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  • 1985-1989  (32)
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  • 1986  (32)
  • 1966  (298)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (294)
  • Cat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 69 (1986), S. 17-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain abscess ; Cat ; Energy state ; Substrate mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain abscesses were induced experimentally in six cats by stereotactic inoculation ofStaphylococcus aureus A8 into the white matter of the left cerebral hemisphere. Seven days later, the brains were frozen in situ with liquid nitrogen and subsequently sawn into coronal sections of 5 mm thickness, while being cooled with liquid nitrogen. Thin slices were taken from those sections containing the largest expanse of abscess: slices of 5 μm thickness were stained histologically, and in adjacent 20 μm slices the regional distribution of ATP and glucose was mapped using substrate-specific bioluminescence methods. Furthermore, the NADH fluorescence from the surface of the tissue section was recorded. Six layers could be distinguished histologically in the abscess capsule, five of which showed different substrate patterns. Only in two layers a low metabolic activity could be observed, as shown by slight ATP bioluminescence. The pattern of the biochemical substrates in the white matter surrounding the abscess indicated a reduction in the cellular oxygen availability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1986), S. 323-342 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Corpus callosum ; Anterior commissure ; Columns ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation had four goals: First, to study the general topography of the corpus callosum (CC) of the cat. Second, to study the columnar organization of CC terminals and map their banding pattern in the cortex. Third, to examine the relation between CC neuron density and the presence of CC terminal columns. Fourth, to determine whether CC and anterior commissure (AC) neuron distributions are intermixed. Eight adult cats were subjected to partial commissurotomies, and then to large injections of horseradish peroxidase to one cerebral hemisphere. Processing with tetramethyl benzidine revealed retrogradely labelled cells and anterogradely labelled terminals in the cortex of the uninjected hemisphere. The distributions of these cells and terminals were examined by light microscopy and analyzed by computer microscopic methods. The genu of the CC interconnects frontal portions of the cortex, the body interconnects mostly dorsal portions of the cortex, while the splenium interconnects the temporal and occipital cortices. Reconstructions of the CC terminal columns reveal intricate banding patterns in several non-primary areas of the cortex. CC cell density is greater within than outside the terminal columns. CC and AC neurons intermix in the infragranular lavers of the neocortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 173 (1986), S. 371-376 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Motilin-like immunoreactivity ; RIA ; HPLC ; Cat ; Intestine ; Rat ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Dendrites ; Neocortex ; Pyramidal cells ; Hippocampus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motilin was demonstrated by the immunoperoxidase technique in endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract using several specific antisera. Motilin-like immunoreactivity could only be demonstrated with one of these antisera and was observed in Purkinje cells and dendrites of the cerebellum, in pyramidal cells and dendrites of the cerebral cortex and in dendrites of the CA3 field of the hippocampus of the rat. Very low motilin-like immunoreactivity was found in cerebellum as well as in cerebral cortex using radioimmunoassay. However, using reverse phase liquid chromatography combined with UV-detection and radioimmunoassay, no peak of a peptide corresponding to synthetic motilin was detectable in rat cerebellar extracts, in contrast to findings in rat duodenum. The results do not suggest that motilin is an intrinsic neuroactive substance of the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 175 (1986), S. 261-269 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Edinger-Westphal nucleus ; Retrograde transport of WGA-HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of retrograde axonal transport of the wheat germ agglutinin — horseradish peroxidase complex, a projection from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the lateral reticular nucleus was demonstrated in the cat. Following small tracer ejections in the main part of the lateral reticular nucleus, a significant number of labelled neurons were found bilaterally throughout the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Most of the labelled cells were located on the ipsilateral side. The projecting neurons are spindle-shaped to round with a maximum diameter of the cell body between 15 and 30 μm. The findings are discussed in relation to other Edinger-Westphal efferent projections, and some comments are made concerning the cytoarchitecture and delineation of the feline Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 479-485 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Double labelling ; Fluorescent tracing ; Lateral cervical nucleus ; Ascending and descending neurones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of ascending and descending neurones of the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) was investigated in 10 adult cats after injections of the fluorescent tracers Fast Blue and Nuclear Yellow. Injections into the thalamus and tectum resulted in up to 3000 labelled cell profiles within the contralateral LCN. This corresponded to a calculated number of 4500 labelled LCN neurones. The greatest diameter of the labelled cell profiles was about 30 μm. They were located throughout the nucleus, but were less numerous in its medial portion. Injections mainly into the dorsal horn of different pairs of cervical and lumbar segments of the spinal cord resulted in a calculated number of up to 305 labelled LCN cells. The diameter of these cell profiles was about 25 μm and they were mainly situated in the rostro-ventral and medial parts of the LCN. Doublelabelled cells with ascending and descending projections were not encountered after injections into the thalamus-tectum and spinal segments C5-6. About 15% of the descending LCN cells were doublelabelled by pairs of spinal injections separated by intervals of one segment. It is concluded that the neurones descending down the spinal cord and ascending to the thalamus-tectum constitute different subpopulations of cells within the LCN and that a minor proportion of the descending cells seem to project to at least three adjacent segments of the spinal cord.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 280-290 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Phrenic nerve ; Phrenic motoneurones ; Medullary pyramids ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Short latency responses were recorded from C5 phrenic roots and intracellularly from phrenic motoneurones following stimulation of the pericruciate cortex or medullary pyramids in cats anaesthetized with Nembutal or chloralose-urethane. Focal stimulation of the cortical surface (single pulses, 0.5–2 ms, 0.3–8 mA) during inspiration evoked EPSPs (latency 4.7 ± 1.7 ms, rise time 1.9 ± 1.1 ms, amplitude 0.22 to 3.94 mV) in 42% of motoneurones studied (n = 107). The EPSPs were absent, or on average 60% smaller, following stimulation during expiration. In all but two motoneurones, during both inspiration and expiration, hyperpolarizing potentials were observed either following the initial depolarization or alone. They could be reversed by hyperpolarizing current or chloride injection. Stimulation of the pyramidal tract at mid medullary level (1 to 3 pulses, 0.2 ms) evoked short latency excitation in phrenic motoneurones only with currents of more than 200 μA. Smaller stimuli applied to the medial reticular formation above the pyramidal tract evoked excitation (onset latency 1.5–3.2 ms) in which the earliest part was probably monosynaptic. These results show that the corticospinal responses in phrenic motoneurones are both excitatory and inhibitory. They are not transmitted through the pyramidal tract and are at least disynaptic. Excitation evoked from the medullary pyramidal tract can be explained by current spread beyond the pyramidal tract fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 443-448 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex (area 17) ; Intrinsic connections ; Visual deprivation ; Development ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) reveal a characteristic patchy staining pattern within the superficial layers of cat striate cortex. The patches consist of a dense accumulation of labeled neurons and axonal arborizations. We have investigated the tangential organization and the development of these intrinsic cortical connections by using a flat-mount preparation of area 17. The diameter of the patches varied from 200 to 400 μm, the center-to-center distance ranged from 400 to 800 μm, and the spread of patches extended further in the anterior-posterior than in the medial-lateral direction. The expression of these horizontal patchy connections is age- and experience-dependent. From ten days to six weeks of age patches are exuberant and on occasion fuse to beaded bands extending radially from the injection site. From 6 weeks onwards the number and the tangential spread of the patches decreases to one or two rows of isolated clusters. Long-term binocular deprivation disrupts this pattern of intrinsic connections nearly completely. We infer from these results that there is an inborn pattern of discrete horizontal connections in striate cortex which is shaped by visual experience and requires contour vision for its maintenance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 273-280 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Motoneurons ; Interactions ; Cholinergic synapses ; Phrenic nerve ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Interactions between phrenic motoneurons have been analysed in anaesthetized, paralyzed cats after C3 to C7 deafferentation. Effects of electrical stimulation of the C5 phrenic axons have been studied on thin filaments dissected from the stimulated nerve. Repetitive stimulation could elicit, after the primary direct response of the stimulated axons, a secondary response named Recurrent Response, RR. 2. RRs have been obtained in 117/186 phrenic axons. They appear sporadically (mean occurrence: 3.75 RRs elicited by 100 shocks of stimulation) at a constant latency. They originate from a spinal mechanism since they persist after C2 transection and disappear after section of the ventral roots. 3. The mechanism responsible for RR shows spatial and temporal facilitation. The RR probability increases with the number of antidromically invaded motoneurons as revealed by changes either of stimulation intensity or of central respiratory drive. However, RR could be evoked in a motoneuron without an antidromic volley in its axon. 4. Systemic injections of nicotinic blocking drugs such as dihydro-β-erytroidin or mecamylamine decrease or suppress the occurrence of RR; therefore, cholinergic synapses are involved in the RR generating process. 