observations indicate that changes in these two parameters of motion do not occur in parallel and suggest that the effects of Ca2+ may be a multicomponent process. Physiologically, these changes in the beat pattern at intermediate Ca2+ may signal either (1) the beginning stages of transition to the symmetrical, high-frequency beating seen at high Ca2+, or (2) a more normal forward mode motility for the trans flagellum as suggested by Kamiya and Witman [1984]. No large amplitude bending patterns associated with transitions between forward and reverse mode beating in intact cells were seen at the intermediate Ca2+ concentrations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050105
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  • 87
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    Flow birefringence of microtubules and its relation to birefringence measurements in cells (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 31-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; birefringence ; flow birefringence ; tubulin ; polarization microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Understanding the molecular basis of mitotic movements in living cells will require correlative experiments on intact cells, cell models, purified tubulin, and perhaps other biopolymers. Birefringence is one assay that is useful in all of these experimental situations. Heretofore, studies of birefringence changes during mitosis have lacked a quantitiative basis for interpretation in terms of microtubule number and packing density. One of the aims of this work was to establish that relationship.Purified calf brain tubulin was polymerized to equilibrium and oriented in the hydrodynamic field of a microcapillary flow birefringence apparatus. The relationship between birefringence and microtubule packing density was determined by a combination of optical, electron microscopic, and biochemical methods. The data correlate surprisingly well with those obtained by others from in vitro measurements on isolated mitotic spindles. Using the flow birefringence data, the sensitivity of polarizing microscopes for detecting microtubules was examined and found to depend on microtubule packing density, object thickness, and instrumental factors that limit both the detection and measurement of weakly birefringent objects. Because of the dependence of measurement sensitivity on object thickness, a method of measuring the thickness of microtubule bundles using the dispersion of birefringence was developed. This method is capable of measuring thickness to within two or three Airy diffraction units and does not require any assumptions regarding object symmetry.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050104
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  • 88
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    Fundamental problems of movement of cilia, eukaryotic flagella, and related systems: A seminar held under the U.S. Japan cooperative science program (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 137-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050206
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  • 89
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    Study of the properties of MgATP2--induced stationary bends in demembranated sea urchin sperm (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 209-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagellar dynein ; cyclic nucleotides ; sperm activation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Methods of demembranation and reactivation of Lytechinus pictus sperm were developed that result in non-motile sperm which take on a stable bend of about 3.5 radians at the proximal end of the cell. The middle and distal portion of the flagellum is relatively straight or slightly bent in the same direction forming a somewhat “C” shaped sperm cell. In these studies, we refer to this characteristic shape as the quiescent form, and as opposed to “rigor wave” sperm, the quiescent form is induced and maintained by a relatively high concentration of MgATP2- (〉 0.2 mM). Other conditions important to the production and maintenance of the quiescent form in demembranated sperm include: starting with concentrated, undiluted sperm, maintaining low Ca++ in the demembranation buffer, using a minimum of 0.2 mM MgATP2- and pH of 7.9-8.1 in the reactivation buffer. Deviation from some of these conditions results in a dramatic increase in motile, asymmetrically beating sperm. Addition of 0.4 mM CaCl2 to the reactivation buffer increased the proximal bend angle to 5 radians. The induction and maintenance of the stationary bend is mediated by dynein activity: “rigor wave” sperm were transformed to the quiescent form upon 0.2 mM ATP addition; micromolar vanadate abolished the quiescent form by “relaxation” of the proximal bend; and the vanadate relaxed sperm were restored to quiescent form by catechol. Importantly, 20 μM cAMP activated motility of the otherwise quiescent-form sperm. Quiescent-form, demembranated sperm were also activated by mild trypsin digestion. These and other data suggest that the quiescent-form sperm are trapped at the end of the principal bend, and these data are consistent with the proposal that the single stationary bend results from asymmetry of active microtubule sliding [Gibbons and Gibbons, (1980): J. Cell Biol. 84:13-27].
