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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Im Mai 2009 wurde Wolfram|Alpha gestartet, ein Service, der seinen Namen von seinem Entwickler, dem britischen Mathematiker Stephen Wolfram, ableitet. Dem Benutzer soll nicht nur eine Liste von Webseiten als Ergebnis auf Anfragen geliefert werden, sondern Antworten auf konkrete Fragen geben. In diesem Report soll gezeigt werden, warum sichWolframjAlpha von Suchmaschinen abgrenzt und was die Berechnung von Antworten auf natürlichsprachliche Fragen möglich machen kann.
    Description: Wolfram|Alpha was started in May 2009 and it's a service whose name derives from the british mathematician Stephen wolfram. As a result for a request the user is not just supported with a list of websites but with answers for concrete questions. In this report it will be shown why Wolfram|Alpha seperates from search engines and moreover what makes the computation of answers for natural language queries possible.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Executing applications in the Grid often requires access to multiple geographically distributed resources. In a Grid environment, these resources belong to different administrative domains, each employing its own scheduling policy. That is, at which time an activity (e.g., compute job, data transfer) is started, is decided by the resource's local management system. In such an environment, the coordinated execution of distributed applications requires guarantees on the quality of service (QoS) of the needed resources. Reserving resources in advance is an accepted means to obtain QoS guarantees from a single provider. The challenge, however, is to coordinate advance reservations of multiple resources. This work presents a system architecture and mechanisms to coordinate multiple advance reservations -- called co-reservations -- for delivering QoS guarantees to complex applications. We formally define the co-reservation problem as an optimization problem. The presented model supports three dimensions of freedom: the start time, the duration and the service level of a reservation. Requests and resources are described in a simple language. After matching the static properties and requirements of either side in a mapping, the reservation mechanism probes information about the future status of the resources. The versatile design of the probing step allows the efficient processing of requests, but also lets the resources express their preferences among the myriads of reservation candidates. Next, the best mapping is found through an implementation of the formal co-reservation model. Then, the mapping has to be secured, i.e., resources need to be allocated to a co-reservation candidate with all-or-nothing semantics. We study several goal-driven sequential and concurrent allocation mechanisms and define schemes for handling allocation failures. Finally, we introduce the concept of virtual resources for seamlessly embedding co-reservations into Grid resource management.
    Description: Die Ausführung von Anwendungen erfordert oft mehrere, geographisch verteilte Ressourcen. In Grid-Umgebungen gehören diese Ressourcen zu verschiedenen administrativen Organisationen, wobei jede ihre eigene Schedulingregeln verwendet. Das bedeutet, zu welcher Zeit eine Aktivität gestartet wird (z.B. ein Rechenjob), wird vom lokalen Ressourcenmanagementsystem entschieden. Die koordinierte Ausführung von verteilten Anwendungen erfordert Dienstgütegarantien für die benötigten Ressourcen. Das Reservieren von Ressourcen im Voraus ist ein Mittel, um Dienstgütegarantien von einem einzelnen Ressourcenanbieter zu erhalten. Die Herausforderung in dieser Arbeit ist, Vorausreservierungen von mehreren Ressourcen zu koordinieren. Es wird ein System für die Koordinierung mehrerer Vorausreservierungen -- Co-Reservierungen genannt -- für die Bereitstellung von Dienstgütegarantien vorgestellt. Wir definieren das Co-Reservierungsproblem als Optimierungsproblem. Das vorgestellte Modell unterstützt drei Freiheitsgrade: die Startzeit, die Dauer und die Dienstgüte einer Reservierung. Anfragen und Ressourcen werden in einer einfachen Sprache beschrieben. Nachdem statische Eigenschaften und Anforderungen beider Seiten überprüft wurden, ermittelt der Reservierungsmechanismus Informationen über den zukünftigen Zustand der Ressourcen. Dieser Schritt ist so allgemein gehalten, daß er sowohl ein effizientes Bearbeiten der Anfragen erlaubt als auch den Ressourcen ermöglicht ihre Präferenzen auszudrücken. Im Anschluss wird die optimale Zuweisung von Anfragen zu Ressourcen ermittelt. Im letzten Schritt muss diese Zuweisung umgesetzt werden, d.h., entweder alle oder keine Ressource wird allokiert. Es werden mehrere sequentielle und parallele Allokationsverfahren vorgestellt sowie deren Auswirkung auf verschiedene Metriken untersucht. Die Einbettung von Co-Reservierungen in das Grid-Ressourcenmanagement wird anhand des Konzeptes der virtuellen Ressource dargestellt.