5. RR are assumed to be due to direct excitatory interactions between homonymous motoneurons. Recurrent axon collaterals impinging directly on neighbouring motoneurons would link together the different motoneurons of the phrenic pool. The functional significance of this phenomenon is discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 281-292 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: PT cell ; Areas 4γ and 5 ; Intracortical microstimulation ; HRP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The cortico-cortical projection from area 5 to area 4 γ was studied in anesthetized cats. 2. Intracortical microstimulation of area 5 produced EPSPs in pyramidal tract (PT) cells in area 4 γ. Such EPSPs were analysed in a total of 54 fast PT cells. The rising phase of these EPSPs was often composed of fast and slow components. 3. Fast-rising EPSPs (fast component) were produced predominantly by stimulation within layer III of area 5 while slow-rising EPSPs (slow component) were evoked predominantly by stimulation within layer V of area 5. 4. The amplitudes of the fast and slow components of EPSPs produced during repetitive stimulation within layers III and V of area 5 decreased and increased, respectively, with an increase in the stimulus frequency without any appreciable changes in their latency and time-to-peak. The slow component was much less influenced by membrane hyperpolarization than the fast component. 5. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found not only in layer III but also in layer V of area 5 following HRP injection centered on superficial layers (I–III) of area 4γ. 6. It is suggested that there are two groups of cortico-cortical neurons in layers III and V of area 5, which may make monosynaptic contact with the proximal and distal sites of fast PT cells in area 4γ, respectively.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 585-596 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Chloralose ; Motor cortex ; PT collaterals ; Macro- and microstimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stimulating electrodes were placed in the red nucleus, lateral hypothalamus and medial thalamus in order to determine whether pyramidal tract (PT) neurons send collaterals to those sites. The red nucleus projections are well-known, but it was discovered that PT neurons also project into the other two sites. All of the fibers that sent collaterals to all three sites originated from fast PT neurons. Those that responded to stimulation of the skin and that sent collaterals to two or three sites were predominantly fast PT neurons. Those neurons that responded only to cerebral peduncle stimulation were predominantly slowly-conducting, when compared with the set of PT neurons in response to cerebral peduncle stimulation. The patterns of collateral branching to red nucleus and to lateral hypothalamus were similar, suggestimg a similar synaptic effect of the pyramidal system in the two sites. Measurement of the speed of conduction from three sites along the length of corticospinal fibers revealed large changes on some, but not all, fibers; there was no evident pattern to these changes that might be associated with collateral branching. A new hypothesis concerning the functional role of fast PT neurons in regulating movement is presented.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 625-637 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Respiratory neurons ; Cervical spinal cord ; Axonal projection ; Phrenic motoneurons ; Intercostal motoneurons ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was performed in order to describe the location, axonal projection and possible synaptic action of the inspiratory neurons recently described in the upper cervical cord. In 26 cats anaesthetized with Nembutal, extracellular recordings were made from 224 cervical inspiratory units which were found near the lateral border of lamina VII and formed a column extending from the caudal end of the nucleus retroambigualis at the C1 segment to the rostral half of the C3 segment. Most of the units (approximately 85%) could be excited antidromically from the thoracic cord. Antidromic mapping showed collateral branches to the C5 segment in the vicinity of the phrenic nucleus, occasionally crossing the midline. No synaptic connections with phrenic motoneurones could be revealed either by cross-correlation of the activity of the cervical units with the discharge of C5 phrenic root, or by spike-triggered averaging (STA) of the post-synaptic noise recorded intracellularly from phrenic motoneurons. Extensive branching was found in the examined T3–T5 segments with arborizations near the ipsilateral intercostal motor nuclei and often extending across the midline. Cross-correlation experiments did not show clear monosynaptic connections to the inspiratory intercostal motoneurons. Intracellular recording from intercostal motoneurons and STA resulted in a few (2 out of 37) small, probably disynaptic, e.p.s.p.s. It is concluded that the upper cervical neurons are involved in the control of phrenic and intercostal motoneurons, probably through a disynaptic pathway involving segmental interneurons.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Antibodies to serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay ; Antibodies specificity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were obtained from 4 rabbits after injections of 5-HT coupled to bovine serum albumin by means of paraformaldehyde (PF). Two methods were used to monitor the developement of antibodies (AB): the one based on the “in vitro” competitive binding properties of the antibodies with3(H)5-HT, the other, on their “in situ” binding properties to endogenous 5-HT, using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique, applied to paraffin embedded sections of cat brainstem. No pharmacological processing, detergents or proteolytic enzymes were used. The specificity of the antiserum was tested by competitive procedures with 20 analogs using the “in vitro” and “in situ” techniques. “In vitro” studies were performed with 5-HT free analogs and with analogs previously coupled with PF to lysine. Radioimmunological tests showed that the antibodies recognize mainly the ethylamine (CH2-CH2-NH2)-cham of the free analogs and that the best specificity was obtained with the 5-HT conjugate (5-HT-lysine-PF). The results suggest that the hapten is coupled through the phenolic positions C4 or C5. The “in situ” immunohistochemical extinction assays also revealed a distinct specificity for 5-HT. Possible optical and ultrastructural applications are illustrated in the raphé nuclei of the cat. These results confirm the reliability of radioimmunological tests for studying the specificity of AB directed against haptens, provided that haptens and analogs tested were first chemically transformed to resemble the immunogen (herewith lysine-PF coupling) with regard to its antigenic structure.
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 62 (1986), S. 486-494 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Mechanoreceptors ; Thresholds ; Stimulus-response functions ; Cuneatus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The response characteristics of mechanoreceptive neurons (RA, SA, and PC) innervating the foot pad of cat were determined in the cuneate nucleus. The mechanical stimuli were single sinusoidal pulses of varying frequency (20, 60, 150, and 240 Hz), and vibratory trains of varying frequency (80 and 240 Hz) and duration (50, 100, and 400 ms). Thresholds and stimulus-response functions were determined with single pulses. Absolute thresholds (1 impulse/train), tuning thresholds (1 impulse/cycle), and atonal intervals (the range between absolute and tuning thresholds) were determined with vibratory stimulus trains. When tested with single pulses the thresholds resembled those of primary afferents in all unit populations. The stimulus-response function of PC units but not of all RA units were comparable to those of primary afferents. Noxious conditioning stimulation did not influence the thresholds of cuneate mechanoreceptors in the tested sample (N = 6). Mostly PC units were tested with vibratory trains. Absolute thresholds were not dependent on stimulus duration, which is a consistent finding with peripheral units. In contrast to peripheral units, the tuning thresholds in most PC units were elevated with increasing stimulus duration. The variability in the range of atonal intervals was much larger than in the periphery. Thus, it seems that both the type of the tactile signal and the type of the studied mechanoreceptive neuron are critical parameters in determining whether the response characteristics of neurons in the cuneate and in the periphery are identical or not.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 432-437 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Claustrum ; Putamen ; Auditory response properties ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The auditory response properties of single neurons in claustrum and putamen were studied in response to simple dichotic stimuli (viz. noise- and tone-bursts) in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Neurons in claustrum were commonly weakly driven with long latency, were broadly tuned and were excited by stimulation of either ear (EE). Putamen neurons, in contrast, were securely driven with short latency, showed irregular tuning with a preference for low frequencies and were either EE or excited only by the contralateral ear (EO). The differences between claustrum and putamen responses can be related to differences in connections with the auditory cortical fields and with auditory thalamus. Some neurons were also tested for visual responsiveness: auditory and visual cells were intermingled in both nuclei and only a small percentage of cells were bimodal. In contrast to the visual and somatosensory input to claustrum, which are derived from primary cortical fields, the auditory input to claustrum is apparently derived from non-primary cortical regions, suggesting a fundamentally different role for processing of auditory information in claustrum.
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 447-450 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Single units ; Eye movements ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single unit activity was studied in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus in two trained cats. Eye movements were recorded with a magnetic search coil, the head being fixed. Discharge rates which varied as a function of eye position were consistently observed in 7 of 67 (about 10%) of the sample of eye movement-related units. These units showed similar changes in firing rate as a function of eye position in total darkness and during task related fixation of visual targets and thus appear to convey an “eye position” signal. Their activity may originate either from proprioception or from corollary discharge.
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 581-584 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual neurons ; Contrast ; Binocular interactions ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dichoptic presentation of patterns similar in shape but of very different contrast results in the perception of only the high contrast pattern (binocular suppression). When recording from binocular neurons of the cat visual cortex, we have found an effect which is strikingly similar to this perceptual phenomenon. If a high and a low contrast grating are presented simultaneously, one to each eye, the cell's response to the low contrast stimulus is suppressed.
