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  • Electronic Resource  (93)
  • 1985-1989  (66)
  • 1970-1974  (27)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1987  (66)
  • 1970  (27)
  • Electron microscopy
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  • Electronic Resource  (93)
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  • 1985-1989  (66)
  • 1970-1974  (27)
  • 1890-1899
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 311-314 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human pituitary adenomas ; Granules ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light bodies are large cytoplasmic granules originally described in the gonadotrophic cells of the rat pituitary gland. In order to determine whether similar bodies occur in the human anterior pituitary gland, 89 pituitary adenomas and periadenomatous tissue from 20 cases were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Double membrane bound bodies with filamentous internal structure identical to rodent light bodies were identified in 10 hormone-producing adenomas: 5 PRL, 1 PRL-GH, 2 GH, and 2 ACTH-producing tumours. No light bodies were found in the remaining 79 tumours nor in the pituitary cells in periadenomatous tissue from 20 cases. These results show that some human pituitary adenomas may contain light bodies identical to those seen in gonadotrophs of rat pituitary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 410 (1987), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Buschke-Loewenstein tumour ; Giant condyloma ; Anogenital region ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Results on the light- and electron microscopic studies of six cases of Buschke-Loewenstein tumour are presented. The role of chronic irritation is emphasized in the aetiology of the tumour. Fistulas and abscesses arising in the tumour are dangerous as they give rise to chronic sepsis. In two perianal tumours, in situ or invasive carcinoma developed. Electron microscopy revealed varying degrees of differentiation of keratinocytes. As a result of the defective desmosomes, the tumour cell underwent segregation, with widened intercellular spaces containing oedema, erythrocytes and leucocytes. This phenomenon is probably responsible for frequent bleeding and fistula formation. The investigations disclosed that the Buschke-Loewenstein tumour is a special form of squamous carcinoma and therefore, radical surgical excision must be attempted even in case of a benign histological picture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Thrombocytopenic purpura ; Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ; Liver sinusoidal fibrosis ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 10 patients with thrombocytopenic purpura (TP) underwent splenectomy. Eight of these patients had idiopathic TP (certain or probable). All had normal liver function tests. Liver histology of the surgical biopsy was normal with the exception of a non specific mild portal infiltration in 6 cases. On Sirius red staining the perisinusoidal network was normal in 3 cases, mildly or moderately increased in 5 cases and often associated with perivenular fibrosis. Collagen types I, III, IV, laminin and fibronectin were increased in the 8 biopsies tested. On semi-thin sections, numerous Kupffer cells were observed. Under the electron microscope, sinusoidal abnormalities were very similar in all 7 patients studied: numerous Kupffer cells containing abundant lysosomes, numerous collagen bundles in the Disse space, active endothelial cells, transformation of some perisinusoidal cells into cells with some of the characteristics of fibroblasts (increased RER) and myofibroblasts (peripheral condensations of the filamentous network), increased fragments of basement membrane-like material. In two cases there was an increase in the number of perisinusoidal cells loaded with lipids. The similarity of the lesions and the absence of other fibrogenic causes (except in 2 cases) suggest that TP may represent another group of diseases with perisinusoidal fibrosis. The aetiology of fibrosis remains unknown but platelet derived growth factor and activated macrophages may play a major role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 26 (1987), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Ribosome structure ; Electron microscopy ; Image analysis ; Evolutionary lineages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Multivariate statistical analysis and classification techniques are powerful tools in sorting noisy electron micrographs of single particles according to their principal features, enabling one to form average images with an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and a better reproducible resolution. We apply this methodology here to determining the characteristic views of the large (50S) ribosomal subunits from the eubacteriumEscherichia coli and the archaebacteriaMethanococcus vannielii, Sulfolobus solfataricus, andHalobacterium marismortui. Average images were obtained of the subunit in the common crown and kidney projections, but views of the particle in orientations intermediate between these two extremes were also elucidated for all species. These averages show reproducible detail of up to 2.0 nm resolution, thus enabling the visualization and interspecies comparison of many structural features as a first step toward comparing the actual three-dimensional structures. Our results disprove evolutionary lineages recently postulated on the basis of electron microscopical images of ribosomal subunits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 65 (1987), S. 144-146 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Campylobacter pyloridis ; Duodenal ulcer ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of campylobacter-like organisms found within duodenal biopsy specimens from 7 of 24 patients (28%) with active duodenal ulcer is described. Their curved shape and variable size are similar to what has previously been reported in descriptions of light microscopies. The organisms were found at the edge of active duodenal ulcers exclusively near neutral-mucous producing antral cells, to which they can adhere. The presence of these bacteria within cells and in the intercellular fluid implies that they can penetrate through the cell membrane or through tight intercellular junctions. The occurrence of these bacteria as well as numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the afflicted regions suggests that the bacteria originally described by Warren and Marshall are indeed pathogenic and that their influence on ulcer healing should be included in designing treatment protocols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 59 (1987), S. 385-390 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Lung ; Methyl isocyanate ; Gas poisoning ; Electron microscopy ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The static exposure of rats to 0.25 mg/l methyl isocyanate for 1 h resulted in damage to the epithelium of the proximal bronchioles and upper airways. Bronchiolar cells exhibited both nuclear and cytoplasmic damage; many epithelial cells, particularly in the bronchi and trachea, were killed and/or dislodged from the basement membrane. A “raft” of cell debris and fibrin lined most of the airways during the 1st week after exposure but repair to the underlying epithelium was well advanced within 2–3 days. The majority of airways were lined by a normal epithelium within 3 weeks of exposure, but isolated foci of hyperplasia and occluded airways probably accounted for continued respiratory impairment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Isopropyl alcohol ; Tracheal mucosa ; Ciliary activity ; Recovery process ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The toxicity of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) on the tracheal mucosa was studied experimentally with special reference to the recovery process of the organ. The results showed that 400 ppm IPA has an acute effect on the mucociliary system in the tracheal mucosa, and that recovery from such degeneration can occur in 2 weeks. When functional and morphological damage was induced by a higher level (5500 ppm) of IPA, recovery did not occur in 2 weeks. The conclusion is that the present allowable level of IPA is reasonable from the viewpoint of the effects of short-term exposure to IPA on the tracheal mucosa. In addition, a higher level of IPA exposure has longer-term effects on the tracheal mucosa, and workers exposed to such a higher level of IPA vapor should be given careful otolaryngological follow-up observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 75 (1987), S. 116-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Lead ; Brain edema ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Newborn rats were exposed to daily intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg lead nitrate per kg body weight for the first 15 postnatal days. The growth and mortality of the lead-exposed animals did not differ from their control litter-mates, injected with vehicle only. In our previous studies, focal hemorrhages and spongy areas as well as breakdown of blood-brain barrier to plasma proteins were shown by light microscopy in the cerebellar parenchyma of 15-day-old rats exposed to this dose. In spite of these signs of edema, measurements of brain tissue specific gravity did not show increased water content. In the present investigation we examined the ultrastructure of the brain lesions in these rats with low-dose lead encephalopathy, focusing on signs of edema, and evaluated astroglial reaction by immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The electron microscopic findings were compatible with extracellular edema in the cerebellum of 15-day-old lead exposed rats. The number of GFAP-positive cell bodies in the gray substance of the cerebellar cortex was increased in the 15-day-old lead-exposed rats as compared with the controls of the same age, a finding which is presumably related to the leakage of plasma proteins. Both these findings were lacking at 20 days of age, suggesting reversibility of the lead-induced changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma ; Epithelial properties ; Circumscribed growth ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three cases of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), one of which showed anaplastic evolution, are described. In all three the PXA tumors were well circumscribed and could be totally removed. Light-microscopically, pleomorphic tumor cells clustered gregariously and often formed alveolar structures. Electron microscopy revealed various epithelial properties, such as junctions and interdigitations between apposing tumor cells, and prominent basal laminae surrounding tumor nests. The circumscribed growth of PXA, as contrasted with an infiltrative growth of usual astrocytoma, can be attributed to the cellular cohesion based on the epithelial properties of the tumor cells. In the third patient, tumor recurred 6 months postoperatively. Although the recurrent tumor retained the alveolar structures, pleomorphism and various degenerative features of the tumor cells diminished with advance in the proliferative activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 251-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Decidua ; Involution ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Involution of the antimesometrial decidua was analysed by electron microscopy on days 9, 10 and 11 of pregnancy in the mouse. During this period, the width of the antimesometrial decidua decreases considerably. Involution begins in the decidual cells situated closest to the embryo (internal decidua) and proceeds towards the myometrium. The cells of the internal decidua showed signs of deterioration characterized by accumulation of clumps of chromatin in the nuclei and dilation of the perinuclear cisterna and endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Autophagosomes and heterophagosomes accumulated in the cytoplasm of these cells. Cells particularly strongly affected became spherical and were devoid of their plasma membrane. Some cells near the trophoblast as well as the mature decidual cells situated farther from the embryo showed a normal morphology. The trophoblastic cells established close contact with healthy decidual cells and engulfed fragments of disorganized decidual cells. It is suggested that the death of decidual cells is a type of programmed cell death and that it is not due to a direct lytic action by the trophoblast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 279 (1987), S. S30 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Cicatricial pemphigoid ; Vegetating lesions ; Immunopathology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case with widespread vegetating-pustular skin lesions, oral erosions, ulcerations and scarring, and conjunctival synechiae is reported. Clinically, histopathologically, and by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy this patient combined the features of pemphigoid vegetans, as described by Winkelmann and Su, and the mucocutaneous type of cicatricial pemphigoid. This observation suggests that a third subset of cicatricial pemphigoid can now be added to the two existing ones, the mucocutaneous and Brunsting-Perry types, and the designation vegetating cicatricial pemphigoid is proposed for this heretofore undescribed condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 73 (1987), S. 370-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Factor VIII ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Hemangioblastoma ; Tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The histogenesis of stromal cells in capillary hemangioblastoma has been the subject of debate. The light and electron microscopic studies of hemangioblastomas presented here showed pericytic and leiomyoblastic features in stromal cells. Cells cultured by the monolayer method showed similar features to those of the original tumors. Immunohistochemical studies for glial fibrillary acidic protein and factor VIII/von Willebrand factor indicated that stromal cells were antigenically distinct from astrocytes and endothelial cells. These findings suggest that stromal cells are closely related to pericytes and smooth muscle cells, and support Rhodin's speculation that pericytes serve as a precursor to smooth muscle cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypoglycemia ; Rat striatum ; Glutamate ; Excitotoxic nerve cell injury ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rat striatum severe hypoglycemia causes an irreversible nerve cell injury, which does not become manifest until during the post-insult recovery period. This injury can be ameliorated by lesions of the glutamatergic cortico-striatal pathway, which suggests that an “excitotoxic” effect mediated by the glutamatergic input is the likely cause of the posthypoglycemic nerve cell destruction. In this paper we further characterize the protective effect of abolishing the glutamatergic innervation to striatum at the ultrastructural level. Two weeks after a unilateral cortical ablation rats were subjected to 30 min of severe hypoglycemia with isoelectric EEG and killed either immediately after the insult or following 60 min of recovery induced by restoring the blood glucose levels. Immediately after the hypoglycemic insult the structure of striatum was similar on both sides (except for the changes attributable to the ablation); i.e., the neurons and their dendrites had pale cytoplasm with condensed mitochondria, sparse RER and pinpoint ribosomes. After 60 min restitution numerous striatal neurons on the non-protected, non-ablated side had turned variably dark and condensed, whereas under-neath the ablation they remained similar as immediately after hypoglycemia. This sequence indicates that the most likely cause of nerve cell destruction on the non-protected side is the “excitotoxic” effect mediated by the glutamatergic innervation, which is superimposed on the action of the hypoglycemic insultper se. Furthermore, the primary condensation of neurons and their dendrites indicate existence of another type of acute “excitotoxic” nerve cell injury which differs from the previously described injury characterized by neuronal swelling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 75 (1987), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Hyperglycemia ; Substantia nigra ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Preischemic hyperglycemia induced by feeding or glucose infusion worsens the brain damage and the clinical outcome following ischemia of a given duration and density, and characteristically causes postischemic seizure activity. Light microscopy has previously showed that, in the rat, transient hyperglycemic ischemia induced by bilateral carotid occlusion in combination with arterial hypotension causes a uni- or bilateral lesion in the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. Since this region has a central role in preventing seizure discharges the present study was carried out to determine the ultrastructural characteristics of this lesion. In rats with 10 min of transient hyperglycemic ischemia followed by recirculation for 1 to 18 h, the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra showed signs of status spongiosus, as well as extensive nerve cell alterations. These changes were observed after all recovery periods studied. The spongiotic appearance was mainly caused by swelling of dendrites and, to a lesser degree, by astrocytic swelling. The dendrites were expanded at all recovery times but the severity increased during the later periods of recirculation. These swollen dendrites contained severely expanded mitochondrias and endoplasmic reticulum. The cytoskeletal elements showed disordered lining of microtubules. Two major types of nerve cell alterations were present: a “pale” and a “dark” variety. The pale type was the most frequent cell alteration. It occurred in all experimental groups and at all time points. Redistribution of the nuclear chromatin and of cytoplasmic organelles as well as swelling of the same type as in the dendrites were the essential changes. The dark neurons were much fewer in number and occupied a peripheral position in the pars reticulata. Astrocytic foot processes appeared to be dilated around the