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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; comparative mapping ; genome evolution ; mouse ; reciprocal chromosome painting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cross-species reciprocal chromosome painting was used to determine homologous chromosomal regions between the laboratory mouse and Chinese hamster. When mouse chromosome-specific paints were hybridized to Chinese hamster chromosomes, paints specific for mouse chromosomes 3, 4, 9, 14, 18, 19 and X each painted a single chromosomal region, whilst other mouse paints delineated multiple discrete chromosomal regions. The mouse Y paint produced non-specific signals on Chinese hamster chromosomes. Nineteen mouse autosome paints identified a total of 47 homologous chromosome regions in the genome of the Chinese hamster. Hybridization of Chinese hamster paints to mouse chromosomes not only confirmed the above results, but also identified which of the chromosomal regions of these two species were homologous. In total, 10 Chinese hamster autosomal paints detected 38 homologous autosomal segments in the mouse genome. A comparative chromosome map was established based on these reciprocal chromosome painting patterns. This map forms the basis for exchanging gene mapping information between the species and for studying genome evolution.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: bromodeoxyuridine ; Chinese hamster ; chromatin structure ; human chromosomes ; sister chromatid differentiation ; UV irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Human and Chinese hamster chromosomes were obtained from cells grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for (a) one replicative round, (b) two replicative rounds, (c) one replicative round followed by another round in thymidine and (d) the last period of synthetic phase. Untreated chromosomes and chromosomes treated with UV radiation after previous staining with 33258 Hoechst as photosensitizer were studied in order to investigate the mechanism(s) responsible for BrdU-induced sister chromatid differentiation (SCD). Metaphases were prepared by (1) standard methanol—acetic acid fixative for subsequent investigation with Giemsa or DNA-specific dyes such as ethidium bromide, acridine orange and monoclonal antibodies to double-or single-stranded DNA; (2) the procedure for observation under phase-contrast or electron microscopy; and (3) the cytospin method for subsequent immunoreaction with a monoclonal antibody to histone H2B. Our data exclude the possibility that the presence/absence of BrdU in the template strand might affect chromatin organization and thus resistance, while confirming that UV-induced DNA alteration is not sufficient, by itself, to explain SCD mechanism(s). That molecules other than DNA play a role in explaining SCD production is indicated by the fact that BrdU incorporation induces alterations in DNA—histone H2B interactions which, in turn, seem to produce structural variations in chromatin, possibly at the level of condensation, as monitored by phase-contrast and electron microscopy.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromosome ; Nuclear matrix ; Nuclear membrane ; Cell cycle ; Enzyme treatment ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chromosomes and their relationship to nuclear components during various phases of the cell cycle were studied with different fixation, embedding, and enzyme techniques. The results showed that interphase chromosomes may have oriented in such a way that a given locus became associated with the nuclear membrane. Some chromosomes also appeared to interact with the nucleolus. The nuclear matrix materials, however, were distributed between the chromosomes and formed a delineating boundary for the chromosomes. These matrix materials, furthermore, formed channel-like structures within the nucleus and towards the cytoplasm through their interaction with nuclear pore complexes. During mitosis, chromosomes were encapsulated with material that appeared to be derived from the matrix, disintegrated residues and fragments of the nuclear envelope, the lamina, and nucleolar material. These chromosome-associated materials seen in mitosis appeared to serve as foci for formation of new nuclear components in subsequent interphase.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: pancreatic B cell ; diabetes mellitus ; islets of Langerhans ; exocrine pancreas ; proton microprobe analysis ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diabetes mellitus spontaneously develops in certain sublines of non-obese Chinese hamsters, and the diabetic L-subline is known for subnormal pancreatic insulin releasein vitro. The cause of the secretory defect is unknown. Freeze-dried pancreas sections from genetically diabetic Chinese hamsters and normal controls were subjected to proton bombardment and the concentration of 15 elements in B cells and acini was calculated from the X-rays emitted. Diabetic B cells contained significantly less Al (−61%) and significantly more Cu (+92 %), Mg (+6 %) and Rb (+13 %) than their normal counterparts. The diabetic acini showed similar, significant changes. The molar ratio between K and Na was about 10 in endocrine as well as exocrine pancreas from both groups of animals, implying that neither sample preparation nor irradiation had induced significant diffusive changes. In conclusion, the high K/Na ratio suggests that the diabetic B cell has a well-functioning Na+/K+ pump. However, significant and parallel changes in Al-, Cu-, Mg- and Rb-levels were found in both the B cells and acinar portion of the diabetic pancreas. It is not clear whether these elemental changes cause the islet secretory defect or result from it.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 16 (1987), S. 281-290 
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: eggs ; superovulation ; fertilization ; Chinese hamster ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mature female Chinese hamsters ovulate an average of 8.8 ± 1.0 (mean ± SD) eggs per female in each estrous cycle. Superovulation can be induced in both immature and mature females by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injections of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and either human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or pituitary luteinizing hormone (PLH). The best superovulation in immature females was induced by the administration of 15 IU of PMSG followed 72 hr later by injection of 15 IU of hCG (about 25 eggs per female) or 0.2 mg (200 IU) PLH (about 46 eggs per female). Ovulation started about 13-15 hr after administration of hCG (or PLH) and was completed during the next 5-6 hr. Superovulation in mature females could be induced by injecting PMSG any day of the estrous cycle, but the best superovulation (about 39 eggs per female) was induced by injecting 15 IU of PMSG on day 1 (day of ovulation) followed by the injection of 0.4 mg of PLH 72 hr later. When immature females treated with the best superovulatory protocol were mated on the evening of PLH injection, only 5% of the eggs were found fertilized 50 hr after PLH administration. On the other hand, about 60% of the eggs were found fertilized in mature females mated following treatment with the best superovulatory protocol. The majority (83-85%) of superovulated eggs obtained from both immature and mature females were normally fertilized in vitro.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 65 (1986), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Substance P ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Olfactory bulb ; Dopamine ; Chinese hamster ; Syrian hamster ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Both tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first enzyme in the catecholamine synthetic pathway, and substance P were localized previously to juxtaglomerular neurons in the hamster main olfactory bulb. These neurons had similar features and distribution suggesting that the enzyme, a marker for dopaminergic neurons, and the peptide transmitter, respectively, might coexist in the same cells. To determine if the two antigens occurred in the same neurons specific antibodies and a two color double label technique were utilized. Co-localization of the transmitters was not observed in any region of the olfactory bulb. In addition, interspecies differences were observed in the distribution of both TH and substance P labeled neurons which support the lack of co-localization in the double label studies. The data suggest that olfactory bulb neurons of similar morphology and distribution may synthesize different transmitters.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Crcadian rhythm ; Synaptic ribbons ; Photoperiod ; Chinese hamster ; (Cricetulus griseus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic ribbons (SR) in pinealocytes of adult (120–130 day-old) male Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) were classified into types 1, 2 and 3; these have a central dense structure showing rod-like, various and ringlike profiles, respectively. The central structure of the type-2 SR usually appeared as round, oval or comma-like bodies, and occasionally as plates showing various profiles or clubshaped bodies. The quantity of each type of SR, expressed as the SR index, was determined over a 24-h period under a light/dark regime (LD) 12∶12 or LD 14∶10. On comparing the results obtained from adults with previously published data from young (60–70-days-old) animals under LD 12∶12, it was found that, in both young and adult animals, the type-1 and type-3 SR indices exhibited different 24-h variations, whereas the type-2 SR index remained constant over a 24-h period. In addition, the indices of the type-2 SR, but not those of the other SR types, were found to be significantly larger in adult than in young animals. In adult animals, the effects of the photoperiod were different between the three types of SR. A nocturnal increase in the type-1 SR index was observed under both LD 12∶12 and LD 14∶10, its time course being different for each of these photoperiods. Under LD 14∶10, the type-2 SR index showed a significant 24-h rhythm with larger values during the dark period; this was not observed under LD 12∶12. The type-3 SR index was almost the same under LD 12∶12 and LD 14∶10. The results suggest that pinealocyte SR of the Chinese hamster may be composed of three types of SR, each with a different functional role.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes ; Adaptation ; Hyperoxia ; Oxygen toxicity ; Mitochondria ; Peroxisomes ; Cell culture ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To study the cellular defense mechanism against oxygen toxicity, an oxygen-tolerant cell line from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) was obtained by multistep adaptation to increased O2 levels. The hyperoxia-adapted (HA) cells were able to proliferate under an atmosphere of 99% O2/1% CO2, an O2 tension lethal to the parental (control) cells. When grown under normoxic conditions (20% O2/1% CO2/79% N2) the cells remained tolerant for at least 8 weeks, suggesting a genetic basis for the oxygen tolerance. Compared to the parental cells, the HA cells were irregularly shaped, had larger mitochondria, contained more lipid droplets and showed a reduced growth rate. Ultrastructural morphometry revealed a 1.8-fold (p〈0.001) increase of the mitochondrial volume fraction in the HA cells, resulting from an increase in both number and average volume of the mitochondria. The volume fraction of peroxisomes was increased over two-fold in the HA cells, as appeared from a ∼1.9-fold (p〈 0.001) increase in number and a 1.2-fold (p〈0.025) increase in size. There was no evidence for ultrastructural damage in the HA cells. Specific activities of antioxygenic enzymes were considerably higher in the HA cells compared to controls: CuZn-superoxide dismutase, x 2.5; Mn-superoxide dismutase, x 2.1; catalase, x 4.0; glutathione peroxidase, x 1.9. Oxygen tolerance in CHO cells is therefore associated with increased levels of antioxygenic enzymes, confirming the proposed important role of these enzymes in the defense against oxygen toxicity.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 203-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Methylated purines ; Transforming agents ; Surface modification ; Cell agglutination ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1-Methylguanine and 7-methylguanine, both metabolic products of tRNA degradation, are known to induce transformation of Chinese hamster fibroblasts in culture. The effects of these compounds on the cell membrane have been studied by the method of Concanavalin A-mediated hemadsorption. 1-Methylguanine or 7-methylguanine induced a 50% increase of Con A-mediated hemadsorption within 20 hours of exposure of the cells to the agent at a concentration of 10-5 M. This alteration was reversed within 13 days when the cells were grown in the control medium. Prolonged treatment with 1-methylguanine or 7-methylguanine resulted in changes which were only slowly reversed during growth of the cells in the control medium. The effect of the methylated purines on the cell membrane could be completely inhibited by simultaneous addition of dibutyryl-cAMP at a concentration of 10-5 M. The possible mechanism of cell membrane alteration by methylated purines and its relevance to transformation in vitro are discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 12 (1985), S. 373-384 
