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  • 1990-1994
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  • 1975-1979  (55)
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  • 1976  (55)
  • 1969  (18)
  • Rat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 343 (1976), S. 307-311 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Ulcerative colitis ; Carrageenan ; 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine ; Adenocarcinoma ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Tierversuch wurde die Frage geprüft, ob der Dickdarm bei bestehender Colitis zur malignen Entartung disponiert ist. Männliche Wistarratten erhielten nach Induktion einer Colitis ulcerosa (durch Verabreichung von 4%igem Carrageenan im Trinkwasser) das dickdarmspezifische Karzinogen 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin (DMH; Gesamtdosis 132 mg/kg Körpergewicht subcutan während 7 Wochen). 17 von 18 Tieren entwickelten 15 Wochen nach der letzten Injektion des Karzinogens multiple Adenocarcinome im distalen Colon; dieser Dickdarmabschnitt war auch der bevorzugte Ort der Carrageenan-induzierten Colitis. In einem Kollektiv von Kontrolltieren (n = 18), welche nur DMH erhalten halten, erkrankten im gleichen Zeitraum lediglich 3 Ratten an einem Coloncarcinom. Der Unterschied ist statistisch signifikant (P 〉 0,01). Carrageenan allein wirkte nicht als Karzinogen. Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Colitis ulcerosa auch im Tierversuch als Krebsrisikokrankheit aufzufassen ist.
    Notes: Summary Animal experiments were performed to answer the question whether ulcerative colitis is predisposed to malignant degeneration.-Male Wistar rats were given aqueous solutions of degraded Carrageenan (4%; w/v). After induction of ulcerative colitis, 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH; 132 mg/kg body weight) was applicated during a period of 7 weeks. 17 of 18 rats developed multiple adenocarcinomas in the distal colon 15 weeks after the last injection of DMH. The Carrageenan induced colitis was localized predominantly in the distal part of the large bowel. Only 3 rats of a control group of 18 animals exposed to DMH only showed carcinomas of the colon. The difference is proven significant (P 〈 0.01). Carrageenan for itself caused no malignancy.-The results of the experiments demonstrate that, during ulcerative colitis, the colon of the rat is more susceptible to induction of cancer than the intact one.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Rat ; liver damage ; thoracic duct ; thermocoagulation ; lymphedema ; 3H-thymidine ; autoradiography ; electron microscopy ; Ductus-thoracicus-Blockade ; Rattenleber ; 3H-Thymidin ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 90 männlichen und weiblichen, weißen Sprague Dawley Ratten wurden autoradiographische Untersuchungen mit3H-Thymidin nach experimenteller Blockade des Ductus thoracicus unternommen. Dabei zeigte sich im akuten Versuch kein nennenswerter Einfluß der intrahepatischen Lymphstase auf den DNS-Einbau in die Kerne der Hepatozyten bzw. Sternzellen. Bei den Langzeittieren (20–360 Tage) lagen die Markierungsindices der Hepatozyten geringfügig über denjenigen gleich alter, gesunder Kontrolltiere. Bei 14 männlichen und weiblichen, weißen Sprague Dawley Ratten führten wir zusätzlich elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen in der Leber durch. Dabei fanden sich im akuten Versuch ein intra- und extra-zelluläres Ödem sowie Schädigungen läppchenperipherer Hepatozyten. Nach 12–15 Tagen haben sich diese Veränderungen weitgehend zurückgebildet. Somit scheint eine intrahepatische Lymphstase keinen nachhaltigen Einfluß auf das Regenerationsverhalten der Leberzellen auszuüben.
    Notes: Summary Autoradiographic studies with3H-thymidine were done in 90 male and female white Sprague Dawley rats following thermocoagulation of the thoracic duct at the base of the neck. In the acute stages of these experiments we were unable to find any significant influence of a lymphedema on the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. In the longterm experiments the labelling indices of the hepatocytes were slightly above those of healthy controls of the same age. In another 14 male and female white Sprague Dawley rats we did electron microscopical investigations of the liver. In the acute phase of the experiment we found an intra- and extrahepatic edema as well as damages of the hepatocytes at the periphery of the liver acini. After 12–15 days these findings have regressed. It seems therefore that an intrahepatic lymphedema does not influence the regenerative capacity of the liver to a marked extend.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Inhibited regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus were quantitatively analyzed in adult rats 52 to 98 days after transection of the left hypoglossal nerve and implantation of the proximal stump into the already innervated ipsilateral sternomastoid muscle, a procedure which prevented the transected nerve from regenerating. Many presynaptic boutons with clear spherical synaptic vesicles and symmetrical synapses were lost from the injured perikarya and dendrites. Some perikarya and dendrites (and, rarely, boutons) became electron dense, and astrocyte or microglial sheaths partly surrounded them. Numbers of dendrite profiles in the neuropil decreased. These statistically significant effects persisted throughout the postoperative period, whereas after axotomy with unimpeded nerve regeneration, these features would have returned to normal by 84 days postoperatively. It was therefore suggested that their recovery depended upon successful regeneration and reconnection of the hypoglossal nerve with the tongue. Subsurface cisterns, and profiles containing unusual inclusions, were numerically normal 52 to 98 days postoperatively, so it was suggested that their early response and recovery after simple axotomy might be entirely dependent on nerve disconnection and not on nerve reconnection.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Trigeminal nerve ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recordings were obtained from inferior olivary neurones of the rat. The responses of fifty neurones evoked by electrical stimulation of a branch of the trigeminal nerve were recorded. Maxillary nerve stimulation was most effective. The response was characterized by an early discharge (single spike and wave, typically with latencies between 16 and 30 msec) and a weak late discharge which followed a period of inhibition of about 100 msec. Half of the neurones responded to one branch of the trigeminal nerve only whereas the other neurones displayed a varying degree of convergence, including sometimes a convergence from limb nerves. Forty-nine olivary neurones were tested for cutaneous receptive fields. Ten out of these had small receptive fields (〈20% of the contralateral face) and a low threshold to mechanical stimuli. Twenty neurones which had larger receptive fields responded also to low-threshold or to medium-threshold (i.e. non-nociceptive) mechanical stimuli. None of the neurones displayed receptive fields more extensive than half of the contralateral face and some of the larger fields had a small, low-threshold focus. Olivary neurones responding to electrical stimulation of trigeminal nerves or mechanical stimulation of the face were located in the medial segment of the olivary complex (dorsal accessory and principal olive). A few cells only were located in the lateral segment. It is concluded that neurones of the inferior olive receive a substantial input from trigeminal afferents and are capable of transmitting precise somatotopical information to the cerebellum.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 372 (1976), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Cirrhosis ; Liver ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface features of single cells and of multicellular tissue units in cirrhotic rat livers have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cirrhosis of the liver was produced in rats by simultaneously treating them with carbon tetrachloride and sodium phenobarbital. Connective tissue septa consisted of a loose mesh-work of fibers in which fibroblasts were embedded. The arrangement and surface features of hepatocytes in cirrhotic nodules differed from those found in parenchyma of normal livers. Hepatocytes in cirrhotic nodules universally formed plates two cells thick. The portion of the hepatocyte surface covered by microvilli was greatly increased in cells from cirrhotic livers, and this was reflected in a corresponding reduction in the area occupied by the smooth-surfaced narrow intercellular space. Canaliculi between hepatocytes in cirrhotic livers were reduplicated and frequently branched. Hepatocyte surfaces covered by microplicae and flattened microvilli, typical of connective tissue-facing surfaces in normal livers, were greatly increased in cirrhotic livers corresponding to the increase in connective tissue. Where hepatocytes directly contacted fibroblasts (and not fibers), their surfaces were entirely smooth. Sinusoidal endothelial cells in cirrhotic livers contained only isolated, relatively sparse pores, and they lacked both sieve plates (pore complexes) and large fenestrations.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: CRF-granules ; Sodium chloride ; Adrenalectomy ; Rat ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bilaterally adrenalectomized female SPF Wistar rats were given tap water containing various concentrations of sodium chloride to drink ad lib. After a survival period of 14 days the animals were killed by perfusion-fixation. Their brains were removed, fixed in pieric acid formalin solution and embedded in Paraplast. Serial sections of median eminence and hypophysial posterior lobe were cut and stained with crotonaldehyde-fuchsine. In the stained sections the amount of CRF-granules visible in the external zone of the median eminence, and the amount of “classical” neurosecretory material (NSM) occuring in the internal zone of the median eminence and in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis were estimated. After administration of drinking solutions to which 0%–1% sodium chloride were added, the amount of CRF-granules increased with increasing NaCl uptake, whereas the amount of “classical” NSM was not changed. Application of tap water containing 2% NaCl led to a marked decrease in the amount of “classical” NSM but did only slightly impair the amount of CRF-granules. From the findings it is concluded that 1. following bilateral adrenalectomy administration of sodium chloride inhibits the secretion of CRF-granules; 2. CRF-granules and “classical” NSM, although histochemical identical, have different functional significances; 3. the mechanisms regulating the secretion of CRF-granules are different from those controlling the release of “classical” NSM.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Perivascular contact ; HIOMT ; Median eminence ; Adrenal cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pineal organ of the female rat, proportional changes in the area of contact of pinealocyte processes and glial processes with the perivascular space were found after bilateral adrenalectomy. The contact area was evaluated by measuring the length of pinealocyte and glial cell membranes directly abutting on the basal lamina. In the normal female rat, 40% of the contact area is occupied by pinealocyte and 60% by glial cell processes. Fourteen days after bilateral adrenalectomy, this proportion is reversed. In addition, cell counts demonstrate that more pinealocytes gain access to the pericapillary space due to the experimental conditions. In order to prove whether or not these results indicate an increase of pineal endocrine activity, the melatonin-forming enzyme hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT, E.C. 2.1.1.4) was assayed. After bilateral adrenalectomy the HIOMT activity was found to significantly increase.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 149 (1976), S. 155-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Large intestinal epithelium ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The principal cells of the surface of the cecum, the ascending colon, and the descending colon in postnatal developing rats were investigated using both light and electron microscopy. In rats 1 to 14 days old the ultrastructure of the surface principal cells in the cecum and ascending colon were characterized by apical tubulo-vacuolar systems and large supranuclear vacuoles similar to those in the absorbing cells of the neo-natal ileum as reported by Clark, 1959, and others. After about the 16th day, the special membrane system disappears from the principal cells of the proximal large intestine. On the other hand, in the descending colon, this special membrane system was absent from the cytoplasmic matrix of the epithelium. It is thought that the proximal portion of the large intestine together with the distal part of the small intestine actively participate in the absorption of protein molecules at least during the early postnatal period.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 294 (1976), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: 14C-Heteronium bromide ; Drug distribution ; Rat ; Anticholinergic agent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tissue distribution of radioactivity after oral administration to rats of 14C-heteronium bromide is measured by liquid scintillation counting and the results expressed as specific activity and percentage of administered radioactivity. From the data obtained in blood, liver, kidney, stomach, duodenum, cecum, large intestine and stool some conclusions can be drawn. Heteronium bromide undergoes a rapid systemic absorption, the radioactivity being present as early as 15 min from the administration, in all the tested organs. The blood levels show two peaks: one at 120 min and a second at 360 min. This diphasic behaviour can be explained either by the presence of an active enterohepatic circulation, as indirectly indicated by the data from liver and duodenum, or by a transient shift of the molecule from blood to other tissues, rich in polysulfuronic acids. The principal route of excretion is represented by the kidney, where consistent levels are reached at 120 min, while the intestinal route becomes evident at 240 min and reaches its maximum at 720 min. The complete metabolic cycle of the compound is long lasting, since in all the tested tissues, marked radioactivity levels are still present after 720 min. The pharmacokinetic profile obtained, suggesting a long persistence of the drug and/or of its metabolites in the organism, is in agreement with previous pharmacodynamic data showing a long lasting action for heteronium bromide.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 295 (1976), S. 165-169 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Digoxin ; Bile flow ; Biliary excretion ; Acetylcholine ; Atropine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of acetylcholine (ACh), physostigmine, and atropine on bile flow and biliary elimination of digoxin were investigated using isolated rat liver perfusion. 1. ACh in the presence of physostigmine caused a temporary reduction in the bile secretion, while physostigmine alone had no effect on the bile flow. 2. The biliary concentration of radioactivity derived from 3H-digoxin was slightly decreased after an addition of physostigmine alone. This effect of physostigmine was not potentiated by ACh. 3. The addition of ACh decreased transiently the biliary elimination of digoxin, as a result of the reduced bile flow. 4. Atropine in the concentration range of 10−6–10−5 M in the perfusion medium did not affect bile flow or biliary excretion of digoxin; repeated addition of atropine (2×2×10−4 M) caused a choleresis lasting over the perfusion period. 