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  • 1985-1989  (67)
  • 1965-1969  (362)
  • 1955-1959  (221)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1989  (67)
  • 1969  (362)
  • 1955  (221)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (624)
  • Bone
Material
Years
  • 1985-1989  (67)
  • 1965-1969  (362)
  • 1955-1959  (221)
  • 1890-1899
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 17 (1989), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Bone ; Densitometry ; Osteoporosis ; Fracture ; Skeleton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Several noninvasive measurement methods are used for evaluation of metabolic disease. Single-photon (125I) scans of the peripheral skeleton are useful in some diseases but are ineffective in osteoporosis (even on the distal radius or os calcis) because they cannot predict spinal or femoral density. Also, peripheral measurements show high percentages of false negatives, that is many patients with fractures have normal peripheral density. Dual-photon (153Gd) scans of the spine, femur, and total skeleton are precise and accurate (2% error) and provide direct measurements of bone strength at fracture sites. This gives the best discrimination of abnormality and the most sensitive monitoring. Quantitative computed computed tomography (QCT) allows measurement of the spine but not the critical proximal femur area. QCT has a large accuracy error because (a) the limited are measured (under 5 cm3) fails to represent the total vertebral body, (b) technical errors and (c) variable fat and osteoid influence the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vapour phase hydrogenation of 1,3-cyclo-octadiene (COD) over Pd on alumina has been studied in the gas phase, using a recycle reactor. The dependences of COD hydrogenation rates and those of the consecutive cyclo-octene (COE) hydrogenation on the reaction conditions are well described by a model which takes into account mass transfer in the porous layer of palladium. The kinetics of the COE hydrogenation is of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type. The hydrogenation of COD is of first order with respect to hydrogen. The reaction order with respect to COD is -0.15. If the catalyst surface is completely covered by COD, the hydrogenation of COE is totally suppressed. This indicates a much stronger adsorption of COD than of COE. Hydrogenation of COE can only occur in the innermost part of the pores when the transport of COD by diffusion is insufficient to supply the entire active surface of the catalyst. This happens if the ratio PH2/PCOD exceeds 2/ϕ2 with ϕ being the Thiele's modulus. This relationship permits a simple evaluation of the effective diffusion coefficient in the porous Pd-layer.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 170-175 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method mathematical modelling of cocurrent multitubular fixed-bed reactors. The method is adapted to the most widespread type of industrial reactor design, i.e. the system fitted with disk-and-doughnut baffles. The proposed model makes it possible to estimate the influence of non-uniformity of the heat carrier flow on the reactor characteristics, taking into account the coolant streams by-passing via the tube-to-baffle clearances. Based on the model, the effect of the operating parameters as well as of some more important geometrical parameters of the reactor on an exemplary highly exothermic process of partial benzene oxidation to maleic anhydride is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Secondary nucleation in industrial crystallizers depends on both supersaturation and mechanical stress by stirring. Most models which consider mechanical stress assume that nucleation is proprotional to the energy transferred to the crystals during collisions. This is not based on any physical relationship and, in addition, the models do not satisfactorily reproduce the experimental results. Own model, based on the theory of Hertz/Huber, which accounts for the stress of the crystals caused by impact, gave better results. This well-known and proven theory allows the calculation of the volume abraded during collisions between crystals and stirrer or walls. Introducing a nucleate efficienncy, the effect of mechanical stress on the rate of secondary nucleation, due to stirring intensity and crystallizer size, can be determined.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of turbulence on local heat and mass transfer is systematically analyzed. Essential prerequisite is the availability of measurement methods, based on convective mass transfer, which allow the visualization of heat and mass transfer distributions. The results show that, even at low turbulence intensities, the flow and transport phenomena are decisively influenced by the specific design of turbulence grids and the orientation of the grid wires with respect to the stagnation line. Thereby, two different flow mechanisms occur which may interact. The anisotropy of grid turbulence leads to the “wire-gap effect” depending on the actual position of the grid wires in relation to the stagnation line. The other mechanism is based on the wavy wake velocity distribution behind screens and grid which, in conjunction with the centrifugal instability of stagnation flows, may lead to longitudinal vortices. The results indicate why turbulence has not been sufficiently considered in the available (semi-) empirical correlations. Information needed for an accurate prediction of heat and mass transfer in turbulence flows is discussed.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distillation has been, up to now, the standard method for separating fluid mixtures in the process industry and the consensus is that it will remain so for years to come. The only disadvantage of distillation is its high energy requirement. In the following, it will be demonstrated on the example of an ideal ternary mixture, how the energy requirement of distillation process can be reduced. Very effective are some modifications of single columns, optimization of column sequences and direct or indirect column coupling. It will be shown that, just by column coupling, the energy requirement can be reduced to a third.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 188-195 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Collection efficiency and pressure loss of a venturi scrubber can usually be determined from the calculation models of Barth and Calvert. However, this only leads to reasonable results if the droplets are uniformly distributed throughout each cross-section of the washing zone. In this work, a two-zone models is developed which allows the calculation of the venturi scrubber at operating conditions with a non-uniform droplet distribution. The scrubber geometry is also taken into account. A venturi scrubber was developed on the basis of this new model. Its energy consumption is significantly lower than the well-Known optimum characteristic of Wicke and Holzer. For ideal operating conditions, a new optimum characteristic is given which should be the aim of future optimizations.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 200-204 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model of floc destruction resulting form mass forces in a centrifugal field is postulated and its validity examined. This model is to be regarded as a supplement to the existing shear-loading disagglomeration models. In order to verify this additional floc disintegration mechanism, appropriate investigations were carried out with flocculated suspensions of silica and Hamburg dock sludge. As a result, in addition to floc disintegration by shear forces within a turbulent flow and in the centrifuge inlet, the existence of another mechanism was demonstrated. This consists in the floc destruction in a centrifugal field where particles in excess of a certain size, or specifically heavier components, are preferentially torn out of the floc. This floc disintegration by mass forces can lead to a classification effect in centrifuges which also subject the flocs to instant high centrifugal forces.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady-state concentrations of the transferred reactant in the bulk phase and the non-flowing diffusion boundary layer of an isothermal, isobaric two-phase reactor with an irreversible first-order reaction and constant composition of one phase.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Important aspects of K1a measurement in agitated aerated vessels are briefly characterized from the standpoint of reliability of the measured data. An analysis of the shortcomings of dynamic methods for measuring the K1a is given. A new modification of the dynamic method is proposed, which excludes these inadequacies through a special experimental arrangement. This was verified by comparing the data with those obtained by an independent steady-state method. The new method can serve as a standard of reference, suitable for testing newly developed methods for K1a measurement. The initial response method was tested in this way in non-coalescent liquids, and shown to lead to errors of the order of hundreds of percent. K1a values obtained with the initial response method were found to depend strongly on the probe's location in the vessel.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 262-269 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of flow characteristics and residence time distribution, (RTD), have been undertaken in a range of geometrically similar, laboratory nozzle-type reactors. High-speed cine-photography was employed to record the complex phenomena of liquid mixing in the reactor and also to record on film the colour of an injected tracer solution leaving in the effluent. A novel atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) technique was applied to transform the results of the latter film into response curves. This technique provide detailed quantitative data on the residence time distributions (RTD) for different feed rates. A multiparameter model, comprising a network of CSTR's and plug flows, was developed to simulate the experimental response data. Good agreement was obtained between model predictions and experimental results. The experimental technique and theoretical approach are recommended for analyzing the flow patterns and mixing mechanisms in such reactors.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 280-288 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cubic equation of state is modified in such a way that prediction of PVT data from 40 model compounds, typical of coal oil, becomes possible with an absolute mean deviation of less than 2% for saturated liquid volumes and vapour pressures 〉 1 bar. Additional correlations for binary interaction parameters are obtained by an optimization procedure using vapour-liquid euilibrium (VLE) data from known heavy hydrocarbon liquid/light gas systems. When the modified equation is applied to coal-derived liquids, only specific gravity and boiling analysis data of the coal liquids are required, primarily in order to determine the equation-of-state parameters. The proposed equation is shown to allow a good prediction of VLE data for systems consisting of wide-boiling-range coal oils and light gases. Experimental values were obtained at elevated temperatures and pressures with a circulation flow apparatus.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer and fluid mechanical data were computed for laminar channel flows containing strong longitudinal vortex pairs. The strong vortices are generated by thin delta wings and delta winglet pairs of low aspect ratios and large angles of attack. These wings are attached to the channel walls. The data show that longitudinal vortices cause high local peaks in heat transfer and marked increases in the overall channel heat transfer. These increases occur over a wide region of channel wall, compared to the vortex generating wing area. The results are of special interest for compact heat exchangers. The heat transfer enhancement allows a considerable reduction in the heat transfer area which, in turn, reduces the manufacturing and operating costs.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A superposition of simple physical equations allows a satisfactory, comprehensive fluid dynamic description of jet-loop reactors in multiphase operation up to a dispersed phase hold-up of 15%. In the case of higher concentrations, there are further interactions which are not yet included in the model description. Apart from the drag coefficient of the single-phase jet loop, information on the particle swarm behaviour, i.e. on the slip velocity of the dispersed phase is required. Explicit formulation of the influence of the relevant geometrical parameters permits a reliable scale-up without additional adaptation parameters.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To improve the rate of convergence of random search optimization procedures, the incorporation of a gradient-oriented one-dimensional search is investigated. With this modification to the random search procedure based on uniform sampling and region contraction [1], convergence to within 0.01% of the global optimum was obtained substantially faster for typical chemical engineering problems. It was also found that the reliability of obtaining the global optimum was improved.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Grade efficiencies must be measured in order to characterize particle collection in cyclones. For real, irregularly shaped partcles, the grade efficiencies depend on the shape and orientation of the particles and the flow around them. Therefore, the collection characteristics of cyclones should be defined in relation to spherical particles. Deviations occurring on the use of real, irregularly shaped dusts can then be attributed to a material influence. A fast and accurate measuring technique to determine the collection characteristic for spherical particles is described, followed by the presentation of results of extensive investigations on small model cyclones. A similarity relationship is presented. The validity of this relationship was confirmed by investigations with similar, larger cyclones.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An independent preliminary mechanistic prediction method for leakage rates through small slit-shaped through-wall cracks, based on coupled pressure drop and (critical) mass flux calculation is presented. The predictions are verified against initially subcooled liquid refrigerants and water data collected during experiments in real and model cracks in a wide range of parameters. The achieved accuracy of prediction is already comparable to that of the experimental results. Further model modifications are put forward.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of micromixing limits on a process of crystallization in an MSMPR crystallizer is studied with respect to power law growth and nucleation kinetics. Three limiting cases corresponding to maximum mixedness and complete segregation in an MSMPR crystallizer and plug flow configuration were analyzed for processes in which supersaturation is generated by conventional techniques. The sensitivity of these three limiting cases to the supersaturation generation term in each mode of operation was investigated using several numerical examples. The study demonstrates the effects of mixing on the overall crystallizer performance and, in particular, the enormous micromixing influence at high supersaturation generation rates. The difference in the product CSD arise from the variations of supersaturation profiles experienced by the elementary volumes throughout their sojourn. Characterization of mixing in a real crystallizer at some intermediate levels is emphasized with the aid of relevant industrial examples.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For design and simulation of chemical process furnaces in accordance with present-day standards, the temperature distributions in the firebox and in the reactors must be generated simultaneously. This calls for coupling of the simulations of the firebox and of the reactor. For the calculation of heat transfer in the firebox, a generalized furnace simulations program, based on the zone method, is applied. Monte Carlo simulation techniques are used to determine the view factors. The location of the burners is explicitly accounted for. Absorption and emission of radiation by the flue gas are calculated by considering band contributions for carbon dioxide and water. For the simulation of the steam reforming reactors, a one-dimensional heterogeneous model, which accounts for the presence of intraparticle partial pressure gradients, is used. The simulated temperature distribution in the furnace is in excellent agreement with industrial results, as is the simulated product distribution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 15-19 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Effective interfacial area a and volumetric liquid-side mass transfer coefficient kLa of an RTL contactor were obtained at different stirring speeds by absorption of oxygen from air into 0.8 kmol/m3 sodium sulphite solution, in the presence of Co++ ions. The values of a and kLa ranged from 80 to 150 m2/m3 and 0.0003 to 0.00053 s-1, respectively, when stirrer speed was increased from 8 to 40 rpm. When kL alone was evaluated, it was found to be practically constant, irrespective of stirring speed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chlorination of an alumina with BET surface area of 100 m2/g has been studied in situ by transmission IR measurements at about 670 K. The chlorinating gases consisting of Cl2 and CO were employed individually and in equimolar proportion. The IR results do not reveal the presence of a phosgene surface species which could support the only mechanism proposed so far to explain the chlorination. A detailed alternative reaction mechanism is suggested for the high temperature chlorination reaction, taking into account the IR results, together with the known electron donor-acceptor properties of the activated alumina and the reaction gases: Cl2 molecules accept electrons from oxide ions with a lower coordination number on the alumina surface, leading to the formation of Cl-and Oad. While Cl- yields AlCl3, Oad reacts further with CO producing CO2.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution reports on the theory underlying a uniform representation of heat transfer to submerged surfaces in fixed bed reactors and of gas convective part of heat transfer in fluidized beds with coarse-grained bulk solids and/or at elevated pressure. Based on an analysis of the pressure drop behaviour of fixed bed percolation at different gas pressures and with different bulk solids, a new dimensionless pressure drop parameter was developed. Fixed bed heat transfer data are very well correlated by this new dimensionless number. As soon as fluid throughput is in excess of minimum fluidization velocity, the pressure drop parameter transforms into the well-known Archimedes number. These two dimensionless numbers are connected by the condition of equilibrium for pressure drop and mass of practices in a fluidized bed. This equilibrium is fulfilled as soon as fluidization commences. Up to now, the Archimedes number has been generally accepted as the significant parameter, determining the gas convective part of heat transfer in fluidized beds; however, without any physical interpretation of this parameter. Introduction of the pressure drop number, which is consistent with the Archimedes number, reduces the heat transfer behaviour to pressure drop characteristics. The usefulness of this concept is proven by the comparison of experimental results and prediction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 33-37 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption of nitric oxide (NO) in phosphoric acid esters and polyethylene glycol ethers which contain cupric halides has been investigated. Due to high solubility of cupric halides and high equilibrium constants of formed nitrosyl complexes, the effective solubility of nitric oxide can be enhanced to about 100-fold its solubility in the salt-free organic liquid which itself amounts to only about 5-fold the NO-solubility in water. Calculations taking into account flue gas conditions indicate that the required gas-liquid ratio in industrial absorption processes will lie in the normal range of flue gas scrubbing processes, namely in the region of 400:1 to 1000:1 in volume. Thus, such a reversible absorption process could a viable alternative to SCR-processes in flue gas denitrification.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 71-87 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the course of polymerization in homogeneous systems, the viscosity of the reaction mass increases by several orders of magnitude. The viscosity increase is affected by reaction conditions, concentration and properties of the formed polymer. Empirical correlations for homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerizations are given. Viscosity significantly affects the polymerization kinetics as well as heat, mass and momentum balances of the polymerization reactor. The influence of viscosity and its increase on conductive heat transfer, stirrer power input and cooling capacity, molecular diffusion and mass transfer coefficients, mixing time and residence time distribution in homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerizations in stirred tank and tubular reactors is reviewed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 89-96 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Depressurization of a pressure vessel, containing a liquid or a gas is limited by the maximum possible mass flux. This flux occurs at a certain drop in pressure. The ratio of ambient pressure to that inside the vessel must be less than a certain critical value. The critical pressure ratio depends on the thermodynamic state of the fluid inside the vessel and on the geometry of the outlet cross-section. The outlet can be a pipeline, a safety valve or a rupture disk. The results of known theoretical and experimental work are presented. In previous experiments, saturated liquids, two-phase flows or pure vapours were examined. In order to predict the critical pressure ratio, certain assumptions are necessary. These are derived for three well-defined cross-sections of the vessel outlet.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 96-102 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of alkali treatment, nitrogen supplement and hydraulic retention time on methane production rate from semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of 5% wheat straw-water mixtures were investigated. The experiments were carried out in laboratory scale fermenters, fed with 1 1 of basic, alkali treated and nitrogen supplemented 5% wheat straw-water mixtures, respectively, and maintained at 55 °C. Digestion experiments were performed for hydraulic retention times of 8, 10 and 15 days. The amount and composition of produced gas were measured until steady state was attained in each run. The steady-state methane production rates were found to increase with hydraulic retention time and with the type of slurry in the following order; basic, nitrogen supplemented and alkali treated slurry. Data obtained from the experiments were employed to determine the kinetics of methane production from anaerobic digestion of wheat straw, for the assessment of pretreatment effects on process kinetics. The predicted methane production rates were found to be in a reasonably good agreement with the measurements.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the past decade, the sintering of model supported metal catalysts, i.e. catalysts consisting of metal deposited on very thin and flat oxide films, has been intensively investigated by transmission electron microscopy. In the current paper, a mathematical model, based on an atomic migration mechanism, for the sintering of these catalysts is presented. The predictions of the model, based on Monte Carlo simulations, are in very good agreement with the experimental observations, i.e. phenomena such as ‘apparent’ particle migration, splitting and neck formation between particles are predicated by the model.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A circular loop reactor was built for application to a heterogeneous liquid-liquid reaction. In order to investigate the dispersion behaviour of droplets in the reactor, basic experiments were performed using a number of liquid-liquid dispersions. Droplets discharged form the impeller region were found to grow due to coalescence in the circulation region. Mean droplet diameter decreased exponentially with elapsing time. An expression correlating the steady-state mean droplet diameter with the operating conditions was derived. Moreover, the transition time required for the droplet diameter to reach the equilibrium value was determined and correlated with the operating conditions.
