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  • Electronic Resource  (1,827)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation enteritis in children (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 3 (1988), S. 343-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Radiation enteritis ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six children with intestinal radiation injury following cancer therapy are presented. The radiation dose varied from 3500 rads to 6600 rads. Symptoms of radiation enteritis took from 3 weeks to 3 years to develop. All patients received concomitant chemotherapy. Incomplete bowel obstruction was the most common presenting feature (four cases); five came to laparotomy. Simple adhesiolysis was successful in two cases; two children required more extensive surgical manoeuvres (small-bowel bypass and bowel resections). All are alive and well 4 to 13 years following therapy although five have other radiation effects. Radiation injury to the bowel and its management are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189173
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Esophageal motility and gastroesophageal reflux in children with chronic respiratory diseases (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 3 (1988), S. 400-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Children ; Gastroesophageal reflux ; pH-metry ; Esophageal motility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Children with chronic respiratory diseases may be a high-risk population for gastroesophageal reflux (GER). In order to describe GER in this population, we systematically studied 7-h pH-metry and prolonged esophageal manometry (over 45 min) in 124 children admitted for respiratory disorders without digestive symptoms. The results showed that: (1) GER varied in significance before and after meals; (2) postprandial reflux was correlated with esophageal motor activity, but preprandial reflux was not; (3) moderate refluxers had reduced lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, but severe refluxers had no significative decrease in LES pressure. The use of multivariate analysis permitted us to conclude that long-term esophageal manometry and pH-metry were complementary in defining severe GER.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173454
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surgery for Crohn's disease in 28 children with the presence of acid-fast bacilli (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 4 (1988), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Crohn's disease ; Tuberculosis ; Children ; Surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Obstruction, abscesses, fistulae, treatment failure, and growth retardation are not always absolute indications for surgery in Crohn's disease. At the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario we have advocated earlier surgery since 1974. Forty-eight cases are reviewed, 28 surgical (17 ileocecocolic, 2 ileocolic with normal rectum, 3 colorectal, 1 jejunal, 5 perineal). Ileocecocolic resection with primary anastomosis produced remission for at least 3.2 years. Remission in colectomy with primary ileocolic anastomosis was at least 1 year. Ileostomy and colorectal resection produced remissions for at least 1.66 years. After jejunal resection remission was 1.58 years. Significant height and weight gains in over 80% of cases encourage earlier surgery. Adequate medical treatment has not often influenced the disease process. Surgery does not remove useful, medically restorable to normal bowel. Most postoperative cases required no medications and none jave required steroids. Permanent cure of anorectal disease alone was not achieved. Surgical mortality was 0%. The average hospital stay was 11.6 days. Postoperative fistulae occurred in 1 case and closed spontaneously. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found in 2 resected specimens and in 1 human tubercle bacilli were cultured after 5 months. Both cases healed spontaneously, and both were otherwise undistinguishable from the other cases of Crohn's disease. Both were white, native-born Canadians. On examination of all the other resected specimens in our series, no acid-fast bacilli were seen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173082
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary liver tumours in children in Victoria: incidence and pathology (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 3 (1988), S. 382-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Liver tumours ; Children ; Incidence ; Pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the incidence and pathology of liver tumours in children in the State of Victoria from 1955 to 1987. Seventy-four cases were found and are believed to represent all liver tumours in the State during that time. There were 29 benign and 45 malignant tumours. The benign tumours comprised 13 haemangiomas, 12 mesenchymal hamartomas, and 4 epithelial lesions. The malignant tumours were 30 hepatoblastomas, 8 embryonal sarcomas, 4 hepatocellular carcinomas, and 3 miscellaneous tumours. The haemangiomas were more commonly cavernous. Four were associated with skin lesions and 3 of these were capillary in type. Mesenchymal hamartomas varied from predominantly solid to predominantly cystic. All, however, contained hamartomatous collections of ducts and liver cells irregularly arranged in dense fibrous tissue. The commonest malignant tumour was hepatoblastoma, and there were 15 of predominantly epithelial type and 15 of mixed epithelial and mesenchymal type. The 8 undifferentiated sarcomas of embryonal pattern were characterised by pleomorphism of cells, bizarre giant cells, and extensive mucoid stromal change. Four examples of hepatocellular carcinoma were seen. All were multifocal and no further case has been seen for the last 15 years. The 3 miscellaneous tumours were gastrinoma, rhabdoid tumour, and myofibroblastic tumour of uncertain histogenesis. Incidence was calculated for the period of review. The rate for benign tumours was 0.81 per million children per year and for malignant tumours 1.33 per million children per year. Surgery for hepatobalstoma was shown to be the most important factor in improving survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173452
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salivary gland tumours in children (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 4 (1988), S. 21-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Salivary gland neoplasms ; Children ; Pleomorphic adenoma ; Mucoepidermoid tumours ; Sarcomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 40-year experience (1948–1987) of salivary gland neoplasms in children is presented. Thirty-seven tumours were found — 31 in the parotid gland (84%), 3 in the submandibular gland, 2 in the palate, and 1 in ectopic salivary gland tissue. Twenty-two benign and 15 malignant tumours were found. Haemangiomas and pleomorphic adenomas constituted the majority of the benign tumours. Eight epithelial and 7 mesenchymal malignancies were found. The commonest carcinoma was mucoepidermoid tumour, while embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma was the most frequent mesenchymal tumour. Results of treatment are given. Liaison of paediatric surgeons with the pathologists is emphasised to ensure optimum diagnosis in management of these uncommon lesions of childhood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00173078
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elevated cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count and protein concentration at diagnosis: independent risk factors in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 56 (1988), S. 265-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Prognosis ; Children ; ALL ; Central nervous system ; Cerebrospinal fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to investigate whether determination of the initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein concentration and leukocyte count in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) could yield useful information about the patient's central nervous system status and prognosis. The population-based unselected series comprised 160 children. The mean follow-up time was 72 months (range 25–143 months). Both the CSF protein concentration and the leukocyte count, if elevated, were significantly, although not independently, associated with diminished probability of event-free survival. The patients were divided into three groups for the final analyses: those without any abnormalities in the CSF (n=133), those with elevated protein concentration and/or elevated leukocyte count, but with no malignant lymphoblasts in the CSF (n=21)), and those with malignant lymphoblasts in the CSF (n=6). The probabilities of 5-year event-free survival for the first and second group were 65% and 15%; the probability of 2-year event-free survival for the third group was 17%. These differences were statistically significant (p〈0.001). In multivariate analysis the relative risks of death or relapse for these groups were 1, 2.8 (95% confidence limits 1.5–4.9), and 7.6 (2.4–24.3), respectively (p〈0.001). The inclusion of an elevated CSF protein concentration or leukocyte count in the risk group criteria of further trials should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320287
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of fructosamine and glycated haemoglobin in children with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1988)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 31 (1988), S. 351-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Children ; diabetes control ; non-enzymatic protein glycation ; fructosamine-test ; glycated haemoglobin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In six children (age: mean 8.4 years, range 2.2–12.6 years) with newly diagnosed Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, plasma fructosamine and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1) were compared in respect to their disappearance during the first month after diagnosis during well controlled glycaemia. The disappearance of the surplus plasma fructosamine and HbA1 was calculated applying exponential equations. The estimated half-lives of fructosamine (mean 57.2 days, range 40.7–77 days) and HbA1 (mean 59.7 days, range 43.3–82 days) were not significantly different, a finding which is left unexplained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02341502
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors influencing the magnitude, duration, and rate of fall of B-cell function in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children followed for two years from their clinical diagnosis (1988)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 31 (1988), S. 664-669 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Children ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes ; C-peptide ; islet cell antibodies ; insulin antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of fall in B-cell function measured as plasma and 24 h urinary C-peptide excretion, as well as levels of islet cell antibodies, insulin antibodies and metabolic parameters, were followed for two years in 39 children aged 1–17 years prospectively from clinical onset of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. At onset 32/36 patients had measurable plasma C-peptide (median 0.13 nmol/l). Maximum values of fasting and postprandial plasma C-peptide were reached at a median duration of three months. Thereafter both plasma and urinary C-peptide declined linearly. The median value of the rate of fall in postprandial plasma C-peptide was 0.019 nmol·1−1·month−1. Age at onset was positively correlated to the maximum value of postprandial plasma C-peptide in each patient (rs=0.57, p=0.0001) and throughout the observation time positively correlated to fasting and postprandial C-peptide and to the 24 h urinary C-peptide excretion (rs range 0.35–0.70, p=0.03–0.0001). The rate of fall of postprandial C-peptide was unrelated to age at onset and was strikingly parallel in different age groups. Islet cell antibodies were present in 87% of the patients at onset and decreased to 38% at 24 months. Islet cell antibody litres were not correlated to age at onset or to plasma or urinary C-peptide at any single observation. However, islet cell antibody negative patients had significantly higher (p〈0.05) postprandial plasma C-peptide values at 1, 9, and 12 months of duration, compared to islet cell antibody positive patients. Insulin antibodies and metabolic state at onset did not influence the C-peptide values. It is concluded that age at onset is the most important variable in predicting the duration and magnitude of endogenous insulin secretion during the first two years of Type 1 diabetes in children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00278749
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exposure to lead and cadmium of children living in different areas of North-West Germany: results of biological monitoring studies 1982–1986 (1988)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 60 (1988), S. 211-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Lead exposure ; Cadmium exposure ; Children ; North-West Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between 1982 and 1986 several surveys were carried out to determine the levels of lead and cadmium in blood, urine, and shed deciduous teeth (incisors only) of children living in rural, suburban, urban, and industrial areas of North-West Germany. Blood lead (PbB) and blood cadmium (CdB) were measured in about 4000 children. In rural, suburban and urban areas the median PbB levels vary between 5.5 and 7 μg/dl, with 98th percentiles varying between 10 and 13 μg/dl. The median CdB levels are between 0.1 and 0.2 μg/dl, with 95th percentiles between 0.3 and 0.4 μg/l. Children from urban areas have significantly higher PbB levels than children from rural and suburban areas. Regarding CdB no differences could be detected. Children living in areas around lead and zinc smelters, particularly those living very close to the smelters, have substantially increased PbB and CdB levels. Children from lead worker families also have substantially increased PbB and CdB levels. The lead levels in shed milk teeth (PbT) were determined in about 3000 children. In rural, suburban and urban areas the median PbT levels are between 2 and 3 μg/g, with 95th percentiles between 4 and 7 μg/g. Children from urban areas have significantly higher PbT levels than children from rural and suburban areas. The highest PbT levels (on a group basis) are in children from nonferrous smelter areas. The median levels of lead in urine (PbU) are between 6 and 10 μg/g creatinine, with 95th percentiles between 20 and 30 μg/g creatinine. Children from polluted areas have higher PbU levels than children from less polluted areas. The median levels of cadmium in urine (CdU) are in the order of 0.1 μg/g creatinine, with 95th percentiles being in the range of 0.5 and 1.0 μg/g creatinine. Girls have higher CdU levels than boys. There are no differences between groups of children from different areas. Children from lead worker families have higher PbU and CdU levels than otherwise comparable children. The results of the present studies indicate a further decrease of PbB in children from North-West Germany since the CEC blood lead campaigns carried out in 1979 and 1981. The decrease of lead exposure also seems to be reflected by a decrease of tooth lead levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378699
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Head trauma in the child (1988)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 14 (1988), S. 185-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Head trauma ; Children ; Increased intracranial pressure ; Cerebral blood flow ; Pathophysiology ; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Head injury, either alone or in combination with multiple injuries, is common in children. Its pattern is different in children compared to adults, with diffuse cerebral swelling rather than localized hematoma being most common. The pathophysiology of pediatric head trauma is not yet clearly elucidated, but may be closely related to changes in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. The initial management and subsequent care of the child with severe brain injury are discussed from a multisystem viewpoint. The prognosis for children with severe head injury seems brighter than for adults, but there are not yet enough data to allow prediction of outcome in any individual case. Efforts to prevent, rather than treat, head injury in childhood are more likely to be beneficial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00717985
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute effects of air pollution changes in schoolchildren: the Gardanne coal basin study (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Air pollution ; Pulmonary function ; Epidemiology ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the literature, studies devoted to shortterm effects of air pollution episodes in children have provided controversial results. To evaluate if acute air pollution changes in the Gardanne coal basin (France) could have deleterious effects on children's pulmonary function, we studied 160 children on two different days. Each in-school examination consisted of a short questionnaire and a spirometric assessment. The area included districts of high and low pollution levels. In the former, the two examinations took place at different air pollution levels whereas, in the latter, the air pollution levels were comparable. We obtained higher spirometric values during the second examination, regardless of air pollution changes and suggesting a learning effect, which vanished when we used FEV1/FVC ratio. The difference in FEV1/FVC between days of low and high pollution was significant but merely equal to 2%. There was no change of clinical symptom score.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01080027