dark neurons. Swelling of astrocyte processes was most pronounced in the 1 h recovery animals. Both types of neurons showed severe mitochondrial alterations of the type observed in dendrites. Occasionally, mitochondrial alterations were found in astrocytic processes as well. Blood vessel alterations were lacking. Previous studies have shown that in this model of ischemia the substantia nigra has a relatively well-preserved blood perfusion. In view of this the extensive histopathological lesions are surprising. We speculate that the lesions primarily involve excitotoxic damage to dendrites, with pronounced lactic acidosis playing a contributory role in causing axonal and glial pathology as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 525-530 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Placenta ; Guinea pig ; Labyrinth ; Syncytiotrophoblast ; Tracers ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The permeability of the materno-fetal barrier in the chorioallantoic placenta was studied in guinea pigs with gestation at term applying a variety of electron-opaque tracers via maternal circulation. None of the tracers tested was seen permeating the syncytiotrophoblast in the materno-fetal direction up to a 20 min interval when the fine structure of the placenta was satisfactorily preserved. The lanthanum chloride, cationized ferritin and horseradish peroxidase bound to the trophoblast surface, apparently due to electrostatic forces more than to specific receptors, and no uptake of these probes was detected in the cytoplasm. Albumin-colloidal gold complex, also used as a tracer, yielded similar results. As reported in other species with more complex syncytiotrophoblastic organization, this layer investing maternal lacunae is a highly selective permability barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 74 (1987), S. 169-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral gangliocytoma ; Parieto-frontal lobe ; Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies ; No synapse ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We report a case of cerebral gangliocytoma (GC) with a variety of unusual structures in the tumor cells. Light microscopically, the tumor consisted of typical ganglion cells, atypical cells which has argyrophilic granules in the cytoplasm, and a few astrocytes. Electron microscopically, the tumor cells showed typical gangliocytic features, which had abundant rough endoplasmic reticula, ribosomes and cored vesicles of 90–150 nm diameter, a few 50-nm-diametered non-cored vesicles, and other common organelles in their cytoplasm. Furthermore, neoplastic ganglion cells contained a variety of abnormal structures, including membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB), Zebra bodies (ZB), tubular structures, branched tubular structures (BTS), concentrical laminated bodies and curvilinear bodies (CB). The MCB, ZB and CB resembled those in GM2 gangliosidosis (GMG), and the BTS that in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD). Although the significance of these inclusions is still unknown, it is considered that some common mechanism might play a role in the metabolism of both neoplastic neuronal cells and degenerating neurons (GMG and INAD). Synapses could not be observed anywhere despite complete neuronal differentiation of many tumor cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 176 (1987), S. 145-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neurological mutant mice ; ‘Purkinje cell degeneration’ (pcd) ; Weaver ; Neural transplants ; Cerebellum ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Embryonic cerebellar grafts from genetically normal donors were implanted into the cerebellomedullary cistern of adult ‘Purkinje cell degeneration’ (pcd) and weaver mutant mice, which are respectively characterized by the selective loss of Purkinje and granule cells. Grafts placed into both mutant recipients exhibited a layered cellular organization reminiscent of the normal cerebellar cortex. Molecular, Purkinje, and granule cell layers were identifiable. Grafted Purkinje cells displayed characteristic cytological features, such as hypolemmal cisterns in association with mitochondria in the perikaryon, and lamellar structures in their axons. The cytological features of granule cell somata in the grafts appeared similar to those of mature granule cells. Electron microscopic examination of the molecular layer of the grafts revealed the presence of parallel fibers, which were not oriented in a parallel fashion; axon terminals of such fibers were often presynaptic to dendritic spines. The number of parallel fibers was markedly reduced in grafts implanted into both mutants compared to the normal cerebellar cortex; however, this phenomenon is commonly seen in cerebellum in tissue culture and in cerebellar transplants into normal hosts. It is concluded, therefore, that the environment of the mutant hosts does not affect the survival of Purkinje or granule cells and that transplantation of solid cerebellar grafts in the neurological mutants studied does not seem to pose any apparent limitations beyond those inherent to the process of cerebellar growth and differentiation outside its normal environment.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 88 (1987), S. 142-146 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; immunohistochemistry ; pituitary ; rhabdomyosarcoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracranial extension of rhabdomyosarcoma from the face, nasopharynx or middle ear is rare. A 16-year-old boy presented with deterioration of vision and headache. CT scan revealed a soft tissue mass occupying the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses, extending to the suprasellar fossa and impinging on the optic chiasm. The tumour, mimicking pituitary carcinoma, was removed by transsphenoidal craniotomy. Morphologic studies, including immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, revealed that the tumour was a rhabdomyosarcoma. This case stresses the value of immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies in the diagnosis of tumours occurring in the region of the sella turcica. The origin of this tumour was thought to be the sphenoid or ethmoid sinus. The pituitary gland appeared intact.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neurochirurgica 85 (1987), S. 56-62 
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; erythropoietin ; haemangioblastoma ; immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunohistochemical studies for erythropoietin were carried out in six capillary haemangioblastomas, three of which were also studied by electron microscopy. The immunohistochemical studies showed that positively stained cells were scattered in the vicinity of capillaries, and that neither endothelial cells nor stromal cells were stained. In their morphology and distribution, the positively stained cells were identical to mast cells as observed by electron microscopy. In one case, erythropoietin was demonstrated in the cyst fluid of the tumour. These findings suggest that mast cells with abundant secreting granules in haemangioblastomas are capable of producing erythropoietin.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 72 (1987), S. 341-348 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Carbon disulphide neuropathy ; Pacinian corpuscles ; Denervation and reinnervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult Wistar rats were exposed to carbon disulphide vapours at a concentration of 2.4 mg/l of air for 5 days a week (6 h a day), and the ultrastructure of Pacinian corpuscles and their nerve supply was investigated after 6 months of exposure. Both degenerative and regenerative changes were observed in sensory axons and the corpuscles. In a sample of corpuscles examined, 30% were denervated and about 60% showed clear signs of reinnervation. Some of the reinnervated corpuscles were supplied by unmyelinated axons. In others, one to three myelinated axons were already found at the nerve entry. The axons branched and formed three to eight terminals in the inner core. Due to continuous intoxication, most regenerated terminals were again undergoing degeneration. In peripheral nerves, the evidence of axonal regeneration has been reported in various toxic distal axonopathies. However, the reinnervation of Pacinian corpuscles has not been described before. It can be expected that reinnervation of Pacinian corpuscles and other end-organs also occurs in other axonopathies, if not during continuous poisoning, then at least after its cessation.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Replicative intermediates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Some physicochemical properties of the mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) from plants of flax, broad bean and mung bean, and from tissue culture cells of jimson weed, soybean, petunia and tobacco were determined. Circular molecules were observed in electron microscope preparations of each mtDNA. In soybean, petunia, broad bean and mung bean mtDNAs, the circular molecules had a continuous distribution of lengths (ranges between 1 to 36 kb, and 1 to 126 kb), heavily skewed toward smaller molecules. Eighty-six percent of the flax circular molecules were from 27 to 54 kb in size, and 78% of the jimson weed circular molecules were from 4 to 15 kb. Replicative forms of 1.2–1.6 kb circular molecules were observed in electron microscope preparations of broad bean mtDNA.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 279 (1987), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Morphometry ; Electron microscopy ; Cytological atypia ; Nevus cells ; Melanoma cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytological atypia, revealed in the course of routine light microscopy, is considered a valuable indicator of malignancy in melanocytic lesions. A clear definition of the term cytological atypia, however, is lacking. Therefore, by morphometric analysis of ultrathin sections of 11 malignant melanomas (7 invasive, 3 in situ, and 1 lentigo maligna melanoma) and 10 compound nevi, we evaluated the discriminating power of the various facets of cytological atypia, i. e., nuclear area, area of the nucleolus, area of the total cell, and nuclear irregularity. In each case, at least 50 intraepidermal melanocytic cells were examined. The two-sided U-test showed significant differences between intraepidermal nevus and melanoma cells, with regard to the mean values (x) and standard deviations (s) of the nuclear area (x and s, p=0.00011), area of the nucleolus (x, p=0.00043; s, p=0.00011), and area of the total cell (x, p=0.00011; s, p=0.00093). However, only the mean values and standard deviations of the nuclear area allowed a clear distinction in each individual case. The area of the nucleus can be estimated in the course of routine histology. We therefore think that the size and variation of the nuclear area should be considered in the histological differential diagnosis between malignant melanomas and benign nevi.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 279 (1987), S. 308-314 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Congenital cutis laxa ; Collagen synthesis ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of congenital cutis laxa (CCL) of unclear mode of inheritance associated with multiple pulmonary artery branch stenosis was extensively investigated to assess possible correlations between clinical, ultrastructural, and biochemical features. Light microscopy revealed that elastic fibers were absent in the papillary dermis, while hypoplastic elsewhere. Transmission electron microscopy showed a poor elastin matrix content in some elastic fibers, variable diameters of collagen fibrils, and abundant glycogen granules in most dermal cells. Measurement of collagen fibril diameters, using an image analyzer, was carried out in the patient and two age- and site-matched controls. A biomodal distribution was found in the upper reticular dermis of the patient. In vitro analysis of collagen in skin fibroblast cultures of the patient showed increased collagen synthesis with a balanced production of type I and type III procollagens. Our study confirms that CCL represents a disorder both of collagen and elastic connective tissue.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Dorsal column nuclei ; Gracile nucleus ; Inferior olive ; Dorsal accessory olive ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study examined the termination pattern within the dorsal accessory subdivision of the cat inferior olive of axons arising from the gracile nucleus. The gracile terminals were labeled by anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin complexed to horseradish peroxidase and visualized with tetramethyl benzidine. Gracile terminals were found to contain round synaptic vesicles and form asymmetric synaptic contacts. Of particular interest was the finding that gracile axons, like axons from the spinal cord, terminate primarily outside of synaptic glomeruli. Yet most of the gracile terminals did not synapse on isolated dendritic elements. Rather, the majority contacted distal dendrites which directly contacted other dendritic elements, forming simple complexes termed dendritic thickets. Typically the dendritic thickets were composed of two or three dendrites that received input from more than one round vesicle-containing synaptic terminal. Only one terminal per thicket was labeled by injections in the gracile nucleus. This clustering of pre-and postsynaptic elements within the thickets provides opportunities for many of the same interactions allowed by synaptic glomeruli, in particular divergence and convergence of information.
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  • 25
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    Experimental brain research 67 (1987), S. 380-390 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; Periaqueductal gray ; Neural implants ; Analgesia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recent findings in our laboratory indicate that adrenal medullary grafts produce significant alterations in pain sensitivity. Electron microscopic studies were undertaken to correlate these behavioral changes with the neural interactions of the host and graft tissue in the periaqueductal gray. A striking change found 8 weeks after transplantation is that pronounced myelination has taken place both in the graft and in the host tissue. The new myelin formation in the graft has the typical appearance of PNS myelination and, in the host the appearance of CNS myelination. The endothelial cells of the capillaries in the grafted tissue are attenuated and fenestrated in contrast to those of the surrounding parenchymal tissue of the host. By 8 weeks, the graft becomes heavily encapsulated with collagen, while the host CNS tissue develops layers of glial processes outlining the graft. However, collagen and glial layers apparently do not form an absolute barrier to either cellular or humoral interaction between the host and graft tissue. Chromaffin cells can be found protruding into the host CNS tissue and sometimes forming synapses with presumably the host neuronal processes. Grafted chromaffin cells may participate as both postsynaptic and, less often, as presynaptic components of synaptic junctions. The behavioral relevance of these synaptic contacts is unclear, since similar implants of adrenal medullary tissue into the dorsal spinal cord subarachnoid space, which also induce potent analgesia, do not contain synapses. Thus, it is more likely that behavioral changes are brought about by diffusion of neuroactive substances from grafted chromaffin cells to host receptors.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventral mesencephalic grafts ; Electron microscopy ; Afferent synapses ; Tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry ; Dopaminergic neurons ; Dopaminergic boutons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In adult rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway, grafts of embryonic ventral mesencephalon can establish extensive efferent connections with the previously denervated host neostriatum and can compensate for motor and sensorimotor asymmetries induced by the lesion. The object of this study was to examine the afferent synaptic inputs to grafted dopaminergic neurons, implanted into a cortical cavity overlying the previously denervated caudate-putamen, using electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. The dopaminergic neurons of the grafts in the same animals had previously been shown to re-innervate the host neostriatum, to form synaptic connections therein and to attenuate the lesion-induced motor asymmetry that occured in response to amphetamine (Freund et al. 1985). In the light microscope, the grafts were found to contain numerous tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive perikarya, dendrites, axons and axonal swellings which had distinct distributions. In addition axons and axonal swellings that were immunoreactive for either substance P or glutamate decarboxylase were present. Electron microscopic analysis of the boutons contacting tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the grafts revealed the presence of at least five distinct types of afferent synaptic boutons based on their immunochemistry, morphology, or types of membrane specialization. One type was itself immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase; such synapses are extremely rare in the intact substantia nigra, none were found in the contralateral substantia nigrae or the substantia nigra of a control rat. Three of the remaining types had ultrastructural features that were similar to synaptic terminals that were immunoreactive for substance P or glutamate decarboxylase. These synapses were similar to the types of synapses found contacting dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra contralateral to the graft or the substantia nigra of a control rat. The results demonstrate that, in the absence of the normal extrinsic afferent inputs, the intracortical mesencephalic grafts have a well-developed local synaptic circuitry. It is suggested that local circuit regulation of dopaminergic neurons within the graft may, at least in part, be responsible for the maintenance of a normal or close to normal functional activity.