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  • 31
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 218-225 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most chemical engineers presently accept that the mass transfer rate in desorption from the solid to the gas phase or from the liquid to the gas phase is accelerated with increasing temperature in the liquid or the solid phase, or increasing partial pressure of inert gas in the gas phase, and/or decreasing total system pressure in the gas phase. Nevertheless, many reports about such mass transfer are still based on the former concept, which completely contradicts the actual phenomena mentioned above. Here, we discuss the contradiction and suggest a way of resolving it in terms of diffusion theory.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thermally stabilized combustion has a number of unique characteristics which permit the generation of steam or other forms of process energy from the heat of combustion of a gaseous or clean liquid fuel in remarkably compact, integrated apparatus while truly minimizing the concentrations of NOx, CO and unburnt fuel in the effluent. These characteristics, which have been identified by a long-range program of research, are described and the advantages and limitations of this process are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 235-244 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Film theory under consideration of one-sided diffusion is a satisfactory basis for the calculation of vapour condensation from a flowing turbulent mixture with non-condensable gases. At atmospheric pressure and low condensate flow rates, coefficient equations for smooth tubes are used as a rule. At higher pressures and thus, at higher temperatures and gas densities, there are additional parameters. For instance, non-ideal behaviour of the gas phase or the surface roughness affects the condensation process. These parameters were examined in a test plant under variation of pressure, steam concentration and temperature in a vapour/air mixture. At pressures of up to 21 bar, the Reynolds number of the gaseous phase reaches a maximum value of 128 000 and of 720 for the condensed phase. After description of the test facility, the experimental results are explained and discussed. It is shown that the experimental results are not in a good agreement with the common calculating methods. Taking into account the non-ideal behaviour of the steam/air mixture and the roughness of condensate surface by using a friction factor ξr, all the results could be calculated with an accuracy of ± 20%. This was achived with a modification of the coefficient equation of Gnielinski [1] and by using the equation of Andreussi [2] for the friction factor of a cocurrent annular flow. With respect to one-sided diffusion, the film theory is still applicable. The described method for the determination of local transfer coefficients includes the common calculating method. It represents an extension of the general validity of the film theory.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 226-233 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The explosion behaviour of CH4/air mixtures inside a closed 0.065 m3 spherical and a 1 m3 cylindrical vessel was investigated to determine the effect of turbulence on the structure and propagation rate of transient turbulent flames for different initial turbulence levels generated by 4 ventilators installed inside the equipment. Laser-Doppler and hot wire anemometry were used to measure the turbulent motion. It was found that fairly uniform turbulence could be achieved in the central zones of the vessels and that the RMS-values of flow velocity were proportional to the ventilator speed. The evaluation of burning velocity from the pressure/time records showed that, starting from an initial burning velocity which depends on the initial turbulence level, the flame accelerates as a result of pressure, temperature and turbulence effects. Maximum burning velocity coincides with the inflexion point of the pressure/time curve, and is followed by a rapid deceleration of the flame front. A linear relationship between burning velocity and measured RMS-velocity is recognized in the observed range of RMS-values.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 35
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 245-248 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer data are presented for absorption of oxygen in a centrifugal film apparatus. The apparatus was designed to exclude the formation of foam by gas dispersion in liquid. Cells and micro-organisms are not subjected to high shear stress. Therefore, this equipment can be applied in fermentation processes. In the present work, experimental data and correlations were obtained on splitting of the liquid film and oxygen absorption into the film through a spiral ridge formed on the conical surface. The performance of the apparatus is found to be equivalent to those of other types of absorbers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Carman-Kozeny equation is applicable in the viscous flow regime but, as the powder becomes finer, this equation fails. The controlling factor is the ratio of the hydraulic diameter to the mean free path of gas molecules (rH/λ) and, as this approaches unity, “slip flow” occurs. This effect increases with (a) increasing fineness, i.e. rH reduced, (b) decreasing porosity, i.e. rH reduced, and (c) decreasing pressure, i.e. λ increased. In order to account for the enhanced flow arising as a result of this failure, a second term is introduced into the equation and this includes an unknown “constant” (δK0/K), the coefficient of slip. It was considered probable that this so-called constant was a function of (rH/λ), and an attempt was made to investigate this relationship.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 318-323 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A special stress measuring device for determining the normal and shear stresses acting on silo walls was developed and tested. The load cell can be used for measuring simultaneously the normal stress as well as the intensity and direction of the shear stress.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The knowledge of the heat transfer coefficient on the inner side of a heated vessel wall is of the utmost importance for the design of agitated vessels. In the case of large Reynolds numbers, the heat transfer is mainly determined by these numbers whereas, with small Reynolds numbers, the heat transfer is better described by considering the Grashof number. Investigations of heat transfer in agitated narrow vessels have shown that the height/diameter ratio exerts virtually no influence on the heat transfer when multi-impeller stirrers are used. The heat transfer to stirred suspensions can be described by relationships valid for liquids if the characteristic data of the liquid are replaced by those of the suspension and when the solids volume concentration is also taken into account. This relationship allows the heat transfer coefficient to be calculated for given solids volume concentrations of up to 60%.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to achieve optimal energy-saving, load-dependent operation of rectification columns, development and implementation of model-based control concepts are necessary. This paper reports on the design and step-by-step testing of a state observer for the estimation of two state variables which cannot be measured directly, namely the vapour rate and the location of mass transfer zone (temperature front) in the stripping section of a production column. The procedure is described, and the relevant simulation and operation results are presented and discussed. Initial experience, gained when the concept was put into practical operation, is reported.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 40
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 374-378 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wall shear rate vectors in a bubble column and an airlift-loop reactor were measured using the limiting-current electrodiffusion technique. In connection with a new circular three-segment probe, the magnitudes and directions of shear rates were determined. The results for the bubble column are in good agreement with hot film-anemometry measurements in the same column. Moreover, the spiral flow structure, postulated in the shear-zone model of Franz, has been confirmed. In addition, the measuring technique was used to determine the flow structure in an airlift-loop reactor employed for the cultivation of animal cells. The region above the gas distributor of this fermenter has been identified as critical for mechanical damage to the cells.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 41
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 395-399 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mean droplet diameter of the dispersed phase in pulsed plate extraction columns was measured for binary and ternary systems. A change in the droplet size in the presence of solute, dependent on such factors as the direction of mass transfer, droplet size in the binary system, radio of diffusion coefficients, viscosity of the continuous phase, interfacial tension and driving force for extraction was observed. Two new empirical correlations of mean droplet sizes in mass transfer conditions are proposed. These correlations have been successfully applied to other extraction columns.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow phenomena, local heat and mass transfer and pressure drop of corrugated passages in process equipment are examined. Based on a method for measuring local heat and mass transfer, developed in previous investigations, a procedure has been formulated for the determination of local heat and mass transfer in corrugated passages. Using the analogy between heat and mass transfer, this technique allows the determination of heat transfer distributions in any structures with high local resolution. The corresponding pressure drop is presented together with the local and integral heat and mass transfer of different structures. It is shown that differences in heat and mass transfer as well as in pressure drop are due to different flow phenomena which also characterize mixing behaviour.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study describes the gas and liquid distributions in a column with structured packings. The column is 0.5 m in diameter. It is equipped with a total of 1289 detectors in the top and bottom cross-sections. These detectors provide a detailed picture of the gas and liquid flows through elements of only 25 × 25 mm2. The maldistribution in the gas bulk flow is negligible. Only the observed wall can contribute to malperformance. The gas flows in parallel to sheet orientation, thus introducing a radial transport. Together with the change in the orientation of subsequent packing elements, this results in good gas mixing. It was observed that the liquid wall flow rate decreases when the gas velocity exceeds 1.7 m/s. Up to the loading point, the maldistribution of the liquid is constant. Above this point, the equality of the distribution deteriorates rapidly, due to the occurrence of large-scale liquid segregation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The “nozzle scrubber” is a wet scrubber in which the scrubbing water is dispersed in dust laden gas stream by means of one or more pneumatic nozzle. This scrubber is distinguished by an excellent collection efficiency for submicron dust at an unusually low energy and water consumption. So far, the physical effects affecting the separation cannot be explained by a well-defined theory. Therefore, it is sensible to investigate the collection efficiency with regard to the mechanisms of inertial impaction, turbulent diffusion and coalescence induced by turbulence. The experimental equipment is of a very simple design. A light scattering device was used to measure the particle distributions. In addition, electron micrographs were analyzed to obtain information about the submicron particles. The influence of operating parameters on grade efficiency has been demonstrated by their systematic variation. The contribution of turbulent diffusion to the collection efficiency has been confirmed; nevertheless, grade efficiencies were also measured when inertial impaction prevailed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principle of ultrasonic spectrometry is based on the measurement of the ultrasonic extinction caused by the presence of particles. From measurements at different frequencies and with the knowledge of the ultrasonic extinction cross section of the particles, a system of linear equations can be established and solved to obtain the particle size distribution and particle concentration. With an experimental apparatus covering the frequency range from 1.7 MHz to 81 MHz, particles ranging from 20 to 1000 μm in diameter may be analyzed. The measurements can be carried out with particle concentrations as high as 10% by volume.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 46
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 47
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 54-63 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a chemical reactor is depressurized or pressure in a vessel, filled with saturated liquid, has to be decreased, generally both vapour and liquid flow out through the relief valve. Since chemical reactors are usually operated with toxic and explosive fluids, the discharged liquid which vaporizes on the ground around the vessel may reach dangerous concentrations, causing explosions or accidents with the poisonous gas. During a research project, some fundamentals were developed for the design of separation systems which separate liquid from vapour and store it in a receiver. The requirement for a separation efficiency of a least 80% is related to the condition that the separated liquid should flow back into the reactor still during the pressure relief phase. For safety reasons, both separation and re-storage are to be carried out without the supply of external energy. Theoretical and experimental investigations of pressure distribution within the piping to the relief valve and in an integrated separator show that re-storage of the separated liquid in the vessel can be achieved under certain flow conditions. Therefore, the separator must be integrated in the pipe at a certain height above the vessel, so that the hydrostatic pressure of the separated liquid, corresponding to the difference in height, is sufficient to lead it back through another pipe against the internal pressure of the vessel. First, several separators were tested with air-water mixtures. A swirl separator and a reversing separator have been developed to such an extent that they appear suitable for the set task. Experimental results with air-water mixtures and refrigerant R12 upon pressure relief show separation efficiencies of between 90 and 100% at low pressure drops within the whole operating range. As an alternative to separation outside the vessel, a rotary separator was also developed which is fixed to the outlet opening in the vessel. A centrifugal field is produced by the separator rotor and the heavier liquid is largely separated from the vapour so that only drops in the range 〈 100 μm flow together with the vapour towards the central standpipe. The outflowing vapour leaves the separator via 4 tangentially arranged nozzles, under critical conditions. The vapour flow momentum drives the separator rotor. The arrangement was developed and tested during various series of experiments, under conditions or pressure relief with refrigerant R12. So far, separation efficiencies between 60 and 95% have been achieved at stirring speeds of up to 2500 min-1.