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computed tomographic diagnosis of septic sinus thrombosis and their complications (1988)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 30 (1988), S. 160-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Septic sinus thrombosis ; CT scanning ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors report on five cases of septic sinus thrombosis occurring as early complications and/or long-term complications of infections in the head and neck region. The necessity for early diagnosis of this condition by high-resolution CT scanning is emphasized, as it provides a reliable diagnostic tool to evaluate this serious intracranial disease at a relatively early stage, provided an intravenous contrast medium is used. Although MRI represents an interesting new technique in the assessment of intracranial pathology, it cannot be routinely carried out during the acute phase of this condition due to metal life-support systems near the patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395618
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute pancreatitis in six non-transplanted uraemic children (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 2 (1988), S. 431-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Chronic renal failure ; End-stage kidney disease ; Children ; Pancreatitis ; Haemodialysis ; Peritoneal dialysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ten clinical episodes of acute pancreatitis (AP) occurred in six patients (mean age 10 years, range 3–15 years) with chronic renal failure (CRF) during a 9-year period (1977–1986). The underlying cause of CRF was vesicoureteral reflux (2); urethral valves (1); ureterohydronephrosis (1); nephronopthisis (1) and a haemolytic uraemic syndrome which occurred 12 years before (1). In all patients a diagnosis of AP was established both on clinical grounds and with a serum amylase level of 〉600 IU/1. In 3 patients laparotomy was performed because of suspected appendicitis. All patients required exclusive parentenral feeding (mean duration 25 days) and 2 patients had a partial pancreatectomy. No patient developed pancreatic pseudocysts, 2 patients experienced one relapse (3 and 21 months later) and 1 patient had two relapses and died. Mean duration of follow up was 3 years (range 1–10 years). Possible aetiological factors were: choledochal cyst (1); parotitis without a rise in mumps antibodies (1); familial dyslipidaemia but without AP in other family members (1), and aluminium intoxication with hypercalcaemia and convulsive encephalopathy treated with valproic acid in 1 patient. Severe hyperparathyroidism with radiological signs was absent in all patients. Transplantation had been performed either before AP in 2 patients (1 and 3 years before AP) or had followed AP in 1 patient (7 years after) without occurrence or relapse of AP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00853437
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myocardial ischemia in Kawasaki disease: Follow-up study by cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric cardiology 9 (1988), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1971
    Keywords: Kawasaki disease ; Myocardial infarction ; Ischemic heart disease ; Coronary angiography ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinical course of ischemic heart disease due to Kawasaki disease was analyzed. The subjects (children aged two months to eight years) were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n=23) consisted of children who had sustained myocardial infarction (MI) and group 2 (n=13) of those without clinical symptoms or signs of MI, but in whom signs of an obstructive lesion had appeared on coronary arteriography during the follow-up period. Changes in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the appearance of coronary arterial lesions on first and second angiography were analyzed in the two groups. It was found that (a) LVEF (51.4±13.4%, mean ± SD) at the first study, obtained after MI in group 1, was significantly lower than that (64.3±3.7%) at the second one in group 2, which revealed recently developed obstructive lesions; (b) there was no significant difference between the two groups as to the severity of stenotic lesions on coronary arteriography; and (c) comparison of LVEF at the first angiography with that at the second study showed significant improvement in group 1 (1st, 54.2±12.0%; and 2nd, 60.8±9.7%) and significant depression in group 2 (1st, 68.1±4.4%; and 2nd, 64.3±3.7%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279876
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dimensions of cardiac chambers and great vessels by cross-sectional echocardiography in infants and children (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric cardiology 9 (1988), S. 7-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1971
    Keywords: Cross-sectional echocardiography ; Children ; Chamber size ; Normal values ; Great vessels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A total of 120 healthy infants, children, and teenagers were examined by cross-sectional echocardiography. Right and left atrial and ventricular dimensions and areas were measured in the parasternal, apical, and subcostal views. Dimensions of the inferior caval vein, the pulmonary artery and the aorta were obtained in the parasternal, suprasternal, and subcostal views. Reproducibility was studied in separate material consisting of 19 children with various forms of congenital heart disease examined consecutively by two different observers. Interobserver reproducibility was expressed as the 95% tolerance limit for the difference between two measurements. Good correlation with body surface area was demonstrated for all measurements, and the regression equations for the normal values of the parameters studied are given. Interobserver reproducibility was fairly good for measurements in the parasternal views, but moderate or low for measurements in the apical and the subcostal four-chamber views. Measurements in cross-sectional echocardiography are clinically useful, especially in the study of the right-sided cardiac structures that are difficult to evaluate with M-mode echocardiography, but the problems of reproducibility have to be taken into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02279877
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acquired cystic kidney disease in children undergoing long-term dialysis (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 2 (1988), S. 8-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Acquired cystic kidney disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrasonography ; Children ; Peritoneal dialysis ; Hemodialysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) occurs in adult patients undergoing long-term dialysis. Early detection is important because clinically significant hematuria and malignancies are associated with ACKD. We evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US) the incidence of ACKD in 15 patients aged 7.3–21.6 years (mean 15.9 years) with non-cystic primary renal disease. Nine patients had been treated with peritoneal dialysis only, and 6 with both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis for 24–73 months (mean 37 months). Three patients (20%) had no cysts. In 5 patients (33%) with bilateral multiple cysts, the diagnosis of ACKD was made by MRI and US. In another 5 patients, solitary cysts were localized to one kidney by MRI, and in 2 patients solitary cysts were seen in both kidneys. This study documents that ACKD is not limited to older patients with end-stage renal disease. Early detection of these cysts can be accomplished by MRI and is warranted since 1 patient developed neoplastic tubular changes which can precede tumor formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00870371
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renal handling of uric acid under cyclosporin A treatment (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 2 (1988), S. 18-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Cyclosporin A ; Uric acid ; Renal transplantation ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The renal handling of uric acid during cyclosporin A (CyA) treatment was investigated by clearance studies using 24-h urine collections in 28 paediatric renal transplant recipients (CyA group), and the results were compared with those of 19 renal transplanted children treated with azathioprine and prednisolone (AZA group), 35 children with chronic renal failure (CRF) and 10 children with normal renal function (N group). Serum uric acid levels were significantly higher in the CyA group (567±156 μmol/l) compared with the AZA group (378±98), the CRF group (415±119) and the N group (290±68). Mean uric acid clearances in each group measured 3.9±2.8 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (CyA), 5.6±3.4 (AZA), 4.0±2.2 (CRF) and 8.4±3.7 (N). Calculation of the net tubular uric acid reabsorption per millilitre glomerular filtration rate revealed a significantly increased value of 0.53±0.15 μmol/ml in the CyA group (P〈0.01) compared with 0.34±0.08, 0.29±0.15 and 0.27±0.07 μmol/l for the AZA, CRF and N groups respectively. We therefore conclude that CyA treatment is associated with an increased net tubular reabsorption of uric acid, which may lead to hyperuricaemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00870373
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hickman catheter for haemodialysis in paediatric patients (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 2 (1988), S. 318-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Hickman catheter ; Haemodialysis ; Peritoneal dialysis ; Children ; Vessel thrombosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twelve Hickman catheters were inserted in nine children in order to establish access for haemodialysis or plasmapheresis. Catheters were implanted either through the external or internal jugular vein and the tip located in the right atrium or superior vena cava. Mean blood flow was 25–55 ml/min with single lumen catheters and 83–100 ml/min with double lumen catheters. Three catheters had to be removed because of obstruction, whilst seven remained in situ until an arteriovenous fistula had matured or renal function was restored. Infection in two cases was successfully treated with antibiotics and transient obstruction by urokinase instillation. Following catheter removal, angiographic studies showed that with one exception all catheterized vessels were obstructed, but this did not prevent from ipsilateral arteriovenous fistulas to mature satisfactorily.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00858686
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vitamin D metabolite profiles in moderate renal insufficiency of childhood (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 2 (1988), S. 453-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Profiles ; Children ; Moderate renal insufficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a prior study, we reported vitamin D metabolite profiles in the plasma of healthy children. In view of these findings, we investigated these same profiles in children with moderate renal insufficiency. Specimens were obtained in boty summer and winter in untreated patients, and before and after treatment for up to 1 year, with either 25(OH)D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3. Mean pretreatment 1,25(OH)2D levels were normal. Levels of 25(OH)D3 were also normal and continued to vary with season. Mean pretreatment 24,25(OH)2D3 levels were significantly lower in patients and, interestingly, did not show the normal seasonal variation. Treatment with 25(OH)D3 resulted in consistent and sustained rises in 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 levels, but no increase in 1,25(OH)D3 levels. After 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment, 25(OH)D3 levels were unchanged but still showed seasonal variation in some patients, suggesting a lack of feedback control by 1,25(OH)2D3. Levels of 24,25(OH)2D3 were not significantly different from baseline values. Levels of 1,25(OH)2D increased initially then dropped to pretreatment levels or lower. Normal 1,25(OH)2D levels and reduced 24,25(OH)2D3 levels with the loss of seasonal variation suggests in our patients that the kidney was able to maintain 1,25(OH)2D levels at the expense of 24,25(OH)2D3 levels, presumably to preserve calcium homeostasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00853441
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The treatment of glomerulonephritis in children (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 2 (1988), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Anticoagulants ; Children ; Corticosteroids ; Glomerulonephritis ; Immunosuppression ; Methylprednisolone ; Plasma exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The results of treatment of glomerulonephritis (GN) in childhood with oral corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, anticoagulants and the newer regimens of pulsed, high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone and plasma exchange are reviewed and compared with the natural history of the untreated condition. Poststreptococcal GN and the nephritis of Schönlein-Henoch purpura need no specific treatment unless extensive glomerular crescents are present. The progression of mesangiocapillary GN can probably be slowed or even reversed with long-term, alternate-day steroid therapy. As in adults, recovery of renal function in GN due to antibody to glomerular basement membrane can be achieved in some patients using plasma exchange, but only those in whom some renal function is still present when treatment is started. In rapidly progressive (extracapillary) GN with crescents, “traditional” therapy with oral steroids, immunosuppressive drugs and anticoagulants reduces renal mortality from 85%–90% to about 50%, while pulsed methylprednisolone and plasma exchange improve the outcome further, mortality falling to about 25%. It is recommended that children with crescentic GN and deteriorating function be treated initially with pulsed methylprednisolone, followed by plasma exchange in those who fail to respond or who deteriorate following temporary response to pulse therapy. Treatment must be given early in the course of the illness if good results are to be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00862601
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diagnosis and treatment of iron overload in paediatric patients on chronic haemodialysis (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 2 (1988), S. 303-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Desferrioxamine ; Haemochromatosis ; Dialysis ; Children ; Ferritin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study the incidence and contributing factors of iron overload in paediatric patients treated with intermittent haemodialysis were evaluated. Particular attention was given to the diagnostic value of serum ferritin in the assessment of body iron stores in patients with hepatocellular damage. The results of treatment of secondary haemosiderosis with desferrioxamine (DFO) are reported. Serum ferritin levels were measured in 18 children and adolescents undergoing long-term haemodialysis; 8 of these had biochemical evidence of hepatocellular damage. In all patients a good correlation was found between serum ferritin levels and the amount of iron stored in the reticuloendothelial system. Six patients developed iron overload. Patients with secondary haemosiderosis were younger at the start of haemodialysis and received significantly more blood. Although not significant, more patients with haemochromatosis-associated alleles and bilateral nephrectomy had iron overload, and the duration of dialysis was obviously longer for overloaded patients (40 months versus 26 months). The patients with iron overload were treated with DFO. The data from all patients showed that DFO was ineffective when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg during dialysis and that in individual patients changes in serum ferritin correlated with changes in the amount of blood transfusions administered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00858682