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  • 27
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    Archives of dermatological research 279 (1987), S. 270-272 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Atopic eczema ; Hyperlinear palms ; Autosomal dominant ichthyosis vulgaris ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Sugar transport ; Electron microscopy ; Chicken cecum and jejunum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the possible relation between the phloridzin-sensitive influx of α-methyl-D-glucoside (concentration 5 mmol/l) and the brush border surface area, in chicken isolated enterocytes. The intestinal regions studied were: jejunum and proximal cecum (both with high affinity sugar transport sites), medial cecum (with a low affinity transport system) and distal cecum (which lacks any transport ability). Cell apical surface measured by electron microscopy gave the following results; jejunal cells (0.41 μm2) 〉proximal cecal cells (0.23 μm2)〉medial cecal cells (0.15 μm2)=distal cecal cells (0.14 μm2). This parameter is mainly determined by the length of microvilli. Sugar influx studies showed that the concentration of the substrate in cell water (in mmol/l) was jejunum (7.1)〉proximal cecum (2.9) 〉medial cecum (1.7)〉distal cecum (not different from zero). The decline in influx rate from proximal to distal cecum may be explained both by changes in surface and by the different carriers involved (differentK m). Results of sugar concentration in the distal cecal cells do not correlate with the other segments studied since the substrate enters in these cells by a passive process. It is concluded that the degree of development of microvilli should be taken into account when estimating nutrient transport rates in different intestinal segments.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Chondrocalcinosis ; Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals ; Polymorphonuclear leukocyte ; Articular cartilage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy was used to investigate the characteristics of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals in chondrocalcinosis (pseudogout syndrome). Crystals in midzone cartilage were frequently seen adjacent to chondrocytes. Great variation in crystal size and shape was observed. Most of the pyrophosphate crystals that had been phagocytosed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes of synovial fluid from patients with acute pseudogout were small (≦1 μm), indicating that small crystals can cause intense inflammation. Large numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes became attached to the eroded articular surface and phagocytosed microcrystals. Interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with CPPD crystals in the superficial region of articular cartilage may stimulate the release of inflammatory mediators.
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  • 30
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    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 855-859 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; polyethylenemelt ; fine structure ; artifact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract There are still two opinions on the fine structure of polymer melts and glasses: (a) that the structure is similarly homogeneous to that in lower molecular weight materials and (b) that the structure shows larger short-range order regions (2–20 nm), which consist of bundeled segments of the chain molecules. Whereas opinion a relies more on indirect methods of investigation, opinion b is based mainly on fine granular structures which become visible in electron microscope investigations of surfaces of glassy solidified polymers. Such a fine structure can now be observed directly in a polyethylene melt. However, the structure is exposed as an artifact, so opinion a is supported.
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  • 31
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 113 (1987), S. 392-399 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Paget's disease of bone ; Osteosarcoma ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors report 12 cases (8 men and 4 women) of sarcomatous degeneration in Paget's bone disease, with an average age of 72.3 years. Sarcomatous degeneration occurred often in polyostotic Paget's disease, and osteitis deformans was seen in 4 cases. Femur and pelvis were the most affected bones. Pain was a constant feature, whereas tumefaction and fracture were less common. Osteolytic lesions were more frequent than condensed or mixed lesions and radiological signs of malignancy were usually found. Seven cases were histologically clasiified as osteogenic sarcoma and 3 cases as fibrosarcoma. Electron microscopy was performed on 2 osteogenic sarcomas and in 1 case revealed microcylindrical inclusion in Pagetic osteoclasts and in multinucleated giant tumor cells, but none in mononucleated tumor cells. The average survival time for the patients in this study was only 4.5 months.
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  • 32
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 243 (1987), S. 361-365 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Human inner ear ; Congenital anomalies ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We performed light and electron microscopic studies on the temporal bones of a patient with genetic aplastic deafness, in which the right ear had a Mondini-type defect and the left ear a Michel-type anomaly. The round window of each ear was absent. The stapedial foot plate of the right ear was depressed at its central part and was covered by thin membrane. The course of the internal auditory meatus of the left ear was deviated ventrally. There was total aplasia of the cochlea in the left ear, while that of the right ear showed only three-quarters of a turn. In this ear, three sites of spherical bulging were found and were believed to represent outer hair cells. Other structures of the normal cochlear duct were not present. The modiolus of the left ear was round and dome-shaped, contained sparse nerve fibers and a primitive spiral ganglion. The saccule, utricle and semicircular canals of each ear were missing, so that a common cavity of the vestibular system was present. Several otoliths could be seen under the surface of the membrane covering the common cavity. No sensory cells or their related tissues could be found in either ear.
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  • 33
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 243 (1987), S. 382-386 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Experimental tympanosclerosis ; Calcium antagonists ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of calcium antagonists in experimental tympanosclerosis following infection with Streptococcus pyogenes and vitamin D3 intoxication has been analyzed in a rat animal model. Compared with untreated animals, calcium antagonists exert a positive effect on the degenerative process and on secondary calcification in the subepithelial layer. This effect could be substantiated planimetrically.
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  • 34
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 244 (1987), S. 180-184 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Localized laryngeal amyloidosis ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We performed light and electron microscopic studies in a case of localized supraglottic laryngeal amyloidosis involving a 55-year-old woman. Tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and alkaline Congo red with or without permanganate (KMnO4) treatment, and were also examined with peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry. Biopsy specimens from the epiglottis showed diffuse replacement of the subepithelial region by amyloid, which showed a typical green birefringence under polarized light. Tissue affinity for Congo red was persistent after the KMnO4 treatment. However, the tissue sections showed a positive reaction only to the anti-P component antibody. Electron microscopic studies revealed some disorders of the plasma cells, suggesting that these cells play an important role in focal production of amyloid fibrils.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Herpes simplex virus type 2 ; Genital infection ; Avidin-Biotin Method ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mice were infected by the vaginal route with the MS strain of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Serial vaginal cultures were used to confirm infection and to select mice for this study. Two mice were killed by perfusion on days 2–6 post infection (p.i.) and lumbar and sacral cord with cauda were fixed and embedded for electron microscopy. Semithin Epon-sections were stained for viral antigen using a rabbit anti-HSV-2 antiserum and the Avidin-Biotin (ABC) method. Thin sections from antigen-positive blocks were examined by electron microscopy, and the number and types of infected cells detected by these two methods were compared. A good correlation was found between detection of infected cells by these methods. Infected cells included neurons of dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord, satellite cells of dorsal root ganglia, non-myelinating Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and arachnoidal cells. Infected cells were first detected in the cauda on day 3 p.i. and in the spinal cord on day 5 p.i. The temporal and spatial distribution of infected cells was consistent with neural spread to and within the CNS. The pathological lesions showed a good correlation with the distribution and number of infected cells and are probably due to a direct virus effect. The similar sensitivity of the Epon-ABC method to electron microscopy in detecting infected cells indicates that this method may have useful applications in both experimental and diagnostic work.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral calcification ; Fahr's disease ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of idiopathic nonarteriosclerotic cerebral calcification was studied post mortem by histochemical and scanning and transmission electron microscopic methods. Calcification was found bilaterally in the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, granular layer and white matter of the cerebellum. Histochemical examination revealed that deposits were composed of a mixture of glycoproteins, mucopolysaccharides, calcium salts and iron. Transmission electron microscopy revealed minute deposits mainly in the cytoplasm of adventitial cells of blood vessels and sometimes in the cytoplasmic processes of glial cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed that some of the spherical and hemispherical bodies, which were formed in the adventitial cells of blood vessels, were connected with filamentous cytoplasmic processes of surrounding cells. Small uncalcified deposits occurring in the cytoplasm of the adventitial cells had subsequently had minerals deposited in them. Some kind of impairment of the pericytes may play an important role at the onset of this disease.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mammary gland ; Tissue culture ; Collagen gel ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fragments of human breast epithelium, devoid of all stromal and basal lamina components, which maintain their in vivo topological organisation can be cultured for up to 28 days within a reconstituted rat-tail-derived collagen matrix. These organoids initially undergo a loss of structural and 3-dimensional organisation, typified by loss of lumina formed by epithelial cells, and myosin from myoepithelial cells. Their subsequent reorganisation is dependent on the presence of serum, insulin, hydrocortisone, and cholera toxin in tissue culture medium. After this preliminary phase, a reduction in the concentration of serum, insulin, hydrocortisone, and cholera toxin is necessary to allow the structural differentiation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. The myoepithelial cells also regain their ability to produce the basal lamina component laminin. The use of bovine-dermal collagen as the matrix, rather than rat-tail-derived collagen is shown to result in more stable organisation and differentiation of the organoids. The successful use of single-cell pellets (derived by trypsinisation of the organoids) in place of organoids in such cultures illustrates that there is no requirement for pre-existing cell/ cell contact or topological organisation of cells prior to embedding within the collagen matrix.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 457-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vomeronasal glands ; Autonomic innervation ; Electron microscopy ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological evidence for a direct autonomic innervation of the mouse vomeronasal glands is presented. Axonal varicosities containing a few densecore vesicles and numerous clear vesicles (36–60 nm in diameter) make synaptic contacts with the secretory cells at the base of the glandular acini. The axonal presynaptic membrane is associated with a distinct dense material and it is separated from the secretory cell by a synaptic cleft of about 12–14 nm. At the postsynaptical level, coated vesicles can be found. Additional postsynaptical specializations have not been observed.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 393-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenaline ; Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Central nervous system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of adrenergic axon terminals was examined in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PNT) and in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-median eminence (ARC-ME) complex by use of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) immunocytochemistry. In the PNT, immunoreactive terminals formed a dense and well-circumscribed plexus. In the ARC, labeled varicosities were less numerous and more evenly distributed. In the ME, they were scarce and confined to the inner zone. In all these areas, the diameter of immunoreactive varicosities ranged between 0.2 and 1.3 μm; in the ME and in the transitional zone between the ARC and the ME, a population of larger boutons (〉2 μm) was also visible. All immunoreactive varicosities exhibited densely packed small, clear vesicles associated with a few large granular vesicles. In the PNT and the ARC, but not in the ME, they formed synaptic contacts with dendritic elements and were occasionally apposed to neuronal cell bodies. These axo-somatic appositions showed no junctional specializations. In the ME and transitional zone, immunoreactive terminals were frequently juxtaposed to, and occasionally established differentiated synaptic contacts with, tanycytes. These data support a transmitter role for adrenaline in the diencephalon and suggest that adrenaline plays a role in hypothalamo-hypophysiotropic regulation through interactions with neural and glial elements.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 169-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: M-band structure ; Fibre type ; Skeletal muscle ; Cryo ultramicrotomy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the M-band in soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in newborn and four-week-old rats was studied using electron-microscopic techniques. In newborn rats, all myotubes and fibres in both muscles had an identical myofibrillar appearance. A five-line M-band pattern was seen in longitudinal sections and distinct M-bridges in cross-sections. The Z-discs were of medium width. On the other hand, in four-week-old rats, different muscle fibre types were observed on the basis of their myofibrillar pattern. In SOL two fibre types were distinguished in longitudinal sections. One had a four-line M-band pattern and very broad Z-discs, whereas the other type had five lines in the M-band and broad Z-discs. In EDL, three different myofibrillar patterns were observed. The M-bands were composed of three, four or five lines. Fibres had either thin, broad or medium Z-disc widths, respectively. In cross-sections of the SOL muscle one group of fibres showed indistinct M-bridges, whereas distinct M-bridges were seen in the other fibres and in all observed EDL muscle fibres. We conclude that initially there seems to be a single intrinsic program for M-band genesis; this program becomes modified upon the induction of functionally differentiated fibres.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF) ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Synapses ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of a preembedding immuno-electronmicroscopic technique, a large number of nerve endings containing a substance related to human growth hormonereleasing factor (hGRF) have been demonstrated in the paraventricular nucleus of the guinea pig. They made synaptic contacts primarily with dendritic shafts: 80% of these contacts were symmetrical. The immunoprecipitate was located mainly in large granules and around small clear vesicles. These findings suggest that a peptide related to hGRF may play a role in neural communication in the paraventricular nucleus.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Contractile proteins ; Lowicryl ; LR White ; Polyvinylalcohol ; Immunogold staining ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three embedding media have been compared with respect to post-embedding immunolabeling of contractile and cytoskeletal antigens in aldehyde-fixed smooth muscle tissue: the methacrylate derivates lowicryl K4M (cured at −35 or 60°C) and LR White (cured at 0 or 60°C) and the water soluble resin, polyvinylalcohol (dried at 60°C). Measurements of intensity of labeling of ultrathin sections in the fluorescence microscope showed that five antigens (actin, myosin light chain, tropomyosin, filamin and vinculin) reacted more or less equally with their respective antibodies in all the embedding media, including those cured at 60°C. One antibody (anti-light meromyosin) reacted well only with polyvinylalcohol-embedded tissue. In contrast to the relative invariance of antibody reactivity between media clear differences in the preservation of ultrastructural integrity were observed. Embedding in polyvinylalcohol (dried at 60°C) and in Lowicryl (cured at −35°C) resulted in superior preservation as compared to Lowicryl or LR White cured at 60°C. Examples of uitrastructural immunocytochemistry with the antibodies against filamin and myosin light chain, using the immunogold staining procedure are presented: the sites of localization by these antibodies were the same with all the media tried. The relative merits of the different methods are discussed.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytopathology ; Rhabdovirus ; Development ; Electron microscopy ; Cuscuta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination ofCuscuta odorata, used for transmission trials, revealed mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO) as well as rhabdovirus-like particles, unknown toCuscuta. The virus infection is confined to certain phloem-parenchyma cells and a 1–2 cell thick layer of parenchyma cells with thickened walls surrounding the central cylinder. Virus particles, mostly bacilliform, could be detected mainly in the nucleus but also in the cytoplasm. They reach a length of 350–400 nm and a diameter of approximately 75 nm. Virus assembly takes place exclusively in the nucleus. Virus maturation occurs in membrane bound areas within the nucleus, which have no connection with the perinuclear space. Formation of nucleocapsids is always associated with a nuclear viroplasm. Envelopment of virus particles occurs in these membrane bound areas. Budding into the perinuclear space does not occur. Virus infection leads to degeneration and finally to death of the protoplast.