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; oocytes ; preimplantation embryos ; paracrystalline inclusions ; RNA ; ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Paracrystalline inclusions, readily visible with light microscopy, were found to be present in ovarian oocytes (beginning with unilaminar follicles), ovulated ova, and preimplantation embryos of the Chinese hamster. These inclusions appeared to be aggregates of finer filamentous structures visible only with electron microscopy. The use of various histochemical techniques suggested that the paracrystals were composed of protein with little or no lipid associated with them. Autoradiographic studies using 3H-uridine and enzymatic studies did not support the hypothesis that the paracrystalline inclusions were composed of RNA masked by a crystalline protein lattice.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; diabetes mellitus ; diabetes model ; glucagon secretion ; insulin resistance ; insulin secretion ; prediabetes ; somatostatin secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diabetes mellitus in the adult Chinese hamster is characterized by subnormal pancreatic insulin release in vitro, decreased insulin content, and lack of obesity. The cause of the islet B-cell failure is not clear. We measured insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release from in vitro perfused pancreases of young (mean age 10 and 20 weeks), genetically diabetic animals (subline AC, mean plasma glucose 8.0 and 16.6mmol/l, respectively). Compared to age- and sex-matched normal hamsters (subline M, mean plasma glucose 5.3 mmol/l), the younger diabetic animals had a significantly elevated mean plasma glucose level, but net in vitro pancreatic release of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin was normal. Pancreatic content of insulin and glucagon was also not significantly different from normal. At age 20 weeks, when the plasma glucose of the diabetic animals was even more elevated, pancreatic content and release of insulin were significantly subnormal, whereas glucagon and somatostatin release were normal, and pancreatic content of glucagon was normal. In a similar group of young (mean age 10 weeks) diabetic animals, non-fasting plasma insulin levels were within the normal range, but the corresponding glucose levels were excessive in most of the animals (13 out of 19). In conclusion, 10-week-old diabetic hamsters show mild hyperglycaemia which cannot be accounted for directly by decreased pancreatic release in response to a glucose plus arginine stimulus in vitro. Decreased ability of the B cell to respond in vivo to hyperglycaemia or peripheral resistance to insulin may contribute to later B-cell failure in the older diabetic hamster.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gene maping ; Somatic cell hybrids ; Enolase-α-galactosidase ; American mink ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Twenty-eight American mink × Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids were analysed for the expression of mink enzymes and the segregation of mink chromosomes. The results demonstrated that the gene for enolase-1 is located on the long arm of mink chromosome 2, and those for hexokinase-1 and adenosine kinase, on its short arm. Segregation analysis of mink chromosomes and mink acid phosphatase-2, mannose phosphate isomerase, inosine triphosphatase and aconitase-1 provided data allowing us to assign the genes for these markers to mink chromosomes 7, 10, 11 and 12, respectively. The expression of mink α-galactosidase was highly coincidental with mink × chromosome as well as with its markers: hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase-1. This result confirms the assignment of the gene for α-galactosidase to the mink × chromosome.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 723-733 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Intrafusal fibre ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The termination of intrafusal muscle fibres was studied in muscle spindles of the tenuissimus muscle of the Chinese hamster. Most nuclear chain fibres terminated within the spindle capsule. The nuclear bag- and nuclear chain fibres that extended beyond the limit of the spindle capsule terminated in the endomysial connective tissue of the adjacent extrafusal fibres. Three types of intracapsular terminations were found: (1) termination on the neighbouring nuclear bag fibre, (2) termination in the periaxial space without any obvious attachment site, or (3) termination on the spindle capsule. The intrafusal fibres were tapered and longitudinal sarcolemmal invaginations were poorly developed or were completely lacking. The fibre ends were characterized by their folded basal lamina, which appeared to be mechanically reinforced by associated collagen fibrils and elastic fibres.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hybrid cells ; man ; Chinese hamster ; nucleolus-organizing regions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 95 (1983), S. 348-350 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: nucleus-organizing regions ; cell ploidy ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 8 (1983), S. 97-117 
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: egg ; soernatozoa ; fertilization ; Chinese hamster ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Freshly ovulated eggs are each surrounded by a compact cumulus oophorus. The overall diameter of the normal egg (including the zona pellucida) is about 100 μm. Cumulus cells, particularly those near the egg, are arranged redially in a viscous noncellular matrix. The spermatozoon is about 250 μm in length. The head a large acrosome, changes in which can be readily examined with the light (phase- contrast) microsope. When exposed to physiological salt solutions, testicular spermatozoa either were motionless or flexed the posterior half of their tails slowly. Spermatozoa from the caput epididymis were highly motile, flexing the entire tail. A few of them moved progressively. Mature spermatozoa from the vas deferens were highly motile and moved either straightforward or in a circle. They vibrated their tails stiffly without flexing them.In normally mated females, fertilization began sometime between 2 and 3 h after ovulation and was completed within the next 4 to 5 h. Spermatozoa swimming in the ampullary fluid or within the cumulus oophorus about the time of fertilization flexed the anterior half (which roughly corresponds to the midpieac region) of their tails. This peculiar movement may be homologous to the so-called “hyperactivation” of spermatozoa as reported in several other mammalian species. Actively motile spermatozoa within the cumulus or no the zona pellucida had either modified (“collapsed”) or no acrosomal caps. The sperm head usually passed verticually or nearly through the zona, but the path was oblique in some instances. In 54% of the recently fertilized eggs examined, the entire length of the sperm tail was within the perivitelline space; in the other 46% of the eggs varying lenghts of the tail remined the perivitelline space, the tails were extruded from the vitellus of many eggs even before the eggs began their first cleavage.When unfertilized eggs in the cumulus oophorus were inseminated with vas deferens spermatozoa in a modified Tyrode's solution (m-TALP), about 80% of them were ferrtilized by 4-6 h after insemination. The vast majority were monospermic. When eggs were freed from the cumulus prior to insemination, none were fertilized, suggesting that the cumulus cells or their matrix assisted capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction of the spermatozoa under the in vitro conditions employed. No eggs were fertilized by the testicular or caput epididymal spermatozoa regardless of the presence or absence of cumulus oophorus around the eggs at the time of insemination.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 63-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: VMH ; Chinese hamster ; Neurons ; Population ; Diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between diabetes and the size, density and area of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) was studied in the genetically diabetic Chinese hamster. Matched diabetic and non-diabetic control chinese hamsters were perfused, the hypothalamus collected, sectioned and stained for light microscopy. The mid-point of each VMH nucleus was located, photographed and enlarged for morphometric analysis. Each neuron that possessed a nucleolus and was located within the confines of a VMH was counted, and subsequently the area of each nucleus and the density of neurons per area of VMH were calculated. The results indicated that both the area and absolute number of neurons within the VMH of diabetic hamsters were significantly reduced compared to control values (P〈0.01). The density of neurons per unit area of VMH was similar in both groups. These data suggest that the VMH experiences a neuronal depopulation in diabetic hamsters which may have a functional influence on the hypothalamic-pancreatic axis in this species.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; ovary ; Chinese hamster ; follicle cells ; corpora lutea ; progesterone ; diabetes ; reproductive cycle ; morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between diabetes and the morphological alterations which occur in hypothalamic and ovarian tissue was examined in the long-term, ketonuric-diabetic Chinese hamster. Matched diabetic and non-diabetic control hamsters were inspected daily for changes in the reproductive cycle by vaginal lavage. On dioestrus, animals were perfused, the hypothalamus and ovaries collected, prepared for microscopy and morphometrically analyzed. The nuclei in the medial basal hypothalamus of diabetic hamsters exhibited a decreased area (p〈0.01) and neuronal population (p〈0.05–0.01) compared with controls. The ovaries of the diabetic animals had a reduced follicular population (p⩽0.05) and an increased atresia rate (p⩽0.05) compared with controls. In addition, all diabetic hamsters were acyclic. In diabetic animals, the corpora luteal cells contained a reduced lipid content (p⩽0.001) which was possibly functionally related to a significant decline in serum progesterone levels (p⩽0.01). Based on these results it is suggested that the hypothalamic-ovarian axis is both morphologically and functionally impaired in the diabetic hamster.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 445-451 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; conduction velocity ; peripheral neuropathy ; nerve fibre morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Genetically diabetic Chinese hamsters were examined anatomically and physiologically for evidence of peripheral neuropathy. Control animals were from non-diabetic strains. Conduction velocities in both motor and sensory components of the hind limb nerves were reduced 16–22% in diabetic compared with control hamsters. However, there was no reduction in nerve fibre diameters or other signs of abnormal morphology that could be correlated with these physiological effects. It is concluded that the diabetic hamster is useful as a model of human diabetic peripheral neuropathy, but the analogy is not precise. The neuropathy of moderately diabetic hamsters is generally less severe than human diabetic neuropathy in its clinical stages.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; diabetes model ; glucagon excess ; glucagon release ; insulin deficiency ; insulin release ; potassium ; insulin secretion ; theophylline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Release of insulin and glucagon from perfused pancreases in vitro of 40 normal male and female Chinese hamsters (from one inbred subline) and 110 male and female diabetic hamsters (from three inbred sublines) was measured in response to glucose plus arginine, theophylline alone, or potassium alone, in order to determine if differences in hormone secretion exist among different diabetic sublines. Glucose plus arginine and potassium produced subnormal insulin responses in all three diabetic sublines, whereas theophylline induced ‘normal’ or above normal insulin responses. Excessive glucagon release was consistently seen in only one diabetic subline. The female normal animals showed greater insulin release than the male normal hamsters in response to glucose plus arginine. This sex difference was not seen in the diabetic animals.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 331-336 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: American mink ; Chinese hamster ; Gene mapping ; Somatic cell hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Twenty eight American mink × Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids were analysed for the expression of mink enzymes and chromosome segregation. This analysis made it possible to assign the genes for glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase-1 (soluble) (EC 2.6.1.1), inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.1), purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1) to mink chromosome 2, superoxide dismutase-1 (soluble) (EC 1.11.1.1) to chromosome 5, peptidase A (EC 3.4.11 or 3.4.13) to chromosome 4, and peptidase C (EC 3.4.11 or 3.4.13) to chromosome 13. It is suggested that the synthenic gene group GOT1-PP-NP is located on the short arm of mink chromosome 2.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 94 (1982), S. 1571-1577 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hybrid cells ; man ; mouse ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 18 (1982), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: gene amplification tsA209 ; DNA synthesis ; benzo(a)pyrene ; MNNG ; DMBA ; EMS ; AFB1 ; MCA ; DBA ; phenanthrene ; chromosomal rearrangement ; carcinogenesis ; transformation ; Chinese hamster ; short-term assay ; amplification ; onion skin replication ; origin of replication ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: A model experimental system based on SV40-transformed Chinese hamster embryo cells and a highly sensitive in situ hybridization procedure was designed. Exposure of the cells to different categories of chemical and physical carcinogens resulted in the induction of SV40 DNA synthesis in the treated cells. Although the carcinogen-mediated amplification of SV40 DNA sequences is regulated by the viral “A” gene, neither infectious virus nor complete viral DNA molecules were rescued from the treated cells. A heterogenous collection of DNA molecules containing SV40 sequences was generated following treatment with DMBA. Restriction enzyme analysis of the amplified DNA molecules in the Hirt supernatant revealed that not all sequences in the integrated SV40 inserts are present. The possibility that the amplification of SV40 sequences is a reflection of a general gene amplification phenomenon mediated by carcinogens is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 21 (1981), S. 394-401 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Wound healing ; spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; oedema ; injury ; morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wound healing was examined in normal and diabetic, non-ketotic Chinese hamsters by morphological and morphometric methods. Dermal, perforating wounds were made in the ears of the hamsters and the response to injury was evaluated in tissue biopsies. The response in normal hamsters was characterized by vascular and cellular migration and pronounced infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the area closest to the wound (zone 1). The transition region (zone 2) between wounded and non-wounded tissue was infiltrated primarily by fibroblasts and capillaries. In wounds from diabetic hamsters, 8 h after injury, there was less cellular infiltration (fibroblasts 49%, polymorphonuclear leukoytes 48% of control) and vascular proliferation (47% of control). In the late phase of healing (16 h after injury) the vascular (87% of control) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (103%) responses in diabetic wounds were not significantly different from control in zones 1 and 2. Wounds from diabetic hamsters also showed considerable oedema (143% of control) in zones 1 and 2, which was accompanied by vascular degeneration and necrosis. At 16 h the collagen content of diabetic wounds was also decreased (54% of control). Increased oedema with reduced vascular proliferation and cellular infiltration in the early healing period characterises the response to injury in the diabetic Chinese hamster.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two major classes of alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes have been purified from Chinese hamster liver. The two isozyme classes have the same subunit molecular weights but different electrophoretic mobilities. They have a similar range of substrates but different KROM values and sensitivities to the inhibitor pyrazole. The ADHs are immunologically related as determined by Ouchterlony double diffusion experiments. These results suggest that the isozymes are encoded by different structural gene loci derived from a common ancestral gene.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: American mink ; Chinese hamster ; Somatic cell hybrids ; Gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chinese hamster x American mink somatic cell hybrids were obtained and examined for chromosome content and expression of mink malate dehydrogenase, NADP (MOD-1; EC 1.1.1.40), malate dehydrogenase, NAD (MOR-1; EC 1.1.1.37), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD; EC 1.1.1.49) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; EC 2.4.2.8). All the hybrid clones examined were found to segregate mink chromosomes. A clone panel containing 25 clones was set up. The possibilities and limitations of this panel for mink gene mapping are analysed. Using this panel, it is feasible to rapidly map genes located on chromosomes 1–13 and to provisionally assign genes located on chromosome 14 and the X. Based on the data obtained, the genes for MOD-1 and MOR-1 were firmly assigned to mink chromosomes 1 and 11, respectively, and the genes for G6PD and HPRT were provisionally assigned to the X.