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  • 48
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 63-70 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown in this report that, under certain conditions, cleaning of exhaust air by absorption presents an interesting alternative to the existing methods. In particular, this process can be used with advantage for small quantities of exhaust air, high and strongly fluctuating solvent concentrations and solvent mixtures such as those occurring in batch operation. A washing agent was employed which had not been previously used for this purpose. Its properties, which were investigated in the laboratory, were confirmed during a 15-months' trial period in a semi-industrial plant. The process and plant were optimized for practical use. Through its option of solvent recovery from exhaust air, this physical absorption process contributes to environmental control.
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  • 49
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 113-130 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Starting from the review of current industrial designs, the present paper analyzes thermal interaction between reactants and coolant in multitubular fixed-bed reactors. The interaction can be described quantitatively in terms of parameters characterizing transport processes both on the tube side and in the intertubular space. The study provides a detailed discussion of existing methods and correlations used for the evaluation of these parameters. The methods presented here can be considered as a basis for the development of a more comprehensive approach to the modeling and design of multitubular catalytic reactors.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The prediction of leak areas in pressure vessels is an important objective in the safety analysis of chemical plants. Using suitable design rules, a leak-before-break behaviour can be achieved. This contribution outlines a procedure for the leak-before-break design of nozzle attachments and the determination of the size of the corresponding opening area. In addition, K1-factors and leak areas for a number of nozzle geometries have been calculated and plotted.
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  • 51
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Anaerobic fermentation of molasses distillery slops to biogas was carried out with the aid of an adapted and selected anaerobic mixed culture. Two different types of fermenters were used, namely an agitated pretreatment fermenter and a column fermenter with glass rings as carriers for micro-organisms. The production of biogas in both fermenters amounted to between 0.6 and 0.8 dm3/g COD. The aerobic pretreatment of distillery slops by T. fermentans, yeast during a 4 to 6 h period allows a high reduction of COD in the subsequent anaerobic phase of the process. After treatment of the distillery slops by T. fermentans, it was possible to convert between 85 and 93% of the organic matter to methane. Conversion was about 93% with loading rate of 25g COD/litre day.
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  • 52
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 147-154 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sintering effect of highly dispersed metals is the reason for the following phenomena: thermal deactivation, particle size effect, separable or non-separable kinetics and the isokinetic relationship ( = compensation effect). A comparison of these phenomena reveals a contradiction which can be reconciled by a new particle size effect. This effect is characterized in the following way: The dependence of specific activity on particle size is always connected with a variation of the activation energy, caused by the particle size distribution. Therefore, this effect is referred to as the partical size and distribution effect, P.S.D.E. This new concept describes all the observed phenomena of the conventional partical size effect. Moreover, it is consistent with similar effects such as non-separable kinetics and the isokinetic relationship. In consequence, the method of isothermal measurement of specific activity is inadequate.
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  • 53
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 155-161 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The conversion of methanol over zeolite H-T was investigated in a fixed bed reactor. H-T was prepared from Na-T by ion exchange with HCl and NH4Cl solutions. The HCl solution caused appreciable dealumination. High yields of ethene were obtained with NH4Cl exchangeed zeolites Na-T with 45% decationization, high proprne yields with low HCl or NH4Cl Exchanged catalysts. Low methanol partial pressures and short residence times favoured the formation of lower olefins. Lowest coking rates were observed at a reaction temperature of 693 K. The catalytic activity decrased slowly with the number of reaction/regeneration cycles. The distribution of procucts 〉 C2 could be described by the most probable distribution of Schulz and Flory.
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  • 54
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The most important investigations on liquid weeping and entrainment in plate columns with downcomers are reveiwed. The formulae for calculating column plate efficiency under conditions of liquid weeping and entrainment have been derived on the basis of mass balance equations. The presented model is a generalization of the models of AIChE and Colburn. Sample results are shown graphically. The effect of liquid entrainment on tray efficiency predicted by the model is in agreement with experimental data of FRI.
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  • 55
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 356-357 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 56
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 345-350 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous crystallization of potassium carbonate was investigated in a mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer with 7.0 1 working volume. Highly polydispersed product was obtained, with x50 varying between 320 and 670 μm. Crystal growth rates can be described by the model of Abegg, Stevens and Larson (ASL) (size dependent crystal growth rate). Values of G0 = 8.6 × 10-9 to 3.6 × 10-8 m/s and B0/ϕ = 2.7 × 108 to 4.2 × 109 1/m3s were obtained for mT = 45 to 92 kg/m3 and ε = 0.45 ± 0.05 W/kg. Nucleation kinetics at 27 °C can be described by the equation: B0/ϕ = kBϕsε0.73G02.5. Since G0 ∝ σ, convection and/or diffusion rather than surface integration are the crystal growth controlling mechanisms.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Combustion rate of flat graphite plates in oxidizing flows with velocities of up to 80 m/s and stagnation temperatures between 1600 and 2500 K were investigated. The flow field and its local properties were recorded in addition to surface temperature of the solid sample and change in surface structure. The experiments, in which the surface temperature of graphite was adjusted and carefully controlled by radiation shields, indicated that, under these experimental conditions, between 15 and 20 wt-% of carbon was lost as particles of up to 100 μm which burnt rapidly in the boundary layer region. Subtraction of erosion rates from the recorded global combustion rates yield the heterogeneous chemical reaction rates, which are approximated by an Arrhenius type function for the mathematical modelling. Since steep temperature and concentration gradients occur in the boundary layer, the local values of the multicomponent transport coefficients were evaluated in order to design a more realistic computational procedure which, in addition, also includes radiative heat transfer. Computational checks revealed that, in the past, the assumption of mean constant values for the transport coefficients has led to errors of up to 100% in the evaluation of the chemical reaction and global combustion rates.
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  • 58
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 358-364 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The energy consumption of ammonia plants based on steam reforming of naphtha or natural gas can be reduced by shifting the reforming load from the primary to the secondary reformer. It is shown that lowering of the primary reformer operating temperature 20 °C results in 2% increase of unconverted methane content in the outlet stream. The increased methane content can be processed in the secondary reformer if the process air inlet temperature is increased to 400 °C. The lower operating temperature reduces the energy consumption of the primary reformer by about 6% (and the overall consumption by about 2%) and also prolongs the service life of reformer tubes.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fermentation under modified gravity could be of interest in application to (a) increasing productivity of growth and growth linked production with microorganisms at high cell densities and (b) increasing the productivity of highly viscous pseudoplastic polysaccharide fermentation. In both cases, higher oxygen transfer rates in centrifugal fields result in higher productivities since these fermentations are usually oxygen limited. A further aspect of fermentation under increased gravity is the reduction of foam since foam coalescence time decreases with acceleration number. On the other hand, under microgravity, shear reduction would allow growth and production even for very shear sensitive organisms. In order to carry out fermentations under modified gravity, a special type of fermenter-the centrifugal field bioreactor CFBR-has been developed at the Institute of Chemical Engineering (Head: Prof. Mersmann) of the Technical University of Munich. For the first time, exoprotein biosynthesis of lipase with S. carnosus has been carried out under sterile and controlled conditions in this novel bioreactor, in presence of increased mass forces.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental technique and evaluation method is described for the determination of local heat transfer coefficients in tubes or other ducts. By means of a rotary mixing valve, cold and warm fluid flows are mixed in order to generate an arbitrarily shaped but periodically oscillating inlet temperature profile at the test tube. The propagation of the fundamental harmonic oscillation from the fluid to the outer surface of the tube wall is calculated analytically. Comparison of fluid and wall oscillations yields the heat transfer coefficient to be measured. The inaccurate measurement of fluid bulk temperature in the centre of the cross-section is compensated by an additional correction. Experiments were carried out with turbulent water flow through a copper tube. Measured heat transfer coefficients were compared to values calculated using Hausen's equation and good agreement was obtained.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid-liquid direct-contact heat transfer in a spray column was studied numerically for a low hold-up. The solutions of the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy for both phases agree well with earlier experimental results, if one assumes a rigid liquid-liquid interface. Heat transfer inside is dominated by transient conduction and natural convection. It was found that the Nusselt number for free convection depends essentially only on the Rayleigh number.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 406-413 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During molecular distillation in a falling film apparatus, temperature and concentration of the more volatile components undergo a marked decrease in axial and radial directions, due to the distillation in vacuo. The gradients produce changes in the rate of surface evaporation and separation efficiency along the flow path. A theoretical study of this problem is presented for binary mixtures. The respective differential equations for heat and mass transfer in the liquid film are solved numerically. As the results demonstrate, the aspect ratio of an apparatus should be large when a high separation is required and small when a high distillation rate is more important.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 63
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 12 (1989), S. 419-426 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper considers the dynamic performance of instruments in control systems. Errors connected with transient measurements are discussed. It is shown that it is not always proper to assign common statistical properties to these dynamic errors. Emphasis is placed on temperature sensors. Common industrial thermometers are described and factors affecting their response discussed. An a-priori dynamic performance prediction procedure is presented. This permits preinstallation estimation of response characteristics of sensors used in industrial processes. Sensors in service also require performance assessment since they can deteriorate with use. In-situ testing is useful for this purpose and a recently develolped procedure is described.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Crystallizer design has to take into account the physical and chemical properties of the solution and solids as well as the geometry, type and operating conditions of the crystallizer. The most important property of a crystallizing system is its solubility. High solubility leads to low relative supersaturation and large mean crystal size, and vice versa. High solubility systems can be sensitive to abrasion and attrition. For low solubility systems, mixing is crucial.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Modelling of the kinetics of a 20-N hydrazine thruster is carried out by considering two different heterogeneous reaction channels for hydrazine decomposition to the intermediate ammonia. The parameters of the reactor model are estimated by making use of temperature profiles at the wall of the decomposition chamber. Simulated ageing of the catalyst revealed an increase of the rate of deactivation with increasing total firing time.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 7 (1989), S. 456-461 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Cancellous ; Bone ; Elastic ; Stiffness ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A procedure has been developed to measure the elastic modulus of small, irregularly shaped specimens without significantly disturbing the specimen's internal or surface structure. This procedure was developed to measure the average elastic modulus of isolated trabeculae from human cancellous bone tissue. The procedure combines direct testing of a cantilever beam-type specimen, along with finite element modeling of the specimen and the testing conditions. Initial estimates for the bone tissue material properties are input into the finite element model; differences between the calculated finite element displacement and the experimentally observed displacement allows the actual material modulus to be determined. Machined aluminum and cortical bone specimens were used to test the accuracy and repeatability of the procedure. Manipulations of the finite element models were performed to examine the effect that mesh construction errors might have on the accuracy of the results. None of the parameters examined resulted in changes in the measured finite element displacements of greater than 8%. In tests on six trabecular bone speciments, an average elastic modulus of 7.8 GPa was calculated. Even taking into account the possible sources of error, this value remains significantly less than the accepted value for cortical bone.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 7 (1989), S. 828-837 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Metastasis ; Cancer ; Bone ; Strength ; Endosteal ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Lytic metastatic lesions from breast, prostate, and other cancers often develop on the endosteal surface of a long bone without penetrating the cortical wall. Current clinical guidelines for determining the fracture risk associated with these endosteal defects do not account for the structural consequences of the lesion. We undertook a combined experimental and analytical study of the structural consequences of the lesions with the ultimate goal of providing improved fracture risk guidelines. Endosteal defects of variable length and involving a variable amount of the cortical wall were created with an expanding reamer in canine femurs. The contralateral femur served as a control. The femurs were tested to failure in four point bending. The geometry of the experimental defects was determined from radiographs and CT. Finite element models of the canine femurs were then used to examine geometric and material parameters in both four point bending and in torsion. The experimental data demonstrate a linear relation between bone strength and amount of cortical wall remaining: % intact strength = 99.6 × remaining wall thickness -2.0, R2 = 0.769, standard deviation of regression = 11.57. Four of five data points from the linear finite element models were within the 95% confidence intervals for the experimental data. Experimental and finite element data suggest that the minimum wall thickness is the most critical geometric parameter for predicting the structural consequences of endosteal defects. The length of the defect along the bones' long axis has little effect on bone strength. The length of the defect along the bones' long axis has little effect on bone strength. The anelastic behavior of bone does not need to be represented in finite element models of simple endosteal defects because the defects do not cause significant stress concentrations. However, reduction in the modulus of bone along the border of a defect (due to osteolytic changes) can significantly reduce bone strength. These results indicate that the minimum wall thickness should be determined when clinically evaluating an endosteal defect. The results also suggest that information on bone porosity around metastatic lesions should be considered when making estimates of bone strength.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 68
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 103-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Calcium ; Excretion ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 69
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 327-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Density ; Analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une technique nouvelle, permettant l'analyse de la densité de faibles quantités de tissus calcifiés pulvérisés, est décrite. Cette technique utilise un analyseur électronique de taille de particules et de volume (»Compteur de Coulter«), pour déterminer les volumes relatifs des fractions pulvérisées, isolées par fractionnement densitométrique, après centrifugation dans des mélanges de solvants organiques. Certains des paramètres, responsables de la distribution densitométrique des poudres d'os, sont étudiés et la reproductibilité du fractionnement et de l'analyse est démontrée. L'application de cette méthode à l'os humain est illustrée par des résultats.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Technik zur Bestimmung der Dichteverteilung von kleinen Mengen pulverisiertem Knochengewebe beschrieben. Für diese Technik wird ein Apparat zur elektronischen Messung von Partikelgröße und-Volumen (Coulter Counter) verwendet; damit wird das totale relative Volumen der pulverisierten Fraktionen bestimmt, die durch Aufteilung der verschiedenen Dichten mittels Zentrifugieren in Mischungen von organischen Lösungsmitteln isoliert werden. Einige der Parameter, welche die Dichteverteilung von Knochenpulver beeinflussen, wurden untersucht und die Reproduzierbarkeit der Fraktionierung und der Analysen aufgezeigt. Die Anwendung dieser Technik auf Proben von Menschenknochen wird veranschaulicht und die Resultate werden besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A new technique for the density distribution analysis of small quantities of powdered hard tissues is described. The technique uses an electronic particle size and volume analyser (“Coulter Counter”) to determine the total relative volumes of the powder fractions isolated by centrifugal density fractionation in organic solvent mixtures. Some of the parameters controlling the density distributions of bone powders are examined and the reproducibility of the fractionation and analysis demonstrated. The application of this technique to human bone samples is illustrated and the results discussed.