5. This choleresis induced by atropine was associated with decreased concentration of tritium in the bile but slightly increased biliary elimination of total radioactivity. 6. The results allow us to draw the conclusion that ACh in the presence of physostigmine has an inhibitory action on bile flow and biliary elimination of digoxin in the isolated perfused rat liver.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat ; Simultaneous discrimination ; Successive discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chlordiazepoxide (CDP) at a dose of 20 mg/kg, i.p. was found to exert a marked disruptive effect on black-white successive discrimination learning in rats, while this effect failed to be obtained on black-gray simultaneous discrimination. Since trials to the learning criterion were found almost equal for saline rats on both successive and simultaneous discrimination tasks, the differential inhibitory effects of CDP could not be accounted for in terms of differences in difficulties of the two tasks. It is suggested that present results might be interpreted in terms of the hypotheses (a) that CDP produces a deficit in the integration of relevant stimulus cues when they were presented across trials or (b) that CDP has a dis-inhibitory effect in that inhibition of dominant response (positional preference) patterns is weakened by the drug, in a manner similar to effects observed in hippocampectomized animals.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 281-283 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Motor incoordination ; Runway test ; Diazepam ; Phenobarbital ; Chlorpromazine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A runway apparatus for rats has been developed for measuring motor incoordination and running time. Animals were trained to run along an elevated narrow pathway. Frequency and severity of slipping off and running time were automatically counted. Rats were given diazepam, phenobarbital or chlorpromazine orally and tested 1 h later. Diazepam, 8–64 mg/kg p.o., caused slipping off in a dose-dependent manner. Phenobarbital had a similar effect with 64 mg/kg p.o. Chloropromazine, 32 and 64 mg/kg p.o., caused other signs of motor deficit.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intracranial self-stimulation ; Caudateputamen ; Hypothalamus ; Serotonin ; Dopamine ; Para-chlorophenylalanine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were prepared with chronic bipolar electrodes aimed at either the caudate-putamen or lateral hypothalamus and those displaying consistent self-stimulation were given additional training at half-maximal current intensities. All subjects received an intragastric injection of para-chlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg) and self-stimulation tests continued until pre-injection rates were re-established. Responding in both brain areas was suppressed 24 h after drug treatment. The next day, self-stimulation rates in the hypothalamus increased to 115% of pre-drug levels reaching a level of 180% by the third day of post-drug testing. In contrast, self-stimulation of sites in the neostriatum continued to decline, with minimal levels reaching 48% of control on the fourth post-drug day. Self-stimulation rates in both groups had returned to control levels by post-drug day 6. These data indicate that the role of serotonergic mechanisms in brain stimulation is locus specific, and that the specific nature of this role may be determined by interaction with other neurochemical systems. The possible interaction between dopaminergic and serotinergic mechanisms in the neostriatum is discussed as a model of self-stimulation in this region of the brain.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Prostaglandins A1, E1, E2, F1α, F2α ; Intraventricular administration ; Rat ; Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of prostaglandins (PGs) A1, E1, E2, F1α, and F2α administered intraventricularly at doses of 0.02–4.0 μg/rat were studied in some behavioral, antinociceptive and anticonvulsant tests in rats. Exploratory and locomotor activity were decreased by all PGs except A1 and F2α which had no effect on locomotor activity. All PGs studied, except A1, induced hyperthermia and afforded protection in the ‘hot-plate’ analgesic test and against maximal electroshock seizures.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 103-105 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intravenous ; Intragastric ; Self-Administration ; Unit dose ; Route of administration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were implanted with intravenous or intragastric cannulas and allowed to self-administer morphine sulfate in doses of 0 (saline), 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 mg/kg/infusion. For the intravenous route the number of infusions decreased with increasing unit dose, while the amount self-administered was directly related to unit dose. However, for the intragastric route the number of infusions first increased and then decreased as unit dose was elevated, while the amount self-administered again increased with unit dose. Comparisons between routes showed that for intragastric subjects the number of infusions and amount self-administered both were lower at the two lowest doses but higher for all other doses. These results support the expectation that intravenous injection should produce more potent reinforcing effects than intragastric administration.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Plasma volume ; Protein ; Electrolytes ; Dehydration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma volume, hematocrit, protein and electrolyte concentrations in plasma were measured in control and water-deprived rats every three days after starting the experiment until the 15th day. Plasma volume variations, as related to body weight, suggest that water loss from plasma was proportional to total body water at three days and after 9 days of water deprivation. Greater plasma water than body water loss was found during the period between 3 and 9 days. Plasma protein and electrolyte variations suggest that during water deprivation there is a loss of protein, sodium and potassium from plasma, which is proportionally less than that of plasma water. Potassium, calcium and inorganic phosphorus were lost proportionally to plasma water. The variations in plasma volume changes were partially explained as due to variations in plasma protein and electrolyte concentrations.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Brown adipose tissue ; Adipose innervation ; Rat ; Nonshivering heat production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two aspects of the coupling of neural information to brown fat thermogenesis were examined—namely, the thermal responses to increasing neural stimulation and the anatomical nature of the brown fat innervation. Upon stimulation of the nerves to the interscapular brown fat pad, there ensued a biphasic response. This response was manifested by an initial, but transient temperature decrease, followed by a rise in brown fat temperature. The magnitude of both components of this response increased with increasing stimulus strength, thereby demonstrating the ability of the tissue to respond in a graded manner—a feature which may underlie the controlled thermogenic response of brown fat observed in the cold-exposed intact animal. No anatomically unique fiber types appeared to be specifically associated with innervation to the brown adipocytes or to the vessels within the fat pad. On the other hand, the nerves entering the interscapular fat pad were morphologically dissimilar, a finding consonent with their functional dissimilarity (i.e., innervation of adipocytes, innervation of blood vessels in the fat pad, and innervation of areas in the overlying skin).
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 365 (1976), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Temperature regulation ; Circadian rhythms ; Ambiant temperature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'enregistrement chronique des températures cérébelleuses et sous-cutanées par thermistance a été réalisé chez le rat soumis à différentes températures ambiantes et à une alternance lumière-obscurité de 12 h (lumière de 7 à 19 h). La période du rythme des températures cérébelleuses et sous-cutanées est de 24 h avec acrophase nocturne (1 h) et amplitude de 0,75° C. L'amplitude et l'acrophase ne sont pas modifiées au cours des expositions à différentes températures ambiantes (20-25-30-34-35° C). Chaque augmentation d'ambiance se traduit par une élévation du niveau moyen de la température interne. Cette augmentation, peu perceptible entre 25 et 30° C, atteint 0,5° C entre 20 et 25° C et 1° C entre 30 et 34° C. Elle se maintient tout au long des 10 jours d'observation. Ces résultats soulèvent au moins 3 questions: le degré de liaison entre les rythmes d'activité (éveil) et de température, la labilité de la température interne qui varie avec l'ambiance alors que l'amplitude du rythme circadien reste constante, l'absence de diminution de la température interne après plusieurs jours en ambiance chaude alors qu'activité et métabolisme sont diminués dès le 2ème jour d'exposition.
    Notes: Summary Chronic recording of cerebellar and subcutaneous temperatures were carried out in rats maintained at different ambient temperatures in a 12 h light-dark cycle (light from 7 to 19 h). Cerebellar and subcutaneous temperatures followed a rhythm with a period of 24 h with acrophase at 1 h and an amplitude of 0.75° C. The amplitude and acrophase were not altered by modification of the ambient temperature (20-25-30-34 or 35° C), but each elevation of ambient temperature produced a rise in the mean internal temperature of the rat. This rise, hardly perceptible at ambient temperatures, of 25 and 30° C, reaches 0.5° C between 20 and 25° C and 1° C between 30 and 34° C. This elevation of temperature was maintained for the duration of the 10 days of observation. These results pose at least three questions: the degree of liaison between the rhythms of activity (waking) and temperature; the lability of the mean internal temperature, which alter with ambient temperature while the amplitude of the circadian rhythm is unaltered and the absence of reduction of mean internal temperature several days exposure to a raised ambient temperature, even when activity and metabolism are reduced by the second day of exposure.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 36 (1976), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Circadian rhythm ; Renin ; Aldosterone ; Corticosterone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der 24 Std-Verlauf der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität (PRA), der Plasma-Aldosteron-Konzentration (PAC), der Plasma-Corticosteron-Konzentration (PCC) sowie der Urinexkretion von Natrium, Kalium und Aldosteron wurde an männlichen Sprague-Dawley-Ratten unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: 1. Das Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System (RAAS) der Ratte weist einen zirkadianen Rhythmus auf, der dem gut bekannten Rhythmus des Hypophysen Nebennierenrinden-Systems parallel läuft. Dieser Rhythmus läßt sich durch Messung der PRA, der PAC und der Exkretionsrate von Aldosteron im Urin nachweisen. Der Rhythmus der Elektrolytausscheidung im Urin scheint nicht durch den Rhythmus der Aldosteronsekretion bedingt zu sein. 2. Der Licht-Dunkel-Zyklus ist der Zeitgeber für diese Rhythmen: Eine Umkehr des Licht-Dunkel-Zyklus für 5 Wochen bewirkt eine komplette Umkehr der Rhythmen aller genannten Parameter. 3. Unter Natrium-Restriktion oder Dexamethason-Behandlung wird eine Dissoziation des Rhythmus der PRA von dem der PAC beobachtet, während der Rhythmus der PAC unter allen Versuchsbedingungen mit dem der PCC parallel geht. Diese Beobachtung legt den Schluß nahe, daß das ACTH an der Steuerung des Rhythmus der Aldosteronsekretion beteiligt ist. 4. Der Grad der Stimulierbarkeit bzw. Supprimierbarkeit des RAAS unterliegt tageszeitlichen Schwankungen. 5. Es wird daher empfohlen, bei Untersuchungen über das RAAS der Ratte die Experimente nicht nur während der Inaktivitätsperiode (Lichtphase), sondern auch während der Aktivitätsperiode (Dunkelphase) dieser Tiere durchzuführen. Dies läßt sich durch Benutzung eines Tierstalls mit umgekehrtem Licht-DunkelZyklus vereinfachen.
    Notes: Abstract The 24 h-course of plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma corticosterone concentration (PCC) and of the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and aldosterone was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats under different experimental conditions. The data obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) of the rat is subject to a circadian rhythm which is largely in phase with the well-known rhythm of the pituitary-adrenal axis. This rhythm can be demonstrated in PRA as well as in plasma concentrations and urinary excretion rates of aldosterone. The rhythm of urinary excretion of electrolytes is unlikely to be due to the rhythm of aldosterone secretion. 2. The light-dark cycle is the main synchronizer for these rhythms: inverting the light-dark cycle for 5 weeks entirely inverts the rhythms of all the parameters cited. 3. A dissociation of the rhythms of PRA and PAC can be observed following sodium restriction or dexamethasone treatment. A role of ACTH in regulating the rhythmic pattern of aldosterone secretion is suggested by the finding that PAC and PCC follow the same pattern of circadian variations under every experimental condition tested. 4. The responsiveness of the RAAS to stimulation or suppression varies with the time of day. 5. It is suggested that experiments ought to be performed not only during the inactive (light hours) but also during the active (dark hours) phase when investigating the RAAS in the rat. This can conveniently be achieved by the use of an animal room with a reversed lighting regime.
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  • 20
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    Archives of toxicology 35 (1976), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Inorganic mercury ; Chelating agents ; Excretion ; Distribution ; Rat ; Anorganisches Quecksilber ; Chelatbildner ; Ausscheidung ; Verteilung ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unter 15 untersuchten Chelatbildnern wurden die Ausscheidung und Organ-verteilung von Hg nur durch Natrium-2,3-Dimercaptopropan-1-sulfonat (DMPS), 2,3-Dimercaptopropanol (BAL), Natrium-Mercaptoäthyliminodiacetat (MEIDA) und D-Penicillamin (PA) beeinflußt. Das Ausscheidungsmuster ist jedoch bei diesen Substanzen unterschiedlich, und einen praktisch günstigen Effekt zeigt nur DMPS, das die renale Ausscheidungsrate erhöht und die Hg-Konzentration in allen Organen senkt.
    Notes: Abstract Among 15 chelating agents tested, sodium-2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate (DMPS), 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), sodium-mercaptoethyliminodiacetate (MEIDA), and D-penicillamine (PA) exerted an influence on the excretion of Hg and its distribution in the organs. The excretion pattern, however, is different for these compounds, and, from the practical point of view, a favourable effect is exhibited only by DMPS which enhances the urinary excretion rate and lowers the Hg-concentration in all organs.