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Aktuelle Entwicklungen zeigen, dass Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Anwendungen wie Skype oder Bittorrent im Internet immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen. In den letzten Jahren hat es einen explosionsartigen Anstieg an Nutzern und Daten in solchen Netzen gegeben. Dabei stellt der eigentliche Dateitransfer zwischen zwei Rechnern kein großes Problem mehr dar und auch der Speicherbedarf für die große Menge an Daten kann durch die Weiterentwicklung der Hardware gut gedeckt werden. Das eigentliche Problem liegt vielmehr darin, den Rechner zu finden, der die gewünschten Daten hat. Client-Server Architekturen, wie zum Beispiel Napster, haben sich als ungünstig herausgestellt. Wenige Server, die eine große Anzahl an Clients bedienen müssen, sind einerseits sehr anfällig gegenüber Angriffen und Ausfällen (Single Point of Failure)und kommen auch nicht mit der ständig wachsenden Anzahl an Nutzern zurecht. Verteilte Hashtabellen (DHT) bieten hier einen guten Lösungsansatz, der mit einer großen Anzahl an Nutzern skaliert und ausfallsicher ist. Andere dezentrale Lösungen, wie zum Beispiel das P2P Netzwerk Gnutella haben zwar das Problem des Single Point of Failure gelöst, jedoch haben sie starke Nachteile bei der Suche nach Keys. Bei einer Suche wird ein Broadcast verwendet (jeder schickt die Anfrage an jeden weiter) und damit ein enormer Netzwerkverkehr erzeugt. In "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really" wird erklärt, dass eine Suchanfrage bei Standardeinstellungen in der Clientsoftware einen Netzwerkverkehr von 17MB erzeugt. Deswegen wird zusätzlich eine Lösung benötigt, die Keys und Values geordnet verteilt, damit sie gezielt gesucht werden können. Aus diesem Grund beschäftigt sich die folgende Arbeit mit einer völlig dezentralen Architektur, die außerdem eine sinnvolle Platzierung der Keys vornimmt. Die dezentrale Architektur hat den Vorteil, dass die Endgeräte den Hauptteil des Dienstes selbst erbringen und damit jeder zusätzliche Teilnehmer seine eigenen Ressourcen beisteuert. Diese Arbeit präsentiert Chord#, eine dezentrale, skalierbare und selbstorganisierende verteilte Hashtabelle. Chord# wurde ausgewählt, da in dieser Arbeit auch Wert auf Bereichsabfragen gelegt wurde. Diese sind zum Beispiel bei dem Chord Algorithmus nicht möglich, da dieser eine Hashfunktion für die Keys verwendet und somit die Daten zwar gleichmäßig aber unsortiert auf die Teilnehmer verteilt. Es wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe von Chord# auch ohne die Hashfunktion gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Außerdem können durch den Verzicht auf die Hashfunktion Bereichsabfragen ermöglicht werden. Dafür wird der Chord# Algorithmus in Java implementiert (ca. 1500 Zeilen Code) und in dem Forschungsnetz PlanetLab ausführlich auf Laufzeiten, Instandhaltungskosten und Skalierung getestet.
    Description: Recent developments show that peer-to-peer (p2p) applications, such as Skype or Bittorrent have become increasingly important in the internet. Over the last years there has been a rapid growth of both users and data in such networks. However, the actual file transfer between two peers is not really an issue anymore. The same holds true for data storage, since the new hardware grants users enough space to store their data. The real problem is finding the peers that possess the desired data. Client-server architectures like Napster have proven to be ineffective addressing that problem. One or few servers being responsible for many peers are vulnerable to attacks or failures (single point of failure). Additionally, they are unable to cope with the rapidly growing number of peers. Distributed hashtables (DHT) are a good approach to solve these problems, since they scale nicely with large numbers of peers and provide a high tolerance for errors. Other decentralized solutions like the p2p network Gnutella solved the problem of Single Point of Failure but show considerable disadvantages when searching for keys. The peers in Gnutella use a broadcast (sending the message to all peers they know)resulting in massive traffic. According to "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really.", each search using standard client settings yields 17MB traffc. This calls for a different solution, distributing keys and values to peers quickly and efficiently so they can be found fast. For that reason this thesis focuses on a fully distributed architecture using organized key placement. One major advantage of distributed architecture is the fact, that the peers do most of the work themselves. This way, new peers joining the network add resources to it. This thesis presents Chord#, a scalable, self-organizing and completely decentralized DHT. It has been chosen due to its capability to allow range queries. The regular Chord algorithm does not support range queries, because of the hashfunction it uses to evenly distribute the keys among the peers. This results in similar or logical coherent keys most likely not being close together in the network. This thesis shows Chord# achieving same results as Chord - regarding performance costs - without the hashfunction. In dropping the hashfunction this algorithm allows the use of range queries. The Chord# algorithm is implemented in Java (about 1500 lines of code) and thoroughly tested in the research network PlanetLab. The results are evaluated regarding performance, maintenance and scalability.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-11-02
    Description: One of the biggest impacts on the performance of a Distributed Hash Table (DHT), once established, is its ability to balance load among its nodes. DHTs supporting range queries for example suffer from a potentially huge skew in the distribution of their items since techniques such as consistent hashing can not be applied. Thus explicit load balancing schemes need to be deployed. Several such schemes have been developed and are part of recent research, most of them using only information locally available in order to scale to arbitrary systems. Gossiping techniques however allow the retrieval of fairly good estimates of global information with low overhead. Such information can then be added to existing load balancing algorithms that can use the additional knowledge to improve their performance. Within this thesis several schemes are developed that use global information like the average load and the standard deviation of the load among the nodes to primarily reduce the number of items an algorithm moves to achieve a