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050304
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  • 90
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    Tension in the culture dish: Microfilament organization and migratory behavior of quail neural crest cells (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 225-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: neural crest ; migratory behavior ; microfilaments ; stress fibers ; tractional force ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have investigated one aspect of the migratory behavior of quail neural crest (NC) cells by comparing the organization of microfilament bundles and the ability to distort migratory substrata by NC, somite, and notochord cells in vitro. In contrast to the numerous cytoplasmic stress fibers in somite-derived fibroblasts and notochord cells revealed by rhodamine-phalloidin staining and thin-section electron microscopy, microfilaments in NC cells are restricted to the cell cortex. To test the relative degrees of tension generated by these cell types on the underlying substratum, cells were cultured in collagen gels and on distortable silicone rubber sheets. Explanted somites and notochords produced dramatic radial alignment of 750 μg/ml collagen gels, whereas neural crest cells only aligned gels of lower concentrations. Fibroblasts did not migrate individually from explanted somites and notochords into 250 μg/ml collagen gels as readily as into higher concentration collagen lattices. In contrast, neural crest cells migrated into matrices of low concentration as well as into higher concentration collagen gels. Neural crest cells and their pigmented derivatives did not distort silicone rubber sheets, whereas somite and notochord-derived fibroblasts wrinkle this substratum after 4 days in culture. Thus, the differences in organization of the actin cytoskeleton reflect the tractional force exerted by these cells on their substratum. We hypothesize that the migratory behavior of NC cells in vivo may be related to their ability to translocate through embryonic extracellular matrices while generating relatively weak adhesions with the substratum, whereas the stronger forces generated by other embryonic cell types upon the delicate extracellular matrix may restrict their migration and may be associated with other morphogenetic events.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050305
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  • 91
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    Proteins closely similar to flagellar tektins are detected in cilia but not in cytoplasmic microtubules (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 239-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tektins ; microtubules ; flagella ; cilia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Affinity-purified antibodies against Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sperm flagellar tektin polypeptides have been tested for cross-reactivity with microtubules isolated from various sources, using indirect immunofluorescent staining and antibody binding to nitrocellulose replicas of SDS polyacrylamide gels. The antitektins reacted with sperm tail axonemes from four genera of sea urchins and with cilia from sea urchin embryos. Antibody binding was observed only if the specimens were prefixed by methods that would not preserve them well at an ultrastructural level. However, even after such fixation regimes, no antibody binding was detected to cytoplasmic microtubule arrays in the same embryos, to mitotic spindles isolated from sea urchin or to gill cilia from a mollusc. We conclude that, if tektins are present in sea urchin egg cytoplasmic microtubules, they are sufficiently different from the sperm tektins to have no common strongly antigenic determinants.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050306
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  • 92
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    Localization of actin in Chlamydomonas using antiactin and NBD-phallacidin (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 415-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Actin ; immunofluorescence ; NBD-phallacidin ; Chlamydomonas ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have localized actin in gametes of Chlamydomonas reinhardi by two approaches: (1) indirect immunofluorescence with an affinity-purified antibody and (2) staining with NBD-phallacidin, a fluorescent reagent that binds only to F-actin [Barak et al, 1980, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 77:980-984]. Staining of either mating type “plus” (mt+) or “minus” (mt-) gametes with antiactin antibody resulted in similar fluorescent images: most of the actin was located peripherally along the lateral and posterior aspects of the cells. There was diffuse staining centrally, but the flagella did not stain. No brightly stained spot was observed near the mt+ mating structure, the site where the fertilization tubule elongates with concomitant polymerization of actin [Detmers et al, 1983, J Cell Biol, 97:522-532]. Gametes stained prior to mating with NBD-phallacidin showed no fluorescence above background, indicating that there were no concentrations of F-actin in these cells. This suggested that the cytoplasmic staining observed with antiactin represented primarily a nonfilamentous form of the protein. In mating gametes staining with NBD-phallacidin was detected only in the fertilization tubule, indicating that this was the only dense accumulation of filamentous actin within the cells. Mating gametes stained with antiactin antibody exhibited cytoplasmic fluorescence that was slightly more punctate than prior to mating, and the fertilization tubule was brightly stained. Our observations suggest that the site-specific polymerization of actin within the fertilization tubule occurs in the absence of a concentrated pool of actin subjacent to the mating structure.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050505