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  • 44
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    Protoplasma 140 (1987), S. 100-109 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Actin ; Conifer ; Electron microscopy ; Picea glauca ; Somatic embryo ; Tissue culture ; Ultrastructure ; White spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Somatic embryos in embryogenic callus cultures derived from Immature zygotic embryos ofPicea glauca (White spruce) were examined by light and electron microscopy. Somatic embryos consist of an embryonic region of small densely cytoplasmic cells subtended by a suspensor consisting of long highly vacuolated cells. Mitotic figures are frequent in the embryonic cells but are not observed in the suspensor. Cell divisions in the embryonic region apparently produce rows of cells which elongate to form the suspensor. The presence of abundant polysomes, coated membranes and dictyosomes in the cytoplasm of embryonic and upper suspensor cells suggests rapid growth of the embryo. In contrast the basipetal suspensor cells appear to be senescing. While only a few scattered microfilaments are present in the meristematic cells, the upper suspensor cells contain numerous bundles of longitudinally oriented microfilaments. These bundles correspond to actin cables observed in light microscope preparations stained with rhodamine labelled phalloidin and are oriented parallel to the direction of active streaming in these cells.
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  • 45
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    Child's nervous system 3 (1987), S. 74-80 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Medulloblastoma ; GFAP-positivity ; Electron microscopy ; Postoperative follow-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eighty-four cases of medulloblastoma were examined immunohistochemically and 12 by electron microscopy to assess differentiation in these tumors. Based upon the largest series of medulloblastoma studied to date, we demonstrated glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positivity, in 25% (21/84) of these tumors showing glial differentiation. GFAP-positive cells were seen more frequently in the desmoplastic variant of medulloblastoma (7/10). Under electron microscopy, the major part of the 12 tumors studied appeared primitive and undifferentiated. In 7 cases, groups of cells were found with primitive neuronal and/or glial features. GFAP positivity was confirmed at light microscopy level in all cases where cells showed glial differentiation in the form of glial-like filaments in cytoplasma. However, a follow-up questionnaire study of those patients who had received only surgical treatment revealed no difference in mean survival time between GFAP-positive and GFAP-negative medulloblastoma.
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  • 46
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 244 (1987), S. 30-35 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Central venous hemangioma ; Mandible ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To date, 96 cases of central hemangiomas of the jawbones have been described in the literature. Of these cases, the mandible has been more affected than the maxilla, while approximately 50% of all cases occur in the first and second decades of life. Histopathologically, cavernous and capillary types are often found, in contrast to the central venous type, which is rare. We have recently treated a 44-year-old man, who was found to have a central venous hemangioma in his mandible. Immunohistochemical studies were performed using factor-VIIIrelated antigen as well as various lectins as markers for tumor endothelial cells. Our results showed that four kinds of lectins (UEA-I, PNA, ConA, and DBA) were useful for the marker as factor-VIII-related antigen. Scanning electron microscopic findings of this tumor demonstrated that the lumina of the blood vessels were more rough, while the lining endothelial cells were more irregular when compared with those of the normal vascular system.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 167-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Autonomic innervation ; Synaptic vesicles ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Tongue ; Dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the arteriovenous anastomoses in the dog tongue has been investigated. At the lightmicroscopic level, the vessels were found to be densely supplied with adrenergic and AChE-positive nerve plexuses and less densely with the quinacrine-binding nerve plexus. At the electron-microscopic level, at least two apparently different types of axon profiles were identified: 1) Small vesicle-containing axons, characterized by many small granular vesicles, variable numbers of small clear vesicles and large granular vesicles. Storage of endogenous amines and uptake of exogenous amines into most small granular vesicles and many large granular vesicles was demonstrated. These axons stained only lightly with reaction products for AChE activity and thus seemed to be adrenergic in nature. Some axons contained numerous large granular vesicles, whose cores occasionally stained with uranyl ions; this suggests a co-localization of ATP or peptides as neurotransmitters. 2) Small granular vesicle-free axons, containing small clear vesicles and large granular vesicles in variable ratio. Most cores of these large granular vesicles were heavily stained with uranyl ions. No storage or uptake of amine into the synaptic vesicles was detected. Some axons appeared to be typically cholinergic, some, typically non-adrenergic, noncholinergic, and the rest, intermediate between the two. All axons stained heavily with reaction products for AChE activity, suggesting their cholinergic nature.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 573-582 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminal vesicle ; Histology ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Physiology ; Clarias gariepinus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The seminal vesicle of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, consists of 36–44 fingerlike lobes built up of tubules in which a fluid is secreted containing acid polysaccharides, acid-, neutral- and basic proteins, and phospholipids. In this fluid sperm cells are stored. The seminal vesicle fluid immobilizes the sperm cells. After ejaculation, it prolongs the period of sperm activity. The seminal vesicle fluid is secreted by the epithelium lining the tubules. The tubules in the proximal part of the lobes are predominantly lined by a simple cylindrical and those of the distal part by a simple squamous epithelium. These epithelial cells contain enzymes involved in energy-liberating processes, the enzyme activites being proportional to the height of the cells. Interstitial cells between the tubules have enzyme-histochemical and ultrastructural features indicative of steroid biosynthesis. Similar characteristics are found in testicular interstitial cells. The most rostral seminal vesicle lobes and the most caudal testicular efferent tubules form a network of tubules that opens at the point where the paired parts of the sperm ducts fuse with each other. The tubules of most seminal vesicle lobes, however, form a complex system that fuses with the unpaired part of the sperm duct.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 675-682 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Molluscan muscles ; Innervation ; Chromatophores ; Cephalopods ; Electron microscopy ; Eledone cirrhosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cephalopod chromatophores are made of a central pigment cell surrounded by 10 to 20 radially arranged muscle fibres under direct nervous control. Innervation of these muscle fibres was studied with anterograde cobalt fills of peripheral nerve bundles and light and electron microscopy. Individual axons branch repeatedly to innervate the muscles of chromatophores scattered over several millimeters. Axons contained in several dermal nerves converge to innervate the same chromatophores. Among the chromaophores, axons were found running either singly or in small bundles, often accompanied by sheath cells. Single chromatophore muscles were innervated by at least one axon running across or along its length. Since nerves terminating on chromatophore muscles are very rare, neuromuscular contact seems to be made “en passant”. Varicosities of the axons apposed to the muscles are thought to be presynaptic sites. However, morphological differentiations of the pre-or post-synaptic membranes were not visible. Two types of innervating processes were found containing either electron-clear or a mixture of electron-clear and dark-core synaptic vesicles.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Terminal web ; Small intestine ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The terminal web (TW) region of mature absorptive cells in the small intestine of the rat contains an elaborate cytoskeleton which supports the apical microvillus membrane. In studies regarding the structural organization of the cytoskeleton and associated proteins in the small intestine, microtubules have not been mentioned as components of the TW. By transmission electron microscopy of conventional resin-embedded sections of rat small intestine, we observe many microtubule profiles in the TW of mature absorptive cells. These microtubules are found in various orientations, although most course parallel to the long axis of the cell, and many microtubule profiles are seen in close association with smooth-surfaced vesicles.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Alpha-bungarotoxin ; Autoradiography ; Cholinergic receptors ; Electron microscopy ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of (125I) alpha bungarotoxin (α-BTX) binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the adult female rat was examined by electron-microscopic autoradiography. The ultrastructural distribution of silver grains was analysed by line source, direct point count, and 50% probability circle methods. Real grain distribution was significantly different from that of randomly generated hypothetical grains. Line source analysis demonstrated two populations of sources: one associated with membranes, and one inside neuronal structures. Probability circle analysis of shared grains indicated that membrane-bound-radioactive sources were mainly asssociated with axo-dendritic appositions. Only a small proportion of labeled neuronal interfaces exhibited synaptic differentiations in the plane of section. However, the compartment containing synaptic terminals was the most enriched when comparing real to hypothetical grains. Probability circle analysis of exclusive grains demonstrated that sources that were not associated with neuronal plasma membranes were likely to be within nerve cell bodies and dendrites. It is concluded that the majority of specifically labeled α-BTX binding sites in the SCN is membrane bound, and may be associated with axodendritic synaptic transmission. The presence of a significant proportion of the label in the soma and dendrites of suprachiasmatic neurons 24 h after ventricular infusion suggests that some of the labeled binding sites (junctional or nonjunctional) may be internalized within these two compartments.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 49-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Serotonin ; Duodenum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Enterochromaffin cells of the rat duodenum have been studied immunocytochemically by use of a specific antiserum to serotonin. At the light-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity was observed in enterochromaffin cells located in the epithelium of the duodenal mucosa. Most of the serotonin-immunoreactive material was localized to the basal portion of the enterochromaffin cells, but small amounts of immunoreactive material were regularly observed in the apical portion. At the electron-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity in enterochromaffin cells was found to be concentrated over the dense cores of the cytoplasmic granules. The majority of these granules was located in the basal cytoplasm of the enterochromaffin cells, but serotonin-immunoreactive granules were also observed in the apical cytoplasm immediately beneath the microvilli. These observations indicate that duodenal enterochromaffin cells are bipolar and that they secrete serotonin both basally, to the circulation, and apically, to the gut lumen. Rat duodenal enterochromaffin cells thus appear to have an exocrine as well as an endocrine function.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Nobel lecture ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Scanning probe microscopy ; Nobel lecture ; Electron microscopy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 5 (1987), S. 128-132 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Growth plate ; Protease ; Proteoglycan ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To assess the effect of intracellular growth plate chondrocyte enzymes on proteoglycan structure, we examined enzyme-treated articular cartilage proteoglycans and untreated articular cartilage proteoglycans with the electron microscopic monolayer technique. The untreated proteoglycan monomers ranged in length from less than 20 nm to more than 700 nm, with a mean length of 224.5 + 101.6 nm in one experiment and 224.6 + 95.7 nm in a second experiment. Incubation with growth plate enzymes reduced proteoglycan monomers to fragments with lengths that varied from less than 5 nm to 143 nm, increased the variability in monomer length, and destroyed proteoglycan aggregates. The enzyme treated monomers had an average length of 29.5 + 17.9 nm in one experiment and 35.2 + 17.0 nm in a second experiment. The smallest common fragments were 15 nm long and would be expected to contain about 15 glycosaminoglycan chains. This experiment demonstrates that enzymes extracted from growth plate chondrocytes can degrade the chondroitin sulfate-rich region of proteoglycan monomer core proteins, produce a range of monomer fragment sizes with less than 20% of the fragments shorter than 5 nm or longer than 100 nm, increase the variability in monomer length, and degrade proteoglycan aggregates.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 5 (1987), S. 59-63 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Postsection staining ; Section contamination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A method is described for eliminating a form of contamination called embedding pepper that appears in, or on, thin sections following poststaining in lead citrate. The pepper is present most often in the matrixes of mitochondria, peroxisomes, and red blood cells. Formation of pepper can be prevented by treating the section with 0.5 N HCl or 1.0% ethylenediaminete-traacetic acid (EDTA) for 1-5 min before staining in uranyl acetate or lead citrate.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 6 (1987), S. 357-366 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Immunolabeling ; Skeletal muscle ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Immunoelectron microscopy techniques were used to localize alpha-actinin within the Z lattice of adult skeletal muscles. Analysis of electron micrographs by direct visualization demonstrated that anti-alpha-actinin Fab fragments bound throughout the Z lattice. A low-resolution scanning densitometry technique was developed to quantitate the visual increase in the density of the Z lattice. These techniques did not allow determination of the particular component of the Z lattice, amorphous matrix, axial filaments, or cross-connecting filaments with which the antibody was associated. Therefore, additional techniques, including direct measurement of filament diameters and optical diffraction, were utilized in determining which components of the Z lattice bound anti-alpha-actinin Fab fragments. These analyses suggest that the antibody binding is distributed evenly throughout the lattice, along the filaments, and between them and is confined to the region of double overlap of the ends of the thin filaments.