certain balance. Two novel load balancing algorithms have then been equipped with implementations of those schemes and have been simulated on several scenarios. Most of these variants show better balance results and move far less items than the algorithms they are based on. The best of the developed algorithms achieves a 15-30% better balance and moves only about 50-70% of the number of items its underlying algorithm moves. This variation is also very robust to erroneous estimates and scales linearly with the system size and system load. Further experiments with self-tuning algorithms that set an algorithm’s parameter according to the system’s state show that even more improvements can be gained if additionally applied. Such a variant based on the algorithm described by Karger and Ruhl shows the same balance improvements of 15-30% as the variant above but reduces the number of item movements further to 40-65%.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: Entwurf und Entwicklung eines eingebetteten Hauptspeicher-Datenbanksystems mit Snapshot-Reads.
    Description: Design and implementation of an embedded main memory database with snapshot reads.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Schaffung einer Zugriffs-Komponente für das Grid-Datenmanagement-System ZIB-DMS, das dessen transparente Einbindung in den Verzeichnisbaum eines Linux-Systems erlaubt. Dazu wird unter Verwendung des FUSE-Rahmenwerkes ein Userspace-Dateisystem mit Anbindung an das ZIB-DMS konzipiert und implementiert. Im Fokus stehen dabei die Abbildung der erweiterten Verwaltungsmechanismen des Systems auf die limitierte Schnittstelle hierarchischer Dateisysteme und die dazu notwendigen Änderungen am ZIB-DMS.
    Description: The goal of this work is to create an access component for the Grid data management system ZIB-DMS, that allows a transparent integration into the directory tree of a Linux system. For this purpose the FUSE framework is used to design and implement a userspace file system with connections to the ZIB-DMS. The focus is on the mapping of the extended management mechanisms of the system to the limited interface of hierarchical file systems and the therefore necessary changes to ZIB-DMS.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: We present a framework for transactional data access on data stored in a DHT. It allows to atomically read and write items and to run distributed transactions consisting of a sequence of read and write operations on the items. Items are symmetrically replicated in order to achieve durability of data stored in the SON. To provide availability of items despite the unavailability of some replicas, operations on items are quorum-based. They make progress as long as a majority of replicas can be accessed. Our framework processes transactions optimistically with an atomic commit protocol that is based on Paxos atomic commit. We present algorithms for the whole framework with an event based notation. Additionally we discuss the problem of lookup inconsistencies and its implications on the one-copy serializability property of the transaction processing in our framework.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: When planning teams for projects with specific goals, employees of a company have to group together so well, that all necessary knowledge for conquering the project’s challenges are met within the member’s skills. A tool that facilitates semantic web technologies can support the team recruiter, who is responsible for chosing the members of the team, in terms of finding the most efficient combinations of the company’s employees based on their expertises.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: Key/value stores which are built on structured overlay networks often lack support for atomic transactions and strong data consistency among replicas. This is unfortunate, because consistency guarantees and transactions would allow a wide range of additional application domains to benefit from the inherent scalability and fault-tolerance of DHTs. The Scalaris key/value store supports strong data consistency and atomic transactions. It uses an enhanced Paxos Commit protocol with only four communication steps rather than six. This improvement was possible by exploiting information from the replica distribution in the DHT. Scalaris enables implementation of more reliable and scalable infrastructure for collaborative Web services that require strong consistency and atomic changes across multiple items.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Basierend auf einem vorhandenen Ansatz zur Einführung von anisotropen Tetraedern im Randbereich eines reinen Tetraedergitters wird ein Gittergenerator für hybride Gitter implementiert. Das hybride Gitter besteht in Randnähe primär aus anisotropen Prismen und im Inneren der Geometrie aus isotropen Tetraedern. Eine erhöhte Auflösung im Randbereich soll zu besseren Ergebnissen von numerischen Strömungssimulationen führen, für welche eine problemangepasste Diskretisierung des zu untersuchenden Gebietes benötigt wird. In dem zuvor genannten Ansatz wird eine Reihe von Übergangselementen vorgeschlagen, die an scharfen Kanten der Oberfläche platziert werden sollen. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit wird die Idee der Übergangselemente aufgegriffen und bei hybriden Gittern eingesetzt, um auch komplexe Eingabegeometrien vergittern zu können. Der ursprüngliche Gittergenerierungprozess wird überarbeitet und erweitert. Eine neue Menge an Übergangselementen wird eingeführt, es werden gekrümmte Extrusionsvektoren verwendet und es wird die Auswertung der medialen Oberfläche vorgenommen, um Überschneidungen im hybriden Gitter zu vermeiden. Der Gittergenerator wird als Modul in das Visualisierungs- und Analyseprogramm Amira implementiert und die erstellten hybriden Gitter werden auf ihre Elementqualität und die Güte der Strömungssimulationsergebnisse hin überprüft.