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 65 (1986), S. 98-111 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Interneurones ; Motor control ; Jaw movements ; WGA-HRP ; Retrograde transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of bulbar neurones with axons projecting to the ipsi- and contralateral trigeminal motor nucleus were investigated in cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected in amounts of 5–24 nl. A volume-calibrated microelectrode was used for recording of evoked potentials and pressure injection of WGA-HRP. The injection site was guided by the position where a maximal antidromic response was evoked by electrical stimulation of the masseteric nerve. The survival time was 19–22 h. In preparations with the depot located in the masseteric subnucleus retrogradely stained neurones were found bilaterally in the borderzone of the trigeminal motor nucleus. Dense populations of stained neurones were observed ipsi- and contralaterally in the dorsal division of the main sensory trigeminal nucleus and the subnucleus-γ of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract. Clusters of WGA-HRP-neurones were observed bilaterally in the lateral tegmental field at the level of the subnucleus-β of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract, bilaterally dorsal to the facial nucleus and contralaterally adjacent to the hypoglossal nucleus. No stained neurones were found in the gigantocellular reticular nucleus. A group of stained neurones was located in the marginal nucleus of brachium conjunctivum and some were found in the raphé nuclei near obex. Cell profiles were of two types: medium-sized neurones with a triangular profile and 30–40 μm diameter, and fusiform neurones 10×50–70 μm. Convergence of descending cortical and trigeminal afferent inputs on interneurones located in the lateral borderzone of the trigeminal motor nucleus, i.e. the intertrigeminal area, is reported in the preceding paper.
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  • 18
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 272-279 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Membrane property ; Postsynaptic potentials ; Axotomized trigeminal motoneuron ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The membrane properties and the efficacy of excitatory and inhibitory synapses were studied in cat masseteric motoneurons (Mass Mns) after axotomy. In axotomized Mass Mns the slope of the primary range in the frequency-current relationship showed a higher gain than that of normal Mass Mns. The safety of antidromic invasion was increased and the initial segment component of antidromic action potentials could not be separated from the somadendritic component. In normal Mass Mns a single shock delivered to the orbital gyrus or the lingual nerve induced long-lasting inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). In two-thirds of Mass Mns explored 30 days after axotomy, a single shock delivered to the orbital gyrus or the lingual nerve evoked a mixture of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic potentials. In Mass Mns 50 days after axotomy, we have demonstrated that the major fraction of the total sample of explored Mass Mns showed long-lasting excitatory postsynaptic potentials followed by IPSPs. The results suggest that in Mass Mns, axotomy is followed by the decline of synaptic efficacy of inhibitory rather than of excitatory synapses.
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  • 19
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 61 (1986), S. 303-310 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pyramidal tract axons ; Cat ; Size and morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this work was to determine the number and morphology of pyramidal tract (PT) axons in the cat, using electron microscopy, modern methods of fixation, and computer-assisted morphometric analysis. Sections taken at the level of the medullary pyramids in three animals were fixed and magnified up to 10,000 x to produce photomicrographs. Morphological data were entered into computer files for analysis by tracing axon perimeters on micrographs mounted on a digitizer tablet. The number of axons per PT averaged 415,000, of which 88% were myelinated and 12% were unmyelinated. 90% of the myelinated axons fell in the diameter range 0.5–4.5 μm. Axons larger than 9 μm diameter accounted for 1% of the total; the largest were 20–23 μm. Myelinated axon mean diameter was 1.98 μm; because of the skewed distribution, with many small axons and a few very large axons, median diameter was 1.60 μm. Size distribution was relatively uniform throughout the PT cross section, with all sizes represented in all regions. However, the more medial regions had a higher proportion of small fibers than the more lateral regions: mean medial diameter was 1.85 μm while mean lateral diameter was 2.09 μm. Myelin sheath thickness averaged 7.9% of fiber diameter for axons up to 11 μm, but was constant at 0.9 μm for larger fibers. Myelinated fibers were distorted from the circular shape in cross section, with a mean circularity index (or form factor) of 0.85, which implies that the fibers could swell about 15% without rupture of the cell membrane. Unmyelinated fibers averaged 0.18 μm diameter (range 0.05–0.6 μm); the largest unmyelinated axons were larger than the smallest myelinated axons. It is concluded that previous work greatly underestimated the number of axons in the cat pyramidal tract.
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  • 20
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    Experimental brain research 63 (1986), S. 35-48 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Semicircular canals ; Three-neuron arc ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of vertical canal related second order vestibular neurons in the cat was studied with the intracellular horseradish peroxidase method. Neurons were identified by their monosynaptic potentials following electrical stimulation via bipolar electrodes implanted into individual semicircular canal ampullae. Anterior and posterior canal neurons projected primarily to contralateral or ipsilateral motoneuron pools (excitatory and inhibitory pathways, respectively). The axons of contralaterally projecting neurons crossed the midline at the level of the abducens nucleus and bifurcated into an ascending and a descending main branch which travelled in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). Two types of anterior canal neurons were observed, one with unilateral and one with bilateral oculomotor projection sites. For both neuron classes, the major termination sites were in the. contralateral superior rectus and inferior oblique subdivisions of the oculomotor nucleus. In neurons which terminated bilaterally, major collaterals recrossed the midline within the oculomotor nucleus to reach the ipsilateral superior rectus motoneuron pool. Other, less extensive, termination sites of both neuron classes were in the contralateral vestibular nuclear complex, the facial nucleus, the medullary and pontine reticular formation, midline areas within and neighboring the raphé nuclei, and the trochlear nucleus. The ascending main axons continued further rostrally to reach the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and areas around the fasciculus retroflexus. The descending branches proceeded further caudal in the medial vestibulo-spinal tract but were not followed to their spinal target areas. In addition to two previously described posterior canal related neuron types (Graf et al. 1983), we found neurons with bilateral oculomotor terminals and a spinal collateral. Typical for posterior canal neurons, the major termination sites were in the trochlear nucleus (superior oblique motoneurons) and in the inferior rectus subdivision of the oculomotor nucleus. Axon collaterals recrossed the midline to reach ipsilateral inferior rectus motoneurons. The axons of ipsilaterally projecting neurons ascended through the reticular formation to join the MLF caudal to the trochlear nucleus. The main target sites of anterior canal related neurons were in the trochlear nucleus and the inferior rectus subdivision of the oculomotor nucleus. Minor collaterals reached the pontine reticular formation and areas in between the fiber bundles of the ipsilateral MLF. In some cases, small collaterals crossed the midline within the oculomotor nucleus to terminate in the inferior rectus subdivision on the contralateral side. The axon proceeded further rostral to project to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and beyond. The main termination sites of posterior canal neurons were in the superior rectus and inferior oblique subdivisions of the oculomotor nucleus. Minor collaterals were also observed to reach the midline area within the oculomotor nucleus, however, prospective contralateral termination sites could not be identified. More rostral projections were found in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. The described axonal arborization of second order vestibular neurons reflects the organization of intrinsic coordinate systems as exemplified by the geometry of the semicircular canal and the extraocular muscle planes. These neurons are interpreted to provide a matrix for coordinate system transformation, i.e. from vestibular into oculomotor reference frames, and to play a role in gaze control and related reflexes by distributing their signals to multiple termination sites.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Prefrontal cortex ; Limbic cortex ; Medial preoptic area ; Axonal branching ; Electrophysiology ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurons in cat medial prefrontal cortex, anterior limbic cortex and possibly the indusium griseum were identified by antidromic invasion as having axonal projections towards the medial preoptic region, using both macro- and microstimulation techniques. These projecting axons were found to be of slow conduction velocity (0.2–4.8 m/s) and to in some cases also send branches towards the anteromedial thalamus, mediodorsal thalamus, ventromedial tegmentum, basolateral amygdala or medial forebrain bundle. Threshold-depth curves for axons excited by microstimulation in the medial preoptic region were very steep, with proportionality constants of 0.3–7.1 μm/μA. Calculations based on the threshold-depth curves confirmed that microstimulation was most probably only activating axons within the MPO, and current spread to lateral fibers of passage following macrostimulation in the MPO was not detected in the branching studies.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral suprasylvian cortex ; Posterior lateral suprasylvian area ; Topography ; Visual field representation ; Scatter of receptive fields ; Cat ; PMLS ; PLLS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the orderliness of representation of visual space in the medial and lateral banks of the middle suprasylvian sulcus. Penetrations were made either parallel to the sulcus, in one bank or the other, or vertical, thus crossing the sulcus between the postero-medial (PMLS) and posterolateral (PLLS) divisions of this area. In some cases we found clear evidence for topographical order in the representation of the visual field with a tendency (greater in PMLS than in PLLS) for the receptive fields of cells recorded deeper in the walls of the sulcus to lie closer to the area centralis, but along many penetrations the receptive fields were so large and so scattered that no retinotopic arrangement could be discerned. In PMLS the receptive fields of the majority of units we studied were centred below and close to the horizontal meridian, whereas in PLLS they were distributed over both the upper and lower visual fields with an over-representation of the upper field. Receptive fields were significantly larger in PLLS (mean field area = 442.2 deg2) than in PMLS (mean area = 154.4 deg2); there was also less clear correlation between receptive field size and eccentricity in PLLS (correlation coefficient = +0.25) than in PMLS (corr. coeff. = +0.72). Analysis of the distance between the receptive field centres of consecutively recorded units demonstrated that the mean scatter in both PMLS and PLLS amounts to about half the average receptive field diameter. In summary the topographical representation of visual space is less orderly in PLLS, and may involve a wider area of the visual field. These findings may relate to the segregated visual cortical and extrageniculate thalamic connections that the medial and lateral banks of the LS receive.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Locomotion ; Cat ; Hindlimb motoneurons ; Inhibition ; Excitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intracellular recordings of various motoneurons of proximal hindlimb muscles were performed on thalamic paralyzed cats, during fictive locomotion that was either spontaneous or evoked by stimulation of the subthalamic region. 2. In motoneurons innervating sartorius (medialis and lateralis), vasti (intermedius, medialis and lateralis) and anterior biceps-semimembranous, one depolarization occurred in each locomotor cycle, alternating with a phase of repolarization that was synchronous with the activation of the antagonistic muscle nerve. This latter phase could be decreased or reversed by intracellular injection of chloride ions or current, revealing the presence of inhibitory inputs onto motoneurons. 3. The pattern of membrane potential variations was more complex in motoneurons of rectus femoris and posterior biceps-semitendinosus muscles, but phases of chloride dependent inhibition were nevertheless identified, mainly during the sartorius nerve activation in the case of rectus femoris, and during the vasti and anterior biceps-semimembranosus nerve activations in the case of posterior biceps-semitendinosus. These inhibitory influences were shown to be controlled by the level of activity in exteroceptive afferents. 4. The characteristics of the excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the hindlimb motoneurons identified here are discussed in relation with the organization of the central pattern generator for locomotion.