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beneficial effect of second courses of cytotoxic therapy in children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 2 (1988), S. 291-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Children ; Nephrotic syndrome ; Steroid treatment ; Cytotoxic drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Therapeutic guidelines are not available for children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) who experience frequent relapses or develop steroid resistance after a course of cytotoxic therapy. The records of nine children with biopsy-proven MCNS who received two courses of cytotoxic therapy with either chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide were reviewed to evaluate the length of remission, associated side-effects and long-term outcome. Initial cytotoxic therapy was given to five frequent-relapsing patients and four steroid-resistant patients 2–48 months (mean 16 months) following diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome. The second drug was given 4–85 months (mean 27 months) after the first. Steroid-resistant patients attained remissions of 0–81 months (mean 23 months) following the first agent and 13–67 months (mean 32 months) following the second. Frequent-relapsing patients experienced remissions of 0.5–24 months (mean 7.4 months) following the first cytotoxic drug and 3–72 months (mean 22 months) after the second. Remissions following the second agent were equal to or longer than those following the first in the seven patients who received both chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide. In the 19- to 128-month follow-up (mean 66 months), all four steroid-resistant patients experienced infrequent relapses which responded to prednisone. One frequent-relapsing patient remains in remission, three have chronic proteinuria and one still has a frequent-relapsing course. For the select group of patients who become frequent relapsing or steroid resistant after one course of cytotoxic therapy, a second course of cytotoxic therapy may allow time for catch-up growth, as well as improve steroid responsiveness once relapses occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00858680
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dominant and recessive polycystic kidney disease in children: evaluation of clinical features and laboratory data (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 2 (1988), S. 296-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Polycystic kidney disease ; Children ; Dominant ; Recessive ; Clinical features ; Laboratory studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The clinical features and laboratory data of 93 children with polycystic kidney disease were analysed. Family studies showed that the disease was dominant (DPKD) in 17 and recessive (RPKD) in 32 of them. Of the remaining 44 sporadic patients, 1 was classified by histological and/or imaging findings as having DPKD, 41 as having RPKD and 2 could not be classified. The symptoms tended to be more severe in RPKD than in DPKD, but there was much overlap. Death in early life was common in RPKD (55/73) and more rare in DPKD (4/18). If a child with DPKD had disease manifest during the neonatal period, then siblings were usually affected in the neonatal period. Survival to adulthood was seen in both disease. In the patients who survived the neonatal period, hypertension was more common in RPKD (11/18) than in DPKD (4/14). Symptoms of portal hypertension were present in 2 patients with RPKD and none with DPKD. None of the laboratory investigations discriminated between the two entities. Glomerular filtration rate was diminished more often in RPKD (9/11) than in DPKD (2/8). Some difference was seen in the maximal urine concentrating ability; it was always reduced, ofter markedly, in RPKD but usually either normal or only moderately disturbed in DPKD. Studies on hepatic function and hepato-cellular damage were usually normal, but bacterial cholangitis was noted in some children with RPKD. The differential diagnosis between DPKD and RPKD needs to be based on the family history, family studies, radiological and/or histological features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00858681
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucocorticoid receptors in mononuclear blood cells and their correlation to endogenous and exogenous corticoids in healthy and asthmatic children (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 147 (1988), S. 490-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Glucocorticoid receptors ; Asthma ; Prednisolone therapy ; Free serum and urine cortisol ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The number and affinity of glucocorticoid binding sites in peripheral mononuclear cells (MNC) of asthmatic and healthy children were determined by a whole cell (3H)dexamethasone binding assay at 37°C. Using HPLC determination, corresponding serum levels of non-protein-bound (free) cortisol, whole cortisol and cortisone as well as urine excretion of free cortisone and cortisol were assessed. The average number of binding sites (BS) per cell and the dissociation constant (KD) respectively, in atopic asthmatics (7768±666 BS/MNC resp. KD=17.2±2 nM) did not differ from the values measured in our control group (8333±691 BS/MNC resp. 25.4±4.8 nM). Within the age range 1 month-15.8 years neither age-dependent changes nor sex-related differences in the number of binding sites or the KD values could be detected. Active or currently inactive asthmatics, and patients under different antiasthmatic drug regimes, had similar binding sites on MNC. No differences in serum levels of cortisol, cortisone and free cortisol or in free cortisol and free cortisone of 24-h urine samples were found between healthy children and asthmatics. After a short course of prednisolone therapy for an acute severe asthmatic attack the number of glucocorticoid binding sites in peripheral MNC decreased to an average of 4632±421 BS/MNC, whereas the dissociation constant did not change significantly (14.5±3.6 nM). The corticod-hormone pattern in the serum, 24-h urine excretion, and the normal number and affinity of glucocorticoid receptors on peripheral MNC suggest that there is no primary, general impairment of glucocorticoid metabolism in asthmatic children. Short-term glucocorticoid administration resulted in suppression of endogenous corticoids to undetectable levels accompanied by down-regulation of glucocorticoid-receptor BS to about 55% of control levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441973
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A modified nitrite test as a screening test for significant bacteriuria (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 147 (1988), S. 632-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Modified nitrite test ; Bacteriuria ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The presence of nitrite was initialy assessed in 306 specimens of urine. If the initial result was negative a sample of urine was incubated at 37°C. The other portion was also incubated but with the addition of one drop of 1% NaNO3, and the nitrite test was then repeated. The results were correlated with the results of quantitative routine urine culture. The modified test significantly (P〈0.01) improved the sensitivity (93% v 21%), and the predictive negative value (97% v 80%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442479
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theophylline pharmacokinetics in children, comparing sustained release spheres (Theo-Dur sprinkle) with elixir (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 148 (1988), S. 278-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Theophylline ; Asthma ; Children ; Bead-filled capsules ; Bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new sustained release theophylline preparation (Theo-Dur Sprinkle, TDS) was given b.i.d. and a theophylline elixir t.i.d. to eight children with bronchial asthma, 4–10 years of age, in an open study with a randomized cross over design. The serum concentration curves of theophylline were compared. The individual theophylline dose was close to 20 mg/kg body weight per day. On day 3 of each regimen, blood samples were taken 11 times over 24h. There were great differences between morning concentrations of theophylline, with a range from 0.9–10.7 mg/l in children given elixir, while corresponding values for children given TDS were 4.1–19.3 mg/l. Fluctuation during a dosing interval was 276% for elixir but only 54% in the case of TDS. The morning theophylline levels on two consecutive days did not differ significantly when the children were treated with TDS. The bioavailability of theophylline from TDS was 94% (range 54%–121%). Parents prefered TDS in seven of the eight cases. TDS showed satisfactory sustained release properties but the study confirmed the need for individually tailored dosage of theophylline based on monitoring of symptoms and serum concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441421
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renal handling of magnesium in transplanted children under cyclosporin A treatment (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 148 (1988), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Renal transplantation ; Children ; Cyclosporin A ; Azathioprine ; Hypomagnesaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the renal handling of magnesium in 12 transplanted children under cyclosporin A treatment during the early period after transplantation. We also studied 30 children treated with cyclosporin A 2 years after renal transplantation and compared the results with those of 22 children treated with azathioprine and prednisolone 2–4 years after transplantation. Twenty-two children with chronic renal failure and 10 healthy children served as controls. During the 1st week after transplantation, the mean serum magnesium level dropped to 0.54±0.14 mmol/l and was accompanied by a high fractional magnesium clearance. During this period two patients showed generalized convulsions. After magnesium substitution, serum levels increased gradually and normalized 4 months later. Fractional magnesium clearance remained slightly elevated due to lower glomerular filtration rates. One to four years after transplantation there were no statistically significant differences in serum levels, clearance, excretion and fractional clearance of magnesium between patients treated with cyclosporin A and those receiving azathioprine. There was a linear regression between magnesium clearance and creatinine clearance and an inverse exponential correlation between fractional magnesium clearance and creatinine clearance. We conclude that cyclosporin A treatment after transplantation has no major effect on the renal handling of magnesium in kidney transplants. The observed changes in serum magnesium levels and fractional clearance are probably due to tubular cell damage early after transplantation and to high doses of furosemide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445925
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hair zinc of young children from rural and urban areas in North Rhine-Westphalia, Federal Republic of Germany (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 147 (1988), S. 179-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Zinc ; Hair ; North Rhine-Westphalia ; Atomic absorption spectrophotometry ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hair zinc levels were estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 474 children, aged 3–7 years, from 11 kindergartens in a highly industrialized and polluted area (Duisburg) and 8 kindergartens in a rural area of North Rhine-Westphalia. The mean hair zinc level amounted to 118 μg/g, increasing between the 4th and 7th year of life. At all ages the values from the urban toddlers were lower than from rural toddlers, and in both regions they were higher in winter than in summer. Children with frequent upper respiratory tract infections (〉6 infections/year) showed significantly lower zinc hair values, independent of their age. Low hair zinc values (below 70 μg/g) were frequently found, raising the question as to whether this is a normal, age-related phenomenon, or whether it indicates a suboptimal zinc status of young children from North Rhine-Westphalia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442218
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carnitine plasma concentrations in 353 metabolically healthy children (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 147 (1988), S. 356-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Carnitine ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carnitine plasma concentrations were determined by an enzymatic radioisotopic method in 353 metabolically healthy children and in 41 adults. There was a positive correlation between total and free carnitine plasma concentrations and the age of the children. Both free and acylcarnitine concentrations were elevated on the 1st day of life, reflecting an increased rate of fatty acid oxidation. Carnitine plasma concentrations decreased after the 1st day and subsequently increased during the 1st year. From the 2nd year of life until adulthood, no further change was noted. Up to 17 years of age no differences were seen between male and female individuals. However, adult males had higher carnitine concentrations in plasma than adult females. Total carnitine concentrations were higher in 10- to 17-year-old females and lower in 10- to 17-year-old males compared with adults of the same sex, indicating a possible role for sex hormones in the regulation of carnitine plasma concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00496410
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intermittent microalbuminuria in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus without clinical evidence of nephropathy (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 147 (1988), S. 385-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Microalbuminura ; Type 1 diabetes mellitus ; Children ; Proteinuria ; Diabetic nephropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Microalbuminura (MA) was determined in 127 children and adolescents (age 3–21 years) with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Patients with clinical evidence of long-term complications or macroproteinuria were excluded. Urinary albumin excretion was measured in a nocturnal 12-h collection and correlated with the albumin/creatinine ratio of a urine sample freshly voided on the morning immediately following the collection. The patients were divided into group A (n=83, age 〈16 years, duration of diabetes 1–13 years, mean 4.4) and group B (n=44, age 〉16 years, duration of diabetes 1–19 years, mean 8.7) and compared with appropriate controls. MA above 15 μg/min was present in 11 of 83 (13.3%) patients in group A and in 7 of 44 (15.9%) in group B. In a repeat urine collection at least 3 months later elevated MA persisted in 1 of 11 (group A) and in 4 of 7 (group B) patients. There was no correlation between increased MA in a 12-h urine collection and the albumin/creatinine ratio in a subsequently voided urine sample. MA was not strictly dependent on age, sex, duration of diabetes, haemoglobin A1, mean arterial blood pressure, plasma creatinine, creatinine clearance or serum beta-2-microglobulin. Further systematic studies and careful follow up are necessary to appraise whether intermittent MA is indeed an early manifestation of incipient kidney disease in children with type 1 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00496416
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arteriovenous haemangioma of the joint capsule of the knee in a child (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 148 (1988), S. 198-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Arteriovenous haemangioma ; Knee joint ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a rare case of arteriovenous haemangioma of the knee joint in a girl. This treatable entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of nonspecific recurrent knee swelling or pain in children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441400
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant meningioma in a 5-month-old infant (1988)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 4 (1988), S. 112-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Intracranial meningioma ; Infants ; Children ; Macrocephaly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of intracranial meningioma is reported in a 5-month-old infant. To date, 25 cases have been reported in the world literature in children less than 1 year of age. Macrocephaly was the most prominent clinical finding. Skull radiological studies, head CT scans, and cerebral angiography were definitive tools in making the diagnosis. Pathological analysis was conclusive. Complete surgical extirpation was the treatment of choice; the tumor weighed 600 g. The child remains stable 24 months later.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271392
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cavernous hemangiomas in children (1988)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 4 (1988), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Cavernous angiomas ; Children ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cavernous angiomas are histologically benign hamartomas, showing no potential for metastasis. Clinically, patients present with convulsions, hemorrhage, or signs of mass effect. Although many cases exhibit ossification on X-ray, the main means of diagnosis is computed tomography. This, in turn, has led to earlier diagnoses being made in much younger patients. Early diagnosis is a matter of urgency as patients are otherwise exposed to the continuing threat of rupture. As cavernous angiomas are operable, the prognosis is usually good.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270900