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  • 70
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 340-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Fluoride ; Ingestion ; compatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences ont été faites sur le rat afin de tester les possiblités d'ingestion perorale simultanée de fluor (F) et de calcium (Ca) en proportions calculées pour traitement de certaines ostéopénies humaines. F sous forme de Na2PO3F et Ca sous forme de gluconate de calcium (CaGluc) n'influençaient pas l'un l'autre quant à l'utilisation par le squelette (fémur). Une viscosité élevée, produite par l'addition d'amidon ou de cellulose carboxyméthylée (CMC) à la solution ou dilution ingérée, augmentait l'utilisation du F même si CaGluc était remplacé par citrate de calcium, qui en soi avait un effet réducteur modéré sur l'utilisation du F. Le glycérophosphate de calcium réduisait fortement l'utilisation du F même en présence de CMC. L'utilisation du F comme NaF était fortement réduite par CaGluc, même en présence de CMC. Les concentrations testées de Na2PO3F, NaF ou CMC n'influençaient pas l'utilisation squelettique de Ca comme CaGluc.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Rattenexperimente mit markierten Substanzen durchgeführt, um die Auswirkung simultaner peroraler Gaben von Fluor (F) und von Calcium (Ca) zu prüfen, und zwar in einem Verhältnis, das für die Behandlung gewisser menschlicher Osteopenien berechnet wurde. Fluor in Form von Na2PO3F und Ca in Form von Calciumgluconat (CaGluc) interferieren gegenseitig nicht bei der Verwertung durch das Skelet (Femur). Eine hohe Viscosität der eingegebenen Lösung oder der Aufschlämmung, die durch Zusatz von Stärke oder Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) erzielt wurde, erhöhte die Verwertbarkeit von F sogar wenn CaGluc durch Calciumcitrat ersetzt wurde, welches die F-Verwertung leicht reduzierte. Calcium-glyzerophosphat verminderte die Fluoraufnahme in den Knochen stark, sogar in Anwesenheit von CMC. Die Verwertung von F als NaF war stark herabgesetzt durch CaGluc, selbst beim Vorhandensein von CMC. Die untersuchten Konzentrationen von Na2PO3F, NaF oder CMC hatten keinen Einfluß auf die Calciumaufnahme im Skelet in Form von CaGluc.
    Notes: Abstract Rat experiments with labelled compounds were carried out in order to test the possibilities of simultaneous peroral supply of fluorine (F) and calcium (Ca) in proportions calculated for treatment of certain human osteopenias. F in the form of Na2PO3F and Ca in the form of calcium gluconate (CaGluc) did not interfere with each other's utilisation by the skeleton (femur). A high viscosity produced by adding starch or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to the ingested solution or slurry increased the utilisation of F even when CaGluc was replaced by calcium citrate, which moderately reduced F utilisation. Calcium glycerophosphate strongly reduced F utilisation even in the presence of CMC. The utilisation of F as NaF was strongly reduced by CaGluc, even in the presence of CMC. The tested concentrations of Na2PO3F, NaF or CMC did not influence the skeletal utilisation of Ca as CaGluc.
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  • 71
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 94-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acid ; Base equilibrium ; Acidosis ; Bone ; Resorption ; Metabolism ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration chronique de chlorure d ammonium à des rats adultes normaux, soumis à un régime contenant un taux approprié de vitamine D, provoque une ostéoporose. Celle-ci est provoquée par une perte de substance d'os et de minéral osseux, associée à l'augmentation de la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Chronische Verabreichung von Ammoniumchlorid an normale ausgewachsene männliche Ratten, die eine entsprechende Vitamin-D-haltige Diät erhalten, verursacht die Entwicklung einer Osteoporose. Die Osteoporose entsteht auf Grund eines Verlustes von Knochensubstanz und Knochenmineral, in Begleitung einer erhöhten Knochenresorption.
    Notes: Abstract Excessive administration of ammonium chloride to normal adult male rats receiving a diet adequate in vitamin D caused the development of osteoporosis. The osteoporosis was due to loss of bone substance and bone mineral associated with increased bone resorption.
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  • 72
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 113-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Isotope ; Turnover ; Radiosodium ; Radiocalcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après injection intraperitonéale de22Na, la rétention de l'isotope a été déterminée dans l'organisme entier de rasé et dans leur tissu osseux, pendant une période allant jusqu'à 650 jours. Contrairement au45Ca, qui est rapidement concentré dans l'os, puis lentement éliminé, la presque totalité du22Na absorbée par l'os le quitte avec une demie-période de 3–5.5 jours. Cependant, environ 5% de la charge squelettique présente une vitesse de mobilisation lente, avec une demie-période d'environ 700 jours. Etant donné que cette vitesse est comparable à celle de45Ca, il semble que la faible fraction de Na osseux fasse partie de la structure du cristal. Seuls deux des procédés expérimentaux utilisés ont un effet significatif sur la mobilisation du Na. Il s'agit de la consommation prolongée d'un régime pauvre en calcium et d'un changement de l'activité parathyroidienne. Une augmentation du Na alimentaire affecte l'augmentation de la vitesse de mobilisation du sodium dans son composé rapide, alors que le composé lent est peu ou pas affecté. Les calculs effectués, à partir de nos résultats, indiquent que, contrairement au calcium, le squelette ne sert pas de réservoir significatif pour le maintien du milieu liquide extracellulaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ratten erhielten intraperitoneal22Na, und die Retention dieses Isotopes wurde während einer Zeitspanne bis zu 650 Tagen im ganzen Körper und in den Knochen bestimmt. Im Gegensatz zu45Ca, welches sehr rasch von den Knochen aufgenommen und dann nur langsam abgegeben wird, verschwindet der größte Teil des vom Knochen aufgenommenen22Na in einer Halbwertzeit von 3–5,5 Tagen. Jedoch zeigen etwa 5% des Knochengerüstes einen sehr langsamen Turnover mit einer Halbwertzeit von ungefähr 700 Tagen. Da dieser Anteil jenem von45Ca vergleichbar ist, kann daraus geschlossen werden, daß diese kleine Fraktion des Na vom Knochen einen integralen Teil der Kristallstruktur ausmacht. Nur zwei der verschiedenen experimentellen Anordnungen, welche ausprobiert wurden, ergaben eine signifikante Wirkung auf den Na-Turnover im Knochen. Diese bestanden einerseits aus einer langzeitigen Verfütterung von Ca-armer Diät, andererseits aus einer Veränderung der Parathyreoidea-Aktivität. Eine Erhöhung der Na in der Nahrung beeinflußte die schnelle Komponente des Na-Turnover im Knochen; sie zeigte aber wenig bis keine Wirkung auf die langsame Komponente. Berechnungen aus unseren Resultaten lassen vermuten, daß — im Gegensatz zum Ca — das Skelet keine signifikante Reservoir-Funktion zur Erhaltung des Na in der extracellulären Flüssigkeit ausübt.
    Notes: Abstract Rats were given22Na intraperitoneally and the retention of the isotope was determined in whole body and in bone for periods up to 650 days. In contrast to45Ca, which is rapidly taken up by bone and then very slowly released, most of the22Na taken up by bone leaves, with a halftime of 3–5.5 days. However, about 5% of the skeletal burden exhibits a very slow turnover, with a half-time of about 700 days. Since this rate is comparable to that of45Ca, it is concluded that this small fraction of bone Na is an integral part of the crystal structure. Only two of the several experimental procedures which were tried produced a significant effect on bone Na turnover. These were prolonged feeding of a low calcium diet and a change in parathyroid activity. An increase in dietary Na affected the fast component of bone Na turnover, but there was little if any effect on the slow component. Calculations from our data suggest that, in contrast to Ca, the skeleton does not serve a significant reservoir function for the support of extracellular fluid Na.
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  • 73
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 330-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagen ; Electric current ; Electrolysis ; Precipitation ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du courant électrique sur la collagène soluble, en solution dans l'acide acétique dilué, a été étudié pour des voltages, variant de O à 25 volts. Au-dessus de 2,6 volts, la vormation des bandes collagéniques (définies dans ce travail) parait inversement proportionelle, dans le temps, au voltage appliqué. La formation des bandes parait liée au processus d'électrolyse. Les auteurs démontrent que les pH élevés se situent au niveau de la cathode et qu'ils sont suffisants pour induire une précipitation du collagène. Les résultats antérieurs, publiés dans la littérature, décrivant l'action de courant électrique implanté, sont interpretés en fonction du mécanisme étudié au cours de ce travail.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung eines elektrischen Stromes auf verdünnte essigsaure Lösungen von löslichem Kollagen wurde bei Spannungen zwischen O und 25 Volt untersucht. Über 2,6 Volt wurde die Bildung von Kollagenbanden (in der Arbeit näher beschrieben) beobachtet, und zwar nach Zeiten, die der angewandten Spannung entgegengesetzt proportional verliefen. Die Bandenbildung wird dem Elektrolyseprozeß zugeschrieben. Wir konnten zeigen, daß sich die hohen pH-Werte rund um die Kathode entwickelten und daß diese genügen, um die Kollagenfällung zu veranlassen. Die Natur dieses Vorganges ist solcher Art, daß erin vivo als Antwort auf durch Stress verursachte Biopotentiale nicht vorkommen kann. Der hier beschriebene Mechanismus erlaubt es, Literaturangaben über den Effekt von implantierten Spannungsquellen zu interpretieren.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of electric current on dilute acetic acid solutions of soluble collagen has been studied for impressed voltages of from 0 to 25 volts. Above 2.6 volts the formation of collagen bands (herein defined) were observed at times inversely proportional to the applied voltage. Band formation is attributed to the process of electrolysis. It has been shown that the high pH values are generated in the area of the cathode, and that they are sufficient to induce collagen to precipitate. The nature of the process is such that it cannot occurin vivo as a response to stress induced biopotentials. Reports in the literature describing the effect of implanted voltage sources are interpreted in terms of the mechanism described here.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Osteocytes ; Lysosomes ; Collagenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 20-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Epiphyseal Cartilage ; Bone ; Electrolytes ; Organic matrices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un procédé de dissection a été mis au point pour permettre l'analyse zonale du cartilage de l'épiphyse des os de la jambe d'un foetus bovin. Des échantillons de tissu complet et lavé venant des différentes zones ont été analysés pour déterminer leur contenu en électrolyte et en constituants organiques, ainsi que pour leur densité, cendres et humidité. Les résultats ont montré que lorsque la quantité de cendres et la densité augmentaient, l'eau contenu dans le tissu diminuait. Les quantités de cendres dans les zones de cartilage en voie de calcification étaient plus grandes qu'il avait été. Quand elles étaient exprimées comme un pourcentage du poids sec, elles étaient les plus importantes dans le cartilage lavé calcifié que dans le autre zones. Au début de la minéralisation du cartilage, la quantité de Na (m moles/l de tissu frais) diminuait tandis que celles du Ca et du P inorganique augmentaient. Les niveaux de Mg augmentaient pendant que la calcification se poursuivait, mais seulement à une faction du taux du Ca et du P. Les rapports Ca/P inorganique étaient les plus grands dans le cartilage au repos (Cartilage non-différentié hyalin), suggérant un lien initiale entre Ca et les chrondromucoprotéines. Cependant, au début de la calcification, pendant la prolifération du cartilage les rapports Ca/P étaient beaucoup plus petits (ca. 1.50) mais augmentaient graduellement avec l'advancement de la minéralisation. Des changements importants survenaient dans la composition de la phase organique, pendant la calcification endochondrale. Comme il a été déterminé par l'analyse de l'hydroxyproline la quantité de collagéne diminuait progressivement pendant la calcification du cartilage, mais augmentait rapidement pendant la formation d'os. Comme il a été déterminé par l'analyse de l'héxosamine et du sulfute les chrondromucoprotéines étaient aux niveaux les plus éléves pendant la prolifération du cartilage et diminuaient constamment au cours de la calcification. Cependant, bien que la calcification était déja très avancée dans le cartilage hypertrophique, de grandes quantites de mucopolysaccharides étaient encore présentes. Les rapports sulfure/hhéxosamine montraient un léger déclin pendant les premiéres étapes de la calcification, mais augmentaient beaucoup pendant le cours de la minéralisation. Les quantités d'acide sialique étaient plus grandes dans le cartilage de l'épiphyse que dans le cartilage au repos ou dans l'os. Les lipides augmentaient rapidement pendant la calcification du cartilage, mais étaient très réduites dans l'os complètement formé. La signification de ces résultats est discutée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Seziermethode, die eine Schichten-Analyse der Beinepiphysenplatte von Rinderfeten erlaubt, wurde entwickelt. Proben vor und nach Waschen des Gewebes der verschiedenen Schichten werden untersucht in bezug auf Elektrolyte und organische Bestandteile, als auch in bezug auf Dichte, Aschengehalt und Feuchtigkeit. Die Resultate zeigten eine Zunahme des Aschengehaltes und der Dichte, während der Wassergehalt abnahm. Unerwartet hoch waren die Aschenwerte im in Verkalkung begriffenen Knorpel. Ausgedrückt in Prozent Trockengewicht, ergab gewaschener, verkalkter Knorpel den höchsten Wert aller Zonen. In den Frühstadien der Knorpelmineralisation nahm der Natriumgehalt (m Mol/l Frischgewebe) ab, während Ca und anorganischer P zunahmen. Mit fortschreitender Verkalkung erhöhte sich auch der Magnesium-Spiegel, allerdings nur zu einem Bruchteil des Ausmaßes, in welchem Ca und P zunahmen. Die höchsten Ca/P anorg. Verhältnisse wurden im Ruheknorpel (undifferenzierter hyaliner Knorpel) gefunden, was auf eine initiale Bindung von Ca durch Chondromucoproteine hinweist. Die Ca/P-Verhältnisse proliferierenden Knorpels waren jedoch bei Verkalkungsbeginn viel tiefer (ca. 1.50). Diese nahmen allerdings mit fortschreitender Mineralisierung stetig zu. In der endochondralen Verkalkungsphase fanden markante Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung des organischen Anteils statt. Basierend auf der Hydroxyprolinanalyse nahm der Collagengehalt in der knorpeligen Verkalkungsperiode fortschreitend ab, während er jedoch bei der Knochenbildung rasch zunahm. Die an Hand von Hexosamin- und Schwefelanalysen bestimmten Chondromucoproteingehalte ergaben Höchstwerte im proliferierenden Knorpel und fielen stetig ab mit zunehmender Verkalkung. Trotz der im hypertrophischen Knorpel schon weit fortgeschrittenen Verkalkung waren immer noch große Mengen an Mucopolysacchariden vorhanden. Die Schwefel/Hexosamin-Verhältnisse zeigten eine minimale Abnahme in den frühen Verkalkungsphasen, nahmen jedoch markant zu bei fortschreitender Mineralisation. Der Sialinsäurespiegel war im Epiphysenknorpel, verglichen mit demjenigen des Ruheknorpels oder Knochens, erhöht. In der knorpeligen Verkalkungsphase nahmen die Lipide rasch zu, während jedoch die Werte des vollständig ausgebildeten Knochens stark vermindert waren. Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A dissection procedure has been devised to permit zonal analysis of the epiphyseal plate of fetal calf leg bones. Samples of whole and washed tissue from the various zones were analyzed for their content of electrolyte and organic constituents, as well as for density, ash and moisture. Results showed that as ash content and density increased, water content decreased. Ash levels in calcifying cartilage zones were unexpectedly high. When expressed as a percentage of dry weight, washed calcified cartilage had the highest content of any zone. In the early stages of the mineralization of cartilage, Na content (mmoles/l of fresh tissue) decreased as Ca and inorganic P increased. Magnesium levels increased as calcification proceeded, but only at a fraction of the rate of Ca and P. Ratios of Ca/inorganic P were highest in resting cartilage (non-differentiated hyaline cartilage), suggesting an initial binding of Ca to chondromucoproteins. However, at the onset of calcification in proliferating cartilage, Ca/P ratios were much lower (ca. 1.50), but gradually increased with advancing mineralization. Marked changes occurred in the composition of the organic phase during endochondral calcification. As determined by hydroxyproline analysis, collagen content progressively decreased during cartilaginous calcification, but increased rapidly during bone formation. As determined by hexosamine and sulfur analysis, chondromucoproteins were at highest levels in proliferating cartilage and decreased steadily as calcification increased. However, although calcification was already well advanced in hypertrophic cartilage, large amounts of mucopolysaccharide still were present. Sulfur/hexosamine ratios showed a slight decline during the early stages of calcification, but increased markedly with further mineralization. Sialic acid levels were elevated in epiphyseal cartilage over those in resting cartilage or bone. Lipids increased rapidly during cartilaginous calcification, but were greatly reduced in fully-formed bone. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 78-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcification ; Osteomalacia ; Phosphorus ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effects d'une dose de 1 mg de vitamine D3 (40 000 Unités,) administrée par voie intra-veineuse, ont été étudiés sur l'histologie osseuse et le métabolisme du phosphore chez 19 sujets contrôles dont l'histologie était normale et 28 malades présentant les caractères histologiques de l'ostéomalacie par carence vitaminique D. L'administration de la vitamine D n'a entraîné aucune modification histologique ou biologique significative chez les sujets contrôles. Mais chez les ostéomalaciques, il est apparu en moins de sept jours une augmentation très significative du front de calcification à l'interface tissue-ostéoïde-tissue-calcifié. Cette modification s'accompagnait d'une ascension progressive de la phosphatémie et de la réabsorption tubulaire du phosphore atteignant dans le même délai des valeurs normales.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei 19 Patienten mit normaler Knochenhistologie und bei 28 Patienten mit histologisch gesicherter Osteomalacie wurde die Wirkung von 1 mg Vitamin D3 (40000 Iv) i.v. auf die Knochenhistologie und den Phosphatmetabolismus untersucht. Bei den Kontrollpatienten konnten keine signifikanten Änderungen nach Vitamin D festgestellt werden, wogegen die Osteomalacie-patienten innerhalb von 7 Tagen eine deutliche Zunahme der Verkalkungszone an der Grenze zwischen Osteoid- und Knochengewebe zeigten. Diese Änderung war von einer fortschreitenden Zunahme des Serum-Phosphates, verbunden mit einer gesteigerten renalen tubulären Rückabsorption des Phosphates begleitet; beide kehrten anschließend gleichzeitig wieder zur Norm zurück.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a 1 mg dose of intravenous Vitamin D3 (40,000 i.u.) on bone histology and phosphate metabolism was investigated in 19 patients with normal bone histology and 28 patients with histological evidence of osteomalacia. No significant changes occurred in the control patients after Vitamin D but the patients with osteomalacia showed a marked increase, within seven days, in the proportion of osteoid having a calcification front. This was accompanied by a progressive rise in the serum phosphate, which was associated with an increase in the renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate to normal.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 174-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Strontium ; Bone ; Mineral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La proportion Sr/Ca dans l'os est à peu près la même que dans le sérum tandis que les poudres d'hydroxyapatite suspendues dans des solution physiologiques font une distinction contre le strontium. On trouva que la proportion Sr/Ca des fractions de différentes densités d'os compact de tibia de rat en forme de poudre augmentait avec augmentation de la densité jusqu'à une valeur un peu supérieure à celle observée dans le sérum. L'explication pourrait être qu'une barrière cellulaire ôte le calcium par préférence au strontium du fluide d'os ou bien qu'une accentuation précoce de la proportion Sr/Ca dans l'os se réfléchit dans les fractions de densité supérieure.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis Sr/Ca im Knochen ist annähernd dasselbe wie es im Serum vorliegt, während in einer physiologischen Lösung von pulverisiertem Hydroxyapatit das Sr zugunsten des Ca benachteiligt wird. Es wurde festgestellt, daß das Sr/Ca-Verhältnis von Fraktionen verschiedener Dichte von pulverisierten Rattentibiae mit zunehmender Dichte anstieg, und zwar bis zu einem Wert, der etwas höher lag als der im Serum beobachtete. Dies ließe sich so erklären, daß eine Zellbarriere beim Entzug aus der Knochenflüssigkeit Ca dem Sr vorzieht; oder aber daß sich eine frühzeitige Betonung des für den Knochen typischen Sr/Ca-Verhältnisses in den Fraktionen höherer Dichte widerspiegelt.
    Notes: Abstract The Sr/Ca ration in bone is approximately the same as in serum, whereas hydroxyapatite powders suspended in physiological solutions discriminate against strontium. It was found that the Sr/Ca ratio of various density fractions of powdered compact bone of rat tibia increased with increasing density to a value slightly higher than that observed in the serum. The explanation could be that a cellular barrier removes calcium preferentially to strontium from the bone fluid, or that early accentuation of the bone Sr/Ca ration is reflected in the higher density fractions.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 245-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Densitometry ; X-ray ; Diet ; Calcium ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ingestion quotidienne de calcium of été déterminée en interrogeant 398 individus, âgés de 15 à 90 ans. Le rapport entre l'ingestion de calcium et la minéralisation vertébrale, mesurée par densitométrie radiographique quantitative, est fiable mais cependant significatif. Chez 53 personnes, atteintes d'ostéoporose, comparées à un nombre égal d'individus, d'âges similaires, les valeurs de la minéralisation vertébrale sont 60 pour cent plus faibles que celles du groupe témoin. L'ingestion totale moyenne de calcium est plus faible de 21 per cent chez les ostéoporotiques. Chez les sujets, à ingestion unique de calcium, les patients du groupe témoin ingèrent preque le double de calcium que le groupe des ostéoporotiques. Une diminution moyenne de l'ingestion calcique est notée avec l'âge. Il semble qu'il existe une diminution de l'absorption calcique avec l'âge, l'ostéoporose ou les deux, ainsi qu'un besoin plus grand en calcium chez les sujets âgés pour assurer l'équilibre en calcium. Indépendamment de l'homéostase calcique, un équilibre négatif en calcium augmente la résorption osseuse, et diminue l'ostéogenèse. De nombreux facteurs interviennent dans l'étiologie et la pathogénie de l'ostéoporose: les résultats de cette étude indique que la présence de calcium alimentaire est l'un de ces facteurs.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die tägliche Calciumeinnahme wurde anhand einer Befragung von 398 Personen im Alter von 15–90 Jahren geschätzt. Die Korrelation der Calciumeinnahme und der Mineralisation der Wirbelsäule, wie sie röntgenologisch durch quantitative Messung der Dichte festgestellt wurde, war niedrig, aber durchwegs signifikant. Bei 53 Osteoporose-Patienten, die mit 53 Kontrollpersonen gleichen Alters verglichen wurden, waren die Mineralisationswerte der Wirbelsäule um 60% niedriger als jene der Kontrollgruppe, und die durchschnittlich geschätzte Gesamt-Calciumeinnahme der Osteoporotiker war um 21% tiefer. Von den Exploranden, die Angaben über eine gleichmäßige Calciumaufnahme machten, nahmen die Kontrollpersonen beinahe doppelt so viel Calcium ein als diejenigen mit Osteoporose. Im Durchschnitt wurde eine Verminderung der Calciumeinnahme mit fortschreitendem Alter festgestellt. Es ergibt sich deutlich, daß die Calciumabsorption mit dem Alter, bei Osteoporose oder in der Kombination dieser beiden Faktoren abnimmt, und daß eine größere Calciumeinnahme bei älteren Personen nötig wäre, um eine positive Calciumbilanz aufrechtzuerhalten. Ungeachtet der Komplexität der Calciumhomöostase, kann eine negative Calciumbilanz schließlich dazu führen, daß mehr Knochen resorbiert als gebildet wird. Demzufolge sollte bei erkanntem Bedürfnis eine adäquate Calciumeinnahme gesichert sein. Es ist eine Tatsache, daß viele Faktoren an der Ätiologie und Pathogenese der Osteoporose beteiligt sind; die Resultate dieses Berichtes unterstützen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß das Calciumangebot in der Nahrung einer dieser Faktoren ist.
    Notes: Abstract Lifetime daily calcium intake was estimated through interview of 398 individuals from 15 to 90 years of age. The correlation of calcium intake with vertebral mineralization as determined by quantitative radiographic densitometry was low but persistently significant. In 53 persons with osteoporosis matched by age with 53 individuals from the control group, vertebral mineralization values were 60% lower than those of the control group, and the mean estimated total calcium intake in osteoporotics was 21% lower. In those persons reporting a single lifetime calcium intake, the control patients ingested almost twice as much calcium as those with osteoporosis. A mean decrease in calcium intake with advancing years has been shown. Evidence points to a decrease in calcium absorption with age, osteoporosis, or both, as well as a greater need for calcium intake in the elderly to maintain a positive calcium balance. Regardless of the intricacies of calcium homeostasis, a negative calcium balance leads eventually to greater bone resorption than formation, hence the rationality of insuring an adequate calcium intake with recognized nutritional needs. Evidence suggests that many factors are involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of osteoporosis; the data in this report support the likelihood that availability of calcium in the diet is one of them.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 339-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Calcitonin ; Organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode quantitative pour étudier les effets précoces des hormones et autres agents sur la mobilisation du calcium osseux a été mise au point. Des moitiés de calottes craniennes de souris de 6 jours, ayant reçu du45Ca quatre jours auparavant, sont explantéesin vitro et placées dans des récipients séparés, en milieu liquide; une moitié sert de témoin, l'autre moitié est utilisée pour l'expérimentation. Ce mode d'action dans le temps, de chaque produit testé, est déterminé en prélevant aseptiquement de petits échantillons dans le milieu et en dosant l'isotope. L'hormone parathyroidienne et la vitamine A provoquent une résorption osseuse étendue ainsi qu'un passage augmenté du45Ca des os traités dans le milieu, au bout de 2 heures, si on les compare aux témoins. La calcitonine inhibe rapidement la mobilisation du45Ca des os résorbés: l'intervalle de temps est similaire à celui obtenuin vivo en abaissant le calcium sérique. Nos résultats indiquent que les agents, qui induisent la résorption osseuse, augmentent à la fois le nombre des ostéoclastes et l'efficacité des cellules existantes, en ce qui concerne la mobilisation du calcium. La calcitonine inhibe la libération du45Ca des explants vivants, maintenus dans un milieu contrôle. Cette réduction est attribuée à la suppression de la résorption endogène, en cours au moment de la transplantation: un échange isotopique est toujours observé, comme au niveau des explants sur vivants.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine quantitative Methode zur Bestimmung der Früheffekte von Hormonen oder andern Wirkstoffen auf die Wanderung von Calcium in den oder aus dem Knochen wurde entwickelt. Calvarien-Hälften von 6 Tagen alten, 4 Tage früher mit45Ca markierten Mäusen werden explantiert und in getrennten Schalen mit flüssiger Nährlösungin vitro belassen. Die eine Hälfte dient als Kontrolle, die andere wird für das Experiment eingesetzt. Anhand kleiner Proben, die den Medien aseptisch entnommen und auf ihren Isotopengehalt geprüft werden, kann die Wirkung der verschiedenen Agentien im Verlaufe der Zeit beobachtet werden. Sowohl Parahormon als auch Vitamin A verursachen eine ausgedehnte Knochenresorption und es wurde, im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen, innerhalb von 2 Std eine gesteigerte Abgabe von45Ca aus den behandelten Knochen in das Medium nachgewiesen, Die Freisetzung von45Ca aus resorbierenden Knochen wird durch Calcitonin rasch inhibiert. Wirkungsweise und Verlauf bestehen, wiein vivo, in einer Senkung des Serum-Calciums. Unsere Resultate zeigen, daß Wirkstoffe, welche eine Knochenresorption veranlassen, sowohl die Zahl der polynucleären Osteoklasten ansteigen lassen als auch die vorhandenen Zellen zur vermehrten Calcium-Mobilisation anregen. Calcitonin dagegen verhindert die Bildung neuer, polynucleärer Osteoklasten wie auch die Mobilisation von Knochenmineral durch die vorhandenen Osteoklasten. Calcitonin wirkt hemmend auf die Abgabe von45Ca von lebenden Explantaten, die in Kontrollmedium kultiviert werden. Diese Abnahme wird der Unterdrückung der endogenen Resorption zugeschrieben, welche im Moment der Knochenexplantation im Gange ist; der Austausch des Isotopes findet weiterhin statt, wie dies bei einem toten Explantat der Fall ist.