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  • 27
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    Anatomy and embryology 158 (1980), S. 193-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Basal forebrain ; Ventricular ridges ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study the morphogenesis of the ventricular ridges, i.e. the site of origin for neurons in the basal ganglia and various related basal forebrain structures, has been studied in the Chinese hamster with the aid of three-dimensional and graphical reconstructions. The first ridge appears at developmental stage 14 (E12 1/2). It originates at the level of the torus hemisphaericus, thereby obscuring the basal part of the telodiencephalic boundary. Later on this ridge passes into the medial ventricular ridge. Subsequently, the lateral ventricular ridge arises at stage 16 (E13 1/2). Initially, both ridges are completely separated by the sulcus subpallii intermedius. During further development, however, this limiting groove fades away, a process starting caudally and gradually proceeding in the rostral direction. Eventually, this process results in the formation of one single ventricular eminence at the second fetal stage (E18). In the adult stage the ventricular eminence curves around the cerebral stem area. Thickening of the telencephalic walls and local coarctations have considerably reduced the lumen of the lateral ventricle. The preoptic region in the adult must be considered as a derivative of the diencephalic part of the medial ventricular ridge.
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  • 28
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    Anatomy and embryology 156 (1979), S. 1-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Prenatal development ; Developmental stages ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A system of staging embryos is described for the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). This system of staging, based on Streeter's developmental horizons in human embryos, comprises three sets of criteria: 1) data on postconceptional age, size and number of somites, 2) external characteristics and 3) internal characteristics. A comparison has been made with data in mouse (Theiler, 1972) as well as in primates. It seems that the order of organogenesis, i.e. the sequence in which individual organs are formed, is basically similar in all mammals studied so far.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Barium ; ketonuric diabetic ; Chinese hamster ; dilatation ; gastrointestinal ; hypomotility ; myenteric plexuses ; autonomie neuropathology ; diabetic neuropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Barium x-ray patterns of ketonuric diabetic Chinese hamsters displayed marked dilatation of the stomach, small and large intestine. Hypomotility was manifested by flocculation of barium in the small and large bowel. Impaired transit time was further characterized by prolonged emptying of the stomach (mean 570 min diabetics; 200 min controls) and delayed stool formation (mean 230 min diabetics; and 100 min controls) and passage (mean 457 min diabetics; 210 min controls). Ultrastructural analysis of Auerbach's myenteric plexuses of the small intestine indicated acute degeneration in certain distal, unmyelinated axons. Swelling, deposition of glycogen, aggregation of neurofilaments and dense accumulation of lamellar bodies were observed. The severity and frequency of barium flocculation, glycogen deposition, aggregation of neurofilaments and lamellar inclusion bodies in axons were directly related to duration of ketonuria. The data strongly suggest that autonomic neuropathology in the plexuses of Auerbach may be a critical factor underlying gastrointestinal dysfunction in the ketonuric diabetic Chinese hamster.
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  • 30
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    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 807-824 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; allyl alcohol ; somatic cell mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Alcohol dehydrogenases (alcohol: NAD oxidoreductase, E.C. 1.1.1.1.) from allyl alcohol-resistant and wild-type Chinese hamster cells were purified using gel filtration, ion-exchange, and affinity-column chromatography. Both enzymes exhibited the same isozyme band patterns on electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Physicochemical properties of the two enzymes such as pH and temperature optima, Km values, and temperature stability were found to be the same within the experimental errors. The genetic significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 31
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    Diabetologia 15 (1978), S. 423-429 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Plasma glycohydrolases ; α-D-galactosidase ; β-D-galactosidase ; N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase ; N-acetyl-β-D-galactosaminidase ; α-D-glucosidase ; Chinese hamster ; hyperglycaemia ; diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acitivity of five glycohydrolases was measured in the plasma of Chinese hamsters from eight highly inbred lines in the Upjohn colony. The diabetic animals showed elevated activities of plasmaβ-D-galactosidase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and N-acetyl-β-D-galactosaminidase but similar activities of plasmaα-D-glucosidase andα-D-galactosidase to the nondiabetic animals. Line-specific variation was observed in all five enzymes and anomalies were especially evident in N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and N-acetyl-β-D-galactosaminidase activity. In two diabetic lines, AC and Z, activities of these two enzymes were not elevated although significant correlation was found with blood sugar levels. The pronounced difference in the plasma activity of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase in two diabetic lines, XA and AC, did not involve plasma inhibitors or activators, as evidenced by the coincidence in observed and calculated activities in mixed plasma samples, or specific isozymes, concluded from the similar elution profiles on ionexchange column and thermostability curves. These data suggest that diabetes-related changes in plasma glycohydrolase activities are dictated by genetic factors and may be involved in the development of complications.
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  • 32
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    Diabetologia 13 (1977), S. 595-602 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Streptozotocin ; Chinese hamster ; glucagon ; glycosidases ; lactate dehydrogenase isozyme ; insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Streptozotocin treatment (125 mg/kg) in the Chinese hamster induced hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglucagonaemia and changes in body, liver, pancreas, stomach, kidney and adipose tissue weights. The pancreatic reserves of insulin and glucagon in the diabetic animals were low, but stomach glucagon high. These animals showed high levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and low levels of glucokinase, hexokinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, but normal levels of pyruvate kinase in the liver. Increases in lactate dehydrogenase subunit B and isozymes 2, 3 and 4 were also observed in the liver, but not in the epididymal fat pad, of the diabetic animals. N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase was elevated in plasma, liver and heart, but not in the kidney of the treated animals. Renal α-galactosidase and β− glucosidase were depressed, whereas β-galactosidase and α-glucosidase remained essentially normal. These features indicated that there were considerable differences between the biochemical disorders associated with streptozotocin-diabetes in the Chinese hamster and the published observations in the rat.
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  • 33
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    Diabetologia 13 (1977), S. 177-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; receptor binding ; diabetes ; Sepharose-coupled insulin ; PVP-coupled insulin ; Chinese hamster ; streptozotocin-diabetes ; liver membranes ; translation of hormone-receptor in-teraction ; 3′5′-AMP in fat cells ; catecholamines ; adenylate cyclase ; phosphodiesterase ; NSILA-S ; 3′5′-GMP ; calcium ; local anaesthetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin release ; diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; pancreatic islets ; adenosine-3′5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dose as well as the time kinetics of insulin and adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) responses to glucose were compared in pancreatic islets isolated from normal and diabetic Chinese hamsters. The insulin content in diabetic islets was about one-half that in normal islets. Insulin release in diabetic islets incubated for 10 min with glucose 60–1000 mg/l00 ml was from one-third to one-half that in normal islets. Glucose 1000 mg/l00 ml stimulated three-fold increases in insulin release without increasing the accumulation of [3H] cyclic AMP in either normal or diabetic islets prelabelled with [3H] adenine. However, in the presence of 1.0 mM of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), glucose 150 mg/l00 ml elicited significant increases of insulin release (+ 134%) and [3H] cyclic AMP accumulation in islets (+ 44%) and incubation medium (+ 48%) of islets of normal but not diabetic hamsters. Also, in perifusion experiments with 0.1 mM IBMX, glucose 500 mg/l00 ml produced threefold greater increases in insulin release and two-fold greater increases in efflux of cyclic AMP in normal than diabetic islets. By contrast with the lesser effects of glucose in diabetic islets, 1.0 mM IBMX increased islet and medium cyclic AMP, as well as insulin release, similarly in normal and diabetic islets. It is suggested that the impairment of glucose induced insulin release in islets of the diabetic Chinese hamster may be due to a defective interaction of glucose with the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system in the pancreatic B cell.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; small intestine ; diabetic ; villi ; goblet cells ; Auerbach's plexus ; lymphocyte aggregations ; blood vascular lesions ; epithelial cell loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several morphological changes were observed microscopically in the small intestine of some diabetic Chinese hamsters. Although some alterations lacked statistical significance due to variation, most diabetics displayed a greater incidence and severity compared with nondiabetic controls. The following structural deviations were seen in the small intestines of some diabetics: increased surface area, elevated number of goblet cells per villus, decreased muscle thickness with connective tissue infiltration, reduced number of Auerbach's plexuses, lymphocyte aggregations accompanied by blunted villi, blood vascular lesions and deformed villi due to excessive loss of epithelial cells.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; spontaneous diabetes ; pancreatic islets ; islets of Langerhans ; beta cell mitosis ; beta cell hyperplasia ; autoradiography ; insulin ; diabetes remission ; adrenal glucocorticoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light microscopic and autoradiographic studies were performed in normal genetic nondiabetic and diabetic Chinese hamsters after the administration of thymidine-3H and correlated with levels of blood glucose (BG) and plasma insulin (IRI). Pancreatic islets of normal hamsters contained well granulated beta cells; rare islet cells incorporated thymidine-3H and the IRI/BG ratio (I/G) was =1.91. Recent onset diabetics revealed hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia (I/G = 1.97), beta cell degranulation and increased islet cell labelling. With progression of diabetes, I/G ratios decreased (Non-ketotic animals: 1.08, Ketotic hamsters: 0.17), beta cell numbers declined and islet labelling was infrequent. Hamsters with spontaneous remission from diabetes showed normoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia (I/G = 2.84) and beta cell hyperplasia. Glucocorticoid administration to normal hamsters induced marked BG elevations, beta cell hyperplasia and increased thymidine-3H incorporation. The absence of increased beta cell labelling among most diabetics treated with glucocorticoids may be a manifestation of a genetically defined defect of beta cell replication that is in part responsible for the declining beta cell mass and insulin synthetic capacity of the diabetic Chinese hamsters.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin secretion ; glucagon secretion ; Chinese hamster ; glucose ; arginine ; theophylline ; subline variation ; chemical diabetic ; latent diabetic ; high-fat diet ; effect of diet ; glucose tolerance test ; pancreatic insulin content ; pancreatic glucagon content ; perfused hamster pancreas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin and glucagon release (in response to glucose, theophylline, and arginine) were measured from thein vitro perfused pancreases of non-ketotic diabetic Chinese hamsters. These animals showed impaired alpha and beta cell sensitivity to glucose (i.e. excessive glucagon, and a reduction in both phases of insulin release) and abnormal alpha cell sensitivity to arginine (excessive glucagon), but normal responses to theophylline. Pancreatic insulin content was significantly decreased and glucagon content increased in unperfused diabetic pancreases. Abnormal responses to glucose and arginine were not directly related to pancreatic content, since responses to theophylline were normal. Insulin responses of normal animals from five normal sublines and non-ketotics from eight diabetic sublines were compared; certain diabetic sublines showed significantly less insulin release than did others, despite similar severities of glucosuria. — Fasting blood glucose during stress, glucose tolerance, andin vitro pancreatic insulin responses to glucose were measured in the normoglycemic, aglucosuric siblings of diabetics; the responses were diabetic-like, and therefore such animals are referred to here as “chemical diabetics”. — The incidence of glucosuria and ketonuria was studied in ketotic diabetic hamsters on high- and low-fat diets; glucosuria decreased and ketonuria disappeared on the low-fat diet.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; prediabetes ; diabetes diet-limitation ; diabetes prevention ; diabetes ameliorati on, and increased longevity.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prediabetic Chinese hamsters born of two ketonuric diabetic parents were hyperphagic from birth. Carcass lipids and total solids were increased but plasma and pancreatic insulin were not, suggesting that hyperphagia was not due to hyperinsulinism. Hyperphagia was controlled by diet limitation of prediabetic pups. Diet limitation for the weaning period only did not alter development of diabetes, but diet limitation for the first 150 days significantly reduced onset and severity. These 150 day diet-limited prediabetics were switched to nonrestricted feeding and subsequently developed mild diabetes. Prediabetic siblings, fedad libitum, developed glucosuria and ketonuria, and died prematurely compared with diet-limited siblings. Prediabetics limited to a normal food intake for 30 months have remained essentially clinically normal. The data strongly suggest that appetite control mechanisms are abnormal prior to clinical signs of diabetes in the prediabetic Chinese hamster and that control of hyperphagia will retard anameliorate the course of diabetes.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; diabetes ; ketonuria ; survival rates ; epidemiology ; urinary incontinence ; genetic heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two populations of Chinese hamsters have been produced. The nondiabetic population was from nondiabetic parents and the diabetic-producing population was from diabetic parents. Both populations had fixed reproducible genetic background since dams and sires were from inbred sublines. Sixty percent of males, but only 37% of females, born to diabetic parents developed diabetes.— Life span for males was nondiabetics 〉 mild diabetics 〉 ketonuric diabetics. Results for females were equivocal. Mortality of severe ketonuric diabetics appears to be related to urinary tract involvement. Survival appears to be related to abnormal metabolism, not genotype. On the basis of available data males appear more suitable for epidemiological studies on the incidence, onset, and severity of diabetes, on the evaluation of treatment of the disease, and on the longevity of diabetics. —Data on crossing diabetics from different sublines suggest that diabetic Chinese hamsters can have different genotypes.