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  • 21
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    Archives of toxicology 35 (1976), S. 281-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Dichlorvos ; Inhalation toxicity ; Rat ; Carcinogenesis ; Dichlorvos ; Inhalation-Toxizität ; Ratte ; Karzinogenese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurde der Effekt von Dichlorvos-Inhalation in Beziehung zur Krebserzeugung bei Ratten (5 Wochen alte Carworth Farm E, 94–150 g) langfristig (2 Jahre) in Konzentrationen von 0, 0,05, 0,5 und 5 mg/m3 geprüft. Das Wachstum aller geprüften Tiere, im besonderen der männlichen, war verzögert. Bei Exposition in 5 mg/m3 war die Überlebensrate von Ratten erhöht. Die verschiedenen Gruppen zeigten keinen Unterschied in Futteraufnahme, Organgewichten, hämatologischen oder chemischen Bestimmungen, mit Ausnahme der Cholinesterase-Aktivität. Nach einer 2jährigen Inhalation wurden keine Unterschiede des Gehaltes an Acetylcholin und Cholin in einer kleineren Zahl weiblicher Tiere gefunden. Makro- oder mikroskopische Veränderungen in den Rattengeweben, die auf Dichlorvos zurückzuführen wären, wurden nicht beobachtet. Auch die Ultrastruktur der Lungengewebe von Kontrollratten und der Ratten in 5 mg/m3 zeigte keine Veränderungen, die von Dichlorvos abhängig waren. Die Ergebnisse einer “relative risk analysis” der vorliegenden Tumorversuchsreihe haben keine dosisabhängige Erhöhung des Tumorrisikos für Ratten beider Geschlechter gezeigt. Die Befunde sind in Übereinstimmung mit früheren und sprechen für die Unbedenklichkeit des Gebrauchs von Dichlorvos als Insektizid.
    Notes: Summary To determine the effects of dichlorvos vapour on the tumour incidence in rats, 5 week old Carworth Farm E strain rats weighing between 94 and 150 g were exposed to 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 mg/m3 in a 2-year inhalation study. The growth rate of all treated rats was depressed, particularly in the males. There was increased survival of the rats exposed to 5 mg/m3. There were no consistent differences in food intakes, organ weights, haematological or blood chemistry estimations, except in cholinesterase activities, amongst the various groups of rats. No compound-related differences were seen in acetylcholine and choline estimations carried out on a small number of female rats' brain tissues after two years' exposure. There were no gross or microscopical compound-related changes in the rats' tissues. Ultrastructural examination of the respiratory tissues of the rats from the control and 5 mg/m3 group showed no changes attributable to dichlorvos. The results of a relative risk analysis of the tumour data showed that no dose-related increase in tumour risk was established for rats of either sex. These data confirm the results of earlier studies supporting the safety of insecticidal uses of dichlorvos.
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  • 22
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1976), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Carbonic anhydrase ; Hemoglobin ; Blood ; Testes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die bei Säugetieren durch Cadmium (Cd) hervorgerufenen Hodenschäden beruhen angeblich auf einer Hemmung der Carboanhydratase (CAH). Da Cd dosisabhängig die Hodendurchblutung beeinflußt, könnte jedoch durch eine Verminderung der Zahl CAH-reicher Erythrocyten eine Hemmung der CAH im Hoden vorgetäuscht werden. Wir bestimmten deshalb CAH-Aktivitäten und Hämoglobin (Hb)-Gehalt im Blut und im Hoden von unbehandelten und Cd-behandelten Sprague-Dawley-Ratten. Entsprechende Untersuchungen wurden an Ratten-Hoden durchgeführt, die vorher über die a. testicularis perfundiert worden waren. Die Ratten erhielten Cd intraperitoneal als CdCl2 jeweils in Einzeldosen von 1,5, 3,0 und 5,0 mg Cd2+/kg Körpergewicht. 1. Die Untersuchungen an perfundierten Hoden zeigten deutlich, daß die im Hodengewebe bestimmten CAH-Aktivitäten nicht einer Hoden-CAH sondern vielmehr der Erythrocyten-CAH zuzuordnen sind. 2. Bei den Cd-behandelten Ratten beobachteten wir kurze Zeit (0,25–1,0 h) nach der Cd-Zufuhr zunächst reversible Durchblutungsänderungen. Sie bestanden in Abhängigkeit von der Cd-Dosis sowohl in einer vorübergehenden Abnahme (1,5 mg Cd2+/kg) als auch in einer Zunahme (3,0 bzw. 5,0 mg Cd2+/kg) des Hb-Gehaltes im Hoden. 3. Unabhängig von diesen geringfügigen Durchblutungsänderungen kam es später (14–24 h nach 1,5 mg Cd2+/kg, 7–14 h nach 3,0 mg Cd2+/kg und 1–3 h nach 5,0 mg Cd2+/kg) zu den bekannten hämorrhagischen Hodenveränderungen mit einer starken Zunahme des Hb-Gehaltes und der CAH-Aktivität. 4. Anhand der Korrelationen zwischen CAH-Aktivität und Hb-Gehalt im Blut und im Hoden konnte eine Hemmung der CAH als primäre Ursache der Cd induzierten Hodenschäden ausgeschlossen werden.
    Notes: Abstract The cadmium-induced (Cd) damage of mammalian testes is thought to be correlated with an inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) by Cd. Since Cd causes dose-dependent changes in blood flow of the testes, an inhibition of CAH in the testes could be simulated by a decrease of CAH-rich erythrocytes. Therefore, CAH activities and hemoglobin (Hb) content were determined in blood and testes of untreated and Cd-treated Sprague-Dawley rats as well as in testes perfused via the testicular artery. Cd was intraperitoneally applied as CdCl2 in single doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 mg Cd2+/kg b.w., respectively. 1. The experiments on perfused testes clearly demonstrated that the CAH activities originate from erythrocytes rather than from a tissue located enzyme. 2. The alterations in blood circulation occurring shortly (0.25–1.0 h) after the Cd administration were characterized by a dose-dependent, transient decrease (1.5 mg Cd2+/kg) as well as an increase (3.0 and 5.0 mg Cd2+, respectively) of the Hb content in the testes. 3. Independent of these minor alterations in a later state (14–24 h after 1.5 mg Cd2+/kg, 7–14 h after 3.0 mg Cd2+/kg, and 1–3 after 5.0 mg Cd2+/kg), Cd induced the well known hemorrhagic alterations of the testes with a high increase of Hb content and CAH activity. 4. By means of the correlations between CAH activities and Hb content in blood and testes an inhibition of the CAH by Cd as the primary cause for the tissue damage of the testes could largely be excluded.
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  • 23
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    Archives of toxicology 36 (1976), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Carbromal ; Bromoethylbutyramide ; Ethylbutyrylurea ; Bromide ; Rat ; Humans ; Gaschromatography ; Carbromal ; Carbromid ; Äthylbutyrylharnstoff ; Gesamtbromid ; Ratte ; Mensch ; Gaschromatographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Interpretation toxischer Effekte von Carbromal erforderte Daten über die im Organismus wirksamen Substanzen. Diese Information kann mit einem einfachen gaschromatographischen Verfahren erhalten werden, mit dem Carbromal und seine sedierend wirksamen Metabolite Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoff spezifisch, quantitativ und sehr empfindlich in Geweben erfaßt werden können. Bei Einsatz verschiedener Detektorsysteme (Flammenionisations- bzw. Elektroneneinfangdetektor) liegt die untere Nachweisgrenze bei 2–3 nMol der genannten Stoffe je Gramm Gewebe. Die Methode wird in Versuchen an der Ratte demonstriert, bei denen in Serum und Gehirn die Resorption und Elimination von Carbromal einschließlich seiner Biotransformation zu Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoff verfolgt wurden. Es traten nennenswerte Mengen der Metabolite Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoffe auf, die sich wie Carbromal gleichmäßig zwischen Serum und Gehirn verteilen, jedoch länger im Organismus nachweisbar waren als Carbromal. Nach Aufnahme einer therapeutischen Carbromaldosis (1 g = 4,22 mMol) durch vier gesunde Versuchspersonen traten 30 min nach Ingestion die höchsten Carbromalkonzentrationen im Serum auf (bis 30 nMol/ml). Sie fielen rasch ab, in 24 Std auf 3–4 % der Höchstwerte. Neben Carbromal fanden sich im Serum 4–5 Std nach Aufnahme erhebliche Mengen von Carbromid (bis 20 nMol/ml), aber nur geringe Mengen an Äthylbutyrylharnstoff (2–3 nMol/ml). Beide Metabolite konnten wie bei der Ratte länger im Serum gemessen werden als unverändertes Carbromal. Parallelbestimmungen des Gesamtbromidgehaltes in Serum und Gehirn der Ratte und im Serum des Menschen zeigten, daß die Konzentrationen der hypnotisch aktiven Substanzen rasch abfielen, während anorganisches Bromid wesentlich langsamer ausgeschieden wurde.
    Notes: Abstract To analyze the toxic effects of carbromal it was necessary to have information on the concentrations of carbromal and of its metabolites in the organism. This information can be obtained by a simple method based on gaschromatography that allows rapid, specific, sensitive and quantitative estimation of carbromal and of its hypnotically active metabolites bromoethylbutyramide and ethylbutyrylurea. Employing different detectors (flame ionisation or electron capture detector) the limit of detection for carbromal and of its two metabolites was 2–3 nmoles/g of tissue. The method was used to study in rats the absoption and elimination of carbromal including biotransformation of carbromal to bromoethylbutyramide and ethylbutyrylurea. Both metabolites, significant amounts of which were found in serum and brain, distribute evenly between serum and brain as does carbromal. Both metabolites were detectable in the organism for a longer time than carbromal. Carbromal was given orally to 4 healthy volunteers at a dose of l g (4.2 mmoles). Highest serum concentrations (30 nmoles/ml) were found 30 min after ingestion. Serum concentrations declined rapidly. Twenty-four hours later 3–4% of the values were present in the serum. Beside carbromal considerable amounts (up to 20 nmoles/ml) of bromoethylbutyramide were detected but only small amounts (2–3 nmoles/ml) of ethylbutyrylurea. Peak concentrations of these metabolites were recorded 4–5 h after ingestion of carbromal. As was the case in rats both metabolites were present in the organism for a longer time than carbromal. Carbromal was given orally to 4 healthy volunteers at a dose of l g (4.2 mmoles). Highest serum concentrations (30 nmoles/ml) were found 30 min after ingestion. Serum concentrations declined rapidly. Twenty-four hours later 3–4% of the values were present in the serum. Beside carbromal considerable amounts (up to 20 nmoles/ml) of bromoethylbutyramide were detected but only small amounts (2–3 nmoles/ml) of ethylbutyrylurea. Peak concentrations of hese metabolites were recorded 4–5 h after ingestion of carbromal. As was the case in rats both metabolites were present in the organism for a longer time than carbromal. Parallel determination of total bromide in rat tissues and in human serum showed that the concentrations of the hypnotically active compounds declined rapidly while inorganic bromide was eliminated much more slowly.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Response inhibition ; Taurine ; DRL schedule ; Rat ; Response transients ; Defecation ; Frustration ; Temporal discrimination ; Sudden reinforcement schedule changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats habituated to DRL 6-s schedules that required response inhibition in order to obtain reward did not alter their total responses or efficiency ratios (response/reinforcement) when placed ad libitum (orally) on 0.9% taurine (1.1±0.4 g/kg/24-h) relative to controls. In three separate experiments, taurine-administered rats did show significantly poorer adjustment profiles (higher response/reinforcement ratios) during the 15 min immediately following step-like increases in inhibition time demand to DRL 12 s. The effect was transient and was not significant in subsequent sessions. Taurine rats had been habituated to a DRL schedule intended to induce ‘frustration’ before the step-change did not differ from the taurine group maintained on the normal DRL schedule. No significant differences were noted between taurine and control groups, either before or after taurine administration or before or after the step-change in inhibition demand, with respect to defecation in the test chamber, daily fluid consumption, body weight or total responses. We concluded that oral taurine may inhibit learning during labile periods of adjustment following sudden changes of input demand but does not influence a well learned or established response pattern. These results imply taurine's role in the brain as a ‘stabilizer’ against short-term input fluctuations.