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  • 24
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    Experimental brain research 64 (1986), S. 233-236 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Orientation bias ; Receptive field ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The orientation sensitivity of LGN cells to flickering square-wave gratings was measured in urethane-anaesthetized paralyzed cats. The mean ratio of the amplitude of peak responses to optimally oriented gratings to that elicited by gratings of the least effective orientation was 3.0 ± 0.3 (S.E.). 58% of the recorded neurons responded best to orientations within 30° of the meridional line joining their receptive field center with the fixation points (area centralis), implying that they were more sensitive to visual contours pointing to the center of the retina.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Peripheral chemoreceptors ; Central chemoreceptors ; Control of respiration ; Dopamine ; Cat ; Hypercapnia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of exogenous dopamine on the normoxic hypercapnic ventilatory response were assessed in nine chloralose-urethane anesthetized cats using the technique of dynamic end-tidal forcing. The ventilatory responses to step changes in end-tidalP CO 2 (PETCO 2) were measured before (control), during and after intravenous infusion of dopamine (420 μg·kg−1·h−1). Each response was separated into a slow central and a fast peripheral chemoreflex loop by fitting two exponential functions to the measured ventilation. Both loops were described by a CO2 sensitivity, time constant, time delay and a single off-set B (extrapolated PETCO 2, of the steady-state response curve at zero ventilation). Dopamine infusion only caused a significant increase of B (mean 0.3 kPa,P〈0.0001) compared to control; the other model parameters were not significantly affected. After dopamine infusion B returned to significantly lower values (mean 0.2 kPa,P=0.006) than in control. In two additional cats the dopamine administered to the blood which was artificially perfusing the brainstem, did not affect ventilation. We conclude that in normoxic cats the effect of exogenous dopamine on the ventilatory response to CO2 is due to a CO2 independent inhibition of the ventilatory drive which originates outside the brainstem.
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  • 26
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    Pflügers Archiv 406 (1986), S. 419-423 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rabbit ; Cat ; Chemoreceptor ; Reserpine ; α-Methyl-p-tyrosine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The response of single chemoafferent fibres to hypoxic and hypercapnic stimulation was studied in vitro under different experimental conditions: 1. control, 2. 24 h after reserpinization (5 mg/kg iv) and 3. 18 h after iv injection of α-methyl-p-tyrosine (100 mg/kg in the rabbit, and 1. control and 2. 24 h after reserpinization (5 mg/kg ip) in the cat. The spontaneous activity was decreased by monoamine depletion. The amplitude of the response to hypoxia and to hypercapnia was decreased by reserpinization in the rabbit and in the cat, the change being less marked in the latter species. Similarly, treatment with·α-methyl-p-tyrosine decreased the ability of chemoreceptors to respond to hypoxia and hypercapnia and, in a few instances, these receptors could only be excited by superfusion of nitrogencquilibrated medium. These results emphasize to possible role of monoamine, and particularly dopamine, in modifying the sensitivity of arterial chemoreceptors to their natural stimuli.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Lumbar visceral afferents ; Urinary bladder ; Urethra ; Functional properties ; Visceral nociception ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neural activity of lumbar visceral afferents supplying the urinary bladder and urethra was analyzed systematically in the cat. The afferent fibres were isolated either from the white rami L3 and L4 in a preparation with closed peritoneal cavity, or from the lumbar splanchnic nerves in a preparation with open peritoneal cavity and investigated for various functional parameters. Seventy five single units and 9 multiunit bundles were analyzed. 1) About 50% of the afferent units had some ongoing activity (0.2 to 1 imp/s). Two thirds of the afferent axons were thin myelinated (conduction velocity 3–15 m/s), the rest were presumably unmyelinated (conduction velocity below 2 m/s). 2) The receptive fields of the afferent units consisted —with one exception — of single mechanosensitive sites on the surface of the bladder and urethra. Most receptive fields were situated on the dorsal side of the bladder. 3) Afferents with receptive fields on or in the bladder wall responded in a graded manner to passive distension and isovolumetric contraction at intravesical pressures ranging from about 10 to 70 mm Hg. The thresholds for exciting the afferent units ranged from less than 10 mm Hg to about 30 mm Hg intravesical pressure, most of them being less than 20 mm Hg. Generally, the discharge rate of the afferent units gave a reliable representation of the intravesical pressure to the lumbar spinal cord. 4) Urethral units exhibited either no responses to the graded distensions and contractions of the urinary bladder, or responded with low discharge rates at higher intravesical pressures. 5) The results do not support the notion that noxious events in the urinary bladder are encoded by “specific” nociceptive visceral afferents to the lumbar spinal cord but possibly by some other mechanism of encoding.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibers ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat ; Cat ; Monkey (Macaca fuscata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin-containing nerve fibers in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the rat, cat, and monkey (Macaca fuscata) was studied by use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and an antiserum against serotonin. In all three species, the pattern of fibers was denser in the ventral portion of the LGN (LGNv) than in the dorsal nuclear portion (LGNd). In the LGNd of rat, serotonin-immunoreactive fibers were evenly distributed in the form of a dense network, but in cat and monkey there were marked regional differences. Serotonin-immunoreactive elements were most numerous in the C complex and medial interlaminal nucleus of cat, and in the S layer and interlaminar zones of Macaca fuscata.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 309-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Sensory innervation ; Mechanosensory transduction ; Morphogenesis ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The arrangement of preterminal and terminal axon branches in the primary sensory endings of cat tenuissimus muscle spindles was studied using whole-mount and serial-section techniques. Although in every case one firstorder preterminal branch was supplied exclusively to the bag1 type of intrafusal muscle fibre, the preterminal branching patterns differed considerably in detail. Terminals varied widely in size and location. Their precise form varied according to their position on the intrafusal muscle fibres rather than their relationship to preterminal branches. Terminals derived from separate preterminal branches remained separate and did not fuse with themselves or each other. Individually bag1 fibres had most terminals, chain fibres least. The surface of the muscle fibres were differentially indented by the terminals, least in bag1 fibres and most in chain fibres. The results are discussed in relation to mechanosensory transduction and to the factors involved in determining the form of the primary ending.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amino acid uptake ; Autoradiography ; Salivary gland ; Serine ; Phenylalanine ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light-microscopic autoradiography was used to localize the cellular sites for neutral amino acid uptake in submandibular and sublingual salivary gland epithelia. The vasculature of isolated glands was perfused for 3–5 min with either L-(3-3H)serine or L-(4-3H)phenylalanine and then fixed by perfusion with buffered glutaraldehyde. In the submandibular gland the small neutral amino acid L-serine and the aromatic amino acid L-phenylalanine were localized to central acinar cells, demilunar cells and ductal cells. In the sublingual gland silver grains associated with each of these tritiated amino acids were localized to central acinar and ductal cells. Perfusion of both submandibular and sublingual glands with unlabelled L-serine (25 mM) or L-phenylalanine (30 mM) resulted in a significant decrease in the silver grain density associated with each labelled amino acid. The absence of silver grains in the lumina of acinar and ductal cells and the presence of tight junctions near the apical surface of the epithelium strongly suggest that the initial uptake of these amino acids was mediated by basolateral plasma membrane carriers.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 197-202 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transverse tubular system ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Triads ; Intrafusal muscle fibre ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A modified staining technique for transverse tubular and sarcoplasmic reticular systems was used to investigate their occurrence in different types of intrafusal muscle fibres in cat tail spindles. Intrafusal muscle fibres can be divided into three basic regions, namely, the periaxial space (A-region), intracapsular area (B-region) and the extracapsular area (C-region); the components of these systems were seen to vary in structure and distribution. The occurrence of these systems also varied among the different types of intrafusal muscle fibres, namely, the bag1, bag2 and chain fibres. In bag1 fibres components were sparse in the A-region, increased slightly in the B-region, but were most developed in the C-region; triads were consistently located at the border between A- and I-bands. In bag2 fibres membrane components were noted in the A-region but were more abundant in the B-region where some tubular components showed transverse and longitudinal branches linked together in the form of a network; membrane systems diminished towards the C-region. The majority of triads were located within the A-bands. In chain fibres the membrane systems occurred more commonly in the A-region, while in the B- and C-regions, the transverse tubular system possessed numerous transverse and longitudinal branches forming irregularly distributed tubular networks. Some tubular branches were dilated, while other branches terminated as sacs among arrays of the sarcoplasmic reticular system in I-bands. Some transverse tubules bifurcated into two branches with numbers of dilated sarcoplasmic reticular cisternae lying on either side, or between, the branches. Triads sometimes occurred between A- and I-bands, but, generally, were situated well within A-bands.