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 5 (1987), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Matrix vesicles ; Growth plate ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We studied the proximal tibial growth plates of 15-day-old mice to determine if matrix vesicle concentration varies among growth plate zones or between the pericellular and territorial matrix compartment and the interterritorial matrix compartment. Growth plates were examined by electron microscopy and divided into five zones: reserve zone (RZ), upper proliferative zone (UPZ), lower proliferative zone (LPZ), upper hypertrophic zone (UHZ), and lower hypertrophic zone (LHZ) which included the calcifying zone. We measured the diameter and volume fraction of matrix vesicles and calculated their numerical density and volume per cell and number per cell in the pericellular and territorial matrix and in the interterritorial matrix of each zone. In the pericellular and territorial matrix compartment, the matrix vesicle concentration progressively decreased from the RZ to the LHZ. Changes in matrix vesicle concentration in the interterritorial matrix followed a different pattern. Between the RZ and the UPZ, matrix vesicle numerical density declined slightly and then increased to peak values in the LPZ and UHZ, followed by a decline between the UHZ and the LHZ. These changes in matrix vesicle concentration paralleled previously reported changes in intramitochondrial calcium content (8), suggesting that matrix vesicle production in growth plate may be related to intracellular calcium concentration. The existence of the maximum concentration of matrix vesicles in the LPZ and UHZ longitudinal septa which do not mineralize followed by a decline in matrix vesicle concentration in the LHZ longitudinal septa which mineralize suggests that a high concentration of matrix vesicles may be needed to prepare the matrix for mineralization or to initiate mineralization and that matrix vesicles are depleted during mineralization.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 5 (1987), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Sample preparation ; Petrographic thin sections ; Adhesive removal ; Oxygen plasma etching ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Thin-sectioned samples mounted on glass slides with common petrographic epoxies cannot be easily removed (for subsequent ion-milling) by standard methods such as heating or dissolution in solvents. A method for the removal of such samples using a radio frequency (RF) generated oxygen plasma has been investigated for a number of typical petrographic and ceramic thin sections. Sample integrity and thickness were critical factors that determined the etching rate of adhesive and the survivability of the sample. Several tests were performed on a variety of materials in order to estimate possible heating or oxidation damage from the plasma. Temperatures in the plasma chamber remained below 138°C and weight changes in mineral powders etched for 76 hr were less than ±4%. A crystal of optical grade calcite showed no apparent surface damage after 48 hr of etching. Any damage from the oxygen plasma is apparently confined to the surface of the sample, and is removed during the ion-milling stage of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 6 (1987), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Ultramicrotomy ; Thin sectioning ; Microtome knives ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Low-angle chromium metal shadowing was used to compare the surface roughness of ultrathin sections cut with diamond, sapphire, and glass knives. Surface roughness was less on diamond-cut and sapphire-cut sections than on glass-cut sections, and was greater over tissue than resin, and greatest over red blood cells and mitochondria. Surface roughness contributed to image density variation and thereby lowered contrast and informational content of the sectioned tissue.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 6 (1987), S. 131-141 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Myofibrils ; Fish ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have studied the structure of the M band in fish skeletal muscle using thin sectioning and deep-etching rotary shadowing. A reconstruction of the M band from these images shows it to be formed by obliquely arranged struts, which join the thick filaments to each other. Thickening of the thick filaments' profiles and nodal points where the struts cross each other are responsible for the fine sublines visible in longitudinal sections of the M band region.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Colloidal gold ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A postembedding immunocytochemical technique is described that allows ultrastructural localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuron-specific enolase on tissues originally processed only for routine light and electron microscopy. Use of the oxidizing agent sodium metaperiodate prior to incubation with the primary antiserum sufficiently removes osmium tetroxide (OsO4) from potential antigen - antibody combining sites to allow specific localization of these neural antigens by colloidal gold immunolabelling. Both human and monkey neural tissues, prepared for routine ultrastructural examination with aldehyde fixatives and OsO4 postfixation, show excellent ultrastructural morphology and antigen localization. In addition, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pathological human brain tissues, obtained at autopsy up to 22 years previously, show good ultrastructural immunolocalization of glial fibrillary acidic protein when re-embedded for electron microscopy. Thus, ultrastructural immunolocalization of certain neural antigens is easily achieved in tissues originally processed for routine light and electron microscopy. This allows re-examination of archival tissues using current immunocy-tochemical advances, including that of selected pathological tissues previously prepared solely for light microscopy.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 6 (1987), S. 255-301 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Fixation ; Processing ; Electron microscopy ; Human biopsies ; Diagnosis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy serves a useful and often diagnostic purpose in the analysis of human disease. The emerging discipline of ultrastructural pathology serves a much wider field than that of kidney pathology and, of necessity, requires two essential elements. These are (1) the interpretive knowledge which covers all cells in all tissues which compose all organs, their normal substructural composition, and the ultrastructural expression of all of the basic mechanisms of the pathobiology of human disease, and (2) technically excellent preparations of these varied specimens.In this review, we emphasize the technical aspects necessary for the preparation of these specimens. These include the handling of varied specimens from the time of interruption of blood flow to the sample until fixation, fixation methodology, and routine processing methods for electron microscopy. Specialized techniques that are readily accomplished in an ultrastructural pathology service laboratory are also described. These include methods for the demonstration of glycogen, peroxidase(s), the glycocalyx. We also describe the preparation of permanent, alkaline Giemsa-stained 1-μm plastic sections for light microscopic diagnosis, the use of an agar-pelleting technique to change cell suspensions into readily handled blocks, and the use of Spurr's (J. Ultrastruct. Res. 26:31, 1969) low viscosity embedding for all skin and heavily collagenized specimens.The diagnostic report for individual samples can routinely be available within 24 hours of specimen arrival in the ultrastructural pathology laboratory with the methods we review here. Examples of these varied samples of human tissues and cells and methods for preparing them are illustrated. We have found such methods useful for diagnostic purposes, e.g., to identify the site of origin of a brain metastasis as the alveolar cell (type II pneumocyte) of the lung, based on the presence of typical lamellar (surfactant) bodies in the metastatic tumor cells (Dvorak and Monahan-Earley: Norelco Reporter 32:29-36, 1985c), as well as to describe for the first time a new tumor, such as the gut autonomic nerve (GAN) tumor (Walker and Dvorak: Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 110:309-316, 1986) or a cell injury process, axonal necrosis, to be characteristic of Crohn's disease (Dvorak et al.: Hum. Pathol. 11:620-634, 1980d; Dvorak and Silen: Ann. Surg. 201:53-63, 1985).
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  • 64
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 7 (1987), S. 277-282 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Electron diffraction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: New findings on quasicrystals with icosahedral, octagonal, decagonal, and dodecagonal symmetries obtained recently in the Beijing Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, are presented. Special emphasis is put on the relation between quasicrystalline and crystalline structures. The important role played by electron diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy in revealing these quasiperiodic structures is pointed out.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 7 (1987), S. 191-193 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Morphometry ; Computer program ; Electron microscopy ; Stereology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We describe a short computer program, which is written in Pascal language, to measure the diameter of circular and elliptical profiles in sections. Coordinate pairs on the microscope stage, corresponding to two or three points of a profile, are input to obtain its diameter. The program enables one to take measurements directly on the microscope, thereby reducing photographic work and caliper measurement. While the program is largely designed for electron microscopy, it also may be useful for light microscopy morphometry.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 7 (1987), S. 301-312 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Nanostructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Nanostructural features in some ceramics have been discussed and reviewed. Based on our research results and recent published investigations, many topics, such as grain, grain boundary, interface film, grain boundary engineering, microcrack, microdomain, nanodomain, domain boundary, and phase transformation, etc., have been dealt with; and many materials, such as Si3N4, β″-Al2O3, MgO, SiC, (Hg, Cd) Te, BNN, ZrO2, PLZT, CdSe, Ca10(PO4)6, (OH)2, etc., have been involved. The results are important to understand the relation between the structure and property of materials and to improve the materials' technology.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    Anatomy and embryology 130 (1970), S. 216-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Guinea-pig ; Placenta ; Syncytiotrophoblast ; Fetal capillaries ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde elektronenmikroskopisch die reife Hauptplacenta von 31 Meerschweinchen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß das Organ aus, drei morphologisch unterscheidbaren Gebieten aufgebaut ist: Interlobär- und, Randsyncytium, Läppchenperipherie und Läppchenzentrum. Zwischen diesen Zonen befinden sich noch zwei Übergangszonen, die die Eigenschaften der angrenzenden Hauptgebiete haben. Das Interlobär- und Randsyncytium enthält keine fetalen Capillaren, besitzt, aber teilweise ein sehr gut entwickeltes endoplasmatisches Reticulum mit zum Teil parallel angeordneten Zisternen sowie vielen Einschlüssen und verschiedenartigen vacuolären Gebilden. Nach dem Vorkommen dieser Bestandteile unterscheiden wir vier unregelmäßig verteilte Syncytioplasmazonen: a) mit vielen Vacuolen, b) mit vielen Filamenten, c) mit Vacuolen und Filamenten und d)— am häufigsten — Gebiete, die fast frei von derartigen Strukturen sind. Der Trophoblast besitzt an der den mütterlichen Lacunen zugewandten Oberfläche viele Mikrovilli und unterschiedliche polypartige Gebilde. Die Läppchenperipherie ist reich an fetalen Capillaren. Die Trophoblastbalken sind dünn und zeigen unterschiedlichen Organellengehalt. Oft kommen viele Vesikel vor. Das endoplasmatische Reticulum ist um die mitochondrien angeordnet. Das Läppchenzentrum zeigt häufig eine vacuolisierte, netzartige Struktur. Im Syncytiotrophoblast sowie in den Endothelzellen werden ausgedehnte endoplasmatische Zisternen gesehen. Die Oberfläche der fetalen Capillaren besitzt viele polypartige Gebilde. In funktioneller Hinsicht wird das Rand- und Interlobärsyncytium mit der Proteinsynthese in Zusammenhang gebracht. Trotz des Fehlens embryonaler Gefäße können sich hier Resorptionsvorgänge abspielen (positive ATP'ase-Reaktion). In der Läppchenperipherie überwiegt möglicherweise der Austausch der Atemgase und niedermolekularer Substanzen. Das Läppchenzentrum scheint wieder in Beziehung zum Proteinaustausch und zum Lipidumsatz zu stehen. Es gibt Hinweise, daß über alle Placentazonen hinweg eine lebhafte Cytoplasmaströmung erfolgt.
    Notes: Summary The mature main placenta of 31 guinea-pigs was investigated by means of electron microscopy. It is shown that the organ consists of 3 morphologically different regions, i.e. interlobar and marginal syncytium, lobular periphery and lobular centre. Between these regions there are 2 transitional zones having the morphological characteristics of both adjacent main regions. The interlobar and marginal syncytium is devoid of fetal capillaries However, in some parts it has an extremely developed endoplasmic reticulum, in parts of which the cisternae are arranged in parallel. In addition it has many inclusions and various vacuolated structures. According to the presence or absence of these structures four irregularly distributed syncytioplasma zones can be distinguished: a) containing large numbers of vacuoles, b) containing large numbers of filaments, c) containing vacuoles and filaments and d)— the main group —regions which are almost entirely free from these structures. On the surface facing the maternal lacunae the trophoblast has an abundance of microvilli as well as various polypoid structures. The lobular periphery is rich in fetal capilaries. The trabeculae of the trophoblast are thin and show a varying of organelles. Frequently large numbers of vesicles are observed. The endoplasmic reticulum is arranged around the mitochondria. The lobular centre frequently shows a vacuolized net-like structure. Extensive endoplasmic cisternae are observed in the syncytiotrophoblast as well as in the endothelial cells. The surface of the fetal capillaries shows an abundance of polypoid structures. From a functional point of view it seems likely that the interlobar and marginal syncytium is involved in protein synthesis. Despite the lack of fetal capillaries, absorptive processes can take place in this region. It is suggested that the main function of the lobular periphery is exchange of the respiratory gases and of substances of low molecular weight. The lobular centre seems to be associated with protein synthesis and lipid turnover.