    Notes: Abstract A sensitive method has been developed for studying the early effects of hormones and other agents on the movement of calcium into and out of bone. Half-calvariae from 6-day-old mice that have been pulsed four days previously with45Ca, are explanted into separate dishes of liquid medium and maintainedin vitro; one half serves as control and the other for experimentation. The time course of action of any agent is followed by removing small samples aseptically from the media and analysing for isotope. Both parathyroid hormone and vitamin A cause extensive bone resorption, and as compared with controls an increased release of45Ca from the treated bones into the medium can be detected within 2 hours. Calcitonin rapidly inhibits the release of45Ca from resorbing bones; the time course is similar to that for its actionin vivo in lowering serum calcium. Our results indicate that agents that induce bone resorption increase both the number of multinucleate osteoclasts and the effectiveness of the existing cells in mobilising calcium. Calcitonin prevents the formation of new multinucleate osteoclasts, and also prevents existing osteoclasts from mobilising bone mineral. Calcitonin inhibits the release of45Ca from living explants maintained in control medium. This reduction is attributed to the suppression of the endogenous resorption that is in progress when the bones are explanted; exchange of isotope still occurs, as in a dead explant.
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 249-260 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Nucleic acid ; Callus ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Extraction des acides ribonucléiques (RNA) à pH 7,6 et à pH 9,0 en presence du phénol donne 70–75 p. 100 de la teneur en RNA total du tissu osseux du Lapin regénérant après une ostéotomie standardisée, dans l'extrait à pH 7,6 et 10–15 p. 100 dans l'extrait à pH 9,0. 50–70 p. 100 du RNA des diaphyses des os du Lapin qui n'était pas soumis à une ostéotomie sont extraits à pH 7,6 avec une quantité très faible à pH 9,0. Fractionnement des extraits par chromatographie sur 2 p. 100 agarose ou par précipitation avec du NaCl (3M) donne une fraction constituée par du rRNA et characterisée par la composition nucléotidique. Cette fraction correspond à 70 p. 100 du RNA extrait à pH 7,6 et à 65–75 p. 100 du RNA extrait à pH 9,0 de l'os regénérant et à 85 p. 100 du RNA extrait de l'os normal. 10 p. 100 du RNA extrait de l'os regénérant et 5 p. 100 du RNA extrait de l'os normal sont de poids moleculaire plus haut que le rRNA. Les RNA de poids moleculaire plus bas que le rRNA représentent 20 p. 100 du RNA extrait à pH 7,6 et 25–35 p. 100 du RNA extrait à pH 9,0 de l'os regénérant et 10 p. 100 du RNA extrait de l'os normal. Les résultats de centrifugation en gradients de saccharose entre 5 et 20 p. 100 correspondent aux résultats des études de fractionnement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wird die RNS aus Kaninchenknochengewebe, das sich in der Regenerationsphase nach standardisierter Osteotomie befindet, mit wäßrigen Phenollösungen, extrahiert, so werden bei einem pH-Wert des Extraktes von 7,6 70–75% des totalen RNS-Gehaltes erhalten, gegenüber 10–15% bei einem, pH-Wert von 9,0. Von der normalen Kaninchenradiusdiaphyse ist die Ausbeute an RNS 50–70% bei einer Extraktion im Bereich von pH 7,6 und nur wenige Prozente bei pH 9,0. Eine Fraktionierung der Extrakte mittels Gelchromatographie auf 2% Agarose und durch Behandlung mit 3M Natriumchlorid ergab eine Fraktion, die der rRNS entspricht und durch ihre Nucleotidzusammensetzung charakterisiert ist. Diese Fraktion erreicht bei regenerierenden Knochen 70% der RNS in den bei pH 7,6 gewonnenen Extrakten, 65–75% in jenen bei pH 9,0. während bei normalen Knochen die Ausbeute an RNS 85% bei pH 7,6 betrug. Im Extrakt von pH 7,6 waren beim regenerierenden Knochen 10% und bei normalen Knochen 5% der RNS von höherem Molekulargewicht als rRNS. Kleiner molekular als rRNS waren 20% der RNS in den Extrakten des regenerierenden Knochens bei pH 7,6 und 25–35% bei pH 9,0, während die entsprechenden Extrakte beim normalen Knochen nur 10% dieser kleinmolekularen RNS enthielten. Das Sedimentationsbild mit 5–20% linearen Saccharosegradienten entsprach den Ergebnissen der Fraktionierungsversuche.
    Notes: Abstract Extraction of RNA with aqueous phenolic solutions of pH 7.6 and pH 9.0 yielded 70–75% of the total RNA content of rabbit bone tissue, regenerating after standardized osteotomies, in the pH 7.6 extract and 10–15% in the pH 9.0 extract. From normal rabbit radius diaphysis, 50–70% of the RNA was extracted at pH 7.6 and oly a few per cent at pH 9.0. Fractionation of the extracts by gel chromatography on 2% agarose and by treatment with 3M sodium chloride gave a, fraction corresponding to rRNA and characterized by base composition. This fraction amounted to 70% of the RNA in the pH 7.6 extracts, to 65–75% of the RNA in pH 9.0 extracts from regenerating bone and to 85% of the RNA in pH 7.6 extracts from normal bone. 10% of the RNA in pH 7.6 extracts from regenerating bone and 5% of that in extracts from normal bone were of larger size than rRNA. 20% of the RNA in pH 7.6 extracts and 25–35% in pH 9.0 extracts from regenerating bone and 10% in those from normal bone were of lower size than rRNA. The sedimentation pattern in 5–20% linear sucrose gradients corresponded to the results of the fractionation studies.
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 308-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Enamel ; Hydroxyapatite ; X-ray Diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'objet de cette étude a été de déterminer l'effet du mode de préparation (par meulage) sur la largeur des raies de diffraction de l'émail. La préparation d'émail, par meulage, en utilisant divers procédés ainsi qu'une pièce à main dentaire conventionnelle provoque un élargissement des pics obtenus (002, 211, 200 et 202) lorsqu'on la compare avec de la poudre d'émail, obtenue par meulage à l'aide de billes. L'élargissement des raies n'est pas observé lorqu'un monocristal d'hydroxylapatite est meulé à l'aide d'un diamant fin. En général, l'élargissement est moins important, lorsque le meulage est effectué à l'aide de turbines dentaires. L'importance du meulage dépend de façon variable d'un ou plusieurs des facteurs suivants: rugosité des instruments coupants, vitesse de meulage, direction de meulage, et la présence ou l'absence d'eau. Le meulage prolongé par billes de l'émail provoque aussi un élargissement dans les mêmes conditions, cependant, l'os n'est pas endommagé. Ces résultats indiquent que l'émail est plus sensible que l'hydroxylapatite et l'os. L'élargissement de raies peut être dû soit à une déformation de la maille cristalline, soit à une diminution de taille des cristaux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Untersuchung durchgeführt, um den Einfluß der Probenvorbereitung (Zerreibungsmethode) auf die Breite des Linienprofil-Querschnittes von Zahnschmelz zu bestimmen. Gewinnung von Zahnschmelz mit den verschiedenen Schneidinstrumenten einer konventionellen Bohrmaschine verursachte eine Verbreiterung aller untersuchten Peaks (002, 211, 200 und 202) im Vergleich zum gleichen Schmelz, der mit dem Rosenbohrer zerrieben wurde. Eine Verbreiterung der Linie konnte nicht beobachtet werden, wenn ein einzelner Kristall von Hydroxyapatit mit einem ganz feinen Diamanten zerrieben wurde. Im allgemeinen war die Verbreiterung weniger ausgesprochen, wenn die hochtourige Bohrtechnik zur Anwendung kam. Das Ausmaß der Verbreiterung, das durch Zahnbohrer verursacht wurde, war abhängig von einem oder mehreren der folgenden Faktoren: Rauheit des Schneidinstrumentes, Zerreibungsgeschwindigkeit, Zerreibungsrichtung und das Vorhandensein oder Fehlen von Wasser. Verlängerte Zerreibung von Schmelz mit dem Rosenbohrer verursachte ebenfalls eine Verbreiterung. Unter identischen Bedingungen blieb der ausgeglühte Knochen jedoch unversehrt. Diese Beobachtungen zeigen, daß Schmelz für Zerreibungsschäden anfälliger ist, als Hydroxyapatitkristalle oder ausgeglühter Knochen. Die eigentliche Ursache der Linienverbreiterung kann entweder eine Schädigung infolge Distortion des Gitters oder eino Reduktion der Größe der individuellen Kristalle sein.
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effect of sample preparation (grinding method) upon breadth of the diffraction profile of enamel. Collecting enamel by grinding with various cuttin tools in the low-speed dental handpiece caused broadening of all peaks (002, 211, 300 and 202) examined, compared to ball, ground, counter-part enamel. Line broadening was not observed when a single crystal of mineral hydroxyapatite was ground with a very fine diamond. In general, broadening was less pronounced with the high-speed air turbine technique. The amount of broadening caused by dental burs depended upon one or more of the following factors: coarseness of cutting instrument, grinding speed, grinding direction, and the presence or absence of water. Prolonged ball grinding of enamel also caused broadening; under identical conditions, however, annealed bone remained undamaged. These findings indicate that enamel is more sensitive to grinding damage than the mineral hydroxyapatite crystal or annealed bone. The actual cause of line broadening may be either strain due to lattice distortions or a reduction in size of individual crystallites.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 136-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcification ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoclasts ; Poultry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'activité des cellules osseuses et la composition du fémur de pondeuses furent examinées pendant sept jours de déficience calcique (diète contenant 0,13% de calcium) et sept jours de réplétion (diète contenant 3,2% de calcium). Du point de vue histologique, seul l'os cortical donnait des signes nets de résorption et d'activité ostéoclastique. Le nombre d'ostéoclastes dans l'os médullaire différait peu des valuers témoin pendant les périodes de déficience et de réplétion subséquente, sauf pour une augmentation significative au premier jour de déplétion. L'effect histologique le plus important dans l'os médullaire était une augmentation marquée en nombre d'ostéoblastes aux troisième, cinquième, et un peu moins au septième jours de déplétion. Le nombre d'ostéoblastes était en corrélation positive avec la teneur de l'os médullaire en ostéoide et négative avec son degré de calcification. L'activité de l'os médullaire en phosphatase alcaline augmentait avec la longueur de la déficience calcique. Un jour après le retour des pondeuses à une diète contenant 3,2% de calcium, la calcification de l'os médullaire avait augmenté de façon significative, le nombre d'ostéoblastes avait diminué au niveau ou au-dessous du niveau de contrôle et l'activité de la phosphatase alcaline avait baissé considérablement. L'importance de ces résultats est discutée par rapport au controle des populations des cellules dan l'os et au rôle de l'os médullaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Zahl der Knochenzellen und die Zusammensetzung des Femurs von Legehennen wurden während einer siebentägigen Calciumentzugsperiode (Calciumgehalt des Futters 0,13%) und einer siebentägigen Ersatzperiode (Calciumgehalt des Futters 3,2%) untersucht. Histologisch zeigte nur die Cortex eindeutige Knochenresorption und osteoklastische Aktivität. Abgesehen von einer signifikanten Zunahme am 1. Tag des Calciumentzuges, variierte die Zahl der Osteoklasten im Markknochen sowohl während der Entzugs- als auch während der nachfolgenden Ersatzperiode wenig. Die wichtigste histologische Änderung im Markknochen bestand in einer starken Zunahme in der Zahl der Osteoblasten am 3., 5. und etwas weniger am 7. Tag der Entzugsperiode. Die Zahl der Osteoblasten zeigte eine positive Korrelation mit dem Osteoidgehalt des Markknochens und eine negative mit dem Grade seiner Verkalkung. Die Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase im Markknochen war desto größer je länger den Hennen die calciumarme Ration verfüttert worden war. Die Wiederverabreichung der Ration, welche 3,2% Calcium enthielt, verursachte innerhalb eines Tages eine signifikante Zunahme in der Verkalkung des Markknochens, ein Absinken der Osteoblastzahl auf die Kontrollwerte oder unter sie und eine drastische Verringerung der alkalischen Phosphataseaktivität. Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse in bezug auf die Kontrolle des Knochenzellenbestandes und auf die Funktion des Markknochens wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Bone cell activity and the composition of the femur of laying hens were studied during 7 days of calcium depletion on a 0.13% calcium diet and 7 days of calcium repletion on a 3.2% calcium diet. Histologically, only cortical bone showed clear signs of bone resorption and osteoclastic activity during the depletion period. The number of osteoclasts in medullary bone varied little from control values throughout both calcium depletion and repletion, except for a significant increase on the first day of depletion. The major histologicalchange in medullary bone was a marked increase in the number of osteoblasts on the third, fifth and, to a lesser extent, seventh, day of depletion. The number of osteoblasts in medullary bone was positively correlated with its osteoid content and negatively correlated with its degree of calcification. Alkaline phosphatase activity of medullary bone increased with the time the hens had been on the calcium-deficient diet. Returning the hens to the 3.2% calcium ration caused, within one day, a significant increase in medullary bone calcification, a decrease of osteoblast numbers to, or below, control levels, and a drastic reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity of medullary bone. The significance of these findings in relation to the control of bone cell populations and the functions of medullary bone is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 180-184 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Strontium ; Calcium ; Bone ; Shell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des poules ont été nourries avec une alimentation riche en strontium stable. Des concentrations de strontium de 3000 p.p. m. à 50000 p.p.m. montre une augmentation nette en strontium du tibia, alors que le contenu en calcium n'est pas modifié. Les concentrations en calcium sérique diminue, lorsque le strontium alimentaire augmente. Le calcium des coquilles d'oeufs diminue progressivement avec l'augmentation du strontium alimentaire, alors que le contenu en strontium des coquilles présente une augmentation correspondante. Des analyses de diffraction par rayons X des os et des coquilles ne permettent pas de déterminer sous quelle forme le strontium est déposé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Resultate einer Verfütterung von hohen stabilen Strontiumdosen an Hühnern werden erläutert. Strontiumzusätze zur Nahrung in der Höhe von 3000–50000 p.p.m. führten zu einer signifikanten Zunahme des Strontiumgehaltes der Tibia und verursachten keine wesentlichen Änderungen des Calciumgehaltes. Die Calciumkonzentration im Plasma verminderte sich, wenn der Nahrung ansteigende Strontiummengen zugegeben wurden. Mit zunehmendem Strontiumzusatz zur Nahrung zeigte der Calciumgehalt der Eischale eine fortlaufende Abnahme, während sich der Strontiumgehalt entsprechend erhöhte. Durch Röntgendiffraktionsanalysen der stark Strontium-haltigen Knochen und Eischalen konnte nicht festgestellt werden, in welcher Form das Strontium abgelagert wurde.