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  • 25
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    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Prostaglandins A1, E1, E2, F1α, F2α ; Intraventricular administration ; Rat ; Narcosis ; Catalepsy ; Amphetamine ; α ; MT ; PCPA ; Biogenic amines ; Turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prostaglandins (PGs) injected into the right lateral brain ventricle (i.v.c.) of the rat increased the sleeping time induced by hexobarbital, chloral hydrate, and ethanol. PGE1 and PGE2 intensified chlorpromazine-induced catalepsy, inhibited amphetamine hyperactivity, and significantly depressed the amphetamine-induced stereotypy. NA concentrations were decreased by PGE1 and PGE2 and were increased by PGF2α. PGF2α increased both 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in rat brain. “Total” ACh concentrations were increased by PGF1α and PGF2α. PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2α enhanced the turnover of NA, DA, and 5-HT. PGE2 counteracted the decreased activity induced by α-MT and abolished the hypothermic action of α-MT. PGF2α had little effect on the activity of PCPA pretreated rats, whereas the higher doses of PGF2α increased body temperature in these animals.
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  • 26
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    Psychopharmacology 48 (1976), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Rat ; Behavioral augmentation ; Rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The phenomenon of behavioral augmentation of tolerance (BAT) to ethanol (EtOH) in the rat was replicated in studies using the moving belt test of intoxication. Rats performing the test daily under the influence of EtOH (2.2 or 2.5 g/kg i.p.) developed tolerance more rapidly than those receiving the same dose after each daily session on the belt. However, both groups reached the same maximum level of tolerance. Acceleration of tolerance by BAT was proportional to the frequency of performance under the influence of EtOH when total exposure to EtOH was held constant. The degree of tolerance produced by BAT could not be increased by daily gavage with a large dose (6 g/kg) of EtOH. After termination of EtOH administration, tolerance produced by BAT was lost at the same rate, whether or not daily alcohol-free sessions on the belt test were given. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that BAT and conventionally produced tolerance differ only in rate.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Locomotor activity ; Tyrosine hydroxylation ; Catecholamines ; Ontogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A combined biochemical and behavioral study was performed postnatally on albino rats. An almost linear increase in total motor activity was observed from 1 to 15 days of age followed by a pronounced decrease in motor activity between days 15 and 18. The in vivo rate of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in whole brain was estimated by means of measuring accumulation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) after administration of an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase NSD 1015. Additionally, Dopa accumulation was studied in regional brain areas in 10 and 14-day-old animals. A slight gradual increase in the amount of Dopa accumulation in whole brain was observed from 1 to 10 days of age, followed by a pronounced increase between 10 and 14 days. Regional studies revealed that the increase in Dopa accumulation was primarily located to striatum. The data suggest an involvement of central catecholamine neurons possibly dopaminergic, terminating in striatum. The decrease in motor activity observed after 15 days of age is interpreted as involvement of maturing inhibitory pathways of noncatecholaminergic origin.
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  • 28
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    Psychopharmacology 46 (1976), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Clozapine ; Rat ; Brain ; Tryptophan ; Serotonin ; Neuroleptic drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clozapine, but not chlorpromazine, haloperidol, thioridazine, or loxapine, increases the concentrations of tryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the brain of the rat. This effect of clozapine is due to an increased serotonin synthesis as demonstrated by an enhanced accumulation of 3H-serotonin in the brain after i.v. infusion of 3H-tryptophan. Clozapine also elevates the plasma concentration of free tryptophan, and reduces the plasma concentration of total tryptophan. Therefore, clozapine may increase the brain serotonin concentration by enhancing the availability of tryptophan in the brain, thereby promoting serotonin synthesis. Measurement of the rate of disappearance from the brain of 3H-serotonin or of endogenous serotonin after synthesis inhibition with 6-fluorotryptophan shows that clozapine has no direct effect on the release and degradation of serotonin. The effect of clozapine on brain serotonergic systems may possibly be related to the pronounced sedative and sleepinducing properties of this drug.
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  • 29
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 292 (1976), S. 267-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Rat ; Hamster ; Hepatic microsomal drug metabolism ; Glucocorticoid interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of some glucocorticoids on hepatic microsomal biphenyl and aniline hydroxylations were investigated in rat and hamster. Steroids were either added to the standard incubation mixture or given as a single dose intraperitoneally before preparation of the liver microsomes for enzyme determination. The addition of steroids in vitro enhanced biphenyl-2-hydroxylation activity in hepatic microsomes of rat but not of hamster and the most pronounced effect was obtained with betamethasone. A similar species difference in the effects of betamethasone on this enzyme was also observed after administration of a single dose of the steroid in vivo.
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  • 30
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 293 (1976), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Pentetrazol ; Rat ; Pharmacokinetics ; Food ; Smooth muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It was the aim of this investigation to find out why pentetrazol (PTZ) administered orally to rats has considerably lower convulsive effectiveness than PTZ injected parenterally. It could be demonstrated that PTZ is distributed to and eliminated from all organs analyzed, without any sign of storage or of redistribution. Biological halftime was found to be about 3.5 h after subcutaneous injection. PTZ is absorbed slowly from the gastrointestinal tract because PTZ given orally is retained in the stomach for many hours. PTZ absorption is slow from the stomach while it is rapid from the small intestine. Food taken in before and after PTZ administration decreases the rate of PTZ absorption. Retention in the stomach of PTZ given orally is probably due to delayed gastric emptying since PTZ is able to reduce the basal tone and the acetylcholine-induced contractions of isolated preparations of the fundus of the stomach.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 285-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Castration ; Nuclear alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the nuclei of epithelial cells of the dorsal lobe of the rat prostate were studied 2, 3, 5, 7 and 21 days after castration. The nucleolus appears to undergo a progressive disorganisation with partial fragmentation and dispersion of its normal components. Changes in the nucleoplasm were primarily reflected by a condensation of chromatin, particularly along the nuclear membrane and adjacent to the nucleolus. Later, different types of intranuclear inclusions were observed. After 21 days, the nuclei were characterized by an irregular outline with large indentation. Within the nucleoplasm aggregates of coarse granular chromatin were found. No cell necrosis was observed, indicating that androgen deprivation results in a remodeling of the cell to a less active state with marked cellular alterations and cessation of secretion, but apparently with some of their basic functions still intact. Injections of testosterone completely reverse the castrated-induced alterations. The changes observed are assumed to be due to the withdrawal of the androgenic stimulus, with a direct influence on the secretory function of the cell. The findings support the view that the stimulating secretory effect of androgen is mediated via an intranuclear androgen receptor, probably located in the nucleolus-associated-chromatin. It is also proposed that the secretory function of the epithelial cells of the prostatic complex, initiated by androgens, may be regulated by an intranuclear secretory center.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 529-542 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Cerebral cortex ; Endothelial cells ; Intraendothelial lumen ; Interendothelial lumen ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Developing blood vessels in rat cerebral cortex were studied at a number of stages between 3 and 28 days postnatal, in an attempt to obtain data on the mechanisms by which the lumen is established within cords of mesodermal cells. A combination of techniques was utilized in an attempt to elucidate these mechanisms. These were: (a) aldehyde fixation and block staining with phosphotungstic acid; (b) aldehyde perfusion followed by perfusion of a lead solution and post-fixation in osmium tetroxide; (c) conventional preparation of tissue with aldehyde and osmium fixation. Support for interendothelial lumen formation was readily forthcoming, including vessels with junctions between two or more endothelial cells cut transversely. There was some support for intraendothelial lumen formation, in the form of “seamless” endothelial cells. Other features noted included the presence of free ribosomes and vacuoles in the endothelial cells, endothelial flaps, sprouts and tendrils, intraluminal debris, endothelial degeneration and a junction with a nonendothelial cell. Large numbers of endothelial vacuoles were noted, many of them occurring at the abluminal edge of the cells. These vacuoles may be involved in the formation of intraendothelial lumina and also in the enlargement of both types of lumina. This study provides evidence that besides the well-established inter-endothelial lumen formation, intraendothelial mechanisms may also be operative in rat cerebral cortex. The techniques employed in this study offer the potential for clarifying these and related issues.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 261-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Exercise ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four groups of male rats were exercised for periods of 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks with controls in each group. As a result of chronic exercise there was an increase in the width of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Also, there was an increase in the number and size of the mitochondria, and an increase in the quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and during the first 4 weeks of exercise an increase in the number of lipid droplets in the zona fasciculata. The close relationship between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, and the relationship between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the lipid droplets suggests a possible means for a transport mechanism for movement of precursors between these organelles.
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  • 34
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 303-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Supraependymal cells ; Third ventricle ; Hypothalamus ; Hypophyseotropic area ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The supraependymal cells (SEC) are a normal component of the wall of the cerebral ventricles. In the hypothalamic area of the third ventricle they are restricted, in healthy animals, to the ependymal projection of the hypophyseotropic area. Here the SEC show great polymorphism. In addition to bipolar, multipolar and stellate or spider-like cells, transitional forms between these types can be seen. Their perikarya and processes can either remain at some distance from the ependyma or be in close contact with it. The processes may protrude between the ependymal cells or show surface differentiations that resemble the thin cytoplasmic folds of the mesenchymal wandering cells. Considering this and the variations in the number of cells, for example during the ovarian cycle, the SEC can be interpreted as mesenchymal cells, probably related to microglial cells of the subependymal layer. It is suggested that the SEC have a phagocytotic function and may be involved in the normal renewal of the ependyma. A definitive explanation for the restriction of the SEC to the hypophyseotropic area as well as the elucidation of their function remain to be found.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 117-131 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retino-hypothalamic projection ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Rat ; Axonal iontophoresis/cobalt precipitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The technique of cobalt sulfide precipitation combined with Timm's sulfide-silver method for intensification of heavy metals was used to delineate the retino-hypothalamic projection of the rat. Freshly isolated rat brains were dissected and a solution of cobaltous chloride was applied to one of the cut optic nerves. Sixteen hours later, after cobalt ions had passed into the brain along the entire length of the optic fibers, the preparation was treated with ammonium sulfide to precipitate the cobalt as cobalt sulfide. In thick light microscopic sections, cobalt-filled axons were visualized as black fibers against a light gold background. Such fibers were observed to leave the posterior medial portion of the optic chiasm and, after arching dorsally, to project into the posterior fifth of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), as well as into the rostral part of the arcuate nucleus. Neither bifurcation of these axons nor looping of the axons back to the chiasm was seen. Most fibers projected to the SCN contralateral to the filled nerve, but the projection represented less than 0.1 % of the total number of fibers in one optic nerve. These observations are considered to be graphic evidence of a retino-hypothalamic projection. The interpretation of the cobalt method is discussed, as are the functions of the connections that have been observed.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 43-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interdigitating cells ; Lymph node ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electronmicroscopic and cytochemical studies were performed to localize interdigitating reticulum cells (IDC) in the popliteal lymph node of the rat. The morphological features of the IDC of the rat correspond to those described for other species, but also show similarities to normal macrophages in the rat. This is considered to be an argument in favour of the common origin of IDC's and macrophages. Ultrahistochemical studies with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reveal no phagocytotic capacity of IDC's. After perfusion fixation containing ruthenium red (RR) the surface coat stains heavily: RR is also found deep in the membrane invaginations of the IDC, indicating the presence of polyanionic sialoglyco-proteins. The post-capillary-venules (PVC) are very permeable to both HRP and RR. The phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid stain (PTA-CrA) also reveals glycoproteins in the surface coat; these glycoproteins are susceptible to α-neuraminidase, whereas glycoproteins in the Golgi complexes, lysosomes and in the vesicular complexes of IDC are not. The glycoproteins of the latter are susceptible to 0.1 N NaOH. These findings indicate that IDC produce different kinds of glycoprotein, one of which may be secreted and act as a factor for stimulating peripheral T-lymphocytes. Intimate contact between IDC's and PCV's could be observed. It is therefore conceivable that IDC's play an important role in the homing of T-lymphocytes.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Monoamine ; ZIO reaction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The reaction of nerve endings in the median eminence of the rat to zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) staining was examined electron microscopically under normal and experimental conditions. The experimental condition of catecholamine exhaustion in the nerve endings was induced by the administration of H44/68 and reserpine. Vesicles in the terminals of catecholaminergic nerves reacted similarly to ZIO staining in both normal and experimental material. The majority of synaptic vesicles in various terminals gave a positive ZIO reaction. The neurosecretory elementary granules, however, failed to react with ZIO. On the other hand, some nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence showed a strong positive reaction in the cytoplasmic matrix, in mitochondria as well as in synaptic vesicles. These findings strongly suggest that the ZIO-positive substance in nerve terminals is not the transmitter itself, i.e. the monoamine, but rather represents a range of substances commonly found in various kinds of synaptic vesicles and is probably proteinaceous in nature. A brief discussion is also given on the difference in ZIO reactivity between neurosecretory elementary granules and small vesicles in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 407-412 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary primordium ; Cytodifferentiation ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rathke's pouches isolated from rat fetuses on day 12 were maintained in organ culture for 9 days and investigated immunohistochemically to test whether or not the hypothalamus is involved in the cytodifferentiation of the adenohypophysis. The unlabeled antibody enzyme method demonstrated that the cultured tissue contains different types of glandular cells, i.e., adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-, growth hormone (GH)-, luteinizing hormone (LH)-, thyrotropin (TSH)-, and prolactin-producing cells. Indirect evidence was also obtained to indicate the presence of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-cells. These findings suggest that adenohypophysial primordial cells of rats start to synthesize their respective hormones without stimuli from neurosecretory substances of the brain which are known to be essential for the maintenance of the secretory activity of the adult gland.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Tractus hypophyseus ; Diabetes insipidus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evidence has already been adduced suggesting that an increase in microtubular number occurs in the tractus hypophyseus of rats stressed by the administration of hypertonic saline, and of rats with congenital diabetes insipidus (CDI). Since the tractus hypophyseus in these animals shows high secretory activity, it seems likely that the microtubular increase reflects the participation of microtubules in axoplasmic transport. To exclude, however, a congenital microtubular abnormality in CDI, affected newborn rats were examined. In these, the microtubular number was normal, thus suggesting that the increase in microtubular number seen in adult animals was not a congenital morphological abnormality. However, by 4 days of age there was a slight but statistically significant increase in microtubular number in affected rats, a change probably attributable to increased secretory activity.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 375-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus luteum ; Autografts ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rat ovary has been transplanted successfully to subcutaneous tissue areas by several investigators. Light microscopy has revealed that corpora lutea in ovarian autografts are formed by luteinization of intact follicles and contain entrapped ova. In the present study, corpora lutea from autografted ovaries in castrate rats were obtained at metestrus and examined electron microscopically to determine whether their cellular morphology correlated with the normal progesterone levels in these animals. Cellular features usually accepted as regressive were apparent. The findings suggest either structural luteolysis is occurring before functional luteolysis or that the adrenal has increased steroidogenic activity in the castrate with ovarian autografts to account for the normal progesterone levels.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Portal vein ; Rat ; Adrenergic innervation ; Postnatal ; Ontogenesis ; Histofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the adrenergic innervation pattern in the rat portal vein has been studied with the histochemical fluorescence method of Hillarp and Falck. Stretch preparations and transverse freeze-dried sections of intact portal veins were studied from rats during the first 5 weeks of life and from adult rats. Orientation of undifferentiated smooth muscle cells into two layers was observed at 4 days of age. Dominance of the thick outer longitudinal muscle layer was apparent at two weeks of age. A terminal adrenergic nerve plexus with some varicosities was restricted outside the media at the end of the first week. Ingrowth of penetrating non-terminal adrenergic nerve fibers through the longitudinal muscle layer occurred during the second week of age when the main terminal nerve plexus was developing between the two muscle layers. After 3 weeks of age the adult pattern of a two-dimensional adrenergic plexus between the muscle was established. In the adult rat pharmacological treatment with nialamide and noradrenaline revealed the thin, penetrating non-terminal adrenergic nerve fibers in the longitudinal muscle layer which were poorly visible otherwise. The present observations strongly indicate that the main adrenergic plexus between the two muscle layers emanates directly from the outer axonal plexus. These findings are discussed regarding possible trophic interactions between ingrowing sympathetic adrenergic vasomotor nerves and maturing vascular smooth muscle.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 195-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen ; Rat ; Marginal sinus ; Marginal zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The marginal sinus in the spleen of the Wistar rat surrounds the follicle and has more numerous PAS positive fibers on the inner wall than on the outer wall. India ink- and lead oxide-gelatin were injected into the abdominal aorta. It was found that much of the india ink-gelatin accumulated in the marginal sinus, the marginal zone, and part of the red pulp, while most of the lead oxide-gelatin collected in the marginal sinus. Ultrastructurally, the capillaries of the follicle were found to open into the marginal sinus. Regions not perforated by the marginal sinus lie between the follicle and the marginal zone. The wall of the marginal sinus is discontinuous and the discontinuities are wider on the marginal zone side than on the follicle side. The relationship of these findings is discussed.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Rat ; Innervation ; Three-dimensional reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the carotid body of adult rats was studied by means of serial ultrathin sections. A single branching nerve fiber innervates 12 chief cells through several kinds of terminals (vesicle-containing, mitochondrial sack, and calyx-type) in en-passant and bouton forms. Two types of synaptic contacts between nerve terminals and chief cells are found; type 1 in which chief cells are postsynaptic, and type 2 in which chief cells are presynaptic. Since a single nerve fiber (possibly from the glossopharyngeal nerve) forms both types of synapses with type 2 predominating, the nerve fiber is considered basically sensory or centripetal. In addition to their synaptic connections with sensory nerve fibers, chief cells located in the periphery of this organ are in synaptic relation with dendrites of a few ganglion cells adjacent to these cells. Here the chief cells are presynaptic. A few synaptic contacts between two adjacent chief cells are seen, and so are direct contacts between chief cells and preganglionic efferent nerve fibers terminating on ganglion cells.
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  • 44
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    Keywords: Exocytosis, endocytosis ; Freeze-etching ; Electron microscopy ; Membrane particles, rosettes ; Neurohypophysis, neurosecretion ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Images have been obtained from freeze-etch replicas of neurohypophyses which are consistent with the view that orderly arranged aggregates of membrane particles occur in regions where fragments of membrane are being added to and taken away from the plasma membrane during secretion. Aggregates of particles included rosette-like and necklace-like patterns similar to those described by other authors at sites of exocytosis and endocytosis.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 165 (1976), S. 239-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Rat ; Catecholamines ; Paraganglionic cells ; Monoamine synthesis inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monoamine storage sites in paraganglionic (PG-)cells of the rat superior cervical ganglion were investigated by electron and fluorescence microscopy following treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), disulfiram or guanethidine respectively. Dense core vesicles in PG-cells are significantly decreased (p〈 0.001) in number following pCPA, and in the majority of these cells following disulfiram and guanethidine. However in a minor portion of PG-cells the latter agents cause an increase in number and in size of dense core vesicles, in parallel with structural alterations. In agreement with these electron microscopic findings fluorescence microscopic and cytophotometric evaluations reveal a general decrease in catecholamine content with few cells showing an increase. The findings provide a morphological basis for the assumption, that monoamine storage sites in PG-cells can be decreased by inhibition of monoamine synthesis, following administration of pCPA, disulfiram and guanethidine. However the two types of responses of PG-cells which occur after disulfiram and guanethidine demonstrate a functional heterogeneity of this cell system in the rat superior cervical ganglion which is discussed.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 135-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic ribbons ; Pineal organ ; Rat ; Ultracytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synaptic complexes of the rat pinealocytes are neither cholinergic nor adrenergic. In the synaptic vesicles, a neurotransmitter carrier substance of lipid nature reacting with OsO4-Zn I2 mixture (similar to that present in both cholinergic and adrenergic vesicles) was not found. In addition, there were no indications of glucose-6-phosphatase or thiamine-pyrophosphatase activity in the synaptic vesicles. Thus, it appears that the synaptic vesicles do not originate from the rough or smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The synaptic ribbons do not contain carbohydrates, are of protein nature and possess some chemical resemblance to microtubules and microtubular bouquets. Appropriate ultracytochemical reactions have not shown detectable quantities of sodium and calcium ions in pinealocyte synaptic complexes.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 411-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of radioactivity in the rat hypothalamus after intraventricular injection of tritiated luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was studied by autoradiography and compared with that expected from Fick's second law which defines the character of ordinary diffusion. The results suggest that LH-RH penetrates through the ependyma and thin subependymal layer in the median eminence and into the suprachiasmatic area by ordinary diffusion. By contrast, concentration of radioactivity in outer layers of the median eminence is increased and, therefore, can not be explained by the diffusion law. In this region incorporation of radioactivity into cell bodies was demonstrated. In the subependymal layer of the median eminence a few rows of silver grains seemingly located in cellular processes were also observed. The diffusion coefficient in the periventricular zone was lower than that in the deeper tissue. It is suggested that the ependymal-subependymal complex of the third and lateral ventricles acts as a passive membrane towards LH-RH contained in the cerebrospinal fluid. The significance of this mechanism for the intrahypothalamic transport of RHs is discussed.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 549-559 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamic-hypophysial-adrenal axis ; Rat ; Development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adrenal glands of decapitated and encephalectomized fetal rats were investigated electron microscopically and compared to those of normal intact fetal rats. Although the adrenal cortices did not show three zones (zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis) on the 16.5th day of gestation when the decapitation or encephalectomy was carried out in utero, the zonation was recognized in fetuses operated on the 21.5th day of gestation. The same was true for normal control fetuses. However, cytoplasmic characteristics suggesting steroidogenesis in the cortical cells were reduced to various degrees in the encephalectomized or decapitated fetuses, especially in the latter ones. The change in cytoplasmic appearance was more conspicuous in the inner portion of the cortex. This result suggests that for the maintenance of normal adrenocortical function the hypothalamus may be indispensable even during the prenatal life of rats.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 179-191 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epiglottis ; Rat ; Elastic cartilage ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Chondrocytes of the rat epiglottis contain large amounts of glycogen and lipids, which often make the cells resemble fat cells. The content of lipids is interpreted as being related to the function of the cells. The membranes of some of the large vacuoles are stained with ruthenium red. The cells give rise to long cytoplasmic processes. As in hyaline cartilage the intercellular substance consists of a fine network containing proteoglycan granules together with thicker cross striated fibers. Furthermore elastic fibers are found, consisting of amorphous and microfibrillar parts. In the matrix, both lysosome-like granules and more or less empty vesicles are observed. Accumulations of a finely particulate electron dense material and of a translucent amorphous material containing membrane bound granules are found in some lacunae situated in the outer part of the cartilage. These accumulations are possibly related to the development of collagenous and elastic fibers.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Rat ; Sinusoid ; Pit cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pit cells — a new type of cell first described here and so named because they contain highly characteristic granules — are situated in the wall of rat liver sinusoids, and have hyaloplasmic pseudopodia intermingling with the microvilli of the parenchymal cells. The characteristic granules are mainly situated at one side of the nucleus, the other side showing organelle-free hyaloplasm. Pit cells are also found in portal tracts and in granuloma-like cellular aggregates. They also occur in rat peripheral blood, although there are morphological differences between cells in these two sites. Pit cells can be regarded as regular inhabitants of the sinusoidal wall, and therefore belong to the series of sinusoidal cells, i.e., the endothelial (Wisse, 1972), Kupffer (Widmann et al., 1972; Wisse and Daems, 1970; Wisse, 1974a,b), and fat-storing cells (Ito, 1973). Pit cells do not phagocytose and do not react to a great number of experimental conditions, to which endothelial and Kupffer cells do react (Wisse, 1972, 1974b). Mitosis has been observed in a pit cell. The function of pit cells remains obscure, but an endocrine function is suggested by the morphology of their highly characteristic granules.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 543-554 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Dog ; Basal cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the basal cells of rat lateral and ventral prostate and of dog prostate has been studied. Basal cells from both species appear as undifferentiated cells, characterised by a lack of cytoplasmic organelles and a poorly developed Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. The presence of cytoplasmic filaments and micropinocytosis is not considered to be sufficient evidence to assume any similarity to myoepithelium, as has been previously suggested. Basal cells are instead considered to be precursors of secretory epithelial cells.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 83-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 6-hydroxydopamine ; Extraneuronal effects ; Rat ; Adrenal ; Tissue culture ; Electron microscopy ; Microspectrofluorimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of various concentrations of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) on rat adrenocortical cells in tissue culture were studied with phase contrast and electron microscopy. With 40 mg/l of 6-OHDA the first signs of alteration as revealed by microcinematography appeared in isolated cortical cells as early as 15 min after addition of the drug. There was a cessation of movement of cell organelles and an immobilisation of membrane undulations followed by the development of dark inclusion bodies. The cells underwent increasing shrinkage and collapsed by 11/2 h. Chromaffin cells were not affected until 45 min after exposure to the drug and neurons were the most resistant population. However 61/2 h after application of the drug most cells in the culture were dead. 6-OHDA applied in different doses and to adrenal expiants did not alter the sequence of events. Ultrastructurally cortex cells underwent damage along two lines: they either showed lytic changes or developed various types of dense bodies before reaching the lytic stage. Treatment of cortical cells with 40 mg/l 5-or 6-OHDA followed by exposure to buffered 2% glyoxylic acid and heat did not produce a fluorescence within the cells. Microspectrofluorimetry on amine models with noradrenaline, 5- and 6-OHDA revealed that neither 5-nor 6-OHDA are capable to form a fluorophore with glyoxylic acid.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian autografts ; Autonomic innervation ; Ovarian steroids ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ovaries were removed from female rats and immediately autografted into a subcutaneous pouch in the flank in order to quantitate the relationship of graft re-innervation, steroid secretion and vaginal smear pattern. Animals were killed at three time periods: three days after grafting, on the first day a cornified vaginal smear appeared and at the first metestrus. In addition, control animals were killed at metestrus. Plasma samples were obtained from all rats and analyzed for estradiol-17β and progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay. At the first day of vaginal cornification after grafting, plasma estradiol-17β (45.8±4.0 pg/ml) was elevated in comparison to controls at metestrus (24.0±2.6 pg/ml), but plasma progesterone (21.5±4.0 ng/ml) was not different (30.6±1.7 ng/ml). Subsequently, at the first metestrus following grafting, plasma estradiol-17β (23.0±3.5 pg/ml) was comparable to control values. In contrast, progesterone was decreased (17.5±1.9 ng/ml). A definite correlation was detected between the vaginal smear and plasma levels of steroid hormones in the castrated female rat with subcutaneous ovarian autografts. Histochemical techniques were used to study the adrenergic and cholinergic innervations of grafts three days after grafting, at the first day of vaginal cornification, and at the first metestrus. No correlation was shown between density of adrenergic or cholinergic innervation and plasma levels of estradiol-17β and progesterone or onset of a cycling vaginal smear.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 133-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cornea ; Nerves ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the corneal nerves of the rat was studied in tissue fixed by immersion in and by perfusion with glutaraldehyde-containing fixatives. Of the four types of axonal terminal identified in the nerves, those with the features of adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were confined to the nerves at the limbus and were concentrated in the perivascular plexuses. The remaining two types of terminal were found on axons located in all parts of the cornea and on both intraepithelial axons and axons in the stromal nerves. Of these, one contained the numerous mitochondria which occur in the terminals of axons associated with known mechanoreceptors and the second contained variable and often small numbers of both clear and large dense-cored vesicles. While most of the mitochondria-containing terminals were seen in nerves located near the periphery, vesicle-containing terminals were numerous in all of the nerves, and especially in those in the avascular cornea. In material fixed by immersion in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde, the vesicle-containing terminals appeared to be dilated, but in material fixed by perfusion there was little evidence of any increase in the diameter of the axons in the terminal regions. The structure of the terminals was compared with that of the terminals of axons identified in the nerves of the skin and the urinary tract and the differences in the vesicle content of the terminals to those reported in other studies of the corneal nerves was related to the use of different fixation procedures. The possibility that axons possessing such terminals are identical with the beaded axons and both the cholinesterase-positive and fluorescent axons demonstrated in light microscopical studies of the corneal nerves is discussed, and the widespread distribution of the axons in the cornea is equated with the hypothesis that they are afferent in nature and represent the peripheral receptors for pain impulses.
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  • 55
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    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 343 (1976), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Coloncarcinoma ; Cholecystectomy ; Rat ; 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine ; Bile ; Acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die experimentelle Studie gilt dem Coloncarcinom und dem Problem seiner möglichen Entstehung nach einer vorausgegangenen Cholecystektomie. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin (DMH) induzierte Dickdarmkanzerogenese der Maus durch die Entfernung der Gallenblase signifikant gesteigert werden kann. 70% der cholecystektomierten Tiere, denen 10mal 15 mg/kg DMH subcutan injiziert wurde, hatten nach 20 Wochen einen Dickdarmkrebs. Dagegen wiesen nur 16% der nichtoperierten Tiere (bei sonst gleichen Bedingungen) ein Coloncarcinom auf. Als Ursache des karzinogenen Einflusses der Cholecystektomie wird die verstärkte Bildung sekundärer Gallensäuren durch die Darmbakterien, sowie der Fortfall der Resorptionsständigkeit der Gallenblase für lebergängige Karzinogene diskutiert. Den klinischen Hintergrund für diese experimentelle Studie bildet die Tatsache, daß 10% aller Dickdarmkrebskranken in der chirurgischen Anamnese eine Cholecystektomie aufweisen.
    Notes: Summary The influence of cholecystectomy on the development of carcinoma of the colon is investigated. The experimental results show a significant high rate of carcinoma of the colon induced by subcutaneous injection of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin (DMH) in the mouse after cholecystectomy. After 10 weekly injections of 15 mg/kg DMH 70% of the animals with cholecystectomy developed carcinoma. Only 16% of the mice with similar treatment but without cholecystectomy had carcinoma. The cocarcinogenic effect of cholecystectomy is assumed to be due to the increased production of secondary bile salts by the colonic bacteria and the lacking of the resorptive function of the gall bladder for some carcinogenic substances passing through the liver. The background of this experimental studies is the clinical findings that 10% of patients with carcinoma of the large bowels had a cholecystectomy previously.
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 96-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium metabolism ; Strontium metabolism ; Fracture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La relation entre la résorption du85Sr et du47Ca était mesuré au tibia et fémur des rats 24 heures après l'injection. La différence entre les manches et les bouts était, remarquable, mais pas entre les os séparates; en les tibiae, qui etait fracturé depuis 7 semaines et guéries, la relation etait identique à celui des tibiae manches normals. On a présumé que la découverte était due à des différences qualitatives plustot que quantitatives entre les procédé de minéralisation dans l'os cortical et trabeculair.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis zwischen der Abnahme von85Sr und47Ca wurde von der Tibia und Femur 24 Std nach der Injektion bei Ratten gemessen. Man fand einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Schaften und den Enden, aber nicht zwischen den verschiedenen Knochen. In 7 Wochen alten, verheilten Tibiafrakturen war das Verhältnis genau so wie in einem normalen Tibiaschaft. Das Resultat berechtigte zu der Annahme, daß der Unterschied in dem Mineralisierungsprozeß zwischen corticalen und spongiösen Knochen wahrscheinlich qualitativ und nicht quantitativ ist.
    Notes: Abstract The ratio between the uptake of85Sr and47Ca was measured in the tibiae and femora of rats 24 h after injection of the tracers. There was a significant difference between shafts and ends but not between the different bones; in healed tibial fractures, 7 weeks old, the ratio was identical to that of normal tibial shafts. The findings were interpreted to be related to qualitative rather than quantitative differences in mineralization between cortical and trabecular bone.
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    Anatomy and embryology 129 (1969), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system ; Sexual differentiation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogenetic development of the hypothalamic nuclei of the rat was examined from the 16th post-coital day to adult age in both sexes, which were determined separately. The following conclusions have been drawn: 1. The hypothalamus is visible already before the 16th day of gestation. 2. The walls of the third ventricle are first composed of primitive cell layers, from which the migration of neurons proceeds on the 15th or 16th day. At this stage the differentiation of the wall of the third ventricle occurs: the germinal-, mantle-and marginal layers appear. 3. The differentiation of the nuclei starts, with some exceptions, before the 19th day of gestation. 4. Nn. suprachiasmaticus, supraopticus, periventricularis anterior, arcuatus and one part of paraventricularis differentiate from the lateral border of the germinal layer. Nn. ventromedialis, dorsomedialis, hypothalamicus anterior, praeoptici, praemamillaris ventralis, praemamillaris dorsalis, mamillaris medialis, mamillaris lateralis and the greater part of paraventricullaris differentiate from the mantle layer. Lateral nuclei, of which only nucleus tuberomamillarius has been described, differentiate from the marginal layer. 5. Some nuclei which belong to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal area have a peak in their differentiation during the critical period when the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis also starts. 6. It is stated that the development of the nuclei in the rat hypothalamus compared to that of the other mammals is similar only to that of the mouse. It takes place quite slowly before and after birth. 7. Sexual differences are not to be seen in the development of the nuclei.
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    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; experimental diabetes ; hydrochlorothiazide ; N-monomethyl-acetamide ; discrepancy between serum immunoreactive insulin and suppressible insulin-like activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Aucun effet diabétogène ni hyperglycémiant aigu de l'hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) n'a été décelé par des déterminations de la glycémie à jeun (avant et 2–8 h après l'administration d'HCT) et de la tolérance au glucose effectuées chez des rats normaux et des rats sensibilisés à un effet diabétogène par une pancréatectomie subtotale ou par l'injection d'une dose subdiabétogène d'alloxane, au cours d'un traitement de 6 semaines par des doses de 50–200 mg/kg · jour d'HCT p. o. — De fortes doses (plus de 3 ml/kg) de N-monométhylamide de l'acide acétique (NMMAA), solvant qui fut utilisé dans la préparation d'une solution injectable commerciale d'hydrochlorothiazide, ont par contre exercé des effets diabétogènes très marqués chez le rat. Toute dose léthale de NMMAA a induit chez cet animal un syndrome diabétique, c'est-à-dire une hyperglycémie progressive avec aeido-cétose métabolique, ressemblant au syndrome diabétique aigu induit par l'injection d'une forte dose de sérum anti-insulinique. — Des fractions de doses léthales administrées quotidiennement pendant plusieurs jours ont exercé des effets diabétogènes et léthaux cumulatifs: la substance ou l'un de ses métabolites toxiques apparaît persister longtemps dans l'organisme du rat.-Des doses subléthales de NMMAA ont induit une hyperglycémie réversible d'une durée de quelques jours. Nous avons donc constaté que le diabète produit par le NMMAA était soit transitoire soit léthal. Aucun signe de toxicité ne s'est manifesté au cours d'un traitement de 6–8 mois par des doses inférieures à 0,5 ml/kg · jour. — Chez les rats intoxiqués par une dose léthale de NMMAA, une corrélation positive très significative a été notée entre les valeurs sériques d'insuline immuno-réactive (IRI) et les valeurs de glycémie. Bien qu'ils aient été, à glycémie comparable, supérieurs à ceux constatés dans le sérum de rats normaux après surcharge de glucose, les taux d'IRI se trouvant dans le sérum des rats intoxiqués n'ont pas été en mesure de s'opposer à l'élévation régulière de la glycémie jusqu'à la mort. — L'effet hypoglycémiant d'insuline cristalline porcine est apparu inhibé chez les rats intoxiqués par le NMMAA, comparé à l'effet observé chez des rats normaux ou en diabète alloxanique.-Utilisant l'augmentation de l'oxydation du premier atome de carbone du glucose-l-C14 par le tissu adipeux épididymaire du rat, in vitro, comme index métabolique de l'activité insulino ïde du sérum (ILA), nous n'avons pas constaté, dans le sérum des rats intoxiqués et en état de forte hyperglycémie, des taux d'ILA significativement supérieurs à ceux présents dans le sérum de rats témoins à jeun. Alors que, chez des rats normaux, la fraction de l'ILA sérique supprimable par sérum anti-insulinique (SILA) s'élevait fortement, comme l'IRI, au cours de l'hyperglycémie induite par une surcharge de glucose, cette fraction SILA n'est pas apparue en quantités décelables dans le sérum des animaux intoxiqués. L'IRI sérique de ces animaux n'a donc semble-t-il pas exercé d'effet «insulin-like» sur le tissu adipeux isolé de rat normal.-Les faits observés amènent à la conclusion que les rats intoxiqués par le NMMAA inactivent et l'insuline endogène et l'insuline exogène. Bien qu'ayant perdu son activité métabolique, l'insuline endogène inactivée reste immunologiquement compétente.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Große Dosen von Hydrochlorothiazid (50–200 mg/kg/Tag, oral) über einen Zeitraum von 5–6 Wochen riefen weder eine Steigerung der Nüchternblutzuckerspiegel, noch eine Herabsetzung der Glucosetoleranz bei normalen Ratten oder Ratten hervor, deren Empfindlichkeit gegenüber diabetogenen Substanzen durch eine subtotale Pankreatektomie oder durch subdiabetogene Dosen von Alloxan erhöht worden war. 8 Std. nach einer Einzeldosis von 50 mg/kg Hydroehlorothiazid fand sich keine Blutzuckererhöhung. Dagegen hatten große Dosen (über 3.5 ml/kg) des Lösungsmittels N-Monomethylacetamid (NMMAA), das vorübergehend zur Herstellung eines injizierbaren Hydrochlorothiazidpräparates gedient hat, deutliche diabetogene Effekte bei Ratten. Letale Dosen von NMMAA führten immer zu einem diabetischen Syndrom, d.h. fortschreitende Hyperglykämie mit Ketonämie und metabolischer Acidose, das mit dem diabetischen Syndrom nach Verabreichung großer Mengen von Anti-Insulin Serum große Ähnlichkeit aufwies. Bruchteile der letalen Dosis, die wiederholt an aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen gegeben wurden, summierten sich in ihrer diabetogenen und letalen Wirkung : NMMAA oder seine wirksamen Abbauprodukte scheinen längere Zeit im Organismus zu persistieren. Subletale Dosen von NMMAA lösten eine reversible Blutzuckererhöhung für einige Tage aus. Der durch NMMAA hervorgerufene Diabetes war also entweder reversibel oder tödlich. Die Langzeitbehandlung mit Dosen unter 0.8 ml/kg führte auch nach 6–8 Monaten zu keinerlei toxischen Anzeichen. Bei Ratten, die mit letalen Dosen von NMMAA vergiftet wurden, stiegen die Insulin-und Glucose-Spiegel im Blut gleichsinnig an, wobei das Insulin ähnliche Konzentrationen wie bei normalen Ratten erreichte, bei denen orale oder i.v. Glucosezufuhr zu einer entsprechenden Blutzuckersteigerung geführt hatte.-Das während der NMMAA Hyperglykämie sezernierte Insulin bewirkte also keine Blutzuckersenkung. Im Gegensatz zu der glucoseinduzierten Hyperglykämie bei der normalen Ratte stieg die mit Antiinsulin hemmbare insulinähnliche Aktivität während der NMMAAHyperglykämie nicht auf meßbare Werte an, d.h. das IRI der vergifteten Tiere schien auf normales, isoliertes Fettgewebe keinen insulinähnlichen Effekt auszuüben.-Die blutzuckersenkende Wirkung von exogenem SchweineInsulin war bei mit NMMAA vergifteten Ratten niedriger als bei Normaltieren oder Ratten mit Alloxandiabetes.-Diese Befunde veranlassen zu der Schlußfolgerung, daß mit NMMAA vergiftete Ratten exogenes und endogenes Insulin inaktivieren, wobei das inaktivierte endogene Insulin trotz des Verlustes seiner Stoffwechsel-wirkung immunologisch aktiv bleibt.
    Notes: Summary Large doses of hydrochlorothiazide (50-200mg/kg/day p.o.) given for 5 to 6 weeks did not induce any increase in the fasting blood-sugar concentration, nor any decrease of glucose tolerance in normal rats and in rats “sensitized” toward diabetogenic agents by a subtotal pancreatectomy or by a sub-diabetogenic dose of alloxan. No increase in blood sugar was found in the 8 h following a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg of hydrochlorothiazide. —Large doses (〉 3.5 ml/kg) of the solvent N-monomethyl-acetamide (NMMAA), used at one time in the preparation of one brand of hydrochlorothiazide for injection, on the other hand, exerted marked diabetogenic effects in the rat. Lethal doses of NMMAA always induced a diabetic syndrome, i.e. progressive hyperglycaemia with ketonaemia and metabolic acidosis resembling the diabetic syndrome induced by large doses of antiinsulin serum. Fractions of lethal doses given repeatedly on successive days had additive diabetogenic and lethal effects: the drug or its toxic metabolites appeared to persist for a long time in the organism.-Sublethal doses of NMMAA induced a reversible hyperglycaemia of some days' duration. Thus the diabetes induced by NMMAA was either transitory or lethal. Chronic treatment with doses 〈 0.8 ml/kg/day did not induce any signs of toxicity within 6–8 months. In the rats intoxicated with lethal doses of NMMAA, the serum concentration of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) increased simultaneously with the glycaemia, and attained the same levels as in normal rats with similar blood glucose concentrations established by oral or i.v. loads with glucose.-The insulin secreted during NMMAA hyperglycaemia, thus, did not lower the blood sugar. During NMMAA hyperglycaemia, in contrast to glucose-induced hyperglycaemia in normal rats, the fraction of the insulin-like-activity of the serum suppressed by anti-insulin serum (SILA) did not rise to detectable levels : i. e. the IRI of the intoxicated animals did not appear to exert an insulin-like effect on normal isolated adipose tissue.-The blood-sugar-lowering effect of exogenous porcine insulin was depressed in rats intoxicated with NMMAA in comparison with normal animals or animals with alloxan-induced diabetes.-The findings lead to the conclusion that rats intoxicated with NMMAA inactivate exogenous as well as endogenous insulin. Although losing its metabolic activity, the inactivated endogenous insulin remains immunologically competent.
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    Experimental brain research 9 (1969), S. 63-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine nerve terminals ; Cortex cerebelli ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The monoamine innervation of the cerebellum of the rat has been studied by both in vivo and in vitro techniques using the histochernical fluorescence method for the demonstration of catecholamines (CA) and certain tryptamines. By way of a pharmacological approach using inter alia protriptyline, which acts mainly by blocking the membrane pump of the noradrenaline (NA) neurons, evidence was obtained that CA nerve terminals in the cerebellum mainly represent NA nerve terminals. These were found to innervate practically all parts of the cerebellar cortex with a patchy innervation pattern and with an innervation of especially the anterior and posterior lobes. The terminals mainly seem to make axodendritic contacts in the molecular and granular layers without any strict localization of the terminal plexus to any special plane of the cerebellar folia. The fibers enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle and run in the white matter of the cortex cerebelli. Incubation studies with 6-hydroxytryptamine indicate that there exists also a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) innervation of the cortex cerebelli, although not as pronounced as the NA innervation. The 5-HT nerve terminals are very fine, varicose fibers and innervate mainly the molecular layer, especially of the anterior lobe. The terminals run mainly in the transverse plane of the folium parallel to the surface. Thus, the pattern of innervation of these 5-HT afferents is different from that of the NA nerve terminals. In the uvula, structures which may represent the “rosettes” of the mossy fibers or golgi axon terminals in the granular layer take up and accumulate monoamines after incubation with amine in vitro. The exact nature of these structures remains to be elucidated.The cerebellar nuclei receive a very low to low degree of innervation of NA and 5-HT nerve terminals.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 262 (1969), S. 53-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cardiac Glycosides ; Intestinal Absorption ; Rat ; Guinea Pig ; Herzglykoside ; enterale Resorption ; Ratte ; Meerschweinchen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Durchtritt und Bindung von 3H-markiertem Ouabain, Digitoxin, Digoxin, Peruvosid und Proscillaridin wurden am isolierten, durchströmten Dünndarm von Ratten und Meerschweinchen in vitro untersucht. 2. Der Durchtritt der Glykoside durch die Darmwand ist proportional der Konzentration. Für die Penetrationsfähigkeit ergibt sich bei der Ratte die Reihenfolge: Digitoxin, Peruvosid, Proscillaridin = Digoxin, Ouabain; für das Meeschweinchen: Proscillaridin, Peruvosid = Digitoxin, Ouabain, Digoxin. 3. Die Bindung von Digitoxin im Darmgewebe ist bei Ratte und Meerschweinchen am größten. Das Verhältnis der Glykosid-Gehalte pro g Gewebe und pro ml Durchströmungsflüssigkeit betrug bei der Ratte für Digitoxin 3,3, für Ouabain 0,18, für Digoxin 0,6, für Peruvosid 1,1 und für Proscillaridin 1,2; beim Meerschweinchen für Digitoxin 4,2, für Ouabain 0,8, für Digoxin 0,16, für Peruvosid 0,9 und für Proscillaridin 1,4. 4. Auch in vivo, an abgebundenen Jejunumschlingen nimmt bei Ratten die resorbierte Menge proportional mit dem Angebot zu. Die Retention hängt vor allem von der mit der Galle ausgeschiedene Menge ab. 5. Es ergab sich kein Anhaltspunkt dafür, daß bei der Resorption der Glykoside ein Prozeß mit begrenzter Kapazität limitierend wird.
    Notes: Summary 1. Penetration and binding of tritiated ouabain, digitoxin, digoxin, peruvosid and proscillaridin were studied on isolated segments of the small intestine of rats and guinea pigs in vitro. 2. Penetration of glycosides through the intestinal wall is proportional to concentration. In rat intestine the penetration rate follows the order: digitoxin, peruvosid, proscillaridin = digoxin, ouabain; in guinea pig intestine: proscillaridin peruvosid = digitoxin, ouabain, digoxin. 3. In intestinal tissue of rats as well as of guinea pigs binding of digitoxin is highest. The relation of the glycoside content per g intestine to the content per ml perfusion fluid in the rat is 3.3 for digitoxin, 0.18 for ouabain, 0.6 for digoxin, 1.1 for peruvosid and 1.2 for proscillaridin; in the guinea pig 4.2 for digitoxin, 0.8 for ouabain, 0.16 for digoxin, 0.9 for peruvosid and 1.4 for proscillaridin. 4. Also in vivo the absorption of glycosides in tied loops of rat intestine is proportional to the amount offered. The retention of glycosides depends mainly on the excretion via the bile. 5. There is no indication that the absorption of glycosides depends on a process of limited capacity.
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    Psychopharmacology 16 (1969), S. 139-146 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Metrazol ; Memory ; Discrimination Learning ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the first experiment rats were trained in black-white discrimination, then injected with 7.5, 10.0, or 15.0 mg/kg of pentylenetetrazol (Metrazol) or saline. Injections were given immediately or 15 min following training. The animals were retested 24 hours later. Improved performance was observed for drug groups, but the extent of improvement was a joint function of the amount of drug and the time at which it was given. Animals given 10 mg/kg showed greater retention when injection was delayed. In a second experiment animals were given spaced trials in a position discrimination task, extending over a period of several days. Following each day's, session, animals were injected with pentylenetetrazol or saline at intervals of 0, 5 or 10 min. A maximum facilitation effect was obtained at the 10-min interval.
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    Pflügers Archiv 306 (1969), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: (Na+K+)-ATPase ; (Mg++)-ATPase ; Rat ; Nephron ; Quantitative Histochemistry ; (Na+K+)-ATPase ; (Mg++)-ATPase ; Ratte ; Nephron ; Quantitative Histochemie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 17 male Wistar rats in antidiuresis 10 different nephron segments and arteries are identified with the aid of Lowry's technique, dissected and total-and (Mg++)-adenosintriphosphatase (=ATPase) determined. (Na+K+)-activated ATPase in the distal tubule is four to five times (max. eight times) more active than in the proximal segment. This difference of activity may speak for a high pump mechanism mediated by the way of a (Na+K+)-activated enzyme system in the distal nephron and for a partially passive reabsorption of sodium from the proximal convolution.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Ascorbic Acid Excretion ; Hepatic Ascorbic Acid Concentration ; Early Injury ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Rat ; Ascorbinsäure-Ausscheidung ; Leber-Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration ; Frühschädigung ; Tetrachlorkohlenstoff (CCl4) ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von CCl4 auf die Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration in der Leber und die Ascorbinsäure-Ausscheidung mit dem Harn wurde bei erwachsenen Ratten innerhalb der ersten 22 Std nach der Applikation untersucht. In der Frühphase der CCl4-Wirkung kommt es zum Anstieg der Konzentration in der Leber. Der früheste signifikante Anstieg wurde 30 min nach der Applikation beobachtet. Das Maximum wurde dosisabhängig zwischen 90 und 180 min erreicht. Das Anwachsen der Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration in der Leber wird mit einer Aktivitätssteigerung vorhandener an der Ascorbinsäure-Synthese beteiligter Enzyme erklärt. Der Erhöhung der Leber-Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration folgt ein dosisabhängiger Abfall mit einem Minimum 12 Std nach der Applikation, der mit einer gleichfalls dosisabhängigen Erhöhung der Ascorbinsäure-Ausscheidung verbunden ist. Danach kommt es zu einem im zeitlichen Verlauf dosisabhängigen Wiederanstieg der Leber-Ascorbinsäure-Konzentration.
    Notes: Summary The effects of carbon tetrachloride on the concentration of ascorbic acid in the liver and on ascorbic acid excretion in the urine of adult rats were studied over a period of 22 hours after intraperitonal application. During the initial phase of the carbon tetrachloride effect, there results an increase in the concentration of ascorbic acid in the liver. The earliest significant rise was observed 30 minutes after application. The maximal rise came between 90 and 180 minutes, depending on the dose. The increase in the ascorbic acid concentration in the liver is explained by an increase in activity of those enzymes present which participate in ascorbic acid synthesis. The enhancement of hepatic ascorbic acid concentration is followed by a dose-related decrease which reaches a minimum 12 hours after application and which is accompanied by a silmultaneous increase in ascorbic acid excretion. Thereafter in the course of time, there results a renewed dose-dependant increase in the ascorbic acid concentration in liver.
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 212 (1969), S. 243-253 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: 3-Acetylpyridine ; Cortical and Subcortical Leads ; Rat ; 3-Acetylpyridin ; Corticale und subcorticale Ableitungen ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von zahlreichen neurochemischen und neuropathologischen Veröffentlichungen über die 3-Acetylpyridin (3-AP)-Vergiftung der Ratte wurde die bioelektrische Aktivität im Cortex und in subcorticalen Gebieten bei 15 3-AP-vergifteten Ratten studiert. Bei den künstlich beatmeten Tieren wurden mit Hilfe eines stereotaktischen Gerätes rostfreie Stahlelektroden im Hippocampus, Mandelkern, in der Formatio reticularis, im N. septi lateralis und N. caudatus sowie Silberelektroden im Cortex implantiert. Während der akuten 3-AP-Vergiftung konnten weder corticale noch subcorticale bioelektrische Veränderungen beobachtet werden. Vor und während der 3-AP-Vergiftung wurde die Formatio reticularis und der N. caudatus gereizt. Auch hierbei ergaben sich keine Unterschiede. Am Ende der Versuche wurde Cardiazol i.p. injiziert und regelmäßig eine diffuse Krampfaktivität provoziert. Die Befunde werden mit den elektrophysiologischen, neuropathologischen, neurologischen und neurochemischen Beobachtungen anderer Autoren diskutiert mit dem Ergebnis, daß die sog. Rollkrämpfe nach 3-AP-Vergiftung wahrscheinlich in der Hauptsache auf Läsionen der unteren Oliven zurückgeführt werden müssen.
    Notes: Summary Numerous neurochemical and neuropathologioal experimental studies concerning the 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) poisoning of the rat have been previously published. In this paper the results of experiments on the bioelectrical activity in the cortex and in subcortical areas are presented on 15 rats poisoned with 3-AP. Stainless steel electrodes were implanted stereotactically in the hippocampus, nucleus amygdalae, formatio reticularis, nucleus septi lateralis and nucleus caudatus, and silver electrodes on the cortex of the artificially respirated animals. During the acute 3-AP poisoning neither cortical nor subcortical bioelectrical changes could be observed. The effect of stimulation on the formatio reticularis and the nucleus caudatus was not altered by the 3-AP intoxication. At the end of the experiments metrazol was injected intraperitoneally and in all cases diffuse convulsive discharges could be evoked. The findings are discussed and compared with the observations of other authors. The findings are comparible with the hypothesis that the so called “Rollkrämpfe” after 3-AP poisoning are caused by lesions in the oliva inferior.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 265 (1969), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Digitoxose ; Metabolism ; Liver Enzymes ; Excretion ; Rat ; Digitoxose ; Stoffwechsel ; Leberenzyme ; Ausscheidung ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An NAD dependent “digitoxose dehydrogenase” has been demonstrated in extracts from rat liver; the Km values of this enzyme have been determined. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis shows that there are at least four different proteins capable of oxidizing digitoxose. After i.p. injections of digitoxose into normal rats 53.3% of the deoxysugar injected are excreted in the animals' urine as digitoxose, digitoxonic acid or digitoxonic-γ-lactone. The corresponding figure for adrenalectomized rats instead of normal animals is 68.3%-“Digitoxose dehydrogenase” of the rat liver seems to be a constitutive enzyme. The increased excretion of digitoxonic-lactone following adrenalectomy can be interpreted as a “permissive effect” of the adrenal hormones upon digitoxose metabolism beyond the stage of the digitoxonic lactone.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 262 (1969), S. 405-418 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Chelating Agents ; Isotopic Dilution ; Radioactive Iron ; Rat ; Chelatbildner ; Isotopische Verdünnung ; Radioeisen ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Chelatbildner auf die Verteilung und Ausscheidung von trägerfreiem und isotopisch verdünntem Radioeisen bei der Ratte untersucht. Während bei gleichzeitiger Verabfolgung der Chelatbildner die Retention in allen Geweben herabgesetzt wird, führt die nachträgliche Verabreichung zu einer nur geringfügigen Mobilisierung von Depoteisen aus Leber und Milz. Die Wirksamkeit ist im Falle von isotopisch verdünntem Radioeisen größer. Äthylendi-(α-o-hydroxyphenyl)glycin, 2-(β-Aminoäthoxy)cyclohexylamintetraacetat und Desferrioxamin B erwiesen sich als die wirksamsten Verbindungen, wobei jedoch die hohe Toxicität der ersteren die praktische Verwendung ausschließt.
    Notes: Summary The influence of various chelating agents on the distribution and excretion of radioiron, carrier-free or diluted with stable carrier, was studied in rats. Simultaneous administration of chelating agents lowers the retention of radioactive iron in all tissues whereas after delayed treatment a small fraction of storage iron can be removed from liver and spleen. The efficacy is higher in the case of isotopically diluted radioactive iron. The most effective compounds are ethylenedi-(α-o-hydroxyphenyl)glycine, 2-(β-aminoethoxy)cyclohexylaminetetraacetate, and desferrioxamine B. The practical value of the former chelator, however, is excluded by its high toxicity.
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 264 (1969), S. 55-75 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestinal Blood Mow ; Intestinal Absorption ; Drugs ; Jejunum ; Rat ; Darmdurchblutung ; Resorption ; Pharmaka ; Jejunum ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei Urethan-narkotisierten Ratten wurde eine Jejunumschlinge mit14C-markierten Arzneimitteln in gepufferter isotonischer Kochsalzlösung mit einem pH von 6–8 (Amidopyrin, Anilin, Antipyrin, Benzoesäure, Salicylsäure) und einem pH von 2,2–3,0 (Amidopyrin, Benzoesäure) perfundiert. 2. Wurde die Durchblutung von etwa 1,5 auf 0,2 ml/min · g Feuchtgewicht gesenkt, dann nahm die Resorptionsrate aller Arzneimittel ab. Wurde umgekehrt die Durchblutung von anfänglich niedrigen Werten auf hohe Werte gesteigert, dann stieg die Resorption der nichtionisierten Arzneimittel in entsprechender Weise an, während die Resorption der ionisierten Arzneimittel nicht beeinflußt wurde. Bei gleichbleibender mittlerer Durchblutung (0,6–0,7 ml/min · g) blieb die Resorptionsrate der nichtionisierten Arzneimittel (mit Ausnahme von Amidopyrin) konstant, während sie bei den ionisierten über einen Zeitraum von 60 min um 15–22% abnahm. 3. Das abweichende Verhalten der ionisierten Arzneimittel gegenüber Durchblutungsänderungen wird auf folgenden Mechanismus zurückgeführt: maßgebend für ihre Resorption ist der leicht saure und von der Perfusionslösung weitgehend unabhängige pH-Wert (virtual pH) in einem Bereich unmittelbar an der Mucosaoberfläche (microclimate). Eine verminderte Mucosadurchblutung führt nicht nur zu einer Verringerung der Dränagewirkung (die alle Pharmaka betrifft), sondern auch zu einer hypoxischen Schädigung des Zottenepithels und einer Anderung des virtuellen pH, die nur die Resorption der ionisierten Arzneimittel beeinträchtigt.
    Notes: Summary 1. Jejunal loops were prepared in anaesthetized rats and perfused with14C-labelled drugs in buffered isotonic saline solutions at pH 6–8 (amidopyrine, aniline, antipyrine, benzoic acid, salicylic acid) and at pH 2.2–3.0 (amidopyrine, benzoic acid). The blood flow in the loops and the absorption rate of the drugs were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.5 to O.2 ml/min X g wet tissue diminished the absorption rate of all drugs, whereas an increase of the blood flow from low to high values caused only an increased absorption rate of the unionized but not of the ionized drugs. When the blood flow was held constant (0.6–0.7 ml/ min X g wet tissue), the absorption rate of the unionized drugs (with the exception of amidopyrine) remained constant, whereas the absorption rate of the ionized drugs decreased by 15–22% within 60 min. 3. The different reaction of the ionized drugs to blood flow alterations is assumed to be due to the following mechanism: the absorption of the ionized drugs is substantially favoured by a “virtual pH” near the mucosal border which is slightly acidic and largely independent of the pH within the gut lumen. A period with insufficient mucosal blood flow results not only in a diminished drainage of the mucosa-which affects the absorption rate of all drugs-, but also in a hypoxic impairment of the epithelium and its capability to maintain the “virtual pH”. This failure affects only the absorption rate of the ionized drugs.
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  • 68
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 150 (1969), S. 354-360 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Chelating agents ; Toxicology ; Intestine ; Rat ; Chelatbildner ; Toxikologie ; Darm ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die s. c. Verabfolgung von Na2 [Ca-ÄDTA] und Na3 [Ca-DTPA] in unterschiedlichen Dosen führt zu einer Degeneration der Mucosa des Dünndarms, wobei sich eine sehr gute quantitative sowie qualitative Korrelation zwischen chelat- bzw. dosisabhängiger Schädigung und Letalität zeigt.
    Notes: Summary Subcutaneous administration of different doses of Na2 [Ca-EDTA] und Na3 [Ca-DTPA] leads to a severe damage of the mucosa of the small intestine. This lesion shows a close qualitative and quantitative relation to the lethal effects of the chelators.
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  • 69
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 151 (1969), S. 64-73 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Tourniquet-shock ; Kinins ; Postischemic edema ; Protease inhibitor ; Rat ; Tourniquet-Schock ; Kinine ; Postischämisches Ödem ; Proteinaseninhibitor ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im doppelseitigen Tourniquet-Schock mit vierstündiger Ischämie und 28°C Umgebungstemperatur starben die Kontrolltiere nach rund 2 Std unter Entwicklung eines postischämischen Ödems. Mit dem Proteinaseninhibitor Trasylol konnte sowohl das Ödem vermindert als auch das Überleben verlängert werden. Als günstigste Dosis erwies sich eine Gabe von 25000 KIE/kg kurz vor Tourniquet-Lösen. Danach überlebten von 20 Tieren 13 (65%) die vierfache Zeit von Kontrollen, während sich 7 (35%) völlig erholten. Durch intravenöse Applikation vor Anlegen der Tourniquets konnte zwar die lokale Ödementwicklung gehemmt, die Überlebenszeit aber nicht verbessert werden. Daraus wird auf mindestens zwei Angriffspunkte der Trasylolwirkung geschlossen.
    Notes: Summary In experiments with tourniquet application on both hind legs for 4 h at a temperature of 28°C throughout the experiments the controls succumbed about 2 h after tourniquet release, developing postischemic edema. The development of the edema could be diminished by the protease inhibitor Trasylol as well as the survival time could be prolonged. The optimal effect was seen with the injection of 25000 KIE per kg body-weight i.v. just prior to tourniquet release. In this group of 20 animals 13 (65%) survived four times the time of the controls and 7 (35%) recovered completely. By intravenous injection just prior to the application of the tourniquets the local edema could also be diminished but the survival time could not be prolonged. It is concluded that the Trasylol effect must be brought about by at least two modes of action.
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  • 70
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 151 (1969), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Rat ; Nephron ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; ATPases ; Quantitative Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary With three phosphohydrolases, i. e. alkaline phosphatase (Na+K+), ATPase and (Mg++) ATPase, a segmentation of the proximal tubule and a marked difference between the short (superficial) and long (Juxtamedullary) nephron is revealed by quantitative histochemistry. With the exception of the superficial nephron of the male rat, alkaline phosphatase activity increases along the proximal tubule independent of sex. (Na+K+) ATPase and (Mg++) ATPase show in both types of nephrons a decrease of activity along the proximal tubule. The juxtamedullary nephron is more active than the superficial. Parallelism of the site of avtivity for alkaline phosphatase and the location of reabsorption of phosphate ions is discussed. Morphological and physiological data from the literature are brought into connexion with the enzymatic changes of a (Na+K+) ATPase activity decrease.
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  • 71
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 151 (1969), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Postischemic edema ; Protease inhibitor ; Trasylol ; Diminishing effect on edema ; Rat ; Postischämisches Ödem ; Proteinaseninhibitor ; Trasylol ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Intravenöse Trasylolgabe kann die Entwicklung eines postischämischen Ödems in proportionaler Dosisabhängigkeit zwischen 10000 und 35000 KIE pro Kilogramm Körpergewicht hemmen. Die intensivste, gegenüber einer Dosis von 35000 KIE//kg KG aber nicht viel stärkere Hemmwirkung, wird mit 50000 KIE/kg KG bei intravenöser Injektion kurz vor Tourniquet-Lösen erreicht. Gaben bis zu 2 1/2 Stdvor und 1 Stdnach Lösen des Tourniquets zeigen ebenfalls noch einen gewissen Effekt. Eine deutliche Wirkung ist auch dann zu erzielen, wenn Trasylol vor Abschnüren der Extremität gegeben wird. Dabei ist der Wirkungsmechanismus nicht eindeutig