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Choroid plexectomy for the treatment of chronic infected hydrocephalus (1988)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 4 (1988), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Choroid plexectomy ; Children ; Chronic infected hydrocephalus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Choroid plexectomy was performed for chronic infected hydrocephalus in 17 children via a direct open approach. In 16 cases, the CSF was sterilized soon after the plexectomy. In 37% of cases, the hydrocephalus was arrested without a shunt. The incidence of seizures did not increase after plexectomy. Removal of the choroid plexus was controlled by scintigraphy. Neuropsychological results were not encouraging, probably related to the long history of chronic ventricular infection. Surgical mortality was 6%. Choroid plexectomy should be considered as a possible treatment of chronic infected hydrocephalus in children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270903
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primary malignant astrocytoma of the cerebellum in children (1988)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 4 (1988), S. 306-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Malignant astrocytoma ; Glioblastoma ; Cerebellum ; Children ; Cytofluorometric DNA analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The case of a 1-year-old girl with primary malignant astrocytoma of the cerebellum is presented with special reference to ultramicroscopic study and cytofluorometric DNA analysis. The routine light microscopic study was not pathognomonic because of the immaturity of the composing cells. The glial fibrillary microfilaments characteristic of astroglial cells were confirmed by means of electron microscopy. Cytofluorometrically, the DNA histogram of this case revealed a prominent peak in the 4C region, with considerable dispersion to the 8C region, indicating the polyploidic and heterogeneic pattern of malignant tumors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271931
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ventilatory and occlusion-pressure responses to exercise in trained and untrained children (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 57 (1988), S. 591-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Ventilation ; Respiratory drive ; Exercise ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pattern of breathing and mouth occlusion pressure were investigated during an incremental and exhaustive ergocycle test in untrained and trained 11 to 13 year old boys. At each level of exercise, the trained group had lower ventilation, a lower respiratory equivalent, and a lower respiratory rate. These results suggest that trained subjects have more efficient ventilation. Lower ventilation coincided with a smaller mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI), while the ratio of inspiratory to total breath (TI/TTOT) was unchanged. In contrast, mouth occlusion pressure and the index of neuromuscular inspiratory drive were the same up to 60 W for the two groups, and tended to be slightly lower in the trained boys above this level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418467
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood pressure during exercise in healthy children (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 58 (1988), S. 62-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Exercise ; Children ; Blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During maximal dynamic exercise the blood pressure (BP) was measured in 497 healthy 9-to 18-year-old children. Systolic BP increased more in the postpubertal groups than in the prepubertal ones. It was also higher in the boys than in the girls of the same age. This was due to a higher work load in boys than girls. Twenty-two subjects had a systolic BP of 200 mmHg or more during the exercise. Only 2 had a resting systolic BP exceeding the mean by 2 standard deviations or more. Three postpubertal boys reached a systolic BP of 240 mmHg at heart rate 170. None had an elevated resting BP. It may be concluded that it cannot be predicted on the basis of the resting BP whether or not an individual is going to have an excessive increase in systolic BP during exercise. The increase in systolic BP to dangerous levels, e.g. 240 mmHg or more, during exercise can only be excluded by means of an individual exercise test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00636604
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isometric and isokinetic muscle strength, anthropometry and physical activity in 8 and 13 year old Swedish children (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 58 (1988), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Muscle strength ; Anthropometry ; Physical activity ; Lateral dominance ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isometric muscle strength of the handgrip and of trunk flexion and extension, and isokinetic torque of elbow and knee flexion and knee extension were assessed in a random sample of 8 and 13 year old Swedish children. The results were compared with respect to sex and age in absolute terms and relative to weight, height2 and estimates of lean body mass and cross-sectional muscle area. Daily physical activity was also estimated. The muscle strength variables were in general found to be very similar in the 8 year old boys and girls. In the 13 year old group the boys were generally stronger than the girls, in both absolute and relative terms, except for similar torque values during knee extension. The absolute and relative muscle strength and torque values were higher in the older than in the younger children, with the exception of trunk strength per unit of body weight and of lean body mass, which were similar in boys of both ages and significantly lower in the older than in the younger girls. No significant correlation was found between the estimates of physical activity and isometric and isokinetic muscle strength and torque.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417265
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A clinical trial of sevoflurane in children for herniorrhaphy (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of anesthesia 2 (1988), S. 94-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-8359
    Keywords: Inhalational aneshetic ; Sevoflurane ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0054080020094
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    Peripheral neurosecretory cells on the thoracic median nerves of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 45-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of neutral red staining peripheral cell bodies along the nerve trunks of the thoracic median nervous system of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, is described. Backfilling of the cells with cobalt chloride solution reveals that they are neurones with characteristic axonal processes that terminate in the neurohaemal areas of the median nerve. The neurones react with the dye acridine orange, indicating their neurosecretory nature. This is confirmed by their ultrastructural appearance at the electron microscope level. The distribution and staining properties of the cells are compared with those of peripheral neurones from other insects and the nature of their neurosecretory product is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950105
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    Ergatoid reproductives in Nasutitermes columbicus (Isoptera, Termitidae) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 83-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Numerous functional ergatoid replacement reproductives were found in one colony of Nasutitermes columbicus in Panama. Their morphology was mainly workerlike, although several imaginal characters such as the compound eyes and variable wing buds were more or less developed. The sex organs were fully mature and the fat body of the females, not of the males, was of the “royal” type. The development of the eyes was not accompanied by the differentiation of the optic lobes of the brain, nor was the presence of wing buds correlated with a development of the wing muscles.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950108
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    Some aspects of segment formation and post-placental development in Peripatus acacioi marcus and marcus (Onychophora) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 123-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The surface morphology of the anterior-to-posterior sequence of segment formation in embryos of a viviparous neotropical onychophoran and aspects of post-placental development seen using scanning electron microscopy are described. When all the segments have formed and the walking legs have completed their elongation, the body surface becomes covered with an embryonic cuticle that does not exhibit the hydrofuge properties seen in the adult cuticle. As soon as the walking legs have reached their full length, barbed projections are formed at their distal extremities. These projections are extensions of single cells and are covered by the embryonic cuticle. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the cells at the distal ends of the legs and their projections have many pinocytotic vesicles at their surfaces. The cytoplasm of these cells and their projections is rich in mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, glycogen, and granules of storage material. There are minor differences in the surface morphology of the projections found at the ends of the walking legs in embryos of Peripatus acacioi and those of Peripatus biolleyi. The projections and the embryonic cuticle persist thoughout postplacental development. The role of the projections in the uptake of material by the embryo from the uterus is discussed and the possible phylogenetic significance of these projections is suggested.
    Additional Material: 46 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950202
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950301
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  • 44
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    Reevaluation of the caudal skeleton of some actinopterygian fishes: II. Hiodon, Elops, and Albula (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 257-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vertebral centra of Hiodon, Elops, and Albula are direct perichordal ossifications (autocentra) which enclose the arcocentra as in Amia. An inner ring of ovoid cells forms in late ontogeny from the intervertebral space inside the autocentrum. The chordacentrum is reduced or completely absent in centra of adult Elops, whereas it forms an important portion of the centra in adult Hiodon. The posterior portion of the compound ural centrum 3+4+5 is partially (Hiodon) or fully formed by the chordacentrum (Elops, Albula). The haemal arches and hypurals are fused medially by cartilage or bone trabecles of the arcocentrum with the centra, even though they appear autogenous in lateral view in Elops and Albula. The composition of the caudal skeleton of fossil teleosts and the ontogeny of that of Hiodon, Elops, and Albula corroborate a one-to-one relationship of ural centra with these dorsal and ventral elements. The first epural (epural 1) of Elops relates to ural centrum 1, whereas the first epural (epural 2) of Hiodon and Albula relates to ural centrum 2. In Albula, the first ural centrum is formed by ural centrum 2 only. With 4 uroneurals Hiodon has the highest number within recent teleosts. Juvenile specimens of Hiodon have eight, the highest number of hypurals within recent teleosts; this is the primitive condition by comparison with other teleosts and pholidophorids. Reduction of elements in the caudal skeleton is an advanced feature as seen within elopomorphs from Elops to Albula. Such reductions and fusions occur in osteoglossomorphs also, but the lack of epurals and uroneurals separates most osteoglossomorphs (except Hiodon) from all other teleosts.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950304
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    Ultrastructure of early cleavage and yolk extrusion in the marsupial Antechinus stuartii (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 327-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fertilized egg and the two-cell stage and four-cell stage of the marsupial Antechinus stuartii were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The features that make the fertilized egg of Antechinus stuartii different from those of any eutherian mammal are (1) the presence of a shell and (2) the relatively large quantity and polarized distribution of cytoplasmic inclusions, including lipid, protein yolk bodies, and protein fibers. Mitochondria and vesicles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum are also polarized in distribution. Early cleavage differs from that of eutherians in several ways: (1) it occurs in the uterus; (2) there is extrusion of a large, single, membrane-bound yolk mass at first cleavage; and (3) blastomeres become separated after the second cleavage division and thus do not adhere by cell-to-cell contacts. Prior to the second division, blastomeres are connected to each other by remnants of the midbody and to the yolk mass by remnants of a cytoplasmic bridge. The yolk mass after extrusion is surrounded by plasma membrane and contains inclusions of lipid, protein yolk bodies, and fibers, as well as mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The blastomeres of the two-cell and four-cell stages also show intracellular polarization in the distribution of retained inclusions and organelles. Vesicles developing at the periphery of blastomeres and discharging their contents extracellularly increase in size and number from the fertilized egg to the four-cell stage. The discharged contents may be implicated in early development of the blastula cavity.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950307
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    Multicellular complex of chloride cells in the gills of freshwater teleosts (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Morphology of branchial chloride cells in the freshwater teleosts Plecoglossus altivelis, Cyprinus carpio, and Oreochromis mossambicus was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. The chloride cell has an apical membrane directly in contact with the outer medium. Generally, two or more neighboring chloride cells share an apical pit, forming a multicellular complex. The chloride cells form a multicellular complex in which cells differ in cytoplasmic electron density, development of tubular system, and in cell size. Chloride cells are linked by junctions which are shallower than the tight junctions that occur between neighboring pavement cells or between pavement and chloride cells. Multicellular complexes of chloride cells create additional paracellular pathways marked apically by the shallower junctions. Since junctional structure affects transepithelial permeability, development of multicellular complexes of chloride cells in freshwater fishes may be related to the transport of some substances as in the gills of marine fishes.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960103
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    A morphological study of the nervous system of the praesoma of Octospinifer macilentus (Acanthocephala: Noechinorhynchidae) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nerve pathways in the praesoma are described for the first time for a member of the genus Octospinifer. Eleven nerves, five paired, and one single, are traced from the cerebral ganglion to their associations with the musculature of the body wall, neck sense organs, and the musculature of the proboscis wall and the invertor muscles of the proboscis. The structure and location of the Stützzelle (support cell) and its association with the neck sense organs are described. A comparison with the nervous system in the praesoma of Noechinorhynchus and Paulisentis is discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960104
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960201
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    Form and function of the tongue in agamid lizards with comments on its phylogenetic significance (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 157-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the tongue of agamid lizards is reviewed and discussed in the context of its functional and phylogenetic significance. It is shown that in several features, including the development of the central musculature of the tongue into a ring muscle and the presence of a genioglossus internus muscle in adults, the tongue in most agamids is derived relative to that in other squamates. In some features, such as the vertical connective tissue septa, agamids share primitive features with Sphenodon. Some conditions found in agamids are also found in anoline iguanids. Two genera, Uromastyx and Leiolepis, differ significantly from other agamids in intrinsic tongue musculature.The functional significance of the unique tongue morphology is that agamids utilize a different mechanism of tongue protrusion from that of other lizards. This mechanism involves the production of force against the lingual process, leading to an anterior slide of the tongue, and is detailed in this paper. Finally, I discuss the mechanical basis for the transformation series of tongue protrusion mechanisms from agamids to chamaeleonids. It is suggested that the mechanism of tongue protrusion in chamaeleonids is not unique, but is a highly derived state of the condition found in agamids.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960205