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    Anatomy and embryology 132 (1970), S. 107-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Down feathers ; Electron microscopy ; Keratinization ; Keratohyalin granules ; Periderm granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the developing chick feather germ (down feather) was studied at the ultrastructural level from 8 to 18 days of incubation. The process of keratinization in the developing feather germ was described, discussed and compared to keratinization in mammalian skin and hair. This study has shown that: 1. Apico-basal gradients of differentiation and different cell types are recognizable at the ultrastructural level in the developing feather germ. 2. The hypothesis that keratin is synthesized de novo by ribosomes is probably correct, because the largest number of these organelles is present at the time when keratin formation is most prominent. 3. Intercellular gaps in the developing feather germs facilitate the reorientation and rearrangement of different cell types into definitive feather structures. 4. The sources of nutrition and energy for the completion of keratinization during later developmental stages of feather germs are the supportive and the barb medullary cells and large stores of glycogen. 5. Keratohyalin granules are not precursors of feather keratin, since no such structures were observed in feather germs. 6. Two distinct modes of keratinization occur in feather germs. Keratinization in sheath cells is similar to that which occurs in mammalian epidermal cells. Barb and barbule cell keratinization resembles that of hair. 7. The basal lamina is probably involved in transport of synthetic material from the pulp cavity to the epidermal cells. The lamina may also provide mechanically strong connections between the feather germ and the dermis. It is suggested that desmosomal tonofilaments provide a framework which orients the synthesis of keratin. It is also suggested that the periderm granules provide mechanically weak areas in the sheath and facilitate the fragmentation of this structure.
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    Experimental brain research 10 (1970), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Laminar lesions ; Degeneration ; Dendrites ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological characteristics of dendrites in layers of the cerebral cortex above laminar lesions induced by ionizing particle irradiation have been studied in the striate field of rat at various survival times. Within two weeks following irradiation an increasing number of dendrites display unusual alterations inferred to be signs of degeneration. Degenerating dendrites can be characterized by a dense cytoplasmic matrix, disruption of mitochondria, presence of dense bodies, irregular outline and a marked alteration of the plasmalemma in its dimensions and staining properties. Some degenerating dendrites possess a large accumulation of dense subsynaptic material and are contacted by synapses with enlarged and altered synaptic clefts. A few dendrites contain extensive membranous whorls. Engulfment by reactive astrocyte processes is a common feature and often includes the presynaptic axonal knob, but only the degenerating dendrite has been observed within glial cytoplasm. The inference that the majority of degenerating dendrites in this material are apical dendrites of pyramidal cells suggests that either shaft synapses are common for these cells, protuberances may retract during degeneration, or spines are lost due to loss of afferent terminals.
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    Experimental brain research 10 (1970), S. 276-282 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Chlorpromazine ; Rabbit hypothalamus ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tuber cinereum of hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and caudate nucleus of rabbits were examined under the electron microscope following intramuscular administration of chlorpromazine with special consideration of ultrastructural changes in amount and distribution of glycogen granules in their hypothalamus. In these regions, normal astrocytes and their processes contain glycogen granules diffusely scattered in the cytoplasm. In the neurons of the normal hypothalamus and cerebellar cortex, glycogen granules are seen in some presynaptic endings and distal parts of dendrites but not in the perikaryal cytoplasm. In the tuber cinereum of the hypothalamus, after chlorpromazine administration, abundant glycogen granules accumulate at the postsynaptic sites, especially in peripheric parts of dendrites, and clusters of glycogen granules appear in the perikaryal cytoplasm of the nerve cells. These findings are interpreted as an increase of glycogen in these cellular regions and the suggestion is made that chlorpromazine inhibits the glycolytic metabolism in the distal parts of dendrites, particularly at postsynaptic sites and in the perikarya of nerve cells of the hypothalamus.
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  • 71
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    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Trifluoperazine ; Rabbit pallidum ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following administration of trifluoperazine (a psychotropic drug of the phenothiazine group), the brains of rabbits were examined by electron microscopy, with special reference to the glycogen changes in the globus pallidus, and were compared with the normal materials. After seven days' intramuscular injections of trifluoperazine (10 mg/kg/day), abundant glycogen granules were accumulated in dendrites of pallidum. Those animals showed extrapyramidal symptoms throughout the period. The administration of the drug might inhibit either neural activity or the glycolytic metabolism in dendrites of the pallidum.
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    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 528-538 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual pathway ; Hypothalamus ; Arcuate nucleus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Degenerating nerve fibres and boutons were searched with the aid of the electron microscope in the arcuate nucleus of rats 2–7 days after bilateral destruction of the retina. In the arcuate nucleus of the control animals as well as in the operated animals, 4 types of boutons were distinguished on the basis of vesicular contents and glial ensheathment. In the operated animals changes interpreted as degenerating were found in small myelinated axons and boutons of type II (boutons containing both synaptic and granular vesicles). The changes were similar to those described in the literature as the “dark” type of degeneration in experimentally interrupted axons and boutons. Similar changes were not found in the unoperated animals. The conclusion is reached, that a small number of fibres of the optic tract reach the arcuate nucleus to terminate here.
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  • 73
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    Documenta ophthalmologica 28 (1970), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Acomys Cahirinus ; Retinal capillary basement membrane width ; Age modifications ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L étude morphométrique des capillaires rétiniens de souris à piquants de différents âges (3, 6, 12 et 36 mois) a démontré un épaississement des membranes basales et un élargissement des diamètres capillaires en fonction de l'âge et, en outre, l'existence d'une corrélation positive entre ces deux paramètres.
    Abstract: zusammenfassung Die morphometrische Untersuchung von Retinakapillaren verschieden Alter (3, 6, 12 und 36 Monate) Stachelmäuse (Acomys cahirinus) ergab eine altersabhängige Zunahme sowohl der Basalmembrandicke als auch des Kapillardurchmessers. Zudem wurde eine positive Korrelation zwischen diesen beiden Parametern gefunden.
    Notes: Abstract Specimens of four age groups of non-diabetic, non-obese spiny mice (Acomys Cahirinus), 3, 6, 12, 36 months old respectively, were examined for changes in retinal capillaries. Morphometrical evaluation of electron-micrographs allowed to conclude that capillary basement membrane width, as well as capillary diameter, increase during ageing: the values in the four different age groups were found to be 656, 925, 1098, 1772 Ångström units for the average basement membrane width, and 3,72, 4,08, 4,58, 5,60 microns for average capillary diameter. The differences between the age groups proved to be significant at a p 〈 0,01. Furthermore, a positive correlation between capillary diameter and capillary basement membrane width seems to be highly probable.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 523-538 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Intracytoplasmic lipid bodies ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei erwachsenen Feuersalamandern und bei Salamanderlarven konnten in Ependymzellen sowie in subependymären Zellelementen des Gehirns und Rückenmarks zahlreiche rundliche intrazytoplasmatische Körper von starker Osmiophilie beobachtet werden, deren Durchmesser bis zu 12 μ betrug. Vereinzelt fanden sich diese voluminösen Gebilde auch im Cytoplasma von Satellitenzellen der Hirnnerven- und Spinalganglien. Das histochemische Verhalten und das Ultrastrukturbild der intrazytoplasmatischen Körper sprechen dafür, daß sie hauptsächlich aus Lipiden bestehen. Ihre funktionelle Bedeutung konnte bisher nicht eindeutig geklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary The ependymal and subependymal cells of the ventricular system and the central canal in adult und larval salamanders contain numerous unusually large intracytoplasmic osmiophilic spherical bodies with a diameter of up to 12 μ. Sporadically the bodies are found within satellite cells of peripheral ganglia. Histochemical and ultrastructural examination suggests that the bodies consist mainly of lipids. Their functional significance is unknown.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 384-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart muscle cells ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative ; Asphyxia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Normale und hypoxische Herzmuskelzellen aus der Wand des linken Ventrikels der Ratte wurden quantitativ-morphologisch anhand von elektronenmikroskopischen Längsschnitten nach Perfusionsfixierung untersucht. In normalen Zellen waren alle Myofibrillen relaxiert, die mittlere Sarcomerlänge betrug 2,2 μm. Die Schnittfläche wurde zu 55% von Myofibrillen, zu 27% von Mitochondrien und zu 18% von Grundplasma und Reticulum eingenommen. Die zwischen den Myofibrillen liegenden Mitochondrien waren längsoval und im Mittel 2,3mal so lang wie breit. Es bestand kein Unterschied zwischen subendokardial und subepikardial gelegenen Zellen. 10 min nach Erstickung der Tiere waren in den sonst unauffälligen Muskelzellen die Glycogengranula vermindert. Nach 20 min führte die Hypoxie zu einer Zunahme der relativen Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien um etwa 16% und zu einer beginnenden Kontraktur der Myofibrillen (Sarcomerlänge 2,0 μm). 20 min Hypoxie in Hypothermie (25–30°C intrathorakal) veränderte die normale Zellstruktur dagegen kaum. Wenn die Herzen während der 20 min dauernden Hypoxie in Normothermie mit einer procainhaltigen sauerstoff- und glucosefreien Blutersatzlösung durchspült wurden, waren die Myofibrillen relaxiert, die Schwellung der Mitochondrien dagegen wurde nicht reduziert. 30 min nach Erstickung wurde die Kontraktur stärker (Sarcomerlänge 1,7 μm). Nach 60 min bildeten sich Superkontraktionsknoten, einzelne Myofibrillen waren in Höhe der I-Bänder unterbrochen. Die Cristae der Mitochondrien wichen auseinander, die Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien hatte um 27% zugenommen. Während in Normotherapie eine Asphyxie des Tieres bereits nach 10 min die Herzmuskelzellen funktionell schwer schädigt, ist die Schädigung morphologisch erst nach 20 min eindeutig. Das bedeutet, daß für die elektronenmikroskopische Präparation eine Hypoxie von unter 10 min bedeutungslos ist. Hinsichtlich der morphologischen Manifestationszeit für die Unterbrechung der Sauerstoffversorgung stimmen unsere Befunde an Herzmuskelzellen gut mit vergleichbaren Angaben an Leberzellen überein.
    Notes: Summary In heart muscle cells of the left ventricle of rats the distribution of cell organelles and their reaction to hypoxia were investigated by electron microscopy. In normal hearts fixed by perfusion with aldehydes, the mean sarcomere length was 2.2 μm. 27% of the longitudinal sectional area was occupied by mitochondria, 55% by myofibrils and 18% by sarcoplasmic reticulum and ground plasm. The mitochondria situated in rows between the fibrils were oval and measured 2.3 times more in length than in width. There was no difference between cells from subendocardial and subepicardial regions. 10 min hypoxia (complete occlusion of the trachea) did not affect the appearance of muscle cells but diminished the number of glycogen granules. After 20 minutes the area occupied by mitochondria was increased by 16%, the mitochondria between the myofibrils were more spherical and only 1.5 times longer than wide. The sarcomeres shortened to 2.0 μm. With hypothermia (25–30°C) hypoxia of 20 minutes duration did not affect the cell structure. Perfusion of the heart by a saline solution, which contained procaine but neither oxygen nor glucose, for 20 minutes prevented shortening of the sarcomeres but not swelling of the mitochondria. 30 minutes after occlusion of the trachea the myofibrils shortened to a sarcomere length of 1.7 μm. After 60 minutes irregularly and excessively contracted myofibrils appeared and some sarcomeres were interrupted at the level of the I-bands. In some of the swollen mitochondria the cristae were widely separated. The increase of the area occupied by mitochondria was 27%. Asphyxia affects heart muscle cells severely with respect to function within 10 min, but morphologically it takes 20 min before a definite effect can be noticed. As to the time after which lack of oxygen is manifested morphologically, our results are consistent with findings in liver cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 431-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Contractile ring ; Cytokinesis ; Cell division ; Cytochalasin B ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Techniques of individual cell selection and precise ultramicrotomy have been employed to demonstrate that the contractile ring of cleaving HeLa cells is a transitory cytoplasmic organelle of distinctive fine structure and location. The contractile ring is an uninterrupted annulus encircling the equator of dividing cells exactly where the cleavage furrow forms. It is about 10 microns wide, up to 0.2 microns in thickness, and is composed exclusively of circumferentially aligned thin filaments 40–70 Å in diameter. Contractile ring filaments appear to be associated with the overlying plasma membrane. Controlled experiments with a mold metabolite (cytochalasin B) reveals that within a few minutes the drug abolishes the ability of HeLa cells to undergo cytokinesis. Cytochalasin B seems to decompose the contractile ring. It has no other clearly identifiable effects on other cell structures, notably the mitotic apparatus. Cytochalasin B is the only drug known which selectively inhibits cytokinesis in animal cells. In conclusion, the contractile ring is the most likely organelle responsible for cytokinesis in HeLa cells. Similar organelles probably occur in all cleaving animal cells. Successful cleavage depends upon the structural and functional integrity of the contractile ring.