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  • 40
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    Diabetologia 10 (1974), S. 601-606 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; diabetes mellitus ; cholesterol ; aorta ; endothelium ; intima ; smooth muscle cell ; elastic tissue ; collagen ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic observations of the thoracic aortas of hypercholesterolemic, diabetic Chinese hamsters compared with normocholesterolemic, nondiabetic matched controls revealed significant ultrastructural changes in the diabetic animals. Endothelial cells frequently contained osmiophilic lipid droplets. Smooth muscle cells were identified in the intima and the adjacent extracellular space of the intima contained abundant electron dense, amorphous material suggestive of elastin or fragmented internal elastic lamella. Calcium deposits were present in the media and surrounded by collagen fibers and pale, amorphous material consistent with ground substance. These changes were not observed in nondiabetic Chinese hamsters and may represent significant alterations that predispose the aorta to more extensive pathologic changes.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; endocrine pancreas ; islet of Langerhans ; A-cells ; B-cells ; D-cells ; spontaneous diabetes ; nuclear pores ; plasma membrane ; membrane-associated particles ; glycogen ; ultrastructure ; electron microscopy ; freeze-etching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nuclear and plasma membranes of islet cells from non-glycosuric and diabetic Chinese hamsters were examined by freeze-etching. The B-cells of diabetic animals presented a slight increase in the number of nuclear pores and marked alterations in the number, size and distribution of membrane-associated particles in the plasma membrane. In A-cells, identified by the presence of characteristic bundles of coarse filaments in the perinuclear region, a definite increase in the number of nuclear pores was found in the most severely diabetic animals. These preliminary findings point to alterations in the membrane systems as possible determinants for the abnormalities of islet function in diabetes mellitus.
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  • 42
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    Diabetologia 10 (1974), S. 589-593 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Arterial metabolism ; diabetes mellitus ; arterial metabolism ; insulin ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of diabetes and insulin therapy on arterial glucose metabolism was studied in the Chinese hamster. Total glucose utilization and conversion of glucose to lactic acid, CO2, lipid, glycogen, and protein were significantly reduced in intima-media segments of diabetic hamster aorta incubatedin vitro. The degree of reduction was greater in the ketotic than the non-ketotic diabetics. The abnormalities in glucose metabolism did not appear to be related to a defect in glucose transport. Administration of insulinin vivo for up to 72 h in doses sufficient to normalize plasma glucose and insulin did not influence aortic glucose utilization. However, treatment with large doses of insulin, which produced marked hyperinsulinemia and mild hypoglycemia, corrected the observed reductions in glucose incorporation. Addition of insulinin vitro had no significant effect on aortic glucose metabolism.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; hyperphagia ; metabolic balance ; glucosuria ; blood sugar ; plasma insulin ; glucose tolerance ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lack of obesity in the hyperphagic Chinese hamster is due to a normal caloric retention. This is related to a greater loss of carbohydrate calories via urine and feces in hyperphagic animals and a reduced absorption of dietary fat. — Various types of glucosuric animals were not adequately characterized by food consumption, blood sugar, quantitated glucosuria and blood sugar or plasma insulin levels after a glucose load. Plasma insulin as well as blood sugar levels appeared to be influenced by stress. Overnight food deprivation followed by refeeding may be a useful technique to evaluate maximal insulin secretionin vivo.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; spontaneous diabetes ; pancreatic islets ; islets of Langerhans ; beta cell necrosis ; electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies were performed on pancreatic islets of normal, genetic, nondiabetic Chinese hamsters and of diabetic animals of all degrees of severity. The ultrastructural appearance of the islets of normal hamsters did not differ from that of normal rats and mice. The islets of the profoundly diabetic animals could be distinguished because of the magnitude of beta cell glycogen infiltration, frequency of beta cell necrosis and decreased number of surviving beta cells. Islets of hamsters with spontaneous remission from diabetes contained increased numbers of hyperfunctioning beta cells. Surviving beta cells of all diabetic hamsters revealed ultrastructural evidence of enhanced insulin synthesis and secretion but revealed no evidence to suggest that they were insensitive to physiological stimuli or incapable of insulin synthesis. Spontaneous remission among diabetic Chinese hamsters could thus be explained, in part, on the basis of enhanced beta cell replication resulting in an increased insulin synthetic capacity.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Aldose reductase ; Chinese hamster ; complications of diabetes ; fructose ; glucose ; ketotic ; lens ; polyol pathway ; sciatic nerve ; sorbitol ; sorbitol dehydrogenase ; spontaneous diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Increased activity of the polyol pathway for glucose metabolism and increased intracellular levels of glucose, polyol, and fructose have been implicated in the onset of chronic complications of diabetes in certain tissues where the transport of glucose is not insulin-dependent. Levels of all three carbohydrates were found to be significantly higher in sciatic nerves and lenses from diabetic and ketotic hamsters than in tissues from nondiabetic control animals (p〈0.01). Glucose, polyol, and fructose levels were not significantly different in spinal cords or gastrocnemius muscles from diabetic and ketotic hamsters than in tissues from nondiabetic hamsters. There was a linear relationship between blood glucose levels and tissue levels of glucose (r=0.885), polyol (r= 0.797), fructose (r=0.886) and the total tissue concentration of all three substances (r=0.916) in hamster sciatic nerves. Similarly, a linear correlation between blood glucose levels and levels of glucose (r=0.934), polyol (r=0.784), fructose (r=0.866) and the total tissue concentration of the three carbohydrates (r= 0.915) in lenses was also established. The results of these studies provide evidence that glucose, polyol, and fructose levels are elevated in certain tissues from animals with spontaneous diabetes. The significance of these observations with respect to the pathogenesis of complications of diabetes remains to be determined.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; spontaneous diabetes ; glucosuria ; ketonuria ; glycogen ; glycogen accumulation ; retina ; Müller cell ; kidney ; distal tubule ; pancreatic islet ; a cell ; Β cell ; D cell ; electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intracellular glycogen deposits were consistently found in the retina, kidney and pancreatic islets of diabetic-ketonuric Chinese hamsters. Accumulation of glycogen in the outer nuclear layer of the retina was mostly associated with severity of the disease, but was not related to age or sex. The type of retinal cell involved in the accumulation of glycogen was not clearly established. However, the position of the affected cell, side by side with retinal neurons, suggests that the glycogen deposits were within Müller cells. These giant glias normally synthesize and store glycogen. All ketonuric Chinese hamsters examined showed some accumulation of glycogen in distal tubules of the kidney. This abnormal glycogen was not found in glucosuric non-ketonuric or in nondiabetic Chinese hamsters. Variable amounts of glycogen were found inΒ cells of pancreatic islets of diabetic hamsters, as reported by others. However, accumulation of glycogen was also found inα and D islet cells from 2 middle aged Chinese hamsters with long term glucosuria and recent ketonuria. Abnormal glucose and glycogen metabolism seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes in the Chinese hamster.
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  • 47
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    Diabetologia 9 (1973), S. 505-508 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; diabetes ; intestinal absorption ; triglyceride ; fatty acid ; blood radioactivity ; intestinal lipid synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intestinal absorption of glyoeryl tri-[1-14C]-oleate and [1-14C]-oleic acid, measured by serial determinations of blood radioactivity after oral administration of the compounds in peanut oil, was significantly greater in non-ketotic diabetic Chinese hamsters than in nondiabetic controls. Incorporation of [1-14C]-oleic acid into tissue lipids by jejunal slices in vitro was equal in both groups on a unit tissue weight basis. The data suggest that intraluminal hydrolysis does not differ between diabetic and non-diabetic animals. Overall uptake of free fatty acids may be enhanced in diabetics as a consequence of increased small intestinal mass.
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  • 48
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    Acta diabetologica 9 (1972), S. 655-687 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; Diabetes ; Glycogen infiltration ; Kidney ; Nuclear glycogenosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette enquête sur l'ultra-structure du rein de hamsters chinois atteints de diabète a permis de relever des lésions glomérulaires légères, consistant en un épaississement non-homogène des membranes basales des vaisseux capillaires, des altérations de cellules de la mésange, une dilatation irrégulière des anses vasculaires. Sur la partie tubulaire, une accumulation de glycogène dans le cytoplasme des cellules de la partie distale et du tube collecteur ainsi que la présence de glycogène dans le noyau des animaux atteints d'un grave diabète et de kétose.
    Abstract: Resumen La presente investigación sobre la ultraestructura del riñón del hamster chino diabético, ha dado la posibilidad de poner en evidencia sutiles lesiones glomerulares, consistentes en el engrosamiento no homogéneo de las membranas basales de los vasos capilares, en alteraciones de las células del mesangio, en la dilatación irregular de las ansas; y, a cargo de la parte tubular, en una acumulación de glicógeno en el citoplasma de las células del tramo distal y del túbulo colector y en la presencia de glicógeno en el núcleo de los animales con diabetes grave y quetosis.
    Notes: Riassunto La presente indagine sulla ultrastruttura del rene di hamsters cinesi diabetici ha fatto rilevare fini lesioni glomerulari, consistenti in ispessimento non omogeneo delle membrane basali dei vasi capillari, alterazioni delle cellule del mesangio, dilatazione irregolare delle anse vascolari. A carico della parte tubulare, accumulo di glicogeno nel citoplasma delle cellule del tratto distale e del tubulo collettore; presenza di glicogeno nel nucleo negli animali con diabete grave e chetosi.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes in animals ; Chinese hamster ; cricetulus griseus ; ketotic diabetes ; islet of Langerhans ; β-cells ; B-cells ; B-cell volume ; conjugal diabetes ; offspring of diabetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des hamsters chinois provenant de la colonie des Laboratoires Upjohn ont été étudiés à différents âges allant de 15 jours à 19 mois. On trouve une glycosurie et une hyperglycémie chez les animaux diabétiques de 3 à 6 mois et chez ceux de 10 à 19 mois. On observe également une cétonurie et une cétonémie, mais les taux de glycérol sanguin et les taux d'insuline plasmatique à jeun sont bas par comparaison à ceux détectés chez des témoins d'âge comparable. Le volume des îlots, des cellulesβ et des granulesβ, mesuré par des méthodes quantitatives élaborées dans notre laboratoire, est diminué. Le volume des cellules non-granulées augmente progressivement avec la durée du diabète. On observe une infiltration de glycogène dans les cellules B des animaux diabétiques. Bien que la progéniture, âgée de 15 jours, de deux animaux sévèrement diabétiques (avec cétose) ait des taux normaux de glycémie et une glycosurie, leur insulinémie est plus élevée que celle mesurée chez les témoins. Le volume de leurs îlots est un peu plus grand que celui des contrôles, mais, en microscopie optique et électronique, les cellulesβ sont dégranulées et montrent une infiltration de glycogène. Ces résultats confirment l'hypothèse que le défaut primaire est au niveau de la biosynthèse de l'insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mit von den Autoren entwickelten morphometrischen Methoden wurde das B-Zell-Volumen im Pankreas chinesischer Hamster der Upjohn Kolonie bestimmt. Das Alter der untersuchten Tiere schwankte zwischen 15 Tagen und 19 Monaten. Die diabetischen Tiere waren entweder 3 – 6 oder 10–19 Monate alt. Sie waren hyperglykämisch und glykosurisch, teilweise bestand Ketonurie. Die Plasmainsulin- und Glyzerin-Konzentrationen im Gesamtblut waren niedriger als diejenigen gleichaltriger Normaltieren erniedrigt. Bei diabetisehen Tieren waren B-Zell- undβ-Granula-Volumen vermindert. Mit zunehmender Dauer des Diabetes nahm der Anteil der nicht granulierten B-Zellen zu. Die B-Zellen diabetischer Tiere zeigten Glykogeninfiltration. 15 Tage alte Nachkommen zweier ketotisch-diabetischer Eltern waren normoglykämisch, hatten aber im Vergleich zu gleichaltrigen Kontrolltieren erhöhte Plasmainsulin-Konzentrationen. Das Inselzellvolumen war gegenüber der Norm erhöht, aber die B-Zellen waren degranuliert und zeigten Glykogeninfiltration. Diese Resultate stimmen mit der Hypothese überein, daß der primäre Defekt, der beim chinesischen Hamster die Entwicklung eines diabetischen Syndroms zur Folge hat, die Biosynthese des Insulins betrifft.