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  • 50
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    Fine structure of larval malpighian tubules and rectal sac in the tick Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) erraticus (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the Malpighian tubules (Mts) and rectal sac (rs) is described in the larval tick Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) erraticus before and after feeding up to molting. Mts consist of structurally different pyramidal and cuboidal cells along the entire length of the tubule. In unfed ticks, the two types of cell are characterized by apical microvilli and a few basal membrane infoldings. The abundant pyramidal cells contain glycogen particles, lipid droplets, lysosomelike structures, and rickettsialike microorganisms. After feeding but before molting, pyramidal cells loose glycogen particles and become very dense and dramatically reduced in size. These cells are possibly involved in the formation of guanine crystalloids as an excretory product. In contrast, cuboidal cells, filled with glycogen particles, free ribosomes, and mitochondria in unfed larvae, grow steadily after feeding; their cytoplasm becomes rich in lipid droplets in addition to showing an increase in glycogen particles. Lipid and glycogen could be the source of energy required for water and ion reabsoprtion in which cuboidal cells are probably involved.The paired-lobe rs consists of one type of cuboidal cells with basal membrane infoldings and a brush-border microvilli covered by a fuzzy coat of glycocalyx. These cells grow rapidly after feeding; they have functional features indicating extensive, selective reabsorption of essential components from excretory products.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960207
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    Cellular organization and peritrophic membrane formation in the cardia (Proventriculus) of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 253-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The peritrophic membrane of Drosophila melanogaster consists of four layers, each associated with a specific region of the folded epithelial lining of the cardia. The epithelium is adapted to produce this multilaminar peritrophic membrane by bringing together several regions of foregut and midgut, each characterized by a distinctively differentiated cell type. The very thin, electron-dense inner layer of the peritrophic membrane originates adjacent to the cuticular surface of the stomadeal valve and so appears to require some contribution by the underlying foregut cells. These foregut cells are characterized by dense concentrations of glycogen, extensive arrays of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and pleated apical plasma membranes. The second and thickest layer of the peritrophic membrane coalesces from amorphous, periodic acid-Schiff-positive material between the microvilli of midgut cells in the neck of the valve. The third layer of the peritrophic membrane is composed of fine electron-dense granules associated with the tall midgut cells of the outer cardia wall. These columnar cells are characterized by cytoplasm filled with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous Golgi bodies and by an apical projection filled with secretory vesicles and covered by microvilli. The fourth, outer layer of the peritrophic membrane originates over the brush border of the cuboidal midgut cells, which connect the cardia with the ventriculus.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960302
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    Ultrastructure of spermatozoa of the lung fluke, Paragonimus ohirai (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae), in the seminal receptacle (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The seminal receptacle of Paragonimus ohirai contains not only mature spermatozoa, but also atypical and degenerate ones, suggesting that abnormal spermatozoa are retained in this organ. The spermatozoon is of a parallel biflagellar type with cortical microtubules, consisting of the anterior region, first mitochondrial region, intermediate (amitochondrial) region, second mitochondrial region, posterior nuclear region (PNR) and tail region (TR). The first third of the spermatozoon exhibits typical undulatory movement, while the middle part shows vibratory movement. At the area between head and midsections (H-M area) the peripheral doublets of axonemes are interrupted, and the external ornamentation is distributed widely around this portion. Throughout the immotile PNR and TR, the axonemes lack the dynein arms of their peripheral doublets. H-M, PNR, and TR ultrastructural characteristics are specific in P. ohirai spermatozoon and seem to be closely related to its pattern of movement.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960306
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  • 53
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    Ocular changes accompanying eye loss in the spider family uloboridae (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 119-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In uloborid spiders, eye loss is accompanied by increased visual angles, optical material investment, and potential visual acuity of the retained eyes. Relative to carapace volume, the six-eyed Hyptiotes cavatus and two four-eyed Miagrammopes species have greater retinal hemisphere areas and lens volumes than do the eight-eyed uloborids Waitkera waitkerensis, Uloborus glomosus, and Octonoba sinensis. In Waitkera, in which the eyes have little visual overlap, and in Miagrammopes, in which eye loss simplifies the spiders' patterns of visual overlap, increased retinal cell density enhances potential visual acuity. However, this occurs at the expense of potential retinal cell sensitivity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960202
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    Intercellular bridges and factors determining their patterns in the grasshopper testis (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 173-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Intercellular bridges joining cells contained in cysts of Chortophaga viridifasciata testes were studied with light and electron microscopy. Preparations consisted of expressed whole cells (living, or fixed and stained) as well as sections. The secondary spermatogonia of each cyst are joined centrally by persisting fused interzonal bodies (fusomes) of incompletely cleaved cells. Shifts in cell orientation during anaphase are apparently responsible for central as opposed to chain linkage of cells. In the primary spermatocytes, the central fusome is replaced by a chain linkage, apparently resulting from the breakdown of the fusome into its original interzonal body components. Intercellular bridges are also present in spermatids, but there is no evidence to indicate the time of their formation (in the immediately preceding meiotic divisions or in the secondary spermatogonial divisions). The function of the compact centrally situated fusome in the secondary spermatogonial cyst is discussed as it relates to synchrony, number of cell divisions, spermatodesm formation, and fertility.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960206
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    External observations on the formation of statoblasts in Plumatella emarginata (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 205-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using laboratory-grown colonies of Plumatella emarginata, the formation of the floatoblast and the sessoblast was studied. Both types of statoblast develop in the funiculus. Toward the termination of development, the floatoblast secretes a gas and the float chambers are filled with the gas in about 20-30 minutes. The floatoblast thus complete is separated from the funiculus. Until early epidermal-disc-stage, distinction between a floatoblast and a sessoblast is impossible at least morphologically. Toward the late epidermal-disc stage, a future sessoblast becomes larger than a future floatoblast and attaches by its cystigenic side to the cystid. Very often it initially attaches to a lateral wall, then migrates to the basal wall of the cystid. Both the attachment to and the migration along the cystid wall are attained by peritoneal cells covering the sessoblast, specifically by those in the marginal zone of the cystigenic side. The sessoblast is separated from the funiculus precociously, shortly after attachment to the cystid. Then, it produces the capsule, followed by the formation of both the lamella, a homologue of the float in the floatoblast, and the attaching apparatus.Almost all polypides produce floatoblasts (up to 17 in number), but only a small portion of them produce both floatoblasts and sessoblasts. The number of sessoblasts produced by a single polypide is usually not more than 3 but occasionally reaches up to 6. When multiple sessoblasts are formed by a polypide, they are as a rule derived from primordia located adjacently on the funiculus, accordingly successively in a short period, but their arrangement on the basal wall of the cystid does not always correspond to that on the funiculus. Sessoblast formation is never associated with the death of the mother polypide. Ancestrulae derived from statoblasts never produce mature statoblasts, though may undergo gametogenesis. Several mosaic statoblasts consisting of floatoblast- and sessoblast-portions were found in some species of the Plumatellidae. A primordium of the statoblast seems to have a dual ability of differentiating into either a floatoblast or a sessoblast; but little has been known about the mechanism or factors controlling the formation of these two types of statoblasts.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960209
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    Ultrastructure of the anterior salivary gland cells of the giant leech, Haementeria ghilianii (Annelida, Hirudinea) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 321-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The giant anterior salivary gland cells from the large mammalian blood-sucking, glossiphoniid leech, Haementeria ghilianii, can be subdivided into three morphologically and functionally distinct regions: (1) a soma, responsible for the synthesis and storage of secretory products; (2) a long cell process, responsible for the storage and intracellular transport of the secretory vesicles; and (3) the site of exocytosis at the process terminal. The giant somata are densely packed with secretory vesicles. Deep plasmalemmal invaginations invade the soma and form an extensive system of extracellular lacunae. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus are organized in the cell periphery, near the highly branched nucleus, and along the lacunae. The somata taper into long processes extending over several centimeters to the proboscis tip. These contain secretory vesicles through their whole length. In the process periphery, the vesicles are completely ensheathed by a concentric subplasmalemmal smooth ER cisterna. This originates deeply within the soma and extends through the whole cell process to its terminal. The ER provides support for up to several hundred longitudinally oriented microtubules. Secretion occurs at the very tip of the cell processes, each of which terminates at the proboscis tip at the base of a cuticular pore.We found synapses close to the sites of exocytosis, providing morphological evidence for neuronal control of secretion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960305
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    Histochemistry of flight muscles in the jamaican fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis: Implications for motor control (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 353-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two fast-twitch fiber types are histochemically identified in the primary flight muscles of Artibeus jamaicensis. These are classified as type IIa and IIb according to an acid-preincubation staining protocol for myosin ATPase. All fibers in the bat flight muscles exhibit relatively intense staining properties for NADH-TR, suggesting a high oxidative capacity. The glycolytic potential of all fibers is rather low, as assessed by stains for alpha-GPD. This two-type histochemical profile appears to parallel biphasic electromyographic patterns observed in these muscles and leads us to propose that flight muscle histochemistry and activation are mediated by a “two-gear” neuromuscular control system. In contrast, earlier studies on Tadarida brasiliensis demonstrate the existence of a “one-gear” neuromuscular control system, exemplified by the presence of one fiber type. These observations are discussed with respect to the natural history and flight styles of several species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960308
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    Morphology of the exocrine pancreas of the Southern Hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, and changes during metamorphosis (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 33-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution and histology of zymogen cells and the activity of digestive enzymes have been examined in the alimentary canal of larval, metamorphosing (stages 1-7), and adult Geotria australis (Geotriidae). Comparisons of the arrangement of the larval and adult zymogen cells are made with those observed in Mordacia mordax, a representative of the other Southern Hemisphere lamprey family (Mordaciidae), and with those reported elsewhere for holarctic lampreys (Petromyzontidae). In larval G. australis, epithelial zymogen cells are mainly restricted to the prominent pair of tubular diverticula which project forward from the oesophageal/intestinal junction. By contrast, zymogen cells of adults are present in the epithelium of both the anterior intestine and the intestinal caecum, a structure located at the new and more anterior oesophageal/intestinal junction which forms during metamorphosis. Amylolytic activity was greater in the larval divrticula than in the adult caecum, whereas the reverse was true for tryptic activity. This feature presumably reflects the high dietary contribution made by detritus and algae during the filter-feeding larval phase and by host muscle tissue during the predatory adult phase. The high tryptic activity in the caecum must promote the early breakdown of host tissue and thereby facilitate the digestion of lipids in the anterior intestine where lipolytic activity is high. At the commencement of metamorphosis, digestive activity and the number of zymogen cells declines markedly. By stage 4 the intestine has rotated anticlockwise almost 360°; the two larval diverticula have disappeared; and the new exocrine caecum of the adult has started to develop from a forward proliferation of intestinal mucosal cells. While the exocrine pancreatic tissue of larval M. mordax is unique amongst lampreys in its location within a single, large diverticulum containing an extensive network of mucosal folds, that of the adult is found in the same position as in G. australis and holarctic lampreys.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970104
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    Specialization in the diencephalon of advanced teleosts (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 71-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoarchitectonic studies of the pretectum and diencephalon of five teleosts (Gaidropsarus mediterraneus, Syngnathus acus, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Pleuronectes platessa, and Coris julis) have shown the hypothalamus to be the most highly developed region in all five. The nucleus praeopticus magnocellularis is well developed in Coris and the euryhalines Gasterosteus and Pleuronectes; in Coris and Pleuronectes the nucleus lateralis tuberis is also prominent. Except in Gaidropsarus, however, the most striking area in the hypothalamus is the glomerulosus complex, with its voluminous nucleus glomerulosus. In Coris and Pleuronectes a glomerular offshoot of this nucleus in the dorsal thalamus is evidence of its being homologous with the nucleus anterior thalami of primitive teleosts. The nucleus diffusus is also very large in all except Gaidropsarus. In Coris and Syngnathus the saccus vasculosus exhibits a peduncle, and in Pleuronectes it invades the hypophysis. The descriptive analysis is complemented by measuring the relative size and cell density of the cell groups studied.A comparison among the five species studied shows that nuclei probably related to the olfactory system are more developed in Gaidropsarus and Pleuronectes, whereas the supposed visual nuclei are prominent in Coris, Gasterosteus, and Syngnathus but poorly developed in Gaidropsarus. In general, the findings of the present study, together with published results concerning Lizza (Gómez-Segade and Anadón, Trab. Inst. Cajal Invest. Biol. 72:187-214, 1981), show that Coris has the most complex diencephalon among these species. Moreover, Gaidropsarus presents an organization very different from that of the other five species and probably represents a parallel evolutionary lineage.