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic nerves ; Perineurial sheath ; Termination ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Perineurium kleiner Mesenterial- und Trachealnerven besteht aus einer Lage platter, beiderseits von einer Basalmembran umschlossener Zellen. Im Bereich von Abzweigungen kleiner Nerven bildet das Perineurium ein gekammertes, stark kollagenfibrillenhaltiges Hüllensystem. Die Endigung der einschichtigen Perineuralhülle hat die Form einer in das Interstitium geöffneten Röhre. Im ansatznahen Drittel des Mesenteriums und in der Schleimhaut der Trachea wurden ausschließlich perineuriumfreie Nerven gefunden. Es liegt nahe, diese perineuriumfreien Bezirke zu funktionellen Endräumen zusammenzufassen. In perineuriumfreien Bezirken wird das gehäufte Auftreten von Nervenauftreibungen mit Vesikeln, die Transmittersubstanz enthalten, und Mitochondrion beobachtet. Die erhobenen Befunde werden mit den an dickem Perineurium gewonnenen Ergebnissen verglichen und diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The perineurial sheath of small tracheal and mesenteric nerves consists of a layer of flat, basement membrane coated cells. Its ramifications form a complicated layered system, interspersed with collagen fibrils. The tube formed by the thin perineurial sheath ends openly, which affords communication between the respective interstitial spaces. The mesenteric nerves close to the duodenum as well as the nerves in the vicinity of the tracheal epithelium show no perineurial sheath. Peripheral nerves lacking a perineurial layer seem to be close to their terminations. Their fibers show varicosities containing transmitter vesicles and mitochondria with longitudinally orientated cristae. Our results are compared with those found in thick, multilayered perineurial sheaths and functional differences are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 316-345 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Histophysiology of median eminence ; Avian neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de l'adénohypophysectomie et de diverses sollicitations de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysio-corticosurrénalien sur l'ultrastructure de l'Eminence Médiane (E.M.) ont été étudiés chez le Pigeon. 1. Chez le Pigeon entier, l'Eminence Médiane Caudale (E.M.C.) se distingue de l'Eminence Médiane Rostrale (E.M.R.) essentiellement par l'absence dans les deux couches les plus externes (couches palissadique et superficielle) de l'E.M.C. de granules de gros calibres (1600 à 1900 Å), la rareté de granules de diamètre moyen (1200–1400 Å) et la prédominance de petites vésicules à cœur dense de 600–800 Å. 2. La préhypophysectomie entraine: a) dans l'E.M.R. la quasi disparition de granulations dans les deux couches externes; b) dans l'E.M.C. la ≪vidange≫ de nombreux axones, mais un enrichissement relatif, parmi les granulations restantes, des granulations de gros calibre (1600–1900 Å) aux dépens des granules de plus petit calibre. 3. Un shock insulinique entraine des modifications du même ordre: a) déplétion des granules denses, limitée dans ce cas à la portion la plus antérieure des deux couches externes de l'E.M.R.; b) enrichissement relatif des granulations de moyen (1200–1400 Å) et de gros (1600–1900 Å) calibre dans l'E.M.C. avec, en plus dans l'E.M.C., un enrichissement en vésicules de type synaptique. 4. Un traitement à la métopirone produit un accroissement du nombre des granulations de moyen (1200–1400 Å) calibre dans les couches externes de l'E.M.R. et de l'E.M.C., et un enrichissement important de l'E.M.C. en vésicules de type synaptique. 5. Le traitement à la prednisolone conduit à un enrichissement très marqué des couches externes de l'E.M.R. en grains de 1200–1400 Å, et à un enrichissement des couches externes de l'E.M.C. en granulations de 1000 Å. Ces résultats sont discutés dans la perspective des régulations hypothalamo-corticotropes, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les granules de 1200–1400 Å.
    Notes: Summary The effects of adenohypophysectomy, and of several experimental interventions on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis have been studied in relation to the fine structure of the median eminence in the pigeon. 1. In control animals, the following morphological features of the caudal median eminence (C.M.E.) distinguish it from the rostral median eminence (R.M.E.): a) the absence in both external layers of the C.M.E. of large (1,600–1,900 Å) electron-dense granules, b) the presence in the C.M.E. of a small number of medium-size (1,200–1,400 Å) granules, and c) the predominance in the C.M.E. of small (600–800 Å) dense-core vesicles. 2. Adenohypophysectomy leads to: a) almost complete disappearance of electron-dense granules in both external layers of the R.M.E., and b) “emptying” of numerous axons and a relative increase in the number of large (1,600–1,900 Å) granules in the C.M.E. 3. Insulin shock produces modifications similar to those of adenohypophysectomy. The depletion of electron-dense granules from the axons is, however, restricted to the most anterior part of the R.M.E., and, in the C.M.E., the relative increase in the number of larger granules affects the 1,200–1,400 Å and the 1,600–1,900 Å size granules. 4. Metopirone enhances the number of medium-size (1,200–1,400 Å) granules in the external layers of both the R.M.E. and the C.M.E. and causes a significant increase in the number of synaptic-like vesicles in the C.M.E. 5. Prednisolone treatment leads to a marked enrichment of the external layers of the R.M.E. with 1,200–1,400 Å granules, and of the external layers of the C.M.E. with 1,000 Å granules. These results have been discussed with special reference to the hypothalamic control of the adrenocorticotropic function, especially reviewing the role of the 1,200–1,400 Å granules.
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 451-472 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hemocytopoiesis ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mikroskopische Beobachtungen an normalen „phagozytären Geweben“ (im Sinne der älteren Autoren) entlang des dorsalen Diaphragmas der beiden Orthopteren-Arten Gryllus bimaculatus und Locusta migratoria zeigen übereinstimmend, daß diese Bildungen eine hematopoietische Struktur haben. Bei beiden Arten entwickeln sich die blutbildenden Stammzellen aus einer großen Anzahl sog. Retikularzellen mesodermalen Ursprungs, die den Retikularzellen der blutbildenden Gewebe der Vertebrata sehr stark ähneln. Wie bei den Vertebrata differenzieren sich bei den Insekten die Blutzellen in sog. isogenen Zellgruppen von gleichem Typus und gleichem Entwicklungsstadium. Die starke phagozytäre Neigung der Retikularzellen erklärt, warum die blutbildenden Gewebe der Orthoptera von den älteren Autoren als phagozytäre Organe angesprochen wurden. Die hämatopoietische Differenzierung der Retikularzellen in reife Blutzellen (Haemozyten) findet entweder in einem lockeren Gewebe entlang des dorsalen Blutgefäßes, wie bei Locusta, statt, oder im inneren mehrerer, an das Herz gebundener, hoch organisierter blutbildender Organe, wie bei Gryllus, die noch stärker an die klassischen Strukturen der Vertebrata erinnern. Wir beschreiben im einzelnen beide Strukturtypen, insbesondere bei Gryllus die Einteilung der Organe in einen Cortex, in dem sich die Blutzellen bilden, und eine Medulla, in welcher sich die reifen Haemozyten ansammeln können. Nach starken Blutverlusten zeigen besonders die blutbildenden Gewebe von Gryllus eine dramatische Stimulierung der Hämatopoiese an; die Punktion der hämatopoietischen Organe kann also ebenfalls experimentell nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary Microscopic observations of the normal “phagocytic tissues” (in the sense of the classic authors) of the dorsal diaphragm in the two Orthopterans Gryllus bimaculatus and Locusta migratoria unequivocally demonstrate the hematopoietic nature of these cellular accumulations. In the two species, the hematopoietic elements develop from a large number of so-called reticular cells of mesodermic origin, which resemble closely the reticular cells of the hematopoietic organs of Vertebrates. As it is the case in Vertebrates, the differentiation of the hematopoietic elements into mature blood cells occurs in the two Orthopterans also in isogenic cell islets. The phagocytic activity of the reticular cells explains the fact that these organs were classically considered in the Orthopterans as simple phagocytic organs. The hematopoietic differentiation of the reticular cells can occur either in a poorly organized, loose tissue located along the dorsal vessel, as is the case in Locusta, or in a group of highly organized hematopoietic organs, as in Gryllus, which resemble far more the classical hematopoietic structures of Vertebrates. We give a detailed description of both types of organization, especially of the subdivision in Gryllus, of the hematopoietic organs into a cortex, where the haemocytes differentiate, and a medulla, where they can accumulate. After severe hemorrhages, the hematopoietic organs of Gryllus show all the features of a dramatic stimulation of hematopoiesis; their function can thus be experimentally demonstrated.
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reptiles ; Skin ; Keratin ; Electron microscopy ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The different patterns of keratin formation that have evolved in the class Reptilia are all variations of a common process. In Squamata (snakes and lizards), a sequence of layers composed of α or β keratin is formed periodically, after which the old epidermal generation is shed. In Chelonia (turtles and tortoises), the epidermis of the shell is composed of only β keratin, whereas the skin of the neck and leg is composed exclusively of α keratin. Molting in toto does not occur and shedding is a continuous process comparable to that in avian and mammalian epidermis. In Crocodilia (crocodiles, caimans, alligators) there is only a single layer of cornified cells, but the composition of the layer varies in different parts of the scale. The hinge regions have many of the morphological characteristics of α and β keratin whereas the center resembles β keratin. The living cells beneath contain accumulations of keratohyalin. There are four ultrastructural characteristics of a keratinized α layer: 1) cellular outlines remain distinct, 2) a thickened plasma membrane forms during keratinization, 3) 80 Å filaments embedded in an amorphous matrix can be seen, and 4) PAS-positive material accumulates in extracellular spaces between the desmosomes. The β layer exhibits none of these features. Instead the cells more or less (depending on species) coalesce into a compact layer which becomes attenuated in the hinge regions. A 30 Å filament pattern can be seen. The mesos layer of squamates resembles the hinge region of crocodilians, exhibiting a combination of the characteristics of both α and β keratin.
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 324-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human myocardium ; Innervation ; Nerve endings ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies of axons, distributing singly or in small bundles in the human ventricular and atrial myocardium, indicate a few per-cent of the axon profiles to be significantly large in diameter (1.5–3.0 μ). They are characteristically packed with a profuse number of mitochondria along with large granular vesicles, glycogen rosettes, lysosomic bodies; and some of them terminate on a “specific terminal cell” (Knoche and Schmitt). These mitochondria-rich, large axons are assumed to be terminal portions of the cardiac afferents. About half of the axons encountered in the ventricle and 2/3 in the atrium are non-vesiculated, usually less than 0.5 μ. in diameter. The varicosities containing numerous vesicles are mostly 0.5–1.5 μ in diameter and are assumed to be terminal portions of the cardiac efferents. The ratio between the number of axon profiles containing small granular vesicles and that of axon profiles containing agranular vesicles without small granular vesicles is 2∶1 in the ventricular myocardium and 1∶1.7 in the atrial myocardium.
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 33-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Interstitial cells ; Reptiles ; Hormone Production ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure des cellules interstitielles du testicule de Lacerta vivipara a été étudiée entre le printemps et l'automne pendant deux années. Le retioulum endoplasmique lisse, et les mitochondries à crêtes tabulaires sont les organites les plus remarquables comme dans les autres cellules productrices de stéroïdes, mais les liposomes et l'appareil de Golgi sont bien représentés aussi. Les variations ultrastructurales les plus significatives apparaissent entre le printemps et le début de l'été. Au printemps, alors que les caractères sexuels secondaires sont hypertrophiés, un système remarquable de vésicules et de vacuoles se développe à partir du reticulum et probablement aussi du Golgi. Au début de l'été, lorsque les caractères sexuels secondaires sont atrophiés, les vacuoles sont moins nombreuses et le reticulum forme un réseau dense de tubules typiques, souvent étroitement associés aux liposomes; les crêtes mitochondriales sont gonflées. Ces images sont discutées en fonction de l'activité saisonnière d'élaboration d'hormones. L'hypertrophie des systèmes membranaires au printemps correspond probablement à la production ou (et) à l'excrétion des hormones androgènes. Au début de l'été, la cellule n'élabore pas d'androgènes, mais n'est peut-être pas complètement inactive: elle pourrait stocker des précurseurs hormonaux.
    Notes: Summary Interstitial cells of the testis of Lacerta vivipara have been studied electronmicroscopically in animals obtained between spring and autumn. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubular cristae are the most prominent organels, lipid droplets and Golgi apparatus being also well developed. The most significant ultrastructural changes occur between spring and the beginning of summer. In spring, during the hypertrophy of secondary sexual characters, a conspicuous system of vesicles and vacuoles originates from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and probably also from the Golgi apparatus. At the beginning of summer, when secondary sexual characters are atrophied, vacuoles are less prominent and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum consists of a dense network of typical tubules, often closely associated with the lipid droplets; the cristae of the mitochondria are swollen. These ultrastructural findings are discussed in relation to the production of hormones. The hypertrophy of membrane systems in spring corresponds presumably to production or (and) release of androgen hormones. In the beginning of summer the cell does not produce androgens, but probably is not completely inactive: it may store precursors of hormones.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Gastropoda ; Fluorescence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Vergleich fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchungen am zentralen Nervensystem von Planorbarius corneus L. wird nachgewiesen, daß in den Schlundringganglien Neurosekretzellen vorkommen (Nachweis mit Pseudoisocyaninchlorid), die mit Nervenzellen nicht identisch sind, die durch ihren hohen Gehalt an biogenen Aminen auffallen (Nachweis durch die Methode von Falck und Owman, 1965). Es können daher im Schlundring von Planorbarius corneus peptiderge und aminerge Neurosekretzellen unterschieden werden. Die PSC-positiven Neurosekretzellen enthalten elektronendichte Elementargrana und die aminergen Neurone „dense-core“ Vesikel. Der Nachweis biogener Amine in einigen Nervenzellen von Planorbarius corneus spicht für deren chemische Identität mit Transmittersubstanzen, ihre hohe Konzentration aber für eine Abgabe in die Körperflüssigkeit.