    Notes: Abstract The results of feeding high dietary levels of stable strontium to hens are reported. Dietary levels of strontium from 3,000 p.p.m. to 50,000 p.p.m. showed a significant increase in strontium content of the tibia bone and essentially no change in the calcium content. Plasma calcium concentration was shown to decrease with increasing dietary strontium treatment. Egg shell calcium showed a progressive decrease with increasing dietary strontium treatment, whereas the strontium content has a corresponding increase. X-ray diffraction analyses of bones and shells containing large amounts of strontium were unsuccessful in evaluating the from in which strontium was deposited.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 202-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Radiocalcium ; Ascorbic acid ; Scintillimetry ; Radiocarbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs on décrit des méthodes pour la détermination de45Ca plus L-1-14C acide asorbique dans les os d'animaux aprés administration des deux isotopes. Calcium et acide asorbique ont été extraits totalement par l'acide trichloracétique a 6% des os a l'état frais en évitant de détruire l'acide asorbique. La détermination chimique du calcium et de l'acide asorbique selon les méthodes classique a été faite dans des portions de l'échantillon. La détermination de la radioactivité du calcium et de l'acide asorbique a été faite ensuite dans des portions du même échantillon. Du Triton a servi pour le scintillant liquide dans le compteur de scintillation liquide. Un procédé de détermination des deux isotopes dans le meme echantillon a été décrit. Différents critéres on été appliques a chacque étape afin d'établir la validité et les limites d'application de la méthode.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode ist beschrieben, die die quantitative und radioaktive Bestimmung von45Ca und L-[-L14C] Ascorbinsäure in Knochen von Tieren, denen die beiden Isotopen verabreicht worden sind, erlaubt. Calcium und Ascorbinsäure werden quantitativ mit 6% Trichloressigsäure ausgezogen, wobei die Ascorbinsäure erhalten bleibt. Quantitative Analysen für Calcium und Ascorbinsäure werden nach bekannten Methoden in einem Teil des Extraktes bestimmt und die Bestimmung der Radioaktivität in einem anderen Anteil mit Hilfe eines Flüssigkeits-Szintillations-Zählers durchgeführt. Dem flüssigen Szintillanten wird Triton zugesetzt. Diese Versuchsanordnung ermöglicht außerdem die gleichzeitige Bestimmung der beiden Isotopen im Knochen-Extrakt. Die Methode wurde sorgfältig auf ihre Verwendbarkeit ausgewertet.
    Notes: Abstract Methods were developed for the determination of45Ca plus L-[1-14C] asorbic acid in bones of animals following administration of both isotopes. Asorbic acid and calcium were extracted quantitatively with 6% trichloracetic acid from fresh bone under such mild conditions that asorbic acid was not destroyed. The chemical determinations of calcium and ascorbic acid according to standard procedures were performed in aliquots of the same extract. The determination of the radioactivity of calcium and ascorbic acid were then carried out in aliquots of the same extract. A Triton-containing liquid scintillation fluid was employed for the radioassay of45Ca and L-[1-14C] ascorbic acid in the liquid scintillation spectrometer. A procedure allowing the determination of both isotopes in the same extract is described. A number of criteria were applied to each step, in order to determine the validity and limitations of the procedure.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 350-358 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcitonin ; Resorption ; Species ; Discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode quantitativein vitro est utilisée pour étudier l'efficacité relative des préparations de calcitonine, provenant de diverses espèces. La méthode est basée sur le fait que la calcitonine inhibe de façon nette la libération de45Ca de moitiés de calottes craniennes de souris, âgées de 6 jours, ayant été marquées auparavant; cet effect est lié à la suppression de la résorption endogène, qui se déroule, lorsque les os sont explantés et qui se continuein vitro en l'absence de calcitonine. Des différences nettes de l'effect d'inhibition des préparations de calcitonine ont été trouvées, qu'elles proviennent de corps ultimobranchiaux ou de thyroides de mammifères. La calcitonine humaine et la calcitonine porcine, standard A, se comportent de façon identique et sont environ dix fois plus actifs que la calcitonine porcinek standard B, en se basant sur les critéres unitaires utilisés au cours de cette étude chez le rat. Les calcitonines de corps ultimobranchiaux sont plus efficaces à doses faibles, pendant des périodes plus longues, que les préparations thyroidiennes et elles sont au moins dix fois plus efficaces que la calcitonine porcine standard A et cent fois plus actives que la calcitonine porcine standard B. Les explants traités par la calcitonine libère l'isotope dans le milieu d'une manière identique à celle de l'os mort, tant que la calcitonine reste active: pour la calcitonine de saumon, on observe pendant 20 heures un échange d'isotope entre l'os vivant, traité avec ce produit et le calcium du milieu, ainsi que cela se produit pour des fragments d'os congelé. Ces résultats sont utiles pour des études quantitatives, devant déterminer le mode d'action d'autres produits influençant la résorption et l'apposition osseuse. L'adjonction de calcitonine permet, en effet, de mesurer l'échange d'isotope libéré de l'os, ainsi traité à tous les stades, sans tuer les tissus ou sans avoir recours à des inhibiteurs spécifiques du métabolisme.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein quantitativerin vitro-Versuch wurde angewandt, um die relative Wirksamkeit von Calcitonin-Präparaten aus verschiedenen Spezies zu untersuchen. Der Versuch beruht auf der Feststellung, daß Calcitonin einen ausgeprägten Hemmeffekt auf die Freisetzung von45Ca aus markierten Calvarien-Hälften von 6tägigen Mäusen hat. Dieser Effekt kommt wegen der Unterdrückung der endogenen Resorption zustande, die im Moment der Knochenexplantation im Gange ist, undin vitrobei Abwesenheit von Calcitonin weiter fortschreitet. Auffallende Unterschiede des Hemmeffektes konnten bei Calcitonin-Präparaten sowohl von Ultimobranchialkörpern als auch von Säuger-Thyreoideae festgestellt werden. Menschliches Calcitonin sowie Standard A Schweine-Calcitonin verhalten sich gleich und sind ungefähr 10mal wirksamer als Standard B Schweine-Calcitonin, ausgedrückt in Einheiten bezogen auf den Rattenversuch. Die von Ultimobranchialkörpern stammenden Calcitonin-Präparate sind wirksamer in niedrigerer Dosierung und während einer längeren Zeitspanne als die Thyreoidea-Präparate. Sie wirken zudem mindestens 10mal stärker als Standard A Schweine-Calcitonin und 100mal stärker als Standard B Schweine-Calcitonin. Explantate, welche mit Calcitonin behandelt wurden, geben das Isotop auf die gleiche Weise wie totes Knochengewebe in das Medium ab, solange das Calcitonin wirksam ist. Für Calcitonin vom Lachs besteht eine Zeitpsanne von 20 Std, während welcher die lebenden, mit diesem Präparat behandelten Knochen das Isotop mit dem Calcium des Medium austauschen, in gleicher Weise wie durch Einfrieren und Auftauen getöteten Knochens. Diese Methode wird vermutlich sehr nützlich sein für quantitative Untersuchungen über den Aktionsmodus anderer Stoffe, welche Knochenresorption und-wachstum beeinflussen, da der Calcitonin-Zusatz es ermöglicht, die Austauschkomponente des aus dem behandelten Knochen freigesetzten Isotopes jederzeit zu messen, ohne daß dabei Gewebe zerstört oder weniger spezifische Inhibitoren des Metabolismus herangezogen werden müssen.
    Notes: Abstract Anin vitro method has been used to investigate the relative effectiveness of calcitonin preparations from different species. It is based on the finding that calcitonin has a marked inhibitory effect on the release of45Ca from prelabelled half-calvariae from 6-day-old mice; this effect is due to the suppression of the endogeneous resorption that is in progress when the bones are explanted, and which continuesin vitro in the absence of calcitonin. Striking differences have been found in the inhibitory effect of calcitonin preparations from either ultimobranchial bodies or from mammalian thyroids. Human calcitonin and porcine standard A calcitonin behave similarly and are about ten times more potent than porcine standard B calcitonin in terms of units based on the rat assay. The calcitonins of ultimobranchial origin are more effective at lower doses for a longer period of time than the thyroid preparations, and are at least ten times more potent than porcine standard A calcitonin or 100 times more potent than porcine standard B. Explants treated with calcitonin release isotope into the medium in a similar manner to that of dead bones, as long as the calcitonin remains effective; for salmon calcitonin there is a twenty-hour period in which the release of isotope from living bones treated with this preparation exchange isotope with the calcium in the medium like frozen-thawed bone. This finding should be very useful in quantitative studies on the mode of action of other compounds that influence bone resorption and accretion, since the addition of calcitonin will enable the exchange component of the isotope released from treated bones, to be measured at any stage without killing the tissue or resorting to less specific inhibitors of metabolism.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 162-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Parathyroid ; Bird
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'os médullaire des poules au moment de la ponte ainsi que l'os néoformé de coqs soumis à des substances oestrogéniques, ont été examinés par les méthodes de l'histologie, de l'histochimie, de la microradiographie et de l'alpharadiographie afin de comparer la résorption naturelle à celle produite par la parathormone. Chez les pondeuses, la résorption a été provoquée par la formation de la coquille; chez les coqs, elle s'est produite à la suite de la diminution du taux des oestrogènes. La résorption naturelle de l'os médullaire a été marquée par un accroissement de la basophilie, de l'azurophilie et de la metachromasie, par la diminution graduelle de la densité organique et minérale. Ces modifications ont été observées d'abord dans la portion distale de l'os médullaire; elles se sont progressivement propagées à la région sous corticale. L'extrait parathyroidien semble avoir favorisé tous ces phénomènes, en stimulant l'ostéolyse ostéocytaire et l'ostéoclasie. Il ne nous a pas été possible cependant de nous rendre compte si les ostéoclastes ne se sont attaqués qu'aux portions des travées déja modifiées par l'ostéolyse. Ces résultats concordent avec l'idée que la résorption normale de l'os médullaire de la poule au temps où la coquille de l'oeuf se dépose, est déclanchée par la parathormone. Il en est de même chez le coq à la suite du retrait des oestrogènes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Substantia spongiosa der Femora von Legehennen und von Hähnen die mit Östrogen behandelt waren, wurde während spontaner und künstlicher, mit Extrakten von Epithelkörperchen induzierter, Resorption einer histologischen, histochemischen, alpharadiographischen und mikroröntgenographische Untersuchung unterworfen. Die natürliche Resorption wurde bei den Hennen durch die Eischalenproduktion und bei den Hähnen durch Östrogenentzug hervorgerufen. Die natürliche Resorption war durch erhöhte Basophilie, Azurphilie und Metachromasie, sowohl als auch durch verminderter alpharadiographischer und mikroröntgenographischer Dichte der Trabeculae der Substantia spongiosa charakterisiert. Diese Veränderungen wurden zuerst in den zentralen, dem Cavum medullare nächstgelegenen, Teilen der Spongiosa wahrgenommen. Später waren auch die peripheren Teile, mit geringerer Osteocytenkonzentration, betroffen. Diese Veränderungen konnten durch Gaben von Epithelkörperchenextrakten verstärkt werden. Die Resorption der Spongiosa wird durch osteocytische Osteolyse und Osteoklasie bewirkt. Es konnte aber nicht entschieden werden ob diese beiden Prozesse gleichzeitig stattfinden, oder ob die Osteoklasten die Trabeculae erst angreifen, nachdem sie bereits teilweise durch Osteolyse abgebaut worden sind. Diese Resultate stimmen mit der Hypothese überein, daß die natürliche Resorption von Spongiosa während der Eischalenproduktion bei Hennen und nach Entzug von Östrogen bei Hähnen, durch Epithelkörperchenhormonen bedingt ist.