    Additional Material: 41 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970107
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    Muscular mechanisms of snake locomotion: An electromyographic study of lateral undulation of the florida banded water snake (Nerodia fasciata) and the yellow rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 159-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electromyography and cinematography were used to determine the activity of epaxial muscles of colubrid snakes during terrestrial and aquatic lateral undulatory locomotion. In both types of lateral undulation, at a given longitudinal position, segments of three muscles (Mm. semispinalis-spinalis, longissimus dorsi, and iliocostalis) usually show synchronous activity. Muscle activity propagates posteriorly and generally is unilateral. With each muscle, large numbers of adjacent segments (30 to 100) show simultaneous activity. Terrestrial and aquatic undulation differ in two major respects. (1) During terrestrial undulation, muscle activity in a particular region begins when that portion of the body has reached maximal convex flexion and ends when it is maximally concave; this phase relation is uniform along the entire snake. During swimming, however, muscle activity passes posteriorly faster than the wave of vertebral flexion, causing the relation of muscle activity to flexion to change along the length of the snake. (2) In the terrestrial mode, the block of active muscle segments remains approximately constant in size as it passes down the snake, whereas during swimming the number of adjacent active muscle segments increases posteriorly. Despite the fact that Elaphe obsoleta has nearly twice as many body vertebrate as Nerodia fasciata (240 vs. 125), the only difference observed in the swimming of these two species is that a larger number of adjacent muscle segments is simultaneously active in comparable regions of Elaphe obsoleta than in Nerodia fasciata.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970204
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    The labral glands in Centropages typicus (Copepoda, Calanoida). II. Sites of secretory release (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 209-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two groups of external excretory pores associated with glandular units (AU and LPU) were observed on the labrum, one pair laterally and three pairs posteriorly. Each external pore leads to an underlying conical, flask-shaped epidermal chamber. The wide base of this chamber is perforated by an internal pore that delivers secretions from the excretory duct of a glandular unit. The chambers serve to protect the internal pores from turbulence in the outside environment. Expulsion of secretions from the chambers is probably brought about by contraction of labral striated muscles, which synchronizes opening of the AU and LPU pores. A complex funnel-shaped structure forms the internal end of the excretory duct between each chamber and the corresponding pole of accumulation for the secretory product of a glandular unit. This structure, composed of an epidermal syncytium lined by a sleeve of several aligned auxiliary cells, probably ensures a tight connection between the epidermal chamber and the syncytium. The dorsalmost glandular units (LDU) have no pores in the vicinity of their poles of accumulation. Instead they secrete through cuticular ducts delimited by aligned auxiliary cells. External pores for these canals have not yet been located. The secretions of lateral pores may be mucopolysaccharides that play an essential role in agglutination of food particles soon after capture, while the secretions of posterior pores may contain glycoproteins that mix with food only after ingestion into the buccal cavity and probably start the process of digestion.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970207
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    Ontogeny of functional design in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum): Are motor patterns conserved during major morphological transformations? (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 249-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The process of metamorphosis in tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum, is used to investigate motor pattern conservatism in vertebrates. Specifically, we examined cranial muscle activity to determine if changes in the motor pattern are correlated with the morphological or environmental changes that occur at metamorphosis.Twenty-three variables were measured from electromyographic recordings from six cranial muscles in 13 tiger salamanders. These variables described the configuration of the motor pattern: the peak amplitude of activity, duration, relative onset, and time to peak amplitude were measured for each of the six muscles. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses showed that there was no change in the mean motor pattern associated with the morphological transformation at metamorphosis: larval and metamorphosed individuals feeding in the water have very similar motor patterns. This was true despite significant morphological changes in the design of the feeding mechanism at metamorphosis and despite a significant decrease in aquatic feeding performance following metamorphosis.There was a change in the mean motor pattern to jaw muscles when metamorphosed individuals fed in water and on land: metamorphosed terrestrial feedings tend to have longer bursts of muscle activity then do aquatic feedings. The environmental changes in the motor pattern cannot be attributed to effects of differing fluid density or viscosity between water and air and are instead related to the shift to feeding by tongue projection on land.The decrease in aquatic feeding performance that occurs after metamorphosis is not correlated with changes in the motor pattern. Instead, the results suggest that changes in behavioral performance during ontogeny are associated with the transformation of hydrodynamic design of the feeding mechanism from uni- to bidirectional, and that motor patterns driving complex rapid behaviors may be conserved when behavior is altered by changes in peripheral morphology.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970302
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 198 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051980101
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    On the nervous system of Velella (hydrozoa: Chondrophora) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 198 (1988), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Silver impregnations, immunofluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy of the nervous system of Velella confirm previous reports that there are two nerve nets, one composed of small and the other of “giant” neurites. Only one of these systems, the small-fibered open one, shows FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity. It appears to be primarily a sensory network. Despite presence of a neuropeptide in these neurons, they did not contain dense-cored vesicles. The “giant” nerve net (closed system) shows many connections that appear syncytial in the silver preparations. While it is confirmed that gap junctions are present between some neurites in the closed system, it is likely that fusion of neurites also occurs and that the system is a partial syncytium. Membrane complexes with gap junctions are abundant in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that fusion occurs by the engulfment of small neurons by large, resulting in an excess of cell membrane, which is internalized with gap junctions still intact. These internalized membranes appear to break up into vesicles eventually. A similar process may occur in the “giant” swimming motor neuron net of the medusa Polyorchis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051980103
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    Occurrence of innervation in labral glands of Daphnia obtusa (crustacea, cladocera) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 198 (1988), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopy discloses nerve endings in contact with gland cells situated in the labrum of Daphnia. Swellings of nerve fibers are in close contact with gland cell membranes, either on the cell surface or inserted into infoldings of plasma membrane. The axonal processes are single or double and lack glial wrappings. Inside the nerve fibers are vesicles of different sizes and electron density. These include granular vesicles, which often are dense-cored, and also clearer vesicles.Some presynaptic differentiations lie along the contact line of the axonal process with the gland cell membrane. The significance of the vesicles is discussed in terms of their possible content of biogenic amines, as described in other invertebrates.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051980106
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    Ovarian structural specializations facilitate aplacental matrotrophy in Jenynsia lineata (cyprinodontiformes, osteichthyes) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 198 (1988), S. 331-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Jenynsia lineata retains its embryos within the ovarian cavity for a prolonged gestation. In the absence of egg envelopes, maternal - embryonic transfer occurs through ovarian fluid across apposed epithelia, relatively lining the ovarian lumen and the surface of the embryos. There are no hypertrophied extraembryonic structures that could provide expanded exchange surfaces for the passage of nutrients beyond the 8-mm stage, but structural specializations of the ovary then form, and these may sustain embryogenesis. Outgrowths of the inner lining of the ovary, villi ovariales, enter the pharyngeal cavity of the embryos via an opercular cleft remaining from early stages of development, after depletion of yolk reserves, until shortly before term. The ovary and its villi are lined by a monolayer of squamous cells showing evidence of vesicular transport of macromolecular substances both on the apical surface and at the basolateral pole. It serves for transcellular passage of maternally derived substances rather than as a source of secretory products. Most adjacent cells interdigitate, and the epithelium is continuous except for few gaps at the villous tips, which allow paracellular passage of particulate matter. These epithelial cells contain abundant filaments, electron-dense granules within the cytoplasm and the nucleus, sparse elements of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi apparatus, and different sorts of vacuoles. The capillaries in the intraovarian lining are spaced most densely at the ovarian wall, less so toward the tips of the villi. The villi ovariales contain a network of connective tissue that forms endotheliumlike septa, which divide the interior into numerous different-sized loculi.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051980307
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    Spermatogenesis in the salps Thalia democratica and Cyclosalpa affinis (Tunicata: Thaliacea): An electron microscopic study (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 198 (1988), S. 189-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the male germinal cells in testes of two salps, Thalia democratica and Cyclosalpa affinis, is identical. The earliest germ cells seen were spermatocytes, located at the periphery of the testis and sometimes connected by cytoplasmic bridges. They are spherical with an anucleolate nucleus, a pair of centrioles, aboundant free ribosomes, sparse rough endoplasmic reticulum, and about five mitochondria. No Golgi complex was seen. The earliest spermatids, though similar to the spermatocytes, are smaller and have only one centriole. Spermatids develop (1) singly, (2) joined by cytoplasmic bridges, or (3) in syncytia. The next stage has a flagellum, a single large mitochondrion with dense material in some intracristal spaces, and a patch of highly condensed chromatin in the nucleus adjacent to the centriole. Subsequently the nucleus and the spermatid elongate. During elongation (1) the mitochondrion remains lateral to the nucleus and the amount of intracristal material enlarges, (2) the central core of condensed chromatin increases, and (3) the remainder of the chromatin becomes organized into dense strands. When elongation is 75% complete, the dense strands of chromatin appear to coalesce, to become homogeneous and denser than the core of chromatin, and the mitochondrion transforms into dense tubules. Finally, the mitochondrion wraps around the nucleus and extends its entire length, ultimately becoming a single tubule spiraled about 45 times around the nucleus. The mature sperm head is 18 μm long, tapering from 0.8 μm posteriorly to a tip about 0.14 μm wide. There is no acrosome. The single (distal) centriole of the sperm gives rise to a 9+2 flagellum with a fuzzy coat and dense material peripheral to each of the nine doublets. Spermiogenesis in T. democratica and C. affinis is similar to that in ascidians, and the sperm share many features with sperm of colonial ascidians in the suborder Didemnidae. The results, therefore, suggest that salps are closely related to ascidians and support the view that colonial ascidians gave rise to salps.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051980206
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    Functional morphology of the glandula prostatica, ejaculatory valve, and ductus ejaculatorius of the silkworm Bombyx mori (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 198 (1988), S. 231-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The penis of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, consists of two parts covered with cuticle, the corpus penis and crus penis, and a third part, the radix penis, without a cuticle but surrounded by a thick sphincter. The radix penis is divisible into anterior and posterior parts. The ductus (d.) ejaculatorius passing through the penis has no secretory cells. In the anterior radix penis, the wall of the d. ejaculatorius is thin and without folds; in the posterior section, it is thick, with folds in its lumen. The glandula (g.) prostatica is divisible into anterior and posterior parts according to differences in the histological and morphological characteristics of the cells and their secretions, which contain many heterogeneous substances. In the anterior g. prostatica, secretions accumulate separately in the anterior and posterior sections before ejaculation. Unlike the posterior region, the anterior region displays a large mass(es) at the periphery of the lumen along the secretory cell layer. Judging from staining properties, the pearly body and the first layer of the spermatophore wall, which, after copulation, form in the female bursa copulatrix, seem to be derived from the secretions of the anterior and posterior regions of the g. prostatica, respectively. The secretion of the posterior g. prostatica contains initiatorin, which acts as a sperm-activating factor in the inner and outer matrices of the spermatophore. An ejaculatory valve is found between the radix penis and the g. prostatica. The opening of this valve is regulated by the surrounding sphincter, thus impeding the back-flow of secretions and seminal fluid in the radix penis and resulting in their transport outwards during ejaculation. The musculature of the d. ejaculatorius and the corpus penis promotes further transport of these secretions into the female bursa copulatrix.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051980209
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    Morphology of the oral disc of Bufo bufo (Salientia: Bufonidae) tadpoles (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 71-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fully developed oral disc of the tadpole of Bufo bufo consists of dorsal and ventral labia bearing, respectively, two and three ridges bearing numerous horny denticles, a horny beak provided with jaw sheath serrations, and large lateral papillae that are borne by two cutaneous plicae. As development progresses toward metamorphosis, these structures gradually regress until they disappear. Each cusped clavate labial denticle adheres, by means of a thin peduncle, to a similar labial denticle fixed in the lip and formed by a group of three or four cells that keratinize gradually and thus present remarkable differences in their morphology. Once all the cells of a group have been converted into horny tissue, the denticle sheds and is replaced by the underlying one. The beak serrations also are horny structures; each consists of a columnar band of cells which undergoes a gradual keratinization. The horny cells that detach themselves at intervals, being replaced by those of the underlying anlagen. The labial denticles and the beak serrations keratinize in two distinct ways. In the former, the desmosomal filaments appear to play an important role whereas, in the latter, the keratin seems to be synthesized “ex novo” by the ribosomes.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950107
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    Ultrastructure and silver-staining analysis of spermatogenesis in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spermatogenesis of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus has been studied at the ultrastructural level after conventional staining of thin sections and after en bloc silver staining. Cytoplasmic dense bodies are present in all steps of spermatogenesis except in late spermatids and spermatozoa. These bodies are closely associated with the development of centrioles and of the acrosomal vesicle during spermiogenesis. After it first appears, acrosomal vesicle is linked to the nuclear envelope by electron-dense material and subsequently acquires a dense core. Later the acrosomal vesicle moves to the apical pole of the cell while maintaining its connection to the nucleus. Although chromatin was highly condensed in the head of spermatozoa, one or more nuclear vacuoles within the nucleus were found to contain uncondensed chromatin fibers. Silver nitrate stains several nuclear and cytoplasmic structures. In the nucleus it stains the nucleolus, specific regions at the periphery of the chromatin, the synaptonemal complexes, the nuclear basal fossa, and the nuclear vacuoles of spermatozoa. In the cytoplasm, silver stains the cytoplasmic dense bodies, the material that connects the acrosomal vesicle to the spermatid nucleus, the spermatozoan subacrosomal and periacrosomal materials, the intercellular bridges of spermatids, and the centrioles. Silver staining is abolished by pretreatment with pronase E, suggesting that silver staining is due to protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950205
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950101
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    Avian scale development: XI. Immunoelectron microscopic localization of α and β keratins in the scutate scale (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 31-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions play important roles in morphogenesis, histogenesis, and keratinization of the vertebrate integument. In the anterior metatarsal region of the chicken, morphogenesis results in the formation of distinct overlapping scutate scales. Recent studies have shown that the dermis of scutate scales is involved in the expression of the β keratin gene products, which characterize terminal differentiation of the epidermis on the outer scale surface (Sawyer et al.: Dev. Biol. 101:8-18, '84; Shames and Sawyer: Dev. Biol. 116:15-22, '86; Shames and Sawyer: In A.A. Moscona and A. Monroy (eds), R.H. Sawyer (Vol. ed): Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Vol. 22: The Molecular and Developmental Biology of Keratins. New York: Academic Press, pp. 235-253, '87). Since α and β keratins are both found in the scutate scale and are members of two different multigene families, it is important to know the precise location of these distinct keratins within the epidermis. In the present study, we have used protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy with antisera made against avian α and β keratins to specifically localize these keratins during development of the scutate scale to better understand the relationship between dermal cues and terminal differentiation. We find that the bundles of 3-nm filaments, characteristic of tissues known to produce β keratins, react specifically with antiserum which recognizes β keratin polypeptides and are found in the embryonic subperiderm that covers the entire scutate scale and in the stratum intermedium and stratum corneum making up the platelike beta stratum of the outer scale surface. Secondly, we find that 8-10-nm tonofilaments react specifically with antiserum that recognizes α keratin polypeptides and are located in the germinative basal cells and the lowermost cells of the stratum intermedium of the outer scale surface, as well as in the embryonic alpha stratum, which is lost from the outer surface of the scale at hatching. The α keratins are found throughout the epidermis of the inner surface of the scale and the hinge region. Thus, the present study further supports the hypothesis that the tissue interactions responsible for the formation of the beta stratum of scutate scales do not directly activate the synthesis of β keratins in the germinative cells but influence these cells so that they or their progeny will activate specific β keratin genes at the appropriate time and place.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950104