    Description: Based on an existing approach for the introduction of anisotropic tetrahedra near the surface boundary of a tetrahedral grid a grid generator for hybrid grids is implemented. The hybrid grid consists near the surface boundary primarily of anisotropic prisms and inside the geometry of isotropic tetrahedra. An increased resolution near the boundary should lead to better results of numerical flow simulations, which needs a problem specific discretization of the analyzed domain. In the aforementioned approach a set of transition elements is suggested, which should be placed at sharp surface corners. As a part of this diploma thesis the concept of using transition elements is applied for creating hybrid grids even for very complex input geometries. The initial grid generation process is revised and enhanced. A new set of transition elements is introduced, curved extrusion vectors are used and the medial surface is evaluated to avoid intersections in the hybrid grid. The grid generator is implemented as a module for the visualization and analysis tool Amira and the element quality of the generated hybrid grids and the quality of flow simulations performed on the grids are tested.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 309-319 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors describe continuous cultivations of Escherichia coli possessing high penicillin-acylase activity in corn-steep liquor, peptone, and ammonium phenylacetate containing nutrient medium. If the cultivation is performed in the absence of ammonium phenylacetate the enzymic activities of cells from the batch as well as the continuous cultures are very low. The enzymic activity of cells in the batch process was considerably increased by the addition of 0.015% ammonium phenylacetate to the nutrient medium. Further increase of ammonium phenylacetate concentration did not result in any further increase of acylase activity. Continuous cultivation of the bacteria at the above ammonium phenyl-acetate concentration was unsuccessful, as the enzymic activity of the bacteria constantly decreased during the process. On increasing the concentration of ammonium phenylacetate in the medium to 0.15% the authors succeeded in maintaining the enzymic activity of the bacteria at the same level as in the batch process performed at 0.015% concentration, throughout the whole continuous cultivation. At the dilution rate D = 0.5 hr.-1 the concentration of cells in the culture effluent from the fermentor at the steady state was equal to cell concentration at the end of batch cultivation. In relation to the cultivation time the output of cells in continuous cultivation is almost seven times higher as compared with the batch process.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steam-sterilizable membrane probes for monitoring the dissolved oxygen level in fermentors, or the oxygen content of gas streams, are described. The probes have a silver cathode, a lead anode, and an acetate buffer as an electrolyte. The membrane is Teflon. The current output of the probes in the absence of oxygen is negligible.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 191-221 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distillers' yeasts, strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, although capable of sexual reproduction, in distillery practice reproduce asexually, by budding. A cell may bring forth another one in 50 min. With every ounce of whiskey produced, 30 billion new cells come to existence. Within a few days, in 4-8 propagation stages, a test tube full of culture will populate 100,000 gallons beer with 150 million cells per ml. Rate of reproduction, the number of new cells per each original cell varies from 5 to 50 in the various propagation stages. The number of new cells produced in a given nutrient is independent from the number of initial cells; and the utilization of the nutrient increases with the dilution of the substrate. Although distillers' yeasts may reproduce at such extremes as 1-46°C, 2½-10½ pH, presence of 0-15% alcohol by volume, and 0.1-25% sugar content, in distillery practice the factors are so selected to maintain conditions close to the optimum. When placed in the nutrient the initial cells will measure the chemical and physical characteristics of the new living space and the cell population, and will prepare a design of reproduction best suited to the conditions. The design includes a symmetry in the grouping of the cells and a rhythmic timing in starting new buds. Each healthy cells is biologically equal to the others and is capable of performing all functions characteristic of the strain. In spite of the sensitive coordination system between the individual cells that regulates their activity, marked differences exist among the cells to the degree of cell individuality. Distillers yeasts are superbly equipped to live and reproduce.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 469-471 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It was found that moderate pressures (16.0 to 43.1 atmospheres) perceptibly decreased the rate of α-amylase catalyzed starch hydrolysis. The decreased rate was apparently due to pressure induced deactivation of the enzyme.