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  • 32
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    European journal of applied physiology 55 (1986), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Weight-lifting exercise ; Cat ; Flexor carpi radialis muscle ; Nitric acid digestion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of weight-lifting, which induced muscular enlargement, on fiber number was tested in the flexor carpi radialis muscle by operantly conditioning 6 cats to flex their right wrist against increasing resistance for an average of 101 weeks. The left was used as a control. At the end of training, the cats were performing “one-arm“ lifts with an average of 57% of their body weight. There was an 11% greater muscle weight (P〈0.01) and 9% (P〈0.02) more fibers in the exercised muscles from the right limb than in the left. This study using a different method, supports our earlier observations that prolonged weight-lifting exercise significantly increases the total number of muscle fibers.
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  • 33
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    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 247-260 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synaptic excitation ; Hippocampus ; Pyramidal cells ; Dendritic activation ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following selective activation of four afferent paths that terminate exclusively on dendrites, only a small proportion of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 discharged impulses. Following a single afferent volley, an EPSP was never observed even in cells synaptically excited. On tetanic stimulation (about 10/sec), a large EPSP developed, but this was not a prerequisite for an action potential. Studies of the extracellular field potentials corresponding to the EPSP and the population spike potential, indicated that the EPSP was generated across the dendritic membrane and that the spike was initiated in the neighbouring part of the dendritic tree, propagating from there along the thicker dendrites towards the soma. This conduction had an average velocity of 0.4m/sec, and, presumably, a relatively low safety factor. In certain cases, the intrasomatic electrode recorded small all-or-nothing spikes which presumably were generated in the dendritic tree. These small spikes (D-spikes) invaded the soma only if assisted by some additional depolarization, for example by frequency potentiation of excitatory synapses. The results indicate two functional types of pyramidal dendrites, the conducting and the synaptic type.
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  • 34
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
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  • 35
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
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  • 36
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    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 48-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spontaneous post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs, IPSPs) ; Motor cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Im motorischen Cortex von ausgewachsenen Katzen (mittlere Nembutalnarkose) wurden spontane postsynaptische Potentiale (PSP) mit intrazellulären Mikroelektroden untersucht. Die spontanen EPSP wurden mit ausgelösten EPSP nach schwachen Reizen in spezifischen (VL) und unspezifischen (CM) Thalamuskernen verglichen. 2. Spontane EPSP treten entweder einzeln oder gruppiert auf. spontane IPSP sind seltener und machen nur 3–10% aller spontanen PSP aus. Die kleinsten EPSP haben eine Amplitude von 150–200 μV, daneben kommen kleinere, flache Schwankungen des Membranpotentials vor. Die mittlere Amplitude von spontanen EPSP liegt bei 0.7 mV. Amplitudenhistogramme spontaner EPSP unterscheiden sich nicht wesentlich von solchen, die durch schwache CM- oder VL-Reize ausgelöst sind. 3. Die Anstiegssteilheit von spontanen EPSP liegt zwischen 2 und 15 msec. Es besteht keine konstante Beziehung zwischen Amplitude und Anstiegssteilheit. Der Potentialabfall ist annähernd exponentiell, die Zeitkonstante liegt zwischen 8 und 12 msec und ist damit etwas länger als die passive Neuronzeitkonstante (8.5±2.2 msec nach Creutzfeldt u. Mitarb., 1964b). Es bestehen keine konstanten Unterschiede der Zeitverläufe von spontanen, durch VL- oder CM-Reiz ausgelösten EPSP-Einheiten. 4. Die Intervallhistogramme von spontanen EPSP sind verschieden je nach dem, ob alle Intervalle oder nur Perioden mit sporadischer, nicht-gruppierter Aktivität ausgezählt werden. Nicht gruppierte EPSP haben längere mittlere Intervalle (70–80 msec). 5. Nach überschwelligen Thalamusreizserien ist sowohl die spontane als auch die reizinduzierte PSP-aktivität vermindert. Es kann jedoch nicht entschieden werden, inwieweit corticale und inwieweit thalamische Mechanismen für diese post-tetanische Depression verantwortlich sind. 6. Während reversibler Deafferentierung des Cortex durch K+-depolarisation afferenter Fasern und im chronisch isolierten Cortex finden sich keine spontanen PSP mehr, obwohl EPSP und IPSP am isolierten Cortex durch epicorticale Reize noch ausgelöst werden können. 7. Aus den Befunden wird geschlossen, daß die beobachteten PSP durch afferente und collaterale Faseraktivität ausgelöst sind. Für echte „Miniaturpotentiale” entsprechend Beobachtungen an Muskelendplatten findet sich kein Anhalt. Insofern repräsentiert das „synaptische Rauschen” corticaler Zellen die konvergierende Afferenz dieser Zellen und kann nicht als echtes „spontanes Rauschen” angesehen werden.
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous post-synaptic potentials (PSP's) of neurones of the motor cortex are analysed (intracellular recording, Nembutal anesthesia, cats). Distinct EPSP's either appear grouped or more sporadically distributed. Spontaneous EPSP's only represent about 3–10% of all spontaneous PSP's. The mean amplitude of EPSP's is about 0.7 mV. The smallest EPSP's have an amplitude of 150–200 μV, smaller slow fluctuations of the membrane potential (MP) are seen occasionally. Amplitude histograms of spontaneous EPSP's are similar to those of evoked EPSP units following weak thalamic stimulation. — The rising time of spontaneous EPSP's varies between 2 and 15 msec. and is not correlated with the peak amplitude. The decay is almost exponential, the time constant is between 8 and 12msec., thus being slightly higher than the neurone time constant of cortical pyramidal cells (8.5±2.2 msec. Creutzfeldt et al., 1964b). No consistant differences in time course and amplitude of “EPSP units” after VL and CM thalamic stimulation and of spontaneous EPSP's was found. Cortical and thalamic components of post-tetanic depression of spontaneous and evoked PSP activity cannot be distinguished. Interval histograms are different whether all EPSP's during sporadic and grouped activity or whether only sporadically appearing EPSP's are counted. Non-grouped EPSP's show longer mean intervals (between 70 and 80 msec.). — During reversible deafferentation with K+-depolarization of afferent fibers and in the chronically isolated cortex no spontaneous EPSP's or IPSP's are found eventhough membrane fluctuations of cells in the latter preparation may sometimes be difficult to distinguish from real EPSP's. In the chronically isolated cortex, EPSP's and IPSP's can still be elicited by epicortical stimulation. — From these findings it is concluded that the observed spontaneous PSP's represent “unit” EPSP's and IPSP's due to afferent and collateral fiber activity and that no true miniature potentials due to spontaneous liberation of transmitter substance can be recorded. Thus, the “synaptic noise” of cortical neurones represents convergent activity on these cells and consequently cannot be considered as true “spontaneous noise”.
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  • 37
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 10-13 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sollen in der Hochtemperatur-Pyrolyse flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe gespalten werden, so darf die Drall-Komponente des Brennergases einen gewissen Wert nicht überschreiten. Das Brennergas würde sonst die größeren Öltröpfchen, die nicht vollständig verdampfen, an die Wand des Reaktors schleudern, wo sie eine Koksschicht bilden. Die Differentialgleichung für die Bewegung eines Tröpfchens in einem rotierenden Gasstrom wird aufgestellt und mit Hilfe eines Analogrechners gelöst. Daraus ergibt sich der Drall, der bei der Konstruktion von Brennkammern für flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe zulässig ist.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 279-287 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Der Verlauf einer heterogenen chemischen Reaktion bei laminarer Strömung und gleichmäßiger Geschwindigkeit über den Rohrquerschnitt wird berechnet und mit dem in einer früheren Arbeit untersuchten Reaktionsablauf bei ausgebildeter parabolischer Geschwindigkeitsverteilung verglichen. Außerdem wird die heterogene chemische Reaktion in Kugelschüttungen berechnet. Vorausgesetzt werden ein isothermer Reaktionsablauf und ein Reaktionsgesetz erster Ordnung.
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  • 39
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ein Verfahren der Chemischen Werke Witten zur Herstellung von Terephthalsäure-dimethylester durch Luftoxidation von p-Xylol in flüssiger Phase hat in der Industrie eine beachtliche Bedeutung erlangt. Es wird die Entwicklung des Verfahrens beschrieben. Aus dem Reaktionsablauf wurden neue Erkenntnisse über den Oxidationsmechanismus gewonnen. Charakteristische Zwischenprodukte sind der p-Toluylsäure-methylester und der Terephthalsäure-monomethylester.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 40
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 137-145 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zur Berechnung von Verweilzeitspektren bei stationärem Transport wird das Diffusionsmodell als stochastischer Prozeß eingeführt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Mittelwert und Streuung des Verweilzeitspektrums und den Transportgrößen des Diffusionsmodells wird in Strenge allgemein ermittelt. Die Untersuchung zeigt, daß die zeitliche Verteilungsdichte des aus dem Bilanzgebiet austretenden Spurstoffes der idealen Stoßmarkierung i.a. nicht mit der zeitlichen Verteilungsdichte der Konzentration an der Meßstelle übereinstimmt. Am Beispiel einer Modellkugelmühle werden die Rechnungen praktisch angewandt.
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  • 41
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 357-366 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hohlrührer sind hohl ausgebildete und an einer Hohlwelle angebrachte Rührer, die gleichzeitig zum Rühren und zum Fördern von Gasen dienen. Mit einem Hohlrührer von niedriger spezifischer Wellenleistung wurde die Abhängigkeit des Soges und der Wellenleistung von den kinematischen, stofflichen und geometrischen Einflußgrößen untersucht. Es stellte sich heraus, daß neben Rührerdrehzahl und -durchmesser nur noch die Viscosität der Flüssigkeit und die Flüssigkeitshöhe über dem Rührer einen stärkeren Einfluß auf den Sog und die Wellenleistung ausüben. Die dimensionslosen Ausdrücke für Sog und Wellenleistung sind im wesentlichen nur eine Funktion der Froude-Zahl. Unter betrieblichen Bedingungen läßt sich an Stelle des dimensionslosen Ausdruckes für den Sog ein solcher für die durchgesetzte Gasmenge einführen, der ebenfalls eine Funktion der Froude-Zahl ist und eine schnelle Bestimmung des jeweiligen Gasdurchsatzes ermöglicht. Dabei ergeben sich optimale Werte für Rührerdrehzahl und -durchmesser, bei denen die zugehörige Wellenleistung ein Minimum erreicht.
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  • 42
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 380-390 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 43
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 397-403 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Produktionsanlagen der Chemie können durch Überholung des Produktes, des chemischen Verfahrens, der verfahrenstechnischen Prozeßführung oder durch unzureichende Kapazität veralten. Die einzelnen Apparate unterliegen dem technischen Verschleiß, während vollständige Produktionsanlagen der Gefahr einer wirtschaftlichen Überholung in Verbindung mit der Ertrags- und Gewinnentwicklung ausgesetzt sind. Die überholte Anlage muß mit klarer Einschätzung der wirtschaftlichen Folgen weiterbetrieben, vorübergehend oder endgültig stillgelegt werden. Eine Vorausschätzung der Überholungsrisiken und der wirtschaftlichen Lebensdauer bereits bei der Planung der Anlagen ist nur begrenzt möglich. In Teil II dieser Arbeit werden Kosten und Rentabilität von Einzelapparaten und vollständigen Anlagen in Abhängigkeit von Nutzungsdauer und Stillegungszeit untersucht. Dabei werden vor allem die grundlegenden Zusammenhänge geklärt, während konkrete Zahlenwerte für jeden Betrieb unterschiedlich sind und daher nicht mitgeteilt werden.
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  • 44
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 423-428 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Farbe anorganischer Pigmente kann variiert werden durch Veränderung der Absorptionskonstanten (Einbau farbgebender Kationen) oder der Streu-Konstanten; diese wiederum wird von Brechugsindex, Teilchengröße, -form- und -verteilung sowie von der Pigmentvolumenkonzentration beeinflußt. Farbton und spektrale Farbdichte roter α-Fe2O3-Pigmente hängen linear von der Teilchengröße und der Verteilungsbreite ab. Bei gleicher Teilchengröße und farbtongleicher Wellenlänge nimmt die spektrale Farbdichte bei Abnahme der Standardabweichung In σg sehr stark zu.
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  • 45
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zu den vielfältigen Möglichkeiten der Zerkleinerung gehört auch das Desagglomerieren auf Walzenstühlen und in Knetmaschinen. Dabei werden in hochviscosen Medien suspendierte Feststoffteilchen durch Strömungskräfte beansprucht und zerkleinert, sofern die Beanspruchung die Festigkeit der Teilchen überschreitet. Diese Beanspruchung von Agglomeraten wurde in einer Versuchsapparatur nachgeahmt. Dabei konnten die Ergebnisse einer früheren Arbeit bestätigt werden, in der das Verhalten und die Beanspruchung einer Kugel in einer langsamen, zähen Scherströmung rechnerisch untersucht worden war.
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  • 46
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die medizinische Technik bestimmt in steigendem Maße die Fortschritte und Erfolge der chirurgischen, experimentellen und allgemeinen Medizin. Am Beispiel der künstlichen Nieren und Herz-Lungen-Maschinen wird gezeigt, daß die technisch-physikalische Grundkonzeption dieser Apparate mit den Problemstellungen und Forschungsthemen der Verfahrenstechnik vieles gemeinsam hat und die Mitarbeit des Verfahrens-Ingenieurs geradezu herausfordert.
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  • 47
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 627-630 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Der Wirkungsgrad der Stromaufnahme nach Laden bei verschiedenen Stromdichten und Temperaturen wurde an positiven und negativen Platten von Blei-Akkumulatoren bestimmt, indem die entnehmbare Strommenge gemessen wurde. Es zeigte sich, daß der Wirkungsgrad der Ladereaktion mit sinkender Temperatur und steigender Stromdichte abnimmt, da ein immer größerer Teil des Ladestromes zur Sauerstoff- bzw. Wasserstoff-Entwicklung verwendet wird. Dabei ist die negative Elektrode empfindlicher als die positive, sowohl gegen Temperaturerniedrigung als auch gegen Stromerhöhung. Der Wirkungsgrad der Ladereaktion sinkt nicht infolge einer Verschiebung der Gleichgewichtspotentiale ab, sondern auf Grund kinetischer Hemmungen.
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  • 48
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 651-652 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 49
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 649-651 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eine Übertragungsleitung ohne Induktion und mit vollkommener Isolierung bildet ein elektrisches Analogiemodell der Diffusion und gestattet es, quantitative die Konzentrationsänderungen einer diffundierenden Substanz innerhalb einer homogenen Phase nachzuahmen. Es läßt sich für potentiostatische, potentiokinetische, galvanostatische und galvanokinetische Untersuchungen elektrochemischer Diffusionsvorgänge heranziehen und ist auch auf Wechselstrommessungen anwendbar, wenn man die Kreisfrequenz und die Impedanz berücksichtigt.
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  • 50
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 1183-1186 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Quer angeströmte Rohre von Rohrbündel-Wärmeaustauschern können durch Wirbelablösung zu Schwingungen angeregt werden, die in ungünstigen Fällen zur Beschädigung oder Zerstörung der Rohre führen. Durch einfaches Abschätzen von Erreger- und Eigenfrequenzen lassen sich konstruktive Maßnahmen angeben, wie derartige Schäden zu vermeiden sind. Von großem Einfluß sind der Abstand der Umlenkbleche sowie die richtige Kombination von Rohrdurchmesser und Wanddicke des Rohres.
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  • 51
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 1201-1202 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 52
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 53
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 1287-1295 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Hauptbestandteile des Fuselöls (Isoamylalkohol und 2-Methyl-butanol-1) lassen sich nach Überführung in die Chloride durch extraktive Destillation mit 1,2-Dibrom-3-chlorpropan als Zusatzstoff trennen. Das Verfahren erfordert aber gläserne Kolonnen, da sich der Zusatzstoff unter dem katalytischen Einfluß von Metallen zersetzt. Die Chloride können ferner durch Flüssig/flüssig-Extraktion mit dem System 1,2-Dibrom-3-chlorpropan/Glykol + Methanol getrennt werden, jedoch liegt der Trennfaktor mit 1,09 nur wenig über 1. Eine vollständige Trennung der Alkohole in die reinen Komponenten gelang durch präparative Gaschromatographie mit Triäthanolamin oder Nonylphenol als stationärer Phase. Die Dichte, der Brechungsindex und die optische Drehung der reinen Isomeren sowie die daraus hergestellten Chloride wurden neu ermittelt und mit Literaturwerten verglichen.
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  • 54
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mit 114 ausländischen von insgesamt 502 Ausstellern wiese diese dritte Ausstellung für die Chemie und Erdöl-Industrie im Londoner Olympia erstmals internationale Beteiligung auf, während die beiden vorigen - 1958 und 1962 - noch rein nationale Veranstaltungen gewesen waren. Der ausländische Besucher wird jedoch vor allem die Gelegenheit benutzt haben, einen Eindruck von der Leistungsfähigkeit der englischen Industrie auf diesem Gebiet zu gewinnen. Da zudem bereits 1967 die nächste ACHEMA in Frankfurt a. M. stattfindet, werden in diesem Bericht vor allem neuere Entwicklungen englischer Firmen besprochen. Eine vollständige Aufzählung aller Aussteller und ihrer Erzeugnisse ist nicht möglich. - Über den zusammen mit der Ausstellung veranstalteten Vierten Kongreß der Europäischen Föderation für Chemie-Ingenieur-Wesen berichten wir ebenfalls in diesem Hefts. S. 1310..
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  • 55
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 1202-1203 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 56
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 1215-1218 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 1224-1224 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 58
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 1229-1240 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Der Wärmeübergang vom Schneckenmantel einspindeliger Schnecken mit gleichmäßigem Profil auf Newtonsche Flüssigkeiten wird durch Versuche mit Silicon-Ölen systematisch untersucht. Das Auswertungsverfahren wird mathematisch begründet, und die Ergebnisse werden auf ihre strömungsphysikalischen Ursachen zurückgeführt. Von besonderer Bedeutung für den Wärmeübergang erweist sich der Anströmwinkel, mit dem die Strömungslinien der Spaltströmung zwischen Spindelkamm und Schneckenmantel den Spindelkamm überqueren. Zur Berechnung der Wärmeübergangszahlen wird ein Nomogramm angegeben. Die Untersuchung zeigt, daß die drei wichtigsten verfahrenstechnischen Aufgaben einer Schneckenmaschine - Fördern, Homogenisieren und Wärmeaustausch - bei optimaler Nutzung unterschiedlich ausgelegte Schneckenmaschinen erfordern.
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  • 59
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 1265-1270 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ein Festbett aus Stahlkugeln von 42 mm Dmr. wurde mit einem Fließbett aus Glaskugeln von 40 und 60 μm Dmr. kombiniert, und an dem kombinierten System wurden Druckverlust und Vermischung gemessen. Die Glaspartikel wurden erst beim Siebzigfachen der Lockerungsgeschwindigkeit aus dem Fließbett-Festbett-System ausgetragen. Die radiale Vermischung war so gering wie im Festbett allein, die Rückvermischung unterblieb vollständig. Der Koeffizient der axialen Vermischung hat dagegen dieselbe Größenordnung wie in reinen Fließbetten. Die axiale Vermischung ist im kombinierlen System jedoch ausschließlich auf Konvektion (Ungleichmäßigkeit der Anströmgeschwindigkeit) zurückzuführen und nicht - wie beim reinen Fließbett - auf Diffusion.
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  • 60
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 1323-1323 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 61
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 1320-1322 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 62
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 134-136 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Durch Nachbilden der Methan-Chlorierung auf einem Analogrechner wird gezeigt, wie sich bei Mehrstufenreaktionen die zunächst durch die Reaktionskinetik festgelegten Produktmengen durch wählbare Rückführung einzelner Zwischenprodukte wunschgemäß ändern lassen. Mit einer geeigneten Kostenfunktion kann dann das wirtschaftliche Optimum ermittelt werden.
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  • 63
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 151-154 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zur Messung des Siedegleichgewichtes der Gemische HF/SO2 und HF/H2O/HSO3F bei Drücken von 1 bis 3 Atm wurden Versuche an einer neuen Apparatur vorgenommen, die durch den Umlauf von Dampf und Flüssigkeit gekennzeichnet ist. Die erhaltenen Temperatur-Zusammensetzungs-Diagramme werden kritisch geprüft, z. B. durch Nachrechnen der Grenzneigung von Siede- und Taulinien und durch Berechnen von Aktivitätskoeffizienten.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 180-181 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 187-189 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 66
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 197-198 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966) 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 250-254 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei der Optimierung nach unterschiedlichen wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten ist die genaue Erfassung des Trends von Funktionen in einem einzugrenzenden Bereich von besonderer Bedeutung. Mit dem hier erläuterten Begriff der Progression ist dies für verschiedenartige Modellfunktionen in gleicher Weise möglich, wie an Beispielen aus der Verfahrenstechnik erläutert wird. Ausschlaggebend für wirtschaftliches Optimieren sind die Erfolgsfunktionen. Faßt man die unterschiedlichen, beim Optimieren von Anlagen zu berücksichtigenden Funktionen zusammen, so kann man mit Hilfe ihrer Progressionen und einer verbindlichen Bedingungsgleichung klären, ob überhaupt oder unter welchen Umständen bestimmte wirtschaftliche Forderungen erfüllbar sind.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Der bekannte Zusammenhang zwischen dem stationären Reaktionsverlauf in einem Durchflußreaktor und dessen Verwellzeitverteilung werden grundsätzlich vektoranalytisch diskutiert. Die Berechnung dieses Problems erstreckt sich auf Durchflußreaktoren beliebiger geometrisch-hydrodynamischer Beschaffenheit bei unvollständiger Segregation.
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  • 70
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 82-82 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 71
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 87-88 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 72
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 97-98 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 73
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 154-159 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In der optischen Pyrometrie ermittelt man im allgemeinen die schwarze Temperatur, die ziemlich weit unterhalb der wahren Temperatur liegt. Folgende Verfahren werden besprochen, mit denen man unmittelbar die wahre Temperatur messen kann: photoelektrische Messung der Farbtemperatur, Polarisations-Pyrometrie unter geneigter Beobachtungsrichtung und Emissionsausgleich durch Aufprojektion.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 74
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 145-150 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kernbrennstoffe, in denen z. B. Molybdän, Niob usw, enthalten sind, lassen sich nach den sauren Aufschlußverfahren nur schwierig aufbereiten, da der erhaltene voluminöse Molybdänoxidhydrat-Niederschlag sehr viel Brennstoff adsorbiert und sich schlecht abscheiden läßt. Durch ein oxidierendes, alkalisches Schmelzaufschlußverfahren, z. B. mit NaNO3, NaNO3/NaOH oder NaNO3/Na2CO3, wird dagegen das Molybdän in lösliches Alkalimolybdat übergeführt, während der Brennstoff selbst einen kristallinen, leichtfiltrierbaren Niederschlag bildet, der nur noch geringe Mengen ( 〈 1%) Molybdän enthält. Beim Schmelzaufschluß sind die Brennstoff-Verluste niedriger als beim sauren Aufschluß, und ein Teil der radioaktiven Spaltprodukte wird bereits im „Head-end-Proze“ abgetrennt.
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  • 75
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 192-196 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 202-204 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 77
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 112-117 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An siedende Flüssigkeiten können extrem hohe Wärmestromdichten bis zu 6000 kW/m2 Heizfläche bei mäßigen Temperaturdifferenzen übertragen werden. Kleine Abweichungen von diesen hohen Wärmestromdichten können jedoch je nach Art der Energiezufuhr entweder zu einem plötzlißchen Temperaturanstieg der Heizfläche oder zu einer plötzlichen Verringerung der Wärmestromdichte führen. Die Temperatur kann so stark ansteigen, daß die Heizfläche schmilzt (burn-out). Die Widerstandsgerade des Verdampfers läßt sich aber so wählen, daß diese im allgemeinen unerwünschten Erscheinungen vermieden werden.
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  • 78
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 184-186 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 79
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 181-183 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 80
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 186-186 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 81
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 189-191 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 82
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 201-202 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 83
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die technologischen Probleme der Kunststoffverarbeitung ergeben sich nur zum Teil aus den besonderen Eigenschaften der Hochpolymeren. Bei den Urformprozessen Extrudieren, Kalandrieren, Spritzgießen usw. wird die exakte Kontrolle durch die überlagerung und gegenseitige Beeinflussung der gleichzeitig ablaufenden rheologischen und thermodynamischen Vorgänge erschwert. Es lassen sich sieben Verbundsysteme dieser Art unterscheiden. Die funktionellen Zusammenhänge werden an den Beispielen des Kalanders, des Zwei-Walzen-Extruders und der Einschneckenpresse untersucht.
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  • 84
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Viele Prozesse, wie z. B. Kristallisation oder Polymerisation, führen zu Endprodukten mit heterogenen Teilchengrößen bzw. unterschiedlichen Längen der Molekülketten. Die Größenverteilung der Teilchen läßt sich in einer Verteilungskurve darstellen, deren Form ein wichtiges Qualitätsmerkmal des Produktes ist. Um die Wachstumsgesetze der Teilchen kennenzulernen, versucht man, den Wachstumsvorgang mathematisch zu simulieren. Gezeigt wird, wie die Simulation für kontinuierlich betriebene Systeme mit mehreren Reaktoren vorgenommen werden kann. Als Beispiel wird das Teilchenwachstum bei einer Latex-Polymerisation mit einem elektronischen Digitalrechner simuliert.
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  • 85
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 391-393 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 86
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 404-406 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zur Berechnung des durch Wärmestrahlung in einer Schüttung erzeugten Energiestromes werden Gleichungen abgeleitet, die für Schüttungen mit beliebig steilen Temperaturgradienten und auch für durchströmte Schüttungen gültig sind. Die Gleichungen beschreiben nur eindimensionale Vorgänge und zeigen gute Übereinstimmung mit Versuchsergebnissen. Es ist im allgemeinen nicht möglich, den Energiestrom durch ein Produkt aus einer Strahlungsleitzahl und dem örtlichen Temperaturgradienten darzustellen.
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  • 87
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 428-430 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In einer Suspension von Feststoffteilchen in Flüssigkeit oder Gas sedimentieren die einzelnen Teilchen nicht unbehindert von den Nachbarteilchen. Die gegenseitige Beeinflussung hängt von der Entfernung der Teilchen untereinander und damit von der Teilchenkonzentration ab. Messungen an einer Gleichkorn-Suspension werden durch ein einfaches physikalisches Modell interpretiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 631-637 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei der Entwicklung von Primärbatterien und Akkumulatoren hat die Anwendung radioaktiver Isotope bereits interessante Ergebnisse gebracht. So kann z. B. die Geschwindigkeit oder die Kapazität des Austausches von Ionen bzw. Atomen zwischen Elektrode und Elektrolyt durch radioaktive Markierung bestimmt werden. Mit autoradiographischen Methoden lassen sich u. a. Korrosionserscheinungen, Regeneriervorgänge in Trockenzellen oder die Sulfatierung der Platten in Pb-Akkumulatoren untersuchen. Durch Inkorporieren von aktiven Nukliden oder durch Bestrahlen im Reaktor konnten erste Erfolge bei der Verbesserung der elektrochemischen Aktivität von Gaselektroden und bei der Beeinflussung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit erzielt werden. Schließlich sei die Dicke- und Dichtemessung durch Absorption radioaktiver Strahlung erwähnt.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 660-664 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Auf dem Gebiet der alkalischen Nickel/Cadmium-Akkumulatoren werden vorwiegend Verfahren zur Herstellung von Sinterplatten weiterentwickelt, wobei besonders das Einbringen der aktiven Massen in die porösen Sintergerüste Probleme aufwirft. Als Beispiele werden das chemische Fällverfahren und das elektrochemische Verfahren behandelt.  -  Bei den sauren Blei-Akkumulatoren ist die Konservierung negativer Gitterplatten sowohl für die trocken geladenen Akkumulatoren als auch für die rationelle Fertigung von Bedeutung. Bei der Herstellung von Blei-Stäuben zeichnen sich durch die Anwendung der Ultraschall-Zerstäbung völling neue Wege ab.
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  • 90
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 665-671 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Batterien für Telstar-Satelliten müssen viele Lade/Entlade-Zyklen sowie während eines großen Teils ihrer Lebensdauer Überladungen aushalten. Am besten geeignet sind hermetisch verschlossene Ni/Cd-Batterien, die zwischen -10 und 32°C sicher funktionsfähig sind, wegen ihres dichten Verschlusses einen Elektrolyt-Verlust ausschließen und somit eine lange Lebensdauer haben. Einzelheiten über das Entwicklungsprogramm, den Aufbau der Zellen und die Qualitätsprüfungen werden mitgeteilt.  -  Die Batterien haben sich bereits bei der Raumfahrt bewährt, denn der zweite Telstar-Satellit arbeitet seit mehr als zwei Jahren zufriedenstellend.
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  • 91
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 375-379 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 92
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 93
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird die Dauerfestigkeit von drei mit Stickstoff legierten Stählen ermittelt und ihr Verhalten unter Beanspruchung durch Schwingungsrißkorrosion in künstlichem Meerwasser untersucht. Potentialmessungen während dieser Versuche sowie die Aufnahme von Potential-Zeit- und Strom-Spannungs-Kurven ohne äußere mechanische Beanspruchung geben Aufschluß über das elektrochemische Verhalten der Versuchswerkstoffe und den Einfluß der Legierungselemente.
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  • 94
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 701-705 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In einer halbtechnischen Versuchsanlage wurde Acrylnitril aus Propylen, Ammoniak und Luftsauerstoff in einem Festbettreaktor in Gegenwart eines Bi/Mo/Si-Oxid-Schalenkatalysators hergestellt. Der Propylen-Umsatz, der unter optimalen Bedingungen rd. 70% betragen kann, wurde in Abhängigkeit von strukturellen Eigenschaften und der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Katalysators sowie von der Zusammensetzung des Ausgangsgemisches untersucht. Durch eine mehrstufige Aufarbeitung des Rohproduktes konnte das Acrylnitril in der für Polymerisationsreaktionen erforderlichen Reinheit gewonnen werden.
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  • 95
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 725-730 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zur Entscheidung darüber, ob ein Einzelapparat weiterbetrieben oder durch einen moderneren ersetzt werden soll, sind die durchschnittlichen Periodenkosten und die Rentabilität der Ersatzinvestition zu berechnen. Von großer Bedeutung ist dabei die voraussichtliche wirtschaftliche Nutzungsdauer, die als Zielgröße zu optimieren ist. Erheblich schwieriger ist es, zu entscheiden, ob eine gesamte Anlage weiterbetrieben, stillgelegt oder modernisiert werden soll; denn hierbei müssen auch die zukünftigen Änderungen der Erträge und zahlreicher, nur langfristig veränderlicher Kosten berücksichtigt werden. Wenn auch die Kosten- und Rentabilitätsanalysen in der Praxis noch schwer anzuwenden sind, sollten sie zukünftig als Arbeitshilfe entscheidend werden.
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  • 96
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 742-749 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es bestehen Zusammenhänge zwischen einigen Eigenschaften von Schüttgütern und der nach DIN 4190 gekennzeichneten Kornklassenverteilung. Von Schüttgütern mit gleichem Körnungsparameter d' weist dasjenige mit der Gleichmäßigkeitszahl n = 1 meist die dichteste Packung auf. Wie Untersuchungen an Modellschüttgütern und zerkleinertem Schwarztorf zeigen, verhindern bei n 〈 1 Abweichungen von der idealen Packung das Erreichen der bei n = 1 beobachteten maximalen Rüttelverdichtung. An Beispielen der Rüttelverdichtung und der bindemittellosen Brikettierung von lufttrockenem Schwarztorf sind die Folgen des Entmischens beim Verdichten von Schüttgütern zu erkennen.
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  • 97
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 739-742 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei der Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Herstellung von Salicylaldehyd aus o-Kresol wurde die Kinetik der Seitenkettenchlorierung in flüssiger Phase untersucht. Die aus gaschromatographischen Analysen erhaltenen Zeit/Umsatz-Kurven wurden mit einem Analogcomputer ausgewertet. Da der effektive zeitliche Umsatz durch schwer erfaßbare physikalische Faktoren bestimmt war (Belichtung, Stoffaustausch usw.), wurde ein modifizierter Zeitmaßstab eingeführt, der die bekannte und variable Chlor-Aktivität enthielt. Auf diese Weise gelang es, relative Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten für alle sechs Reaktionsschritte zu bestimmen, den maximal möglichen Umsatz zur „Benzalchlorid-Verbindung“ zu ermitteln und ein vertieftes Verständnis für die relative Reaktivität der Wasserstoff-Atome in CH3-, CH2Cl- und CHCl2-Gruppen zu gewinnen.
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  • 98
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 806-806 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 99
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 100
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 38 (1966), S. 832-837 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Wärmeübergangszahl bei der Kondensation schnell strömender Methanol- und Kältemittel-Dämpfe wird gemessen. Aus den Meßwerten wird eine Gleichung entwickelt, mit der man in einfacher Weise den Wärmeübergang bei der Kondensation mit turbulentem Kondensatfilm berechnen kann, wenn bestimmte Stoffwerte bekannt sind.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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