    Notes: Summary Chinese hamsters bred at the Upjohn Laboratory were studied at varying ages from 15 days to 19 months. Diabetic animals three to six months and those 10 to 19 months of age were glycosuric and hyper glycemic; there was ketonuria and ketonemia but blood glycerol and fasting plasma insulin levels were low when these values were compared with normal control animals of comparable ages. Using quantitative technics developed in our laboratory, the volumes of islets, beta cells and beta granules were diminished. The increase in volume of nongranular cells is progressive with duration of diabetes. Glycogen infiltration was observed in beta cells of these diabetic animals. — Although offspring (fifteen-day-old weanlings) of the mating of two severely diabetic (ketotic) animals were normoglycemic and glycosurie, their plasma insulin levels were higher than those of their controls. The islet volume was somewhat higher than that of the controls but the beta cells were degranulated both by light and electron microscopy; the beta cells exhibited glycogen infiltration. These results are consistent with the thesis that the primary defect is in insulin biosynthesis.
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes in animals ; Chinese hamster ; cricetulus griseus ; inbred strains of mice ; KK mice ; inheritance of diabetes ; diabetes genetics ; polygenic inheritance of diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hérédité de la glycosurie du hamster chinois est contrôlée par 4 gènes récessifs. Chez l'homozygote, n'importe quelle paire de ces gènes produit la glycosurie. De plus, il y a un certain nombre de gènes :modificateurs: qui contrôlent la sévérité, la durée et la fréquence de la glycosurie. — Chez 18 des 20 souches d'élevages étudiées, les conditions génétiques ont été choisies pour obtenir une manifestation optimale de la glycosurie, ce qui est confirmé par les résultats. Il existe moins d'uniformité dans les 2 autres souches, ce qui suggère que quelques :modificateurs: conservent des propriétés de ségrégation. On postule l'existence de différents génotypes qui devraient permettre de produire des portées d'animaux ayant une proportion de 0%, 50% ou 100% de glycosurie. La transmission de la glycosurie chez la souris KK s'explique par la présence d'un gène dominant ayant une penetrance de 25% et d'un modificateur récessif qui augmente la penetrance à 75%. La confirmation de la présence d'un modificateur récessif chez la souche C57 doit encore attendre la compilation de résultats antérieurs. La glycosurie est avant tout présente chez les animaux mâles et son expression est influencée par des facteurs d'environnement tels que l'élevage et l'agressivité.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Erblichkeit der Glykosurie des chinesischen Hamsters hängt von 4 rezessiven Genen ab, von denen nur je 2 in homozygoter Form vorzuliegen brauchen, um zu manifester Glucosurie zu führen. Zusätzliche Gene Schemen die Schwere, die Dauer und die Regelmäßigkeit der Glucosurie zu beeinflussen. In 18 von 20 Zuchtlinien wurde versucht, zugunsten optimaler Manifestation zu selektionieren. Die Resultate entsprechen denjenigen die auf Grund der eingangs erwähnten Hypothese erwartet wurden. In den restlichen 2 Zuchtlinien scheinen noch zusätzliche genetische Einflüsse eine Rolle zu spielen. Die Definition von Genotypen basiert auf den erhaltenen Ergebnissen, welche es ermöglichen sollten, Würfe mit 0%, 50% oder 100% glucosurischen Tieren zu erzeugen. — Bei der KK-Maus scheint die Glucosurie auf ein dominantes Gen zurückzuführen zu sein, dessen spontane Penetranz von 25% durch ein rezessives modifizierendes Gen auf 75% gesteigert wird. Die Bestätigung der Existenz des rezessiven Modifikators bedarf noch der endgültigen Auswertung aller Daten. Glucosurie ist hauptsächlich auf männliche Mäuse beschränkt und wird von Umweltsfaktoren wie Aggressivität und Haltung beeinflußt.
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of glucosuria in the chinese hamster is controlled by four recessive genes. Any pair of these genes, when homozygous, will produce glucosuria. In addition to these, there are a number of modifier genes which control the severity, duration, and constancy of the glucosuria. In 18 of the 20 breeding lines reported in this paper the genetic background has been selected for optimum manifestation of glucosuria and the results fit the expectations. In the other two lines there is less uniformity, indicating that some modifiers are still segregating. Genotypes are postulated and it should now be possible to produce litters with 0%, 50%, or 100% glucosurics. — The inheritance of glucosuria in the KK mouse is explained by a dominant gene with 25% penetrance and a recessive modifier which raised the penetrance to 75%. The confirmation of the presence of a recessive modifier in the C57 stock awaits the outcome of backcross data which are presently being compiled. Glucosuria is confined mainly to males, and its expression is affected by environmental factors such as fighting and breeding.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; spontaneous diabetes ; Cricetulus griseus ; pancreas ; islets of Langerhans ; A-cells ; lysosomes ; “α-granulolysis” ; glucagon ; glucagon and diabetes ; ultrastructure ; electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules A du pancréas endocrine de hamsters chinois atteints d'un diabète de degré et durée variables ont été examinées en microscopie électronique. Deux modifications prédominantes ont été observées: 1. La digestion lysosomiale des granules de sécrétion («granulolyse» ou «crinophagie») survient dans pratiquement toutes les cellules A d'animaux diabétiques. Par contre, elle n'est que rarement observée chez les animaux témoins non-diabétiques. Ce phénomène est interprêté comme étant une réponse des cellules A à l'arrêt de la libération du glucagon secondaire à l'hyperglycémic. 2. Dans les cellules A relativement dégranulées d'animaux présentant un diabète cétosique, une dilatation des cisternes du réticulum endoplasmique granulaire est observée avec accumulation d'un matériel pâle et flocconneux reflétant probablement une synthèse persistante ou augmentée du glucagon. En outre, de nombreux granules de sécrétion en état de formation ont été observées dans les cisternes du complexe de Golgi. Puisque ces deux phénomènes, apparemment contradictoires, peuvent se produire dans une même cellule, il se pourrait que la «granulolyse» résultela non seulement d'une libération diminuée de glucagon faisant suite à l'hyperglycémie, mais qu'il soit en outre nécessaire de faire intervenir des signaux indépendants de la synthèse du glucagon, de sa libération et de l'initiation de la «granulolyse».
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der A-Zellen des Pankreas diabetischer chinesischer Hamster ließen vor allem zwei Veränderungen erkennen: 1. In praktisch allen A-Zellen diabetischer Tiere konnte der Abbau vonα-Granula in den von Lysosomen abgeleiteten Strukturen beobachtet werden („Granulolyse“, „Krinophagie“). Dieses Phaenomen wird als Reaktion der Zelle auf eine Verminderung der Glucagon-Sekretion angesichts anhaltender Hyperglykaemie aufgefaßt. 2. Eine Erweiterung der Cisternae des granulierten ergastoplastischen Reticulums durch eine Anhäufung flockigen, wenig dichten Materials war in A-Zellen ketotisch diabetischer Tiere zu sehen. Diese Beobachtung wird im Sinne einer anhaltenden oder gesteigerten Glucagonsynthese gedeutet. Da beide scheinbar gegensätzlichen Phänomene innerhalb der gleichen Zelle vorkommen, muß die Möglichkeit betrachtet werden, daß die Granulolyse nicht nur das Resultat einer durch Hyperglykaemie bedingten Verminderung der Glucagon-Sekretion zu sein braucht. Vielmehr ist es wahrscheinlich, daß verschiedene Regulationsmechanismen die Synthese des Glucagons, dessen Sekretion, sowie den Prozeß der „Granulolyse“ unabhängig voneinander zu beeinflussen vermögen. Dabei mag der Konzentration des zirkulierenden Glucagons besondere Bedeutung zukommen.
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic A-cells of chinese hamsters with diabetes of varying severity and duration were examined by electron microscopy. Two predominant changes were observed: 1. Lysosomal digestion of secretory granules (“granulolysis”, “crinophagy”) occurred in practically all A-cells of diabetic animals but was rarely observed in those of normoglycemic controls. This is considered a response of A-cells to the cessation of glucagon release secondary to hyperglycemia. 2. In relatively degranulated A-cells of ketotic diabetic animals, dilatation of the cisternae of the RER was seen together with accumulation of pale, flocculent material, possibly reflecting persisting or enhanced glucagon synthesis. In addition, numerous maturing secretory granules were seen in the cisternae of the Golgi complex. Since these apparently contradictory phenomena may be seen in the same cell, it is suggested that “granulolysis” may not only result from decreased hormone release secondary to hyperglycemia but that different and independent stimulatory signals may exist for glucagon synthesis, for glucagon release, and for the initiation of “granulolysis”.
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
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    Diabetologia 6 (1970), S. 177-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes in animals ; Chinese hamster ; cricetulus griseus ; prediabetes ; potential diabetes ; food intake ; hyperphagia in prediabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les besoins en nourriture et en eau, le volume urinaire et le poids corporel ont été déterminés chez le hamster chinois prédiabétique. L'ingestion de nourriture est significativement plus élevée chez le hamster prédiabétique que chez le non-diabétique. Le poids corporel reste identique dans les deux groupes, bien que les prédiabétiques mangent 27% de plus que les animaux normaux. Un résultat inattendu est celui que les animaux prédiabétiques boivent significativement moins d'eau que leurs contrôles non-diabétiques. — Tout en restant préliminaires, ces données indiquent que les hamsters chinois ont une hyperphagie. Il est possible que cette dernière puisse contribuer à l'étiologie du diabète chez cet animal.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kontroile der Nahrungs- und Wasseraufnahme, des Körpergewichts und des Urinvolumens prädiabetischer chinesischer Hamster ergab daß diese Tiere deutlich mehr Futter zu sich nehmen als Kontrolltiere. Obwohl die Nahrungsaufnahme der prädiabetischen Hamster um 27% höher war als diejenige der Kontrollen, stieg ihr Körpergewicht im Vergleich zu demjenigen der Kontrolltiere nicht an. Unerwarteterweise tranken prädiabetische Tiere deutlich weniger als ihre Kontrollen. Obwohl diese Untersuchungen noch nicht beendet sind, scheint es auf Grund der vorliegenden Resultate daß prädiabetische chinesische Hamster hyperphagisch sind. Es ist deshalb möglich, daß die Hyperphagie in der Pathogenese des diabetischen Syndroms eine Rolle spielt.
    Notes: Summary The following measurements were made in prediabetic chinese hamsters: food and water consumption, urine volume and body weight. The prediabetics ate significantly more food than nondiabetic control hamsters. Although prediabetics ate 27% more than controls, body weights of the two groups were the same. An unexpected finding was that prediabetics drank significantly less water than their nondiabetic controls. — Although preliminary, the data suggest that prediabetic chinese hamsters have hyperphagia. It is possible that hyperphagia may contribute to the etiology of diabetes in this animal.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; zinc ; insulin ; sulphydryl compounds ; sulphide-silver procedure ; insulin release ; α2-cells ; β-cells ; secretion granules ; guinea pig ; coypu ; man ; cat ; dog ; teleost fish ; Chinese hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le traitement des îlots pancréatiques de plusieurs espèces de vertébrés avec de l'hydrogène sulfuré, constituant ainsi la phase initiale de la méthode sulfure-argent pour la visualisation ultrastructurale des métaux lourds dans les tissus, provoquait un gonflement marqué des granules de sécrétion zincifères des cellules β dans plusieurs espèces, conduisant rapidement à la rupture de beaucoup de granules. D'autres organelles des cellules β restaient intacts, ainsi que les granules de sécrétion des cellules α2 zincifères voisines. De même, les granules β et α2 sans ou avec seulement des traces de métaux lourds, comme ceux du cobaye et du nutria, étaient bien conservés après le gazage avec l'hydrogène sulfuré. — On suggère que cette observation peut donner quelques aspects sur les relations insuline-zinc-sulfhydryl in vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Behandlung mehrerer Arten von pankreatischem Inselgewebe von Wirbeltieren mit Schwefelwasserstoff, womit die Sulfid-Silber-Methode zur ultrastrukturellen Darstellung von Gewebe-Schwermetallen eingeleitet wird, verursacht eine ausgesprochene Anschwellung der zinkhaltigen Sekretionsgranula der β-Zellen, die schnell zum Zerfall der Granula führt. Andere Zellorganellen der β-Zellen waren nicht beschädigt, auch nicht die Sekretionsgranula der benachbarten α2-Zellen. Ebenfalls waren β- und α2-Granula mit keinen oder nur Spuren von Schwermetallen, wie die des Meerschweinchens und der Nutria, alle wohlbehalten nach der Behandlung mit Schwefelwasserstoff. — Als eine Arbeitshypothese für zukünftige Untersuchungen wird angedeutet, daß diese Beobachtung von Bedeutung in Bezug auf die Insulin-Zink-Sulfhydryl-Verhältnisse sein kann.