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 223-234 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of performing electrophoretic separations in a thin horizontal layer of continuously flowing buffer has been developed. The theoretical considerations that make possible the use of a thin layer for stabilization against convection effects, without the assistance of a packing material, are discussed. The apparatus is described together with an example of its performance, and a comparison with that of other workers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The operation and construction of a liquid-liquid chromatography apparatus containing differentially permeable partions is described. The method is of value for the separation of heat sensitive and nonvolatile solutes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 367-379 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous flow-type reactors have been used to study the kinetics of biological systems for quite some time. For continuous media sterilization, tubular flow reactors are particularly useful being simple in character and easy to control. However, one aspect quite often neglected in sterilization calculations is the residence time distribution of the reactor system. Serious errors in estimating the degree of bacterial destruction can be encountered if the residence time distribution is neglected; especially when a high degree of destruction is desired. This paper reports a study made to characterize and use the residence time distribution of a tubular reactor in the interpretation of high-temperature, short exposure time data for inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. Mathematical models accounting for the residence time distribution of the tubular reactor have been proposed and employed to obtain high-temperature death-rate data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cultivation apparatus made up from six small (80-800 ml.) glass units with independent pH-, aeration-, and foam control is described. Exchangeable attachments made it possible to run the unit both batchwise and continuous and to connect up the units in various fashions.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two sources of oxygen for man in closed-cycle space system environment have been considered in previous studies: (1) photosynthesis using algae, and (2) electrolysis of water. The latter system appears to be the most promising from the standpoints of energy and weight requirements and ability to operate in a zero gravity field. The surplus hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water may be utilized together with waste carbon dioxide, part of the oxygen, and waste urea by bacteria of the genus Hydrogenomonas to produce cellular protein which might be used as a source of food. A continuous culture system for the propagation of hydrogen-fixing bacteria consists of a baffled borosilicate glass culture vessel provided with an impeller, a reservoir vessel for the culture medium, and an overflow vessel for collecting the bacterial cells removed from the culture vessel. Complete feedback control of all parameters affecting growth can be provided by hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide sensors, and a pH electrode in the culture medium. In addition, total pressure is monitored. Cell density is controlled in the optimum range by means of a photoelectric cell which dictates the amount of fresh medium to be added and the amount of cells to be removed. Operating data indicate that some of the key parameters are the ratio of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in solution. The harvested bacterial substance is high in protein, which contains all the essential amino acids.
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  • 22
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 23
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 50-52 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 63-64 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 25
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 71-72 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 26
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equipment and operational techniques are described which were found suitable to control pH in the range 6.8-7.8 pH, within ±0.03 pH units of the desired value, at cell concentrations up to a maximum of 2.5 × 106/ml. The results of batch growth of a suspension strain of the BHK cell (clone 13) under conditions of controlled pH are given and the significance of these results is discussed.
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  • 28
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 127-146 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sugar molasses of high specific activity is prepared by photosynthesizing C14O2 into sugar in a leaf of the Canna plant and then extracting the sugar. When T. utilis is grown in such a medium about 45% of the radioactivity is incorporated into the yeast cell; the remaining radioactivity is carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds. The cells are now randomly labeled in all carbon compounds. Distribution of C14 in the major cell components, such as protein, polysaccharide, and nucleic acids is shown.Nucleic acid is extracted from the cells and subject to chemical and enzyme action, for the preparation of randomly labeled ribonucleotides. Proteins are isolated and hydrolyzed to yield high specific activity amino acids, up to 150 mc. per millimole. Similarly polysaccharides are also isolated and from them high specific activity glucose and mannose are obtained by acid hydrolysis.By growing T. utilis in a medium containing C14-8-adenine and C14-2-uracil, these bases are about 90% incorporated into the nucleic acids of the cell. Using the same methods described for the uniformly labeled nucleic acid only base labeled nucleosides and nucleotides are prepared.Preparative procedures for the isolation of some of these compounds are discussed. The latest biochemical techniques for their purification are described. Methods for assaying for radiochemical purity and problems concerining stability of high specific activity compounds are discussed.