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Non-actin filaments and cell contraction in Kofoidinum and other Dinoflagellates (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: contractile non-actin filaments ; dinoflagellates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The motility and fine structure of the marine planktonic dinoflagellate Kofoidinium and members of other related genera have been investigated. Several types of shape change were found to occur: slow morphogenetic changes (which also occurred as restitution movements in response to injury), movements associated with the ingestion of food and the evacuation of wastes, and more rapid movements concerned with the capture of prey. All these movements seemed to be brought about by the contraction of refractile tracts within the cytoplasm, which were found to contain 2.3-nm filaments, some with a complex striated appearance. This and other evidence suggests that these filaments, which have counterparts in many other protists, are not actin filaments.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050102
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050201
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  • 95
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    Video microscopy of fast axonal transport in extruded axoplasm: A new model for study of molecular mechanisms (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 81-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: fast axonal transport ; isolated axoplasm ; video microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of AVEC-DIC microscopy and the application of this method to the study of fast axonal transport in isolated axoplasm extruded from the giant axon of the squid Loligo pealei provides a new paradigm for analyzing the intracellular transport of membranous organelles. The size of the axon, the number of transported particles, and the absence of permeability barriers like the plasma membrane in this preparation permit many experiments that are difficult or impossible to perform using other model systems. The use and features of this preparation are described in detail and a number of properties are evaluated for the first time. The process of extrusion is characterized. Particle movement is evaluated both in the interior of extruded axoplasm and along individual fibrils that extend from the periphery of perfused axoplasm. The role of divalent cations, particularly Ca2+, and the effects of elevated Ca2+ on axoplasmic organization and transport are analyzed. A series of pharmacological agents and polypeptides that alter cytoskeletal organization are used to examine the role of microfilaments and microtubules in fast transport. Finally, the effects of depleting ATP and of adding ATP analogues are discussed. The extruded axoplasm preparation is shown to be an invaluable model system for biochemical and pharmacological analyses of the molecular mechanisms of intracellular transport.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050203
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  • 96
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    Analysis of the morphology and function of primary cilia in connective tissues:A cellular cybernetic probe? (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 175-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: primary cilia ; connective tissues ; secretory organelles ; extracellular matrix ; cybernetic probe ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: More than 300 primary cilia have been identified electronmicroscopically in a variety of embryonic and mature connective tissue cells. To further define the enigmatic function of these cilia, we examined the interrelationships between the basal apparatus and cytoplasmic organelles and the ciliary shaft and the extracellular matrix. The basal diplosome was consistently associated with the secretory organelles including the maturing face of the Golgi complex, Golgi vacuoles and vesicles, the microtubular network, the plasma membrane, and coated pits and vesicles. Small vesicles and amorphous granules were also observed within the ciliary lumen and adjacent to the ciliary membrane. Microtubule-membrane bridges linked axonemal tubules to the ciliary membrane. The position, projection, and orientation of the axoneme were influenced by the structural organisation and mechanical properties of the matrix and frequently caused angulation of the ciliary shaft relative to the basal body. Located midway between the secretory apparatus and the extracellular matrix, primary cilia would appear ideally situated to mediate the necessry interaction between the cell and its surrounding environment prerequisite to the formation and maintenance of a functionally effective matrix. We propose that primary cilia in connective tissue cells could act as multifunctional, cellular cybernetic probes, receiving, transducing, and conducting a variety of extrinsic stimuli to the intracellular organelles responsible for effecting the appropriate homeostatic feedback response to changes in the extracellular microenvironment.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050302