    Notes: Summary Treatment of vertebrate pancreatic islet tissue with hydrogen sulphide, thus initiating the sulphide-silver procedure for ultrastructural visualization of heavy metals in tissues, evoked marked swelling in zinc-containing secretion granules of β-cells in several species rapidly leading to disruption of many granules. Other organelles of the β-cells were unaffected, as also were the secretion granules of adjacent zinc-containing α2-cells. Likewise, β-and α2-granules with no heavy metals or only traces of them, like those of the guinea pig and the coypu, were all well preserved after gassing with hydrogen sulphide. It is suggested that this observation may give some information on insulin-zinc-sulphydryl relationships in vivo.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Clinical diabetes ; Glucose metabolism ; Leucine metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié cliniquement le diabète héréditaire du hamster chinois, et, en particulier, nous avons pu suivre 79 animaux pendant des périodes prolongées. Le diabète chez ce hamster est variable quant à sa sévérité et quant à son évolution clinique. Par plusieurs aspects il ressemble au diabète humain, mais il s'en différencie par l'énorme volume urinaire, la fréquence du diabète léger même chez les animaux jeunes, une résistance relative à l'insuline, et une capacité extraordinaire de compensation pour les pertes de liquide et de glucose dans l'urine. Ces différences sont si marquées qu'elles suggèrent l'existence de différences fondamentales entre le métabolisme du hamster chinois et celui de l'homme. Bien que certaines différences aient pu être démontrées dans le métabolisme du glucose et de la leucine entre l'animal diabétique et l'animal normal, la signification statistique de ces différences reste à établir.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine klinische Untersuchung des hereditären Diabetes im chinesischen Hamster hat ergeben, daß große Schwankungen in bezug auf die Schwere und den Verlauf der Stoffwechselstörung bestehen. Verschiedene Merkmale der Krankheit in diesem Tier ähneln dem menschlichen Diabetes, während andere Aspekte, wie z.B. Urinmenge und Glykosurie, oder die beträchtliche Anzahl der Tiere mit leichtem jugendlichen Diabetes, der hohe Insulinbedarf und die Fähigkeit größere Urinund Glucoseverluste auszugleichen, darauf hinweisen, daß diese Widersprüche artbedingt sein könnten.In vivo undin vitro durchgeführte Stoffwechselstudien mit Glucose und Leuzin scheinen im normalen und diabetischen Tier leicht zu differieren, obgleich dies statistisch nicht zu beweisen war.
    Notes: Summary A clinical study of hereditary diabetes in the Chinese hamster has revealed a great variety in severity and course of the disease. Several aspects of the disease in this animal resemble human diabetes, whereas other parameters, such as gross urine volumes and glycosuria, a considerable number of mild juvenile-onset diabetics, high insulin requirement, and ability to compensate for urine losses of fluids and glucose would indicate that species differences in metabolism may be the cause of these discrepancies. — Metabolismin vivo andin vitro of glucose and leucine appears to be slightly different in the normal and diabetic animal, although statistically this has not been proven.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Pancreas in vitro ; Insulin secretion in vitro ; Insulin secretion in diabetes ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes ; Antibodies to insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons mesuré la sécrétion d'insuline du tissu pancréatiquein vitro en présence de glucose chez 22 hamsters chinois normaux, 6 diabétiques et 8 ayant montré une glucosurie intermittente. Les valeurs obtenues ont été comparées avec l'hyperglycémie et l'insulinémie de ces mêmes animaux avant leur mort. Nous avons observé que la sécrétion insuliniquein vitro était proportionnelle au contenu en insuline du pancréas et au quotient de l'insulinémie divisée par le glucose plasmatique indépendamment de l'état métabolique de l'animal. Pourtant, la sécrétion insuliniquein vitro la plus basse a été observée chez les animaux diabétiques, et la plus élevée chez ceux qui avaient présenté une glucosurie intermittente. La relation possible de ces observations avec les théories actuelles du »pré-diabète« est discutée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die durch Glucose stimulierte Insulinsekretion wurdein vitro am Pankreasgewebe chinesischer Hamster gemessen und mit den Glucose- und Insulin-Plasmaspiegeln derselben Tierein vivo, sowie mit der Granulierung derer Inselzellen (22 normale, 6 diabetische und 8 zeitweise glykosurischer chinesischer Hamster) verglichen. Es bestand eine direkte Korrelation zwischen Insulinsekretion und Insulingehalt des Pankreas, sowie mit dem Verhältnis Insulin/Glucose im Plasma, ohne Rücksicht auf den Stoffwechsel-Zustand der Tiere. Die niedrigsten Werte wurden allerdings bei den diabetischen Tieren, und die höchstens bei denjenigen mit zeitweiser Glykosurie beobachtet. Die Bedeutung dieser Resultate in bezug auf bestehende Theorien des „Pre Diabetes“ wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Insulin secretion by pancreatic tissuein vitro in response to glucose was related to plasma glucose and plasma insulin levels during life, and to the degree of granulation of the islets of Langerhans in 22 normal, 6 diabetic and 8 intermittently glycosuric Chinese Hamsters. Secretion was directly related to the insulin content of the pancreas and to the ratio of insulin to glucose in plasma, irrespective of the metabolic state of the animal, but was lowest in diabetic animals and highest in those with intermittent glycosuria. The relevance of these findings to current theories concerning “prediabetes” is discussed.
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  • 56
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Liver in vitro ; Diaphragm in vitro ; Heart in vitro ; Kidney in vitro ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Glucose metabolism in vitro ; Pyruvate metabolism ; Bicarbonate metabolism ; Microangiopathy ; Prediabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié le foie, le diaphragme, le coeur, le rein et le tissu adipeux de 5 hamsters chinois avec diabète plus ou moins sévère, en incubant ce tissuin vitro avec du glucose uniformément marqué au14C, ou marqué en positions 1-, 2-, ou 6-, avec du pyruvate-2-14C, ou avec du bicarbonate-14C, diversement combinés. Nous avons également examiné au microscope électronique le pancréas et le rein de ces animaux. Nous n'avons pas trouvé d'indication histologique d'hypertrophie des îlots pancréatiques, le contenu en insuline du pancréas étant diminué et l'insuline plasmatique relativement diminuée également. Nous n'avons pas non plus trouvé régulièrement une microangiopathie des capillaires des îlots. Lefoie de hamsters diabétiques de type sévère ou léger incorpore moins les carbones du glucose et du pyruvate dans le CO2, le glycogène et les acides gras. De même, lemuscle des animaux avec un diabète sévère oxyde moins de glucose en CO2. Par contre, letissu adipeux des animaux diabétiques ne se distingue pas de celui d'animaux normaux, peut-être à l'exception d'une diminution d'activité du cycle des pentoses. Letissu rénal des hamsters diabétiques incorpore moins de carbbone-2 du pyruvate dans le CO2, mais son comportement est par ailleurs normal. Une réponse à l'insuline a été observéein vitro tant pour le muscle que pour le tissu adipeux, alors que les concentrations d'insuline employées étaient élevées. Malgré le petit nombre de hamsters étudiés, il est permis de conclure que ces altérations sont comparables à celles déjà observées chez des rats souffrant d'une carence insulinique chronique expérimentale. Bien qu'il ne soit pas possible d'exclure qu'il y ait eu une première phase transitoire et non détectée, caractérisée par une hypersécrétion insulinique, nous pensons plutôt que nos observations dans ce petit groupe d'animaux diabétiques sont apparentées à celles faites préalablement chez des rats avec déficience chronique en insuline induite expérimentalement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Leber, Zwerchfell, Herz, Niere und Fettgewebe von 5 chinesischen Hamstern mit Diabetes verschiedenen Schweregrades wurdenin vitro inkubiert. Glucose-U, 1-, 2-, oder 6-14C, Pyruvat-2-14C und Bicarbonat-14C wurden in verschiedenen Kombinationen als Substrat verwandt. Pankreas und Niere wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Eine Hypertrohpie der Pankreasinseln war histologisch nicht nachweisbar. Extrahierbares Insulin war vermindert und Plasma-Insulinwerte verhältnismäßig niedrig. Eine regelmäßige Mikroangiopathie der Inselkapillaren konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Sowohl die leicht- als auch die schwer-diabetischen Hamster zeigten einen verminderten Einbau von Glucose- sowie von Pyruvat-Kohlenstoff in CO2, Glykogen und Fettsäuren durch dieLeber. Eine herabgesetzte Oxydation von Glucose zu CO2 durch denMuskel war zumindest in schwer-diabetischen Tieren nachweisbar. Der Stoffwechsel desFettgewebes war durch den Diabetes nicht beeinflußt; die Aktivität des Pentosezyklus war möglicherweise herabgesetzt. DasNierengewebe des diabetischen Hamsters zeigte einen geringeren Einbau vom C-2 des Pyruvats in CO2, jedoch konnten sonst keine biochemischen Veränderungen festgestellt werden. Muskel- und Fettegewebe sprachen imin vitro Versuch auf relativ hohe Insulinkonzentrationen gut an. Die Resultate, die wir aus den Untersuchungen einer begrenzten Anzahl von Hamstern erhielten, entsprechen somit früheren Beobachtungen bei Ratten mit experimentell bedingtem chronischen Insulinmangel. Es besteht allerdings die Möglickeit, daß uns eine vorübergehende frühere Phase mit Hypersekretion von Insulin unbemerkt entging.
    Notes: Summary Liver, diaphragm, heart, kidney, and adipose tissue of five Chinese hamsters with diabetes of varying severity have been studied by incubationin vitro with glucose-U-, 1-, 2-, or 6-14C, pyruvate-2-14C, and bicarbonate-14C in various combinations. The pancreas and kidney were examined by electron microscopy. There was no histologic evidence of hypertrophy of the pancreatic islets; extractable insulin was reduced, and plasma insulin was relatively reduced. There was no consistent microangiopathy of insular capillaries. Both the mild and severely diabetic hamsters had a reduction in the incorporation of the carbons of glucose and of pyruvate into CO2, glycogen, and fatty acids in theliver, and, at least in severely diabetic animals, of oxidation of glucose to CO2 in muscle. There was no change consequent to diabetes in the metabolism ofadipose tissue, except for a possible decrease in pentose cycle activity. Thekidneys of the diabetic hamsters had less incorporation of carbon-2 of pyruvate into CO2, but otherwise no biochemical changes were evident. Both muscle and adipose tissue were responsivein vitro to insulin when tested with greater physiologic amounts. While the possibility cannot be excluded that a transient earlier phase with hypersecretion of insulin escaped detection, the changes in this limited number of diabetic hamsters parallel those previously found in rats with experimental chronic deficiency of insulin.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Ultrastructure ; Pancreas ; Beta cells ; Islets ; Alpha cells ; Nerve endings in pancreas ; Glycogen ; Basement membrane ; Capillaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné au microscope électronique les îlots de Langerhans de 15 hamsters chinois dont 7 étaient diabétiques et 8 étaient non-diabétiques, provenant soit des mêmes nichées, soit sans lien de parenté, mais concordant quant au sexe et à l'âge. Chez les animaux de contrôle, les cellulesβ prédominent et sont riches en granules, formés de vésicules de différentes tailles avec un contenu légèrement granulaire ou homogène. Dans de rares vésicules, on observe un noyau dense ou une barre centrale irrégulière et dense. Les granulations des cellulesα sont uniformément rondes, très denses et limitées par des membranes; elles sont assez clairsemées à l'exception de la périphérie des îlots. Au début du diabète, les cellulesβ sont abondantes mais, soit dégranulées, soit en voie d'infiltration glycogénique. Plus tardivement dans la maladie, les îlots ne contiennent presque que des cellulesα, les cellulesβ ayant graduellement disparu.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Langerhans'schen Inseln von 15 chinesischen Hamstern (7 diabetischen und 8 entweder verwandten oder nicht verwandten Kontrolltieren gleichen Geschlechts und Alters) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In den Kontrolltieren überwiegen dieβ-Zellen die reich an Granula sind. Die meisten davon sind Bläschen verschiedener Größe mit einem blassen, körnigen oder homogenen Inhalt. Nur einige weisen einen dichten zentralen Kern auf oder einen unregelmäßigen dichten zentralgelegenen Stab. Dieα-Zellen haben einheitlich runde und dichte, durch eine Membrane begrenzte Granula und sind spärlich verteilt, außer an der Peripherie der Inseln. Im frühen Diabetes mellitus sind dieβ-Zellen in großer Zahl vorhanden aber erscheinen entweder degranuliert oder in verschiedenen Phasen der Glykogenablagerung. In späteren Stadien der Krankheit, als Folge des allmählichen Verschwindens derβ-Zellen, bestehen die Inseln fast nur noch ausα-Zellen.