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 159-165 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method has been devised for the estimation in fermentation media, of 1-dehydro-17-α-methyltestosterone in the presence of 17-α-methyltestosterone. This method involves the extraction of the steroids with chloroform, and spectrophotometric measurement of the chromogen formed by a specific color reaction with sulfuric acid and 1-dehydro-17-α-methyltestosterone. The fermentation liquor and 17-α-methyltestosterone do not interfere. With this rapid (30 min.) method, quantitative tests on the progress of the steroid transformation can be made at frequent intervals during one fermentation run, these tests yielding the necessary information for an adequate control of the optimum conditions of production.
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solubilization of proteins from cereals, legumes, and oil seed cakes by alkali peptization and isoelectric precipitation is adversely affected if the source material is pretreated by ethanol or cooked under pressure. The degree of hydrolysis by trypsin of protein isolates obtained from unautoclaved materials is, however, considerably raised by heat treatment prior to enzymatic digestion.
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 173-190 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 2000 l. 1 m. deep mass culture of algae was operated with continuous stirring, as an open system. The system behaved as an ecological unit selecting the most favored species. The ecological conditions could be modified by stirring speed and pattern in the tank. Methods for improving yields and utilization of CO2 are described. Assessment of algal species for suitability in mass cultures is discussed. Yields obtained were 13 g. dry matter/sq. m. illuminated area/day.
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 245-245 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 247-270 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of ambient pressure and ultrasonic power on the disintegration of yeast suspension have been investigated. The results obtained are, in the main, consistent with the theory that cell breakage is primarily a phenomenon dependent on producing gaseous cavitation in the medium. The importance of the experimental results and techniques applied to Commercial cell disintegrators is briefly discussed. A simple flow system is described which is easily attached to probe-type disintegrators. The use of a crystal pickup for tuning and control purposes is described.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 241-242 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 271-283 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aeration and agitation conditions in 250 l. baffled fermenters with different impeller diameters, speeds, and air flows were studied during fermentations for the production of rifamycin, a new antibiotic produced by Streptomyces mediterranei. Dissolved oxygen concentration was continuously measured and the courses of power input, oxygen diffusion rate QO2, dry weight, viscosity, pH, sugar utilization, and antibiotic titer determined. Higher antibiotic yields occurred when the oxygen demand of the culture was satisfied and an excess of dissolved oxygen was still present during a critical period of the fermentation between the 50th and the 80th hr. To meet this requirement a power input of about 3.0 w./l. and an air flow ranging from 0.8 to 1.5 l./l./min. were found to be necessary.
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 285-297 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Semicontinuous sulfide fermentation has been conducted with distillery spent liquor as the source of carbon employing a strain similar to Desulphovibrio rubentschikii. Mineral barites and gypsum have been used as the hydrogen acceptors during the studies. Results reveal that mineral barites can also react very favorably as hydrogen acceptors. Sulfates have been used both in powdered (200 mesh) and lumpy (1/4-1/2 in. size) forms. When applied in lumpy form in a packed tower, both the mineral sulfates produced higher yields of sulfide compared to their corresponding finely pulverized states. Thus, under similar conditions, fermentation conducted with pulverized gypsum showed a yield of 450-550 p.p.m. hydrogen sulfide, whereas the yield was as high as 750-1025 p.p.m. when gypsum lumps were used as a packing. Corresponding figures with barites are 300 and 540 p.p.m., respectively. Continuous sulfide fermentation has also been conducted in a packed tower containing lumpy gypsum as the packing under total recirculation. Daily buildup of sulfide was observed to be as high as 180 mg./l. of fermenting medium. Appreciable reduction in COD of the effluent was observed during the above studies. Thus, with barites, per cent COD reduction values were 30-35, 45-50, 60-65, and 75-80 with retention periods of 10, 15, 25, and 35 days, respectively. With gypsum, per cent COD reduction was 50-70 with 10 days's residence time. The effects of the retention period on sulfide yield and volatile acid content were also studied. The longer the retention period, the higher is the sulfide yield and the lower the volatile acid content of the discharge becomes. Studies were also conducted to find the correct composition of volatile acids in the discharge, as well as the levels of their concentration during continuous feeding and discharge over a number of days. It has been observed that during 18 hr. of fermentation in a batch, volatile acid concentration increased from 6.76 m. to 15.01 mmoles per liter of medium of which 10 mmoles are acetic, 0.833 mmoles butyric, and 4.16 mmoles propionic acid. Studies on soluble and insoluble sulfate balance have also been made in a synthetic medium containing calcium acetate as the substrate. Unaccounted for sulfates were negligible and a deviation between the actual and calculated sulfide yield did not exceed 2%. It is also observed that, when fermentations are conducted in sulfate packed columns, the color of the effluent becomes paleyellow containing very little suspended and volatile matter compared to the deep-black color of the emuent emerging from a ferrnenter fed with pulverized sulfates. This liquor contains 0.5271% soluble ash (computed as potash) and might be a good source of potash.