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  • 97
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    Erratum (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 265-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050308
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tetrahymena cell model exhibiting Ca-dependent behavior (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 5 (1985), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Tetrahymena ; cell model ; ATP concentration ; Ca sensitivity ; backward swimming ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using Tetrahymena pyriformis, strain w, and Tetrahymena thermophila, B-1868, we prepared cell models that showed ciliary reversal with change in Ca-ion concentration, as was also noted for the Paramecium cell model. No differences could be found between these two strains in the reactivation state, and their response to environmental conditions was essentially the same. The reactivation rate was 90% or more. Swimming velocity of the cell model was found to be 200 ± 49 μm/sec at 25.0°C ± 0.5°C, while the velocity for the living cells was 527 ± 101 μm/sec. Swimming velocity with change in environmental conditions, such as pH, Mg-ATP, and Ca-ion concentrations, was studied. Compared to the cell model of Paramecium, the Tetrahymena cell model had higher sensitivity toward Ca-ion in the reactivation medium. The effects of chlorpromazine, and inhibitor of calmodulin, on the swimming behavior of the cell models were studied.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970050405
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vascular permeability to lanthanum in the rat incisor pulp (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Capillary permeability ; Lanthanum ; Peripheral nerves ; Tooth pulp ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Experiments were performed to compare the permeability of capillaries supplying the endoneurial environment, which is invested by perineurium, with vascular permeability in the pulp where perineurium is absent. Anaesthetised rats were perfused through the aorta with physiological solutions containing lanthanum nitrate at 37° C. Pieces of inferior alveolar nerve and segments of mandibular incisors were immersion-fixed and transverse sections were examined electron microscopically for the distribution of lanthanum. In the pulp the nerve fibres pass between lanthanum-impermeable arterioles and venules en route to the incisal end. In the peripheral pulp a few capillaries were permeable but the most permeable capillaries lay between the odontoblasts. Pulpal capillary permeability was attributed to the fenestrated endothelium and contrasted with the unfenestrated endoneurial capillaries which were impermeable to lanthanum. Whereas the tight junctions of endoneurial capillaries are known to prevent certain blood-borne substances from entering the endoneurium, it was not clear whether the permeability of the pulpal capillaries, which are distant from the nerve fibres, could affect the nerve fibre environment. No extravasated lanthanum reached the pulpal nerve fibres suggesting that they are not affected. Technically it was not possible to examine the incisal third of the tooth where the situation could be different because the volume of the pulp decreases and capillaries lie closer to the nerve fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214912
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulatory effect of follicle-stimulating hormone on rat Leydig cells (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 239 (1985), S. 405-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Leydig cell ; FSH ; Morphometry ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of FSH on the testicular interstitial tissue of immature hypophysectomized rats were studied by comparing morphological changes in Leydig cells with quantitative changes in interstitial tissue histology using morphometric analysis. Three groups of rats received subcutaneous injections of 0.5 ml saline vehicle or 10 μg rFSH or 20 ng oLH (equivalent to the amount of LH known to contaminate the FSH), twice daily for 7 days. Administration of FSH significantly increased testis weight and stimulated more advanced spermatogenesis compared to saline or LH. Morphometric analysis of testes of LH-treated rats showed a small but significant increase in total interstitial cell volume compared to saline treatment. FSH caused much greater increases in the total volume of interstitial tissue and interstitial cells than either saline or LH and significantly increased the total volume of interstitial fluid by comparison with the other groups. FSH but not saline or LH treatment resulted in a striking hypertrophy of Leydig cells, to produce cells ultrastructurally identical to Leydig cells from adults. Since the target tissue of FSH is the seminiferous epithelium, the observed effects on Leydig cells by FSH treatment suggest that the secretion of factors by the seminiferous tubules may mediate the maturation of Leydig cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218021
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