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950201
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    Morphological and videofluorographic study of the hyoid apparatus and its function in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 141-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of the hyoid apparatus and positional changes of the hyoid bone during mastication and deglutition are described in the New Zealand White rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A testable model is constructed to predict the range of movement during function of the hyoid, a bone entirely suspended by soft tissue. Frame-by-frame analysis of a videofluorographic tape confirms the accuracy of the prediction through observation of hyoid bone excursion during oral behavior.During chewing, translation of the hyoid bone is diminutive and irregular, lacking a clearly discernible path of excursion. However, some movements of the hyoid occur with regularity. During fast opening, anterodorsal movement of the hyoid is interrupted with an abrupt posteroventral depression when the bolus is moved posteriorly toward the cheek teeth by the tongue. This clockwise rotation (when viewed from the right side) of the hyoid accompanies jaw opening and is reversed (posteroventral movement) for the jaw closing sequence. Lateral movements of the hyoid may be slightly coupled to mandibular rotation in the horizontal plane.The findings suggest that the hyoid bone maintains a relatively static position during the dynamics of chewing. The primary function would be to provide a stable base for the movements of the tongue. Another possible function would be to control the position of the larynx within the pharyngeal cavity. Some characteristic features of the rabbit hyoid apparatus may be consequential to relatively erect posture and a saltatory mode of locomotion.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950203
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    Morphology of the pronephros of the juvenile brown trout, Salmo trutta (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 189-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pronephros in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) consists of a large ovoid renal corpuscle and a pair of tubules. The corpuscle is retained for 11 months, after which the glomerulus regresses. The glomerular arteries come directly from the dorsal aorta. The interstitium is permeated with venous blood vessels that arise from the anterior cardinal veins and are closely apposed to the tubules. Two distinct segments of the pronephric tubular system are distinguished by the histological and ultrastructural features of their component cells: (1) a short, transitional neck in which cells change from capsular epithelium to columnar epithelium, typical of tubules; (2) the convoluted segment composed of cells similar to first proximal tubular cells of the opisthonephros with well-formed brush borders, apical vesicles that vary in size and number along this segment, and lysosomes. Pinocytosis and exocytosis are also evident in this segment. The tubular system increases in length and in its convolutions until about week 9, when the opisthonephros develops. Distally each tubule connects with a Wolffian duct, with cells marked by the absence of apical inclusions and the presence of a uniform brush border, numerous mitochondria, and elaborate infolding of the basalar membrane. Nephrostomes, which are often characteristic of pronephroi, are not present. Cells with long cilia are found throughout the tubular system but are most characteristic of the neck and Wolffian-duct segments.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950206
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    Skull development during anuran metamorphosis: I. Early development of the first three bones to form - the exoccipital, the parasphenoid, and the frontoparietal (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In anuran amphibians, cranial bones typically first form at metamorphosis when they rapidly invest or replace the cartilaginous larval skull. We describe early development of the first three bones to form in the Oriental fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis - the parasphenoid, the frontoparietal, and the exoccipital - based on examination of serial sections. Each of these bones is fully differentiated by Gosner stage 31 (hindlimb in paddle stage) during premetamorphosis. This is at least six Gosner developmental stages before they are first visible in whole-mount preparations at the beginning of prometamorphosis. Thus, developmental events that precede and mediate the initial differentiation of these cranial osteogenic sites occur very early in metamorphosis - a period generally considered to lack significant morphological change. Subsequent development of these centers at later stages primarily reflects cell proliferation and calcified matrix deposition, possibly in response to increased circulating levels of thyroid hormone which are characteristic of later metamorphic stages. Interspecific differences in the timing of cranial ossification may reflect one or both of these phases of bone development. These results may qualify the use of whole-mount preparations for inferring the sequence and absolute timing of cranial ossification in amphibians.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950303
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    Ultrastructure of the malpighian tubules of Schistocerca gregaria (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 313-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubules of the adult desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, is described. Male and female adults possess about 233 tubules, which empty proximally into the midgut-ileal region of the alimentary canal by way of 12 ampullae. The tubules vary from 10 mm to 23 mm in length. About one third of them are directed anteriorly, attaching distally at the caeca, while the remainder are directed posteriorly, attaching to other tubules, the rectum or large tracheal trunks adjacent to the hindgut. The Malpighian tubules from all locations examined consist of three ultrastructurally distinct regions: proximal, middle, and distal, referring to their position relative to the midgut. All cell types possess ultrastructural features characteristic of ion transporting tissue, i.e., elaboration of the basal and apical membranes and a close association of these membranes with mitochondria. The distal and proximal segments are short (1.5-1.7 mm) and heavily tracheated, and each is composed of a single, distinct cell type. The middle region is the longest segment of the Malpighian tubule and is composed of two distinct cell types, primary and secondary. Both cell types are binucleate. The more numerous primary cells have large nuclei, contain laminate concretions in membrane-bound vacuoles, and possess large microvilli that contain mitochondria. The secondary cells are smaller and possess smaller nuclei. The microvilli are reduced and lack mitochondria. Secondary cells do not contain laminate concretions. The possible compartmentalization of ion and fluid transport function based on segmentation in the Malpighian tubules is discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950306
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    The anatomy of the middle ear of the tinamiformes (Aves: Tinamidae) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 107-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the middle ear region including the basicranium and quadrate of tinamous is compared among ratites and flying birds belonging to the Procellariiformes, Sphenisciformes, Pelecaniformes, and Ciconiiforms. The middle ears of tinamous and ratites share a number of important characters including absence of a separate foramen for the glossopharyngeal nerve; eustachian tube, carotid artery, and stapedial artery encased in bone; and a metotic process with vascular canals or notches. Outgroup analysis confirms these characters as synapomorphies. These data support the position that the Tinami and Ratiti form a monophyletic assemblage.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960108
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    Metamorphosis of the marine bryozoan Membranipora membranacea: An ultrastructural study of rapid morphogenetic movements (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 53-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The colonial marine bryozoan Membranipora membranacea produces a planktotrophic cyphonautes larva that is encased by a triangular bivalved shell. Following a relatively long free-swimming phase, the cyphonautes larva settles and undergoes a dramatic metamorphosis to become the sessile progenitor of the colony, referred to as the ancestrula. This paper examines the initial morphogenetic movements of metamorphosis that transform the cyphonautes larva into an incipient ancestrula. At the onset of metamorphosis, contractions of the striated median muscles situated along the anterior and posterior margins of the larva cause a retraction of the larval apical organ and a centripetal movement of the anterior and posterior ends of the larva. Concurrently, the ciliated corona at the base of the larva is pulled within the shell by contractions of the striated lateral muscles. As the larva assumes a more spherical shape, the posterior margins of the shell are spread apart, and the internal sac is everted. Eversion of the sac is apparently achieved by contractions of the lateral muscles that cause a buckling of the shell in the apical-basal direction. The neck region of the everted sac secretes adhesive granules that attach the larva to the substratum. Subsequently, contractions of the nonstriated sac muscles fold the valves of the shell over each other and draw the larva toward the substratum. The initial events of metamorphosis that culminate in the attachment and flattening of the larva are completed in 10-15 seconds. In the subsequent few minutes, the lateral edges of the everted sac fuse with the neighboring margins of the aboral epithelium underlying the shell and thus form the fully sealed body wall of the incipient ancestrula.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960106
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    Trophoblast concept as applied to therian mammals (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Available evidence provides little support for a recent proposal that the term “trophoblast” be applied solely to eutherian mammals. Arguments for such a restricted usage are based on a dichotomous interpretation of therian reproduction that underestimates the developmental, structural, and functional diversity of trophoblastic tissues occurring within the infraclass Eutheria. The occurrence of developmental patterns that are phenotypically intermediate between those of commonly studied eutherians and metatherians suggests that blastocyst development is not fundamentally different in marsupials and eutherians.The trophoblast of marsupials accomplishes most or all of the major functions of the eutherian trophoblast, including maternal-fetal physiological exchange, implantation, contribution to placental membranes, steroid metabolism, and possibly, immunological protection of the conceptus. Furthermore, application of the term “trophoblast” to marsupials is consistent with present and past usage, as well as with the original definition and etymological derivation of the term. Therefore, we recommend that the term “trophoblast” continue to be applied in a functional-morphological sense to the appropriate extraembryonic tissues of marsupials. Such use of functional (rather than taxonomic) criteria for application of this term avoids biasing interpretations of mammalian reproductive evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960203
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    The cephalic vascular anatomy of three species of sea snakes (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 195-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The primary and secondary elements of the cephalic vascular system in some sea snakes are similar to those of the generalized ophidian pattern. The three species examined in this study revealed only minor variations in vascular morphology; these variations appear to be correlated with myological differences among the three species. For example, in Hydrophis melanocephalus it appears that the depressor mandibulae artery is displaced by the cranially expanded insertion of the semi-spinalis and spinalis muscles. A preliminary hypothesis is put forth that explains the apparent constancy of the cephalic vascular system of ophidians in terms of possible constraints due to cranial kinesis.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960208
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    The cleavage pattern in the leech Theromyzon tessulatum (Hirudinea, Glossiphoniidae) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 217-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to evaluate the differences in the cleavage patterns of the glossiphoniid leeches Glossiphonia complanata and Theromyzon tessulatum, previously studied by Müller ('32) and Schmidt ('17, '41), the cleavage of Theromyzon tessulatum was reexamined. For the period of the first 29 hours of development embryos were observed, photographed, and serially sectioned for light microscopy at each developmental stage. The exact cell lineage until completion of teloblast formation is reported. Besides some other not previously reported features, we show that the mesoteloblast precursor cell in the glossiphoniid leeches, as probably in most Annelida, is not the cell 3D, but cell 4d formed by an additional division of cell 3D. The results further indicate that all glossiphoniid leeches likely share a common cleavage pattern, and that major differences between Glossiphonia complanata and Theromyzon tessulatum do not exist. A comparison between the cleavage patterns of some Oligochaeta and Hirudinea is made, and plesiomorphic characters in the cleavage of a clitellate ancestor species and their deviations in present day species are discussed.
    Additional Material: 32 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960210
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    Localization of serotonin-like immunoreactivity in the eyestalk of the prawn Palaemon serratus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Natantia) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 307-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A serotonin-like substance in the organ of Bellonci in the eyestalks of embryos, larvae, and adults of the prawn Palaemon serratus was visualized by the use of two specific antisera against serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) in combination with peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP). The organ of Bellonci, characterized by compact onion bodies distally and degenerating onion bodies proximally, was the only site of the serotonin-like substance in adults, as well as during development in embryos and larvae. Variations in the content of the 5 HT analogue in the adult were detected during the molting cycle. There was more immunoreactivity in specimens fixed at night than in those fixed in daytime. Likewise, colchicine and nialamide injections enhanced the immunoreactivity of the serotonin-like substance. Extirpations of the medulla externa X organ (MEX), a neurosecretory cell group of the optic ganglion medulla externa, produced the same effect.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960304
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970101
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  • 85
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    Distribution and ultrastructure of neurosecretory cells in the cerebral ganglion of the earthworm (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neurosecretory (Nsy) cells within the cerebral ganglion of Lumbricus terrestris were classified ultrastructurally. The Nsy cells within the subesophageal ganglion, nerve cord ganglion, and the peripheral nervous system were also examined. A comparative survey of Nsy cells of four other species of oligochaetes, Eisenia feotida, octolasion cyaneum, Dendrobeona subrubicunda, and Allolophora longa, was also carried out. Seven cell types (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, C, and SEF), distinguished by special cytological and ultrastructural features, were found within the cerebral ganglion. Distribution of these cells inside and outside the cerebral ganglion was studied in detail by light and electron microscopy. The nerve terminals of each cell type were followed into the neuropile region. Exocytosis from cell bodies appears to be the main release mechanism for the Nsy granules, whereas small Nsy vesicles are released through synapses in the neuropile. Peripheral fibers of some cell types (A1, A2, and A3) extend through the capsule to the pericapsular epithelium. It is possible that Nsy cells secrete hormones from their cell bodies and peripheral processes and that their centrally directed axons release modulators/transmitters within the neuropile.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970102
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  • 86
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    Sequence of ontogenetic development and atrophy of the oral apparatus of six anuran tadpoles (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 63-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the oral structures of six species of anuran tadpoles with four different types of mouth parts and the metamorphic atrophy of these structures in two species with different mouth parts are described. The oral labia of typical tadpoles, oral flaps of microhylids, and lateral oral folds of Rhinophrynus are assumed to be homologous. We also suggest that the barbels of the tadpoles of Rhinophrynus are homologs of the marginal papillae of species with an oral disc. Developmental patterns and sequences of the oral structures of all tadpoles examined follow a common pattern: stomodeal invagination, oral pad development, jaw sheeth delimitation, tooth row ridge development, jaw sheath keratinization, and labial tooth keratinization. Developmental patterns remain constant, while interspecific differences are apparent because of truncations of ontogeny at specific stages. Metamorphic atrophy of oral structures occurs roughly in the reverse order of development, although the procedure is rapid and more haphazard than development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970106
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  • 87