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 10-11 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 22-22 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 36-49 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 59-62 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 73-81 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 8-9 
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 18-21 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 26-28 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 53-56 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 65-68 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 329-345 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During investigations of submerged fermentation of penicillin and chlortetracycline, we reached the conclusion that production in relation to oxygen transfer is relatively uninfluenced by the composition of the fermentation medium. The maximum penicillin production, using the strain Penicillium chrysogenum NG in flasks on a shaker was uniformly achieved in all investigated media with an oxygen transfer rate of 0.81; and in chlortetracycline, using strain Streptomyces aureofaciens BMK-11, with an oxygen transfer rate of 0.59 ml. O2/ml./hour. The primary factor which influences the antibiotics production is the transfer of oxygen into the liquid. The absolute volume of production is, however, partly influenced by mechanical conditions of fermentation and the composition of the medium.
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 361-365 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The ability of Bacillus subtilis to accumulate guanosine 5′-monophosphate (5′-GMP) extracellularly was demonstrated by isolation of 85% pure 5′-GMP from the broth. In addition, a compound with the properties of guanosine 5′ diphosphate was obtained from the same broth.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 5-5 
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 12-13 
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 82-84 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 87-125 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 243-243 
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  • 55
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 23-25 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 299-307 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A soil isolate, HD-5, identified as closely resembling Candida intermedia, was grown on normal alkanes ranging from dodecane (C12) to octadecane (C18). The growth rate of the organism increased with increasing length of the alkane chain. The shortest generation time was 4.5 hr. with octadecane as the carbon source. Cell yields of 82% were common with even numbered alkanes from C14 through C18. The cell yields appeared to decrease with shorter chain (C12 or below) and odd-numbered chain alkanes. The cellular nitrogen ranged from 6.9 to 7.5% and the highest lipid content found was 10.3% (with C17).
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  • 57
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    Notes: Various methods for the removal of extraneous matter from vaccinia virus suspensions are described and compared. Of ten procedures tested, differential centrifugation and Freon extraction were the most successful. Both the partially purified suspensions and the dried products prepared from them had high virus titers in embryonated eggs and high infectivity for mice. Although both processes resulted in products with the same titers, the differentially centrifuged product was approximately tenfold more purified as shown by the percentage solids of the suspensions before freeze drying.
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  • 58
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 59
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 347-360 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxygen uptake rate to suspended cells of Pseudomonas ovalis was measured in two ways using the same cell suspension. Initially the rate was found by measuring the rate of production of gluconic acid by cells suspended in a nitrogenfree, aerated medium. Then, an oxygen electrode was used to measure the rate of transfer of dissolved oxygen to cells suspended in a liquid that was being agitated but not sparged. These rates were markedly different. It was found that agitation affected the oxygen transfer rates in aerated solutions at dissolved oxygen concentrations well above the critical level, but had no affect on the oxygen uptake rates by cells suspended in an unsparged but agitated medium. The data suggested that an additional path existed for oxygen transfer. This alternate route, parallel to the conventional pathway of oxygen transfer, becomes operative when the liquid films surrounding the cells and bubbles merge. The resulting shorter path presents a mechanism for direct transfer of oxygen which increases in importance as the gas-liquid interfacial area increases.