    Notes: Abstract The medullary bone in the femora of laying hens and of oestrogen-treated cocks has been examined by histological, histochemical, alpharadiographic and microroentgenographic techniques while undergoing both natural resorption and resorption induced by injection of parathyroid extract. In the hens, natural resorption was brought about by egg-shell formation and in the cocks by withdrawal of oestrogen. Natural resorption was accompained by increasing basophilia, azurophilia and metachromasia and by decreasing alpharadiographic and microradiographic density of the trabeculae of the medullary bone. These changes were observed initially in the central region (towards the marrow cavity) and subsequently in the peripheral regions also, where the number of osteocytes per unit area of bone was less. Parathyroid extract enhanced all these effects. It appears that resorption of medullary bone was brought about by osteocytic osteolysis and by osteoclasis, but it was not possible to determine whether both processes occurred concurrently or whether the osteoclasts attacked the trabeculae only after they had been partially degraded by osteolysis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the natural resorption of medullary bone during egg-shell formation in hens and following the withdrawal of oestrogen in cocks is induced by parathyroid hormone.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 291-304 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fluorescence ; Resorption ; Deposition ; Calcium ; Microradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Divers agents chimiques, colorés, fluorescents et se localisant dans les os, à savoir la tétracycline, l'alazazine rouge S et le DCAF, ont été administré en série à des rats sevrés et on a mesuré le taux de la formation et de la résorption osseuse sur les coupes transversales du tiers supérieur de la diaphyse. Ici la formation osseuse périostale s'effectue progressivement avec peu de changement endostéal. Avec alimentation carnée, la croissance des rats est significativement restreinte pendant la première semaine, mais se rétablit ensuite. Bien qu'il y ait croissance des os, ceux-ci ne se minéralisent pas normalement et ils deviennent rapidement fragiles et amincis. La résorption osseuse est lente d'abord, puis s'accelère pendant 2–3 semaines pour atteindre un taux de 15μ par jour, après quoi elle se ralentit de nouveau. Bien que le taux de formation osseuse soit réduit, en comparaison avec celui des os normaux, la résorption s'effectue environ deux à trois fois plus rapidement que la croissance osseuse. Des études microradiographiques sur des rats à régime carné mais carencés en calcium ont permis la constatation suivante: tandis que la résorption s'effectue à la marge endostéale et que la formation osseuse a lieu sur l'aspect périostéal, la matière osseuse nouvellement formée est moins calcifiéc que chez les témoins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einige farbige, fluoreszierende, knochensuchende Chemikalien, z. B. Tetracyclin, Alazarin-Rot S und CDAF, wurden nacheinander an entwöhnten Ratten verabreicht, worauf man die Knochenbildungs- und Knochenresorptionswerte an hartgeschliffenen Schnitten des oberen Drittels der Diaphyse gemessen hat. Hier findet fortschreitend periostale Knochenbildung statt, mit geringer Veränderung des Endosteums. Bei Fleischdiät wird das Körperwachstum während der ersten Woche erheblich beschränkt; danach aber normalisiert es sich wieder. Obwohl die Knochen noch wachsen, zeigen sie keine normale Mineralisierung und werden schnell zerbrechlich und dünn. Die Knochenresorption ist anfangs langsam, dann beschleunigt sie sich während einer Zeitspanne von 2–3 Wochen bis auf 15 μ pro Tag, um sich dann wieder zu verlangsamen. Während die Knochenbildungsgeschwindigkeit relativ zum Normalwert heruntergesetzt wird, verläuft die Resorption ungefähr 2–3mal so schnell wie die Knochenbildung. Mikroradiographische Untersuchungen an mit Fleisch ernährten Ca-armen Ratten haben bestätigt, daß während die Resorption am Endosteumrande stattfindet und sich die Knochenbildung an der Periostenfläche fortsetzt, die neugebildete Knochensubstanz weniger kalzifiziert ist, als die der Kontrolltiere.
    Notes: Abstract Different coloured, fluorescent bone-seeking chemicals, viz., tetracycline, Alizarin Red S, and DCAF, have been administered sequentially to weanling rats and the rate of formation and resorption of bone measured from hard-ground cross sections of the upper third of the diaphysis of the femur. On a meat diet, bodily growth is significantly restricted for the first week and then recovery occurs. While bones grow they fail to mineralize normally and rapidly become fragile and rarefied. Resorption of bone is at first slow, then accelerates for a period of 2–3 weeks to about 15μ/day and then slows again. While the rate of bone formation is reduced relative to normal bone, resorption proceeds at approximately two to three times the rate of bone growth. Microradiographic studies confirm tht while resorption occurs on the endosteal margin and formation proceeds on the periosteal aspect of meat fed Ca-deficient rats, new bone is less calcified than that in control animals.
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  • 88
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dehydroepiandrosterone ; Calcification ; Embryo ; Tissue Culture ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les modes d'utilisation de glucose, le contenu de calcium et d'hydroxyproline et la densité cellulaire du perioste de les os frontaux d'embryons de poulet de 12 et 13 jours de developpement, cultivés sur coagulum de plasma, se presentant différenment à chaque âge. Cultivés avec sulfate de déhydroèpiandrostérone en concentration 1 mM, les frontaux de 12 jours montrent un synthese augmentée du matrice osseuse, celle de 13 jours se calcifient à une vélocité significativement plus grande que celle des os contôles. Le degré de calcification au quatrième jour de culture measuré par la relation calcium/hydroxyproline, suit un fonction lineáire avec le logarithme des doses de sulfate de dehydroepiandrostérone employées (0.5, 1,0 et 2,0 mM). Les renseignements obtenus indiquent que les frontaux de 13 jours, cultivés “in vitro” constituent modeles experimentaux appropriés pour étudier l'effet des androgénes sur le tissue osseux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Stirnbeine von Hühnerembryonen an ihrem 12. und 13. Entwicklungstag entnommen und in vitro kultiviert zeigen verschiedene Arten der Glucoseverwertung der Periostzellendichte, des Calcium- und Hydroxyprolingehaltes. Wird Dehydroepiandrosteronsulfat dem Medium in einer 1 mM-Konzentration zugegeben, so beteiligen sich die 12tägigen Stirnbeine vorwiegend an der Knochengewebesynthese, während die 13tägigen signifikant stärker verkalken als die Kontrollen. Gemessen an der Calcium/hydroxyprolin Ratio bildet die Verkalkung der 13tägigen Stirnbeine eine lineare Funktion mit den Logarithmen der verwendeten Dosen von Dehydroepiandrosteronsulfat (0,5, 1,0 und 2,0 mM). Das in vitro kultivierte 13tägige Stirnbein schein ein geeignetes Experimentiermodell zur Studie der Dehydroepiandrosteronsulfatwirkung auf das Knochengewebe zu sein, weil es das grundlegende Phänomen (erhöhte Verkalkung) wiedergibt, welches man auch bei mit Androgenen behandelten Menschen und Tieren beobachtet.
    Notes: Abstract Chick embryo frontal bones at 12 and 13 days of development cultivatedin vitro exhibit different patterns of glucose utilization, periosteal cellular density and calcium and hydroxyproline content. When dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is added to the medium at a concentration 1 mM, 12-day frontals engage primarily in osteoid tissue synthesis while 13-day frontals calcify at a significantly greater rate than controls. Measured with the ratio calcium/hydroxyproline, the calcification of 13-day frontals follows a linear function with the logarithm of the doses of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate employed (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM). The 13-day frontal bone cultivatedin vitro seems to be an adequate experimental model for the study of the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate on bone tissue because it reproduces the basic phenomenon (increased calcification) observed in man and animals treated with androgens.
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  • 89
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 107-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Aspidin ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Dentine ; Evolution ; Fossil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 48-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Solubility ; Microscopy ; Polarization ; Fluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Moyennant und systèmein vitro dont la composition liquide fut variée nous avons pu faire grandir ou dissoudre des cristaux osseux. Ces changements qui se manifestent par des changements de la biréfrigence extrinsique du tissu osseux, ont été suivis à l'aide du microscope polarisant et aussi du microscope électronique. De même l'entrée de45Ca dans les cristaux a été mesurée dans certains cas. Les cristaux osseux sont hétérogènes quant à leur solubilité. Le produit de solubilité du minéral osseux, exprimé par la relationp [Ca]+p[P], est de 6.51±0.07 (σ) mesuré par la microscopie polarisante à l'instant où les changements furent les plus petits. Ce chiffre s'accorde avec les résultats des autres chercheurs qui ont mesuré la solubilité de la poudre osseuse par des autres méthodes. La solubilité des cristaux dans notre système varie inversement avec les concentrations des ions hydroxyliques ou fluors, mais varie directement avec la concentration des ions citriques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein Systemin vitro ermöglichte es durch Veränderung der Zusammensetzung der umgebenden Lösung das Wachstum und die Auflösung von Knochenkristallen herbeizuführen. Die hervorgebrachten Veränderungen konnten dank der doppelbrechenden Eigenschaften des Knochengewebes mit dem Polarisationsmikroskop festgestellt werden. Diese Beobachtungen wurden durch Untersuchungen am Elektronenmikroskop und Bestimmungen der45Ca-Aufnahme gestützt. Die Knochenkristalle erwiesen sich als heterogen in bezug auf ihre Löslichkeit. Wenn die hervorgerufene Kristallveränderung im Polarisationsmikroskop minimal war, so entsprach das Gesamtlöslichkeitsprodukt des Knochenminerals, ausgedrückt als p[Ca]+p[P] 6,51±0,07 (S.D.). Diese Resultate bestätigten die Befunde anderer Forscher, welche die Knochenpulverlöslichkeit mittels konventioneller Methoden bestimmten. Die Löslichkeit der Kristalle bei diesem Systemin vitro variierte entgegengesetzt zur Hydroxyl- und Fluoridionenkonzentration, aber im gleichen Sinne wie die Citrationenkonzentration.
    Notes: Abstract Anin vitro system was used to induce growth and dissolution of bone crystals by manipulating the composition of their fluid environment. The induced changes could be detected with the polarizing microscope because of the extrinsic birefringence of the bone tissue. Supporting observations were made with the electron microscope and by determining45Ca uptake. The bone crystals were found to be heterogeneous with regard to their solubility. When induced crystal changes were minimal by polarization microscopy the overall solubility product of the bone mineral expressed asp [Ca]+p[P] was 6.51±0.07 (S.D.). This result corroborated the findings of other investigators who determined bone powder solubility by conventional methods. Solubility of the crystals in thein vitro system varied inversely with hydroxyl ion and fluoride ion concentration, but directly with citrate ion concentration.
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  • 91
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 41 (1969), S. 90-96 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Gewinnung von Süßwasser aus dem Meer durch Verdunstung unter Ausnutzung der Sonnenstrahlung ist besonders billig bei geringem Aufwand für die Anlagen. Nachteilig ist aber der große Platzbedarf und die Abhängigkeit der Produktionsleistung (zwischen 0,5 und 6 l/m2 Tag) von der Stärke und Dauer der Sonneneinstrahlung. Die Leistungsfähigkeit einer solchen Anlage kann indirekt noch erhöht werden, wenn vom Dach der Anlage auch das Regenwasser gesammelt wird.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wurde untersucht, mit welchem verfahrenstechnischen Aufwand hochbeladene Abwässer aus chemischen Fabriken destillativ in ein wieder verwendbares Nutzwasser und in ein Abfall-Konzentrat zerlegt werden können. Aufgrund von Laboratoriumsversuchen wird ein mehrstufiger Eindampfprozeß mit Brüdenverdichtung vorgeschlagen, bei dem die Brüdenverdichter durch eine Gasturbine angetrieben werden. Die Verbrennungsluft dient zum Entfernen des größten Teils der wasserdampf-flüchtigen organischen Verunreinigungen aus den verschiedenen Destillatströmen. Das Destillat wird mit Aktivkohle nachgereinigt; die Wärme der Abgase wird zum Aufkonzentrieren des Abfalls benutzt. Abschließend werden die Kosten eines solchen Verfahrens geschätzt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 41 (1969), S. 127-128 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 41 (1969), S. 136-138 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 41 (1969), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die zur Zeit geplanten oder im Bau befindlichen Kernkraftwerke arbeiten mit Leichtwasser-Reaktoren (LWR). Als zweite Reaktorgeneration sind Schnelle Brüter vorgesehen, die nicht nur mindestens ebenso billig Strom erzeugen wie die erste, sondern auch eine langfristige billige Stromversorgung und die Versorgungssicherheit garantieren. In Deutschland wird diese Entwicklung in enger Zusammenarbeit mit den Benelux-Ländern im Rahmen eines sehr großen öffentlich geförderten „Projektes Schneller Brüter“ mit Nachdruck betrieben.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 41 (1969), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei einer Wachstumsrate von durchschnittlich rd. 9,5% pro Jahr seit 1910, die sogar die des Stahls übersteigt, beträgt die Jahresweltproduktion an Aluminium gegenwärtig 8 Mio t. Der spezifische elektrische Energieverbrauch konnte in den letzten Jahrzehnten von 40 auf heute rd. 13 bis 14 kWh/kg Al gesenkt werden, was bei einer theoretisch erforderlichen Mindestenergie von 6,43 kWh/kg Al eine rd. 50proz. Ausnutzung der Kraftwerksenergie bedeutet. Trotzdem ist die Al-Schmelzflußelektrolyse auch heute noch ein äußerst energie-intensives Verfahren, und die Entwicklungen haben weiterhin das Ziel, durch verbesserte Ofenkonstruktionen und Optimalisierung der Prozeßbedingungen den Energieverbrauch zu verringern.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Organische Anionen, wie Natrium-malonester, -acetylacetonat, -cyanessigester oder -2-nitropropan, lassen sich durch anodische Oxidation - über Radikale als Zwischenstufe - in teils recht guter Ausbeute an nicht aktivierte Doppelbindungen (z. B. Styrol, Vinyläthyläther, Cyclohexen, Butadien) addieren. Die Reaktionsprodukte werden zwanglos erklärt, wenn man für die radikalischen Primäraddukte folgende Stabilisierungsmöglichkeiten annimmt: (a) Wasserstoff-Abspaltung von einem Substrat, (b) Dimerisierung und (c) anodische Oxidation zu Carbonium-Ionen, die entweder vom Lösungsmittel solvolysiert werden oder intramolekular cyclisieren.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 98
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 41 (1969), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, unter welchen Bedingungen heutzutage die Erzeugung von Calciumcarbid und Carbid-Acetylen konkurrenzfähig ist mit der petrochemischen Erzeugung von Acetylen. Ferner wird dargelegt, wann andere Verfahren mit Äthylen als Rohstoff solche auf Acetylen-Basis ablösen. Eine wesentliche Entwicklung, die die Konkurrenzfähigkeit von Carbid-Acetylen vorteilhaft beeinflußt, ist die der Hohlelektrode. Für einige Anwendungsgebiete werden sich daher bei günstigen Voraussetzungen Calciumcarbid und Carbid-Acetylen behaupten können.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 41 (1969), S. 226-226 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die technischen Schwierigkeiten der Titan-Elektrolyse, die besonders in der Weiterverarbeitung eines schwammigen, Elektrolyt-Einschlüsse enthaltenden Niederschlags bestehen, werden erörtert und Verfahren zur Gewinnung kompakten Titans diskutiert. Eine Kostenanalyse für Elektrolyt-Titan zeigt, daß gegenwärtig der Preis des Ausgangsmaterials kostenbestimmend ist, während der Preisanteil der elektrischen Energie nur bei etwa 20% liegt. Eine Senkung des Energiepreises dürfte sich daher erst dann auf den Preis von Elektrolyt-Titan merklich auswirken, wenn diese mindestens 20% beträgt.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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