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    Aspects of shell formation in eggs of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 147-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The flexible shell from eggs of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) is comprised of both calcareous and fibrous components. The calcareous material is organized into columns that extend deep into the fibrous shell membrane. Many of the fibers of the membrane are enclosed within the crystalline matrix of the columns. Columns widen and flatten slightly at the outer surface of the eggshell to form cap-like structures composed of a compact crystalline matrix containing no fibers. The outer surface of eggs laid prior to completion of shell formation consists of a series of nodes obscured by a densely fibrous matrix. Similar nodes also are found at the inner surface of partially shelled eggs. The nodes represent the outer and inner aspects of columns that had not completed formation prior to oviposition. Our interpretation is that a layer (or layers) of the shell membrane forms first, with nucleation of columns occurring shortly thereafter. Columns grow into the membrane a short distance and enclose fibers of the membrane, but the primary direction of column growth is toward what will become the outer aspect of the shell. Calcareous columns and the shell membrane form more or less in concert until crystal growth outstrips that of the membrane and a cap-like apex of compact crystalline material is formed. The end result is an eggshell in which the shell membrane and calcareous material form a single unit for much of the thickness of the shell.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970203
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    Paraphalangeal elements of gekkonid lizards: A comparative survey (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 221-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paraphalanges of gekkonid lizards are cartilaginous structures associated with interphalangeal joints. Their form and structure have been investigated by dissection, cleared-and-stained specimens, routine histoloty, and radiography. A family-wide survey revealed that paraphalangeal elements occur in at least 57 species in 16 genera of the subfamily Gekkoninae. The distribution and structure of these elements suggests multiple origins among gekkonine geckos. In most instances, they are present in species with expanded subdigital climbing pads, divided scansors, and a markedly raised penultimate phalanx that is elevated from, or free of, the pad. Thus, they seem to be associated with placement of the scansors onto the locomotor substrate. In two genera, Uroplatus and Palmatogecko, paraphalanges at the more proximal interphalangeal joints are associated with muscles that run between them. In these cases, the paraphalanges appear to be involved in grasping abilities of the foot associated with digging and climbing modifications.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970208
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970301
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    A comparison of the structure of the spermatozoa and spermatogenesis of 16 species of patellid limpet (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Archaeogastropoda) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 205-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and transmission electron microscopy of the spermatozoa and spermatogenesis of 16 species (in three genera, Patella, Helcion, Cellana) of patellid limpet have shown that head lengths of the sperm range from 3 to 13 μm, and each species has a sperm with a unique morphology, indicating that the spermatozoa can be used as a taxonomic character. Although spermatozoon structure is species specific, five types can be recognized, based on the size, shape, and structure of the nucleus and acrosome. The occurrence of five morphological types of sperm, one of which (Cellana capensis) is particularly different from other patellids, suggests that the taxonomy of the family Patellidae be re-examined. The morphological changes that occur during spermatogenesis are very similar in all species, although two patterns of chromatin condensation are found. Those species with sperm that have short squat nuclei (length:breadth 〈 3.5:1) have a granular pattern of condensation. Species with sperm that have more elongate nuclei (length:breadth 〉 5:1) have an initial granular phase followed by the formation of chromatin fibrils. These fibrils become organized along the long axis of the elongating nucleus. The absence of a manchette suggests that nuclear elongation is brought about from within the nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950207
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    Arterial and venous vasculature of the heart of the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The arteries and veins of the heart of the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) are described from the dissection of nine specimens. The arterial distribution is composed of the basic mammalian pattern of two major vessels, the left and right coronary arteries, which supply the cardiac tissue. The venous drainage is provided by three major systems which are the great, middle, and small cardiac veins. The vascular characteristics of the heart of the beluga whale are the marked sinuosity of both coronary arteries and their main branches, the numerous large interarterial anastomoses between major vessels, and the duplication of vessels in parallel branches. These characteristics are discussed in functional terms and correlated with the diving ability of the species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950305
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  • 92
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    Chondrocranium and ossification sequence of Hyla lanciformis (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 195 (1988), S. 345-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tadpoles of Hyla lanciformis live in midwater and have a normal, beaked, anteroventral, subterminal mouth. Overall, they are generalized pond-type anuran larvae that show no specific modification for a particular habitat. The chondrocranium and ossification sequences of this hylid frog were studied, utilizing cleared and Alcian blue-alizarin red-stained tadpoles. The chondrocranium is similar to that of other unspecialized tadpoles. No larval otic process was found and a large process projecting from the otic capsule is considered homologous with the larval crista parotica described for other anurans. The pattern of cranial and postcranial ossification is reported. The sequence of cranial ossification is explained in the framework of functional changes of the skull through metamorphosis. Comparison with the available information for other hylid frogs shows clear differences in the ossification sequences. The sequence of postcranial ossification is described for the first time for any species of hylid frog.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051950308
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    The buccopharyngeal mucosa of the turtles (Testudines) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 33-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gross and histological examination of all extant families of turtles revealed that the buccopharyngeal mucosa is morphologically highly varied. The tongues of aquatic species have small lingual papillae or lack them entirely, while terrestrial species have tongues with numerous glandular papillae. The pharynx and the esophagus also have papillae in some species. These either facilitate swallowing in which case they are long, pointed, keratinized, and occur commonly in marine turtles, or they are vascular and nonkeratinized, facilitate respiratory gas exchange and are found in the Trionychidae, Dermatemyidae, and Carettochelyidae. The morphology of the buccopharyngeal mucosa of turtles reflects their diet, feeding behavior, habitat, and relationships. Convergence in the morphology of the buccopharyngeal mucosa occurs among families, especially among the Emydidae and other familes of turtles. Intergeneric parallelism is also seen within the Emydidae.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960105
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    Morphology of defense glands of the opilionids (daddy longlegs) Leiobunum vittatum and L. flavum (Arachnida: Opiliones: Palpatores: Phalangiidae) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 196 (1988), S. 363-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Opilionid defense glands consist of 0.5 × 0.9-mm sacs attached to the underside of low tubercles located on the dorsal side of the cephalothorax, posterior to the first pair of legs. Each gland opens via an elongated slit, located in the posterior floor of a crater that is situated at the summit of the tubercle. The center of the sac, called the reservoir, is lined by a cuticle consisting of epicuticle and endocuticle which is continuous through the slit with the exoskeleton. The layers of cuticle vary in thickness with different locations in the gland. A hemocoelomic (basement) membrane, 0.5-1, μ thick, forms the boundary between glandular cells and hemocoel. The gland has a nonsecretory portion consisting only of cuticle-supporting cells and a secretory portion consisting of secretory and cuticle-supporting cells. The cuticle lining the reservoir in the secretory area is broached by many cuticle-lined ductules, each of which drains an isolated intercellular space called the intercalated cistern. This in turn drains microvilli-lined canaliculi located between and extending into secretory cells. The cisterns are devoid of microvilli. Secretory cell cytoplasm contains a Golgi apparatus, many free ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), two types of granules (speckled and dense), and mitochondria. Speckled granules are partially filled with fairly large particles and are found in association with the Golgi apparatus. They also surround canaliculi into which they empty. Dense granules are packed with very small particles, have a gray homogeneous appearance, and are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Mitochondria containing matrix granules tend to scatter throughout the cytoplasm but are concentrated around canaliculi.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051960309
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    The morphogenesis of molluscan shells: A mathematical account using biological parameters (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 53-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In attempts to account mathematically for the morphogenesis of biological structures it is important that the parameters chosen for the purpose should be “biological,” that is, they should refer directly to the growth processes through which the structure is formed.Molluscan shells are formed by accretional growth at the mantle edge, and the parameters used for the mathematical description of their formation should therefore refer to events taking place there.In the best of previous attempts to solve this problem, two out of three form parameters have met with this demand, but it was not possible to eliminate β, half the apical angle of the cone on which lie the centers of successive whorls.It is shown here that β may be eliminated for many forms of molluscan shells, and when this is not the case β may indeed be referred to processes taking place at the mantle edge.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970105
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    Scanning electron microscopy of changes in epidermal structure occurring during the shedding cycle in squamate reptiles (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 105-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previous studies of squamate epidermal structure have focused on either histology and ultrastructure or oberhautchen surface texture as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using SEM data drawn from a variety of lizard taxa (primarily iguanids, but also agamids, chamaeleonids, and scincids), as well as amphisbaenians and colubrid snakes, we relate the surfaces encountered in gross dissection of squamate skin to histologically identifiable layers, and characterize their surface structure. Only the oberhautchen bears the repeating pattern of ornamentation noted by previous authors. Because the clear layer is a perfect template of the oberhautchen surface, it is the only layer with which the oberhautchen might be confused. However, the clear layer can be identified by its tendency to curl and crack during preparation. All other surfaces encountered were relatively featureless, except for impressions left by dermal “papillae” associated with mechanoreceptors. Using a method for examining preserved specimens to determine the stage in the shedding cycle, we assess two sources of variation in epidermal surface structure: stage in the shedding cycle and wear. Examination of immature renewal-phase epidermis suggests that the oberhautchen does not mature synchronously across a single scale or across body regions. Comparing inner- and outer-generation oberhautchen in sheddingphase epidermis, we conclude that changes in surface appearance caused by natural wear fall into two categories: discrete scratches and accumulation of debris. We see no evidence of overall “buffing” on a microscopic level, though surface structure may be obscured by scratches and gouges. Many squamate taxa show a gradient from low relief surface structure on elevated regions such as keels to high relief patterns at scale edges. This gradient is not due to wear; its significance is unknown.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970108
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    Dense granule-containing cells in arterial chemoreceptor areas of the tortoise (Testudo hermanni) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 197 (1988), S. 183-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light- and electron-microscopic observations of the chemosensory areas of the arteries of the tortoise (Testudo hermanni) reveal that clusters of nonmuscular cells are found in the adventitial layer of restricted regions of the carotid artery, aortic arch, and pulmonary artery. In these clusters, three types of cells are complexly interwoven: the G-cell closely resembles the glomus cell, which has been found in the arterial chemoreceptor area of several animal species; the LG-cell has very large electron-dense granules; the third type is a G- and LG-cell supporting cell. Membrane specializations are often observed at apposing membranes between G-cells. Two kinds of nerve endings synapse with G-cells, one with numerous clear synaptic vesicles, the other without vesicles. Some G-cells are in membrane-to-membrane contact with smooth-muscle cells (g-s connection), and here a membrane thickening is visible. Nerve terminals with numerous synaptic vesicles synapse with the LG-cells. The G-cell in the carotid artery, the aorta, and the pulmonary artery is a chemoreceptor element ultrastructurally the same as the glomus cell in the arterial chemoreceptor area of various vertebrate species.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051970205
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    Mechanics of glochidial attachment (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 198 (1988), S. 71-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glochidia are third-class levers in which the valves form the lever arms and the single adductor muscle produces the force. In this study the lengths of the lever arms and the areas of glochidial valves and adductor muscles were determined for 57 species of unionid glochidia. The position of the adductor muscle relative to the dorsal margin of the larval valve was also determined for each species. From these data and an analysis of the possible configurations of adductor muscle and valve dimensions, we determined that most of the glochidia within the Unionidae emphasize area of sweep during valve adduction. These glochidia possess long resistance arms and short force arms and generally had small-diameter adductor muscles. Other glochidia, however, were found to possess one or all of the following: short resistance arms, long force arms, and large-diameter adductor muscles. It is suggested that these glochidia are adapted for strength of valve adduction and that for these larvae a trade-off exists between strength of valve adduction and acceptable valve gape. Furthermore, this study suggests that the mode of attachment employed by glochidia has played a major role in the development of these bivalve larvae and has produced convergence in valve shape and adductor muscle size.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051980108
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    Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the bovid femur in relation to habitat (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 198 (1988), S. 119-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Extant bovids inhabit a wide diversity of environments that range from forest to savanna and display locomotor patterns that are habitat specific. I report here on an investigation of the linkage between these locomotor patterns and habitat based on a study of the morphology of the bovid femur. Femoral head shape, shaft dimensions, and knee structure are examined and support a statistically significant separation of the different morphological complexes present in bovids from forest, broken cover, and savanna habitats. Morphological differences are primarily related to locomotor patterns as reflected in the degree of cursoriality displayed by bovids in different habitats. Cursorial bovids from savanna environments have laterally expanded femoral heads that act to limit the degree of abduction and axial rotation at the hip, and elliptically shaped distal femora that increase the moment arm of the extensor muscles that cross the knee. Forest bovids have spherically shaped femoral heads. This morphology permits a much higher degree of abduction and axial rotation at the hip and appears to provide greater maneuverability in a vegetationally complex habitat. Bovids living in broken cover environments that fall between the extremes of closed canopy forest and savanna display an intermediate set of femoral characters. This approach to the relationship between habitat and locomotion offers a potentially powerful means with which to examine the interplay between structural form and function in bovid evolution.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051980111
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    Somatic tissue-male germ cell barrier in Hydra viridis (hydrozoa, coelenterata) (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 198 (1988), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In Hydra viridis, cordons of male germ cells lie in gonadal compartments, which are enlarged spaces between the elongated and “spongy” epidermal cells. The germ cells are surrounded by these cells, except for small areas where the interstitial cells and spermatogonia are in direct contact with the mesoglea. Cells from both epidermis and gastrodermis project cytoplasm into the mesoglea, where they contact each other and form trans-mesogleal bridges. The latter exhibit gap junctions, which are particularly abundant at the spermary region. Here, the mesoglea is thinner then elsewhere in the body. Both epithelia are joined by septate junctions toward their apical ends, which are totally impermeable to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP gained entry to the cells of both epithelia by pinocytosis. Incorporation into the cells was high at the basal disk, in the tentacles, and in the mesoglea in the lower part of the body stalk. The tracer was never found within the gonadal space of the testis during spermatogenesis. In mature spermaries during spermiation, tracer-filled intracellular vacuoles fused with the gonadal spaces as the thin cytoplasmic columns of the epidermal cells ruptured; HRP thus gained access to the germ cells.During spermatogenesis, germ cells of Hydra viridis are in a closed compartment. The barrier that controls the access of metabolites to the germ cells is formed by epidermal cells, thinned-out mesoglea, and numerous transmesogleal interepithelial bridges. The presumed role of the barrier is the control of the environment (1) where interstitial cells are differentiating into spermatogonia and meiosis occurs and (2) in which ripe spermatozoa are kept immotile until spermiation.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051980205
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