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  • 60
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 381-401 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A unit of four fermentors, which is specially designed for batch and continuous cultivation of pathogenic microorganisms in vaccine preparation, is described. Each unit consists of a panel with controls and recorders. The fermentor itself consists of a stainless steel lid, to which a spherical or cylindrical glass vessel is attached. Holding volumes are from 1 to 100 l. (3 and 7 l. being mostly used) and can be obtained by simply exchanging the vessels which have similar flanges.Interchangeability, not only of the glass vessels, but also of the stirrers, pipes, pH electrodes, etc., together with variable control of temperature, stirrer speed, air or gas flow, and pH value gives the unit a maximum of versatility.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 403-418 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for composting small quantities of organic materials have been developed in order to be able to better study the composting process. A composting bin was developed which holds 27 cu. ft. of compost and which provides uniform conditions of temperature, moisture, and aeration within the compost mass. A system for indoor composting of less than one cubic foot of material has been developed and is described. The methods have been shown to be reliable and reproducible. The composts were evaluated for their suitability for mushroom growing and were found to give high yields of mushrooms.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 473-490 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 6-7 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 14-17 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 57-58 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 69-70 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 6 (1964), S. 243-243 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 9-19 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das Radioelement Technetium gewinnt in Wissenschaft und Technik wachsende Bedeutung. Es ist das leichteste der kernchemisch dargestellten sogenannten Lücken-Elemente. Der spektroskopische Nachweis des Technetiums in Fixsternen bewies erstmals die stellare Entstehung schwerer Nuklide. Die Halbwertszeiten der bisher bekannten vierzehn Technetium-Isotope reichen von wenigen Sekunden bis zu Millionen Jahren. Das langlebige, wichtigste Isotop 99Tc ist durch die induzierte 235U-Spaltung bereits in Kilogramm-Mengen zugänglich. Technetium hat eine sehr hohe Sprungtemperatur der Supraleitfähigkeit. Bemerkenswert ist auch die außergewöhnliche Korrosionsinhibition des Pertechnetat-Ions für Eisen und Stahl. - Folgende Zusammenfassung gibt einen überblick über den heutigen Stand der Technetium-Chemie.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Protonen unterliegen dem Welle-Teilchen-Dualismus der Materie. Zur Beschreibung der Protonen in der Chemie wurde bisher im allgemeinen nur das Korpuskelbild verwendet. Demgegenüber wird in vorliegender Arbeit das Wellenbild erörtert. Es werden Protonenzustände, Protonen-Delokalisierung und Tunneleffekt in der Chemie an Beispielen diskutiert.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 20-28 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lysozyme sind weitverbreitete Enzyme, welche die Gerüstsubstanz bakterieller Zellwände spalten. Sie lösen die glykosidischen β-(1 → 4)-Bindungen zwischen N-Acetylmuraminsäure und N-Acetylglucosamin. Die Aminosäuresequenz des Lysozyms aus Hühnereiweiß ist bekannt (129 Aminosäurereste). Lysozyme anderen Ursprungs haben bei qualitativ gleicher biologischer Aktivität häufig eine andersartige Primärstruktur. Die mit Lysozymen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse gestatten Schlüsse auf die chemische Struktur des Grundgerüstes der bakteriellen Zellwand.
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  • 74
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 28-35 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über Zusammenhänge zwischen Struktur und katalytischer Aktivität von Nickel(II)-Komplexen bei der Cyclooctatetraen-Synthese nach W. Reppe berichtet. Die Cyclotetramerisierung des Acetylens vollzieht sich innerhalb labiler Ni(II)-Acetylen-π-Komplexe. Hemmversuche machen wahrscheinlich, daß im Übergangszustand vier Moleküle Acetylen in einer zur Bildung des Achtrings günstigen geometrischen Anordnung um das Nickel-Ion gruppiert sind.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 39-49 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nach einem überblick über die verschiedenen Theorien zur Potentialbildung an der Glaselektrode werden die Abweichungen von der idealen Wasserstoff(H)-Funktion im sauren und alkalischen Bereich vom Standpunkt der Phasengrenzpotential-Theorie behandelt. Der Einfluß der Zusammensetzung und Löslichkeit der Gläser auf das elektromotorische Verhalten wird als Mediumeffekt der Quellschicht gedeutet.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 36-38 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Diels-Alder-Addukte des Cyclooctatetraens und seiner Derivate leiten sich vom Bicyclo[4.2.0]octan-Gerüst ab. Eine kinetische Untersuchung lehrt, daß der Diels-Alder-Addition von Dienophilen an Cyclooctatetraen und Phenyl-cyclooctatetraen ein Valenztautomerie-Gleichgewicht mit Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2.4.7-trien bzw. dessen 7-Phenylderivat vorgelagert ist.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 50-50 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 50-50 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 50-51 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 51-52 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 52-52 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 51-51 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 52-52 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 53-53 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 54-54 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 52-53 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 54-54 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 54-54 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 54-54 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 54-55 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 55-55 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 55-55 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 55-57 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 58-58 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 58-58 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 59-59 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 76 (1964), S. 58-58 
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