    Notes: Summary The neurosecretory system of the snail Planorbarius corneus has been investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy. With the fluorochrome Pseudoisocyanin the established neurosecretory system in the cerebral ganglia and single neurosecretory cells in the other ganglia show an intensive yellow fluorescence. Electron micrographs reveal the presence of electron dense granules (elementary granules) in the pericarya and the axons of neurones which have the same localisation in the ganglia as the pseudoisocyanin-positive cells. The fluorescence technique for biogenic amines produces yellow and green fluorescence within neurons and in the neuropil and nerves. The fluorescence obtained in determinable areas and neurones correlates well with the electron microscopic location of “dense-core” vesicles within the pericarya and axons of cells in even the same areas. It is discussed, that in this animal both types of cells are so-called “neurosecretory cells”, because the high content of elementary granules in the “peptidergic neurosecretory cells” and of “dense-core” vesicles in the “aminergic neurosecretory cells” is an indication for secretion of these products in neurohaemal areas (circulatory channels).
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 321-335 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Lymphocyte ; Analysis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thymic small lymphocytes of dd-mice were qualitatively and quantitatively studied by electron microscopy. Differences in fine structure were revealed between cortical and medullary small lymphocytes. Cortical small lymphocytes are rounded in cell outline with a round nucleus. The cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus as a narrow rim is scanty and appears relatively dense due to an abundance of free ribosomes. The cell organelles are not well developed. On the other hand, medullary small lymphocytes are more irregular in shape with uneven cell membranes. Their nuclei are also more irregular in outline with frequent infoldings of the nuclear membrane. The cytoplasm is more abundant and paler with less numerous ribosomes. The cell organelles are better developed. Quantitative analysis was made of both cortical and medullary small lymphocytes by means of the point counting method. The nuclei of both cortical and medullary small lymphocytes are almost the same in size (a diameter of 4.9 μ). The cell sizes are different between cortical and medullary lymphocytes: cortical small lymphocytes with a diameter of 5.5 μ were smaller than medullary ones with a diameter of 6.4 μ. Cortical small lymphocytes are very sensitive to the destructive effects of hydrocortisone, whereas the medullary ones are resistant. Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath in the splenic white pulp, which is known to be a thymus-dependent area, contains small lymphocytes that were similar in cytological details to medullary small lymphocytes of the thymus. In the light of the recent knowledge about a recirculating long-lived small lymphocyte pool, it appears probable that medullary small lymphocytes represent a contribution to the pool and that small lymphocytes with a long life span can be cytologically identified by electron microscopy.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 51-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Purkinje cell ; Golgi apparatus ; Dendrites ; Differentiation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of postnatal differentiation of the Golgi apparatus, the nucleus, the perikaryon, and the dendrites was studied in Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum for 30 days after birth using histochemical, histological, and electron microscopic methods. The Golgi apparatus during differentiation undergoes morphological and positional changes. From the 1st to 7th postnatal day, the Golgi apparatus is found in a supranuclear position, and is connected with the axes of differentiating primary dendrites by beam-like processes. From days 8 to 11 this connection disappears, and most of the Golgi apparatus assumes a lateronuclear and infranuclear position. After the 11th or 12th day, the Golgi apparatus is found in perinuclear and peripheral cytoplasmic positions. The formation of granular endoplasmic reticulum occurs in the vicinity of the perinuclear Golgi apparatus. The differentiation of cell and nuclear forms requires approximately 20 days. The morphological changes of differentiation are discussed in relation to the participation of the Golgi apparatus in the differentiation of dendrites and in the formation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum.
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 149-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit ovum ; Fertilization ; Pronucleus ; Cleavage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fertilized ova were flushed from the Fallopian tubes of New Zealand White rabbits at 15 to 30 hours after mating and examined with the electron microscope. Between 21 and 22 hours intact pronuclei with extensive interdigitation of apposing surfaces were found in most ova. In some, an appearance suggesting internuclear communication was observed. In other ova disrupted pronuclear membranes surrounded centrally placed chromosome aggregates. In still others an advanced cleavage furrow was already present. By 23 hours all ova were in the two-cell stage.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 309-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; Substantia nigra ; Neuroglia ; Pericytes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of perivascular and perineuronal cells in the substantia nigra and red nucleus was studied in Nissl, silver carbonate, and electron microscopic preparations. In light microscopic preparations of the red nucleus and substantia nigra oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are located adjacent to blood vessels and nerve cells. Pericytes are also found adjacent to blood vessels. Scattered perineuronal oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are present in the magnocellular portion of the red nucleus and in the substantia nigra, whereas a distinguishing morphological feature of the parvocellular portion of the red nucleus is the clustering of perineuronal oligodendrocytes around a single neuron. In the present electron micrographs of the red nucleus and substantia nigra oligodendrocytes are separated from the vascular basement membrane (basal lamina) by astrocyte processes and therefore are not truly perivascular. Pericytes are easily identified by the basement membrane which encompasses their cell bodies and processes. Characteristic of the neuropil in the red nucleus are astrocytic processes that approximate dendrites. In contrast, astrocytic processes in the substantia nigra rarely contact dendrites which are covered by a mosaic of synaptic endings. A “third type of neuroglial element” is also present in the neuropil of the substantia nigra and the red nucleus.
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 382-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Newborn rat ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata of the newborn rat adrenal cortex has been studied by the light and the electron microscope. The ultrastructural features of the cells of both zones are described. By morphometric methods the relative volumes occupied by mitochondria and by lipid droplets have been evaluated. The “membrane profile concentration” (i.e. the average number of microns of smooth reticulum profiles per square micron of cytoplasm) has been also measured. The most significant ultrastructural differences between the cells of the two zones concern the mitochondria, the lipid droplets, and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondria show typical lamellar cristae in the elements of the zona glomerulosa, and vesicular cristae in the cells of the zona fasciculata. They occupy the same relative volume in both elements. The lipid droplets and the smooth reticulum show no qualitative differences in the two cell types, but they are found in a larger amount in the cells of the zona fasciculata. These ultrastructural findings are discussed in relation to the numerous biochemical data, suggesting that the cells of the zona glomerulosa are resting elements at birth, while the cells of the zona fasciculata are active steroid-secreting elements already in late gestation.
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 398-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Newborn rat ; Electron microscopy ; Lysosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structural changes of the zona juxtamedullaris of the rat adrenal cortex at birth, have been examined by the light and the electron microscope. In this zone clusters of medullary cells lying among the strands of cortical tissue were observed. In the inner portion of the zona juxtamedullaris two types of adrenocortical cells were found: light and very-dark cells. The latter are smaller than the light cells and are always in close connection with the medullary tissue. The ultrastructural features of the very-dark cells suggest that these elements are in degeneration. This finding supports the hypothesis that at birth there is a partial degeneration of the rat zona juxtamedullaris, i.e. the zone corresponding to the “fetal zone” of some mammalian species. It is proposed that in all mammalian species at birth there is a partial regression of the zona juxtamedullaris and that the regression of the “fetal zone” is only the quantitative increase of this phenomenon. This hypothesis is discussed in relation to numerous data demonstrating that there are enzymatic conditions in the rat during fetal life, which permit a discrete hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 176-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Salamandra maculosa ; Neuronal elements ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwischen den eigentlichen Ependymzellen des Zentralkanals adulter Feuersalamander kommen amphorenartig gestaltete Elemente vor, die sich aufgrund ihrer synaptischen Kontakte mit Axonendigungen als Neurone identifizieren lassen. Diese intraependymalen Nervenzellen weisen einen apikalen Fortsatz auf, der sich mit einer warzen- oder knotenförmigen Protrusion in das Lumen des Zentralkanals erstreckt. Die Protrusion ist gewöhnlich mit stereozilienartigen Ausläufern besetzt. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der beschriebenen neuronalen Elemente konnte bisher nicht geklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary The ependyma of the canalis centralis of adult salamanders was examined by electron microscopy. Between the ependymal cells occur amphora-like elements identifiable as neurons by their synaptic contacts with axon terminals. These intraependymal nerve cells exhibit an apical outgrowth extending into the lumen of the canalis centralis with a wart-like or knob-like protrusion. The latter usually bears extensions resembling stereocilia. The functional significance of the neuronal elements is still unknown.
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 341-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Brain ; Insects ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the brain of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, the beta lobes of the corpora pedunculata respond with an intense positive reaction to a specific fluorescence histochemical method for catecholamines. The fluorescence reaction disappears completely after prolonged treatment of the cockroaches with reserpine. An ultrastructural examination of the beta lobes in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed preparations reveals the presence of two types of fibres: 1) Fibres and nerve endings containing small clear vesicles and sligthly larger vesicles with a semi-dense content. The appearance and size distribution of these vesicles ist not affected by treatment with reserpine. 2) Fibres containing larger and denser vesicles, but practically no clear vesicles. The size distribution of these dense vesicles is only slightly affected by treatment of the cockroaches with reserpine. If brain slices are incubated in a medium containing noradrenaline or α-methyl-noradrenaline and fixed in permanganate, small vesicles with electron-dense central cores show up, similar to those which have been described in vertebrate adrenergic nerve fibres (“small granular vesicles”). They are confined to one of the two types of fibres (a and b) visible in these preparations, namely to type b, whose correspondence with type 2 fibres of formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed preparations is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 345-357 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptor ; Lumbricus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der Photorezeptorzellen in der Epidermis, in kleineren Nervenästen und im Zerebralganglion von Lumbricus terrestris wurde untersucht. Das Vorhandensein eines zentralen, intrazellulären Lumens (Phaosom), das mit Mikrozotten gefüllt ist, erinnert in der Struktur der Photorezeptorzelle des Regenwurms an Lichtsinneszellen von Hirudo. Außer Mikrozotten findet man im Phaosom einige Zilien vom Typ 9×2+0; solche Zilien sind von den Mikrozotten strukturell unabhängig. Durch eine Aufzweigung des Phaosoms in kleinere Buchten, die tief in das umgebende Zytoplasma eindringen, erhält es ein labyrinthartiges Aussehen. Glatte Zisternen in Gruppen von 2 bis 5 wurden oft um das Phaosom im Zytoplasma beobachtet. Charakteristische Bestandteile der Zelle sind noch Vesikel und Vakuolen, die mit einer Substanz von wechselnder Elektronendichte gefüllt sind. Die Photorezeptorzellen werden von Gliazellen und Gliafortsätzen umgeben, die an vielen Stellen die Zelloberfläche tief einstülpen (Trophospongium).
    Notes: Summary Photoreceptor cells in the epidermis and nerve branches of the prostomium and in the cerebral ganglion of Lumbricus terrestris were investigated with the electron microscope. The photoreceptor cell is similar to the visual cell of Hirudo by having a central intracellular cavity (phaosome) filled with microvilli. Besides microvilli, several sensory cilia can also be found in the phaosome but they are structurally independent of the microvilli. A gradual branching of the phaosome cavity into smaller cavities makes its sectional profile extremely labyrinthic. Flattened smooth-surfaced cisternae in stacks of 2 to 5 are frequently observed around the phaosome. Characteristic constituents of the cytoplasm are vesicles and vacuoles filled with a substance of varying density. The photoreceptor cell is covered by glial cells or by their processes which at many places deeply invaginate the cell surface (trophospongium).
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 515-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cuticle ; Rotifer ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of developing Asplanchna brightwelli embryos support the following hypothetical scheme of cuticle formation. First the external hypodermal membrane invaginates, and deposition of a dense intracellular layer commences next to this membrane. Then the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes fibrous protein which is transferred to the Golgi complex. Here polysaccharide is synthesized and added to the protein, and the resulting filamentous complex is enclosed in large irregularly shaped vesicles which bud off from the Golgi elements. Maturation of the filamentous material to condensed cuticle material occurs as the vesicles move to the invaginations. Each vesicle fuses with an invagination, thus forming a hypodermal bulb; then the cuticle material is discharged through the neck of the bulb to its extracellular location. After the bulbs are formed, new, smaller, spherical vesicles begin to bud off from the Golgi elements. They too contain the filamentous complex which is refined to condensed cuticle material as the vesicles near the bulb. These vesicles fuse with the hypodermal bulbs contributing the cuticle and membrane necessary for the growth of the hypodermis of the embryo and newborn animal. Ruthenium red staining has confirmed that the cuticle consists of glycoprotein.
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