    Notes: Summary Islets of Langerhans of 15 Chinese hamsters (7 diabetic and 8 either related or unrelated controls of the same sex and age) have been examined by electron microscopy. Beta cells of control animals predominate and have abundant granules most of which are vesicles of varying sizes with a pale granular or homogeneous content. Only a few have a dense central core or irregular dense central bar. Alpha cells have uniformly round, dense, membrane-limited granules and are sparse except at the periphery of the islet. Early in diabetes mellitus beta cells are abundant but either agranular or in various stages of glycogen storage. Late in the disease the islets are reduced to almost all alpha cells, the beta cells having gradually disappeared.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Islet volume ; Beta cell volume ; Pancreas ; Beta cells ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié 3 groupes de hamsters chinois de la colonie des laboratoires Upjohn, soit (1) des animaux diabétiques ayant présenté des symptômes pendant 18 mois; (2) des animaux non-diabétiques des mêmes nichées; et (3) des animaux non-diabétiques et non-apparentés mais concordant par l'âge et le sexe. Le diabète spontané de ces animaux est caractérisé par une hyperglycémie, une glucosurie, une diminution du volume des îlots de Langerhans, une diminution du volume total des cellulesβ, une dégranulation des cellulesβ et l'infiltration en glycogène des îlots de Langerhans. Des anomalies de même type, mais moins marquées ont été observées chez les frères et soeurs des animaux diabétiques. A notre connaissance, c'est là la première description de la diminution de la masse des cellulesβ et de leur dégranulation avant l'apparition clinique d'un diabète spontané chez l'homme ou l'animal. Il en ressortirait que cette altération des cellulesβ pourrait bien être un mécanisme étiologique primaire de la pathogénèse du diabète spontané du hamster chinois.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Drei Gruppen von chinesischen Hamstern aus der Upjohn-Zucht wurden untersucht. Dazu gehörten: diabetische Tiere, die seit 18 Monaten Symptome aufwiesen, nichtdiabetische Tiere aus gleichem Wurf und nichtverwandte nichtdiabetische Tiere, die in Alter und Geschlecht den anderen entsprachen. Der Spontandiabetes zeichnet sich aus durch Hyperglykämie, Glykosurie, Abnahme des Inselvolumens, Verminderung derβ-Zellmasse, Degranulierung derβ-Zellen und Glykogeninfiltration der Inseln. In den nichtdiabetischen Geschwistertieren wurden ähnliche aber weniger markante Veränderungen festgestellt. Unseres Wissens ist dies der erste Bericht einer Verringerung derβ-Zellmasse mit Degranulierung noch ehe sich ein Spontandiabetes bei Mensch oder Tier manifestiert. Dies deutet darauf daß diese Veränderungen derβ-Zellen einen primären etiologischen Faktor bei der Entstehung des Spontandiabetes beim chinesischen Hamster darstellen könnten.
    Notes: Summary Three groups of Chinese hamsters bred at the Upjohn Laboratory were studied: these included diabetic animals in which symptoms were present for 18 months, non-diabetic siblings and non-related, non-diabetic animals of the corresponding age and sex. The spontaneous diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, decreased islet volume, decreased beta cell mass, beta cell degranulation and glycogen infiltration in the islets. In the non-diabetic siblings, similar but less marked changes were noted. To our knowledge this is the first reported observation of decreased beta cell mass and beta cell degranulation occurring prior to clinical onset of spontaneous diabetes in man or animal. It suggests that the observed alteration of beta cells is a primary etiologic mechanism in the production of spontaneous diabetes in the Chinese hamster.
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  • 59
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Retina anomalies ; Testicular function ; Free fatty acids ; Glycoproteins ; Mucopolysaccharides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Plusieurs chercheurs ont utilisé les hamsters chinois de notre colonie pour leurs observations expérimentales et nous rapportons ici les résultats de plusieurs études. — Le groupe du Dr. H.R.Hautsler, initiateur de la colonie à Toronto, a étudié les altérations de la rétine chez les animaux présentant un diabète spontané ou un diabète de type métahypophysaire résultant de l'injection d'hormone de croissance et de cortisone. Des anévrismes artériolaires et capillaires sont observés chez quelque 30% des animaux avec diabète métahypophysaire, mais sporadiquement seulement chez les hamsters avec diabète spontané. — Le groupe du Dr. K.Schöffling a étudié les biopsies du tissu testiculaire. Proportionnellement à la gravité du diabète, on trouve chez les hamsters présentant un diabète spontané une inhibition de la spermatogénèse, avec réduction de lépaisseur de l'epithélium germmal et élargissement de la lumière des tubules séminifères. Les cellules de Leydig sont également réduites en nombre. L'apparence histologique ressemble à celle du tissu testiculaire de diabétiques humains. — Le groupe du Dr. J.Campbell a mesuré les taux d'acides gras libres (AGL) du sérum de hamsters chinois non-diabétiques. Ceux-ci dépassant de 4 à 9 fois (3 à 5 mEq/l) les taux observés chez le chien, le rat ou l'homme, des taux semblables ayant pourtant été mesurés chez le hamster doré. Le tissu adipeux épididymaire de hamsters chinois ne diffère pas de celui du rat par son contenu en lipides, mais il libère davantage de AGL dans le milieu d'incubation. Les hamsters chinois non-glucosuriques sont sensibles à l'action diabétogène de la cortisone, mais non pas à celle de l'hormone de croissance de mouton. La cortisone s'est montrée très active quant à son action hyperglycémique, accompagnée d'une élévation des taux d'insuline sérique et des taux d'AGL. — Dans notre propre laboratoire, nous avons mesuré les concentrations en glycoprotéines du plasma et le contenu en mucopolysaccharides de la peau de hamsters non-diabétiques, avec glycosurie intermittente, ou franchement diabétiques. Nous n'avons pas observé, de différences entre ces trois groupes d'animaux quant au profil immuno-électrophorétique, ou la concentration en composantes hydrocarbonées des protéines plasmatiques. La substance basale de la peau de hamster diabétique contient davantage de mucopolysaccharides que celle des animaux non-diabétiques du même âge. C'est ainsi que le contenu en acides uroniques de la peau d'un groupe de hamsters, avec un sucre sanguin à jeun de 60 mg% en moyenne, était de 579 μg par g de tissu sec, alors qu'il était de de 882μg pour un groupe d'animaux avec un sucre sanguin à jeun de 107 mg% en moyenne.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mehrere Forscher haben mit Tieren aus unserer Kolonie gearbeitet, und dieser Bericht betrifft eine Reihe von verschiedenen Resultaten. — Dr. H.R.Hausler und Mitarbeiter haben die Kolonie in Toronto begonnen und sich hauptsächlich mit Veränderungen in der Retina von spontandiabetischen Tieren befaßt. Sie haben ebenfalls Beobachtungen gemacht bei Tieren mit Diabetes von metahypophysärem Typ, also nach Injektion von Somatotropin und Cortison. Aneurysmata der Arteriolen und Kapillaren wurden in etwa 30% der Tiere mit metahypophysärem Diabetes beobachtet, nur vereinzelt aber bei spontandiabetischen Hamstern. — Dr. K.Schöffling und Mitarbeiter haben die Veränderungen in Hodenbiopsien geprüft. In direktem Zusammenhang mit der Schwere des Diabetes findet man bei spontandiabetischen Hamstern verschieden ausgeprägte Hinweise auf inhibierte Spermatogenese, mit Verminderung der Zellzahl des germinalen Epitheliums und Erweiterung der Lumina der Tubuli seminiferi. Auch die Zahl der Leydig-Zellen ist vermindert, und das histologische Bild ist allgemein demjenigen beim Diabetiker ähnlich. — Dr. J.Campbell und Mitarbeiter haben bei nicht-diabetischen chinesischen Hamstern freie Fettsäuren (FFS) gemessen und haben beobachtet, daß deren Konzentration im Serum 4 bis 9 mal höher liegt (3 bis 5 mVa/l) als beim Hund, bei der Ratte und beim Menschen. Ähnlich erhöhte Werte findet man aber auch beim Goldhamster. Epididymales Fettgewebe von Ratten und chinesischen Hamstern enthielt etwa gleich viel Fett, aber das Fettgewebe chinesischer Hamster mobilisiertein vitro mehr FFS. Bei nichtdiabetischen Hamstern war Cortison diabetogen, nicht aber Somatotropin vom Schaf. Die Verabreichung von Cortison führte zu erhöhten Zuckerwerten, zu erhöhtem Seruminsulin und zu sehr hohen FFS-Konzentrationen. — In unserem eigenen Laboratorium haben wir den Gehalt an Glucoproteinen im Plasma und an Mucopolysacchariden in der Haut bestimmt, und zwar in nicht-diabetischen, in nur zeitweise glucosurischen, und in klinisch deutlich diabetischen Hamstern. Zwischen diesen drei Gruppen von Tieren ließen sich keine Unterschiede bezüglich auf immunoelektrophoretische Verteilung oder auf Zuckergehalt einzelner Komponenten der Plasmabestandteile nachweisen. Die Haut diabetischer Hamster enthielt aber mehr Mucopolysaccharide als diejenige nicht-diabetischer Hamster gleichen Alters. Hamster, deren Nüchternblutzuckerwerte bei 60mg% lagen, wiesen einen Uronsäuregehalt von 579 μg per g Trockengewebe auf, während der entsprechende Wert bei Tieren mit durchschnittlich 107 mg% Blutzuckernüchternwert 822μg war.
    Notes: Summary Several investigators have used Chinese hamsters from our colony for experimental work, and results of various studies are reported. — The group of Dr. H.R.Hausler, who initiated the colony in Toronto, studied retinal changes in spontaneously diabetic animals and also in hamsters with the metahypophyseal type of diabetes, following serial injections of growth hormone and cortisone. Arteriolar and capillary aneurysms were found in about 30% of the animals with metahypophyseal diabetes, but only sporadically in spontaneously diabetic hamsters. — The group of Dr. K.Schöffling studied alterations of testicular tissue in biopsy material. Corresponding to the severity of the disease, spontaneously diabetic hamsters showed various degrees of inhibited spermatogenesis, resulting in a reduction of the thickness of the germinal epithelium and widening of the lumina of the seminiferous tubules. There was also a reduction in the number of Leydig cells. The overall histological picture resembled that of the testes of the diabetic human patient. — The group of Dr. J.Campbell measured concentrations of serum free fatty acids (FFA) in nondiabetic Chinese hamsters and found the levels 4 to 9 times higher (3 to 5mEq/l) than in dogs, rats and man, but similar to FFA levels of Syrian hamsters.Epididymal fat pads of rats and Chinese hamsters showed similar lipid contents, but the latter released more FFA into the incubation medium. Nonglycosuric hamsters were susceptible to the diabetogenic effect of cortisone, but not to ovine growth hormone. Cortisone was most effective in producing a high blood sugar and elevated serum insulin and FFA concentrations. — In our own laboratory, the concentration of glycoproteins in plasma and the mucopolysaccharide content of the skin were determined in nondiabetic, occasionally glycosuric and frankly diabetic hamsters. There was no difference amongst the three groups of animals with regard to either the immunoelectrophoretic pattern or the concentration of individual carbohydrate components of plasma proteins. Skins of diabetic hamsters contained more mucopolysaccharide in their ground substance than skins of nondiabetic animals of comparable age. Hamsters with a mean fasting blood sugar value of 60 mg% showed a uronic acid content of 579μg per g of dry tissue, whereas animals with a mean fasting blood sugar of 107 mg% had 822μg.
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  • 60
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 124-129 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Inheritance of diabetes ; Genetics of diabetes ; Polygenic system of inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Nous avons analysé les pedigrees et les estimations de glucosurie (Tes-Tape) de plus de 6000 hamsters chinois de la colonie du Best Institute à Toronto et de celle de la maison Upjohn à Kalamazoo. A Toronto, la distribution des estimations au Tes-Tape était de 23%+, de 6%++, 3%+++, et de 5%++++. L'incidence du diabète a augmenté durant les 11 premières générations de consanguinité, elle a légèrement diminué par la suite L'incidence du diabète est plus grande dans la colonie Upjohn, les nichées étant plus petites et le nombre des morts avant sevrage plus grand. Lorsqu'un ou deux parents sont diabétiques, 40% des rejetons ne survivent pas; 14% seulement, lorsque les deux parents ne sont pas diabétiques. Par rapport à tout autre type d'accouplement, les parents non-diabétiques donnent naissance à un nombre légèrement moindre de diabétiques et nettement moindre d'animaux à faible glucosurie. — 2. Nous concluons de ces données que le diabète du hamster chinois est héréditaire mais qu'aucun système simple de transmission n'est à même de cadrer avec elles. C'est pourquoi nous proposons un système composé d'un minimum de 4 gènes dont la coïncidence de deux en homozygocité récessive mène à un diabète patent. Le nombre des possibilités données par un système récessif quadruple associé à la moindre capacité de survie des diabétiques permet de prévoir que le croisement diabétique x diabétique ne produira des diabétiques qu'une fois sur 6. — 3. Les polygènes agissent sur divers systèmes physiologiques et non pas sur un gène diabétique »caché«. Le syndrome diabétique est le résultat de l'action de ces gènes sur la production d'enzymes, la prolifération des cellules, la perméabilité des membranes et le métabolisme de différents tissus. Aussi nous ne devrions pas nous attendre à ce que tous les hamsters diabétiques se ressemblent et soient caractérisés, par exemple, par une rétinopathie ou une hydronéphrose, mais une plus grande fréquence de manifestations semblables est probable pour chaque lignée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Von über 6000 Hamstern der Kolonie des Best Instituts in Toronto und der Upjohn-Kolonie in Kalamazoo wurden die Stammbäume und Tes-Tape-Ergebnisse geprüft. Dabei ergab sich, daß in der Best'schen Kolonie mit Tes-Tape 23%+, 6%++, 3%+++ und 5%++++ reagierten. Während der ersten 11 Generationen Inzucht stieg das Vorkommen von Diabetes an und fiel danach leicht ab. In der Upjohn-Kolonie, wo das Auftreten von Diabetes häufiger war, waren die Würfe kleiner und die Sterbeziffer unter den noch nicht entwöhnten Jungen höher. Wenn einer oder beide Elternteile diabetisch waren, starben 40% der Jungen im Gegenteil zu 14% bei anderen Paaren. Normale Eltern hatten im allgemeinen weniger diabetische Junge, und die Zahl der Tiere, die nur Spuren Glucose im Urin aufwiesen, war wesentlich geringer als bei anderen Paarungstypen. — 2. Daraus wurde geschlossen, daß Diabetes beim chinesischen Hamster zwar erblich ist, daß die Ergebnisse aber nicht in ein einfaches Vererbungsschema einzugliedern sind. Es wird ein polygenetisches System vorgeschlagen, mit mindestens 4 Genen, von denen jeweils die Homozygotie von zwei Diabetes hervorruft. Wegen der Möglichkeiten, die sich aus den 4 rezessiven Genen ergeben, sowie wegen der geringeren Überlebenskraft der zu Diabetes Prädisponierten, erzeugt eine Paarung von 2 Diabetikern nur in einem Fall von sechs ebenfalls einen Diabetes. — 3. Die Polygene wirken auf verschiedene physiologische Systeme und nicht auf ein „ruhendes“ diabetisches Gen. Das diabetische Syndrom ist das Ergebnis der Wirkung dieser Gene auf Enzymproduktion. Zellwachstum, Membrandurchlässigkeit und allgemeinen Stoffwechsel in den verschiedenen Geweben. Daher ist nicht zu erwarten, daß alle diabetische Hamster Retinopathie oder Hydronephrose aufweisen, jedoch ist zu erwarten, daß die gleichen Erscheinungsmerkmale innerhalb eines Zuchtstammes gehäuft auftreten.
    Notes: Summary 1. The pedigrees and Tes-tape scores of over 6000 hamsters in the Best colony in Toronto and the Upjohn Colony in Kalamazoo were examined. It was found that the distribution of Tes-tape scores in the Best colony was 23%+, 6%++, 3%+++, and 5%++++. The incidence of diabetes rose for the first eleven generations of inbreeding then fell off slightly. In the Upjohn colony, which had a higher incidence of diabetes, the litter sizes were smaller and the pre-weaning deaths greater. When one or both of the parents were diabetic 40% of the young died as opposed to 14% for other matings. Non-diabetic parents produced slightly less diabetics and significantly less trace animals than did any other type of mating. — 2. It was concluded that diabetes is inherited but that no simple system of inheritance will fit the data. A polygenic system is postulated with a minimum of four genes any two of which when homozygus recessive will cause diabetes. Because of the variety of the quadruple recessive and the lower viability of diabetics, the mating diabetic x diabetic will breed true one mating in six. — 3. The polygenes act on various physiological systems and not on a “dormant” diabetic gene. The diabetic syndrome is the result of the action of these genes on enzyme production, cell proliferation, membrane permeability, and general metabolism, in various parts of the body. Thus one would not expect all diabetic hamsters to exhibit retinopathy or hydronephrosis, but one would expect predominantly the same manifestations within the same subline.
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  • 61
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 266-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Kidney ; Renal glomerulopathy ; Capillaries ; Basement membrane ; Ultrastructure ; Mesangium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié aux microscopes optique et électronique les glomérules rénaux de 11 hamsters chinois non-diabétiques, de 4 hamsters non-diabétiques mais provenant de nichées comportant des animaux diabétiques, et de 6 animaux ayant souffert d'un diabète de durée et de sévérité variables. Le vieillissement en soi est associé à une augmentation du mésangium et à une dilatation des capillaires avec léger épaississement de la membrane basale. Chez les diabétiques sévères de type juvénile, nous avons observé des altérations profondes des cellules mésangiales, avec la formation de vésicules, de corps multivésiculaires, de vacuoles et une apparence lavée du cytoplasme avec désorganisation mitochondriale. Ce n'est qu'aux stades les plus avancés qu'on observe une augmentation de la matrice mésangiale. Aux premiers stades, les membranes basales sont minces, particulièrement pour les capillaires dilatés. A des stades plus avancés, on trouve des régions épaisses et des régions minces de la membrane basale; certainement pas d'épaississement généralisé. Bien que des altérations semblables eussent été observées avec le vieillissement simple, les altérations des cellules mésangiales, la coalescence, la dilatation cystique et la fusion des anses capillaires des glomérules sont caractéristiques d'une glomérulopathie diabétique chez les animaux jeunes. Les altérations sont beaucoup plus marquées à des stades plus avancés de l'état diabétique. La diminution du nombre des anses capillaires est probablement le résultat de la coalescence des capillaires. Les cellules épithéliales sont bien préservées dans tous les glomérules et il n'y a pas de lésions nodulaires. Nous n'avons pas observé de lésions glomérulaires semblables chez les frères et soeurs des animaux diabétiques ne souffrant pas eux-mêmes d'un diabète patent. Il semblerait y avoir une analogie entre la dilatation et la coalescence des capillaires du glomérule en présence d'altérations des cellules mésangiales et la dilatation des capillaires rétiniens associée à la dégénérescence des cellules murales, ou péricytes, chez l'homme.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wir haben im Licht- und im Elektronen-Mikroskop die renalen Glomeruli von 11 Kontrolltieren, von 4 nicht-diabetischen Tieren aus gleichem Wurf wie diabetische Hamster, und von 6 Tieren mit Spontan-Diabetes verschiedenen Alters, sowie mit unterschiedlicher Dauer und Schwere des Krankheitsbildes, untersucht. Zunehmendes Alter führte zur Zunahme der mesangialen Matrix mit einiger Erweiterung der Kapillaren und Verdickung der Basalmembran. Bei früh einsetzendem schweren Diabetes wurden schwere Veränderungen der Mesangialzellen beobachtet, bestehend aus Vermehrung der vesikulären Bläschen, Entstehung von multi-vesikulären Strukturen, Vacuolen, und einem verwaschenen Aussehen des Zytoplasmas, sowie mitochondrialer Desorganisation. Bei vorgerücktem Krankheitsbild bestand eine deutliche Zunahme der mesangialen Matrix. Anfänglich war die Basalmembran dünn, besonders in den erweiterten Kapillaren. Später, wies die Basalmembran sowohl verdickte wie verdünnte Stellen auf. Obwohl ähnliche Veränderungen auch mit zunehmendem Alter zu sehen waren, ließ die Beobachtung von Veränderungen der mesangialen Zellen, von zystischer Erweiterung und Verschmelzen von Kapillarschlingen beijungen Hamstern sicher auf diabetische Glomerulopathie schließen. Diese Veränderungen waren denn auch verhältnismäßig noch deutlicher und besonders charakteristisch in späteren Stadien der Krankheit. Die Fusion von Kapillaren erklärt vielleicht die Abnahme der Zahl der Kapillarschlingen. Die Ausläufer der Epithelialzellen blieben in allen Glomeruli wohl erhalten und es waren keine noduläre Läsionen zu sehen. In den von uns beobachteten Tieren waren solche Veränderungen der Glomeruli bei nicht-diabetischen Tieren nicht zu sehen. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß zwischen der Erweiterung und der Fusion von Kapillarschlingen, im Zusammenhang mit Veränderung der mesangialen Zellen, und der Erweiterung von Kapillaren der Netzhaut, im Zusammenhang mit Degeneration deren Perizyten beim Menschen, eine Analogie besteht.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic studies were made of the renal glomeruli of 11 control Chinese hamsters, 4 siblings of diabetic hamsters, and 6 with spontaneous diabetes of varying age of onset, duration, and severity. Aging alone was associated with an increase in mesangial matrix and some degree of capillary dilatation and thickening of the basement membrane. In severe diabetes of early-onset, there was a marked change in mesangial cells, consisting of an increase in vesicles, multivesicular bodies, vacuoles, ghost-like appearance of the cytoplasm, and mitochondrial disorganization. Only in the more advanced stages was there an increase in the mesangial matrix. Initially, the basement membrane was thin, particularly in dilated capillaries. Measurements of the basement membrane in the later stages indicated that there were both thick and thin areas; increased thickness alone was not characteristic. Although similar findings developed progressively with age, mesangial cell alterations, coalescence and cystic dilatation and fusion of capillary loops in the glomeruli of young hamsters were characteristic findings of diabetic glomerulopathy. These findings were characteristic and disproportionately marked in any later stage of the disease. Coalescence of capillaries may have explained the decrease in the number of loops. The foot processes of the epithelial cells were well-preserved in all glomeruli and nodular lesions were not seen. There was no evidence in this series that litter-mates of diabetic animals developed such glomerular lesions in the absence of overt diabetes. An analogy was suggested between the dilatation and coalescence of glomerular capillaries associated with mesangial cell changes and the dilatation of retinal capillaries associated with degeneration of the supporting mural cells in man.
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    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; Recombinant DNA ; cDNA probe ; cytoskeleton ; exons ; hereditary myopathies ; intermediate filaments ; introns ; mouse ; single-copy genes
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Mutation Research/DNA Repair 274 (1992), S. 11-18 
    ISSN: 0921-8777
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; DNA cross-linking agents ; Fanconi anaemia ; Nuclease
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 266 (1992), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 0027-5107
    Keywords: Aprt gene ; Chinese hamster ; Mutation hotspot
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    ISSN: 0027-5107
    Keywords: Armenian hamster ; Chinese hamster ; Clastogenicity ; Cyclophosphamide ; Guinea pig ; Mouse ; Rat
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    ISSN: 0165-7992
    Keywords: Chinese hamster ; FAT medium ; Thymidylate synthetase gene
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    ISSN: 0167-8817
    Keywords: Characterization ; Chinese hamster ; UV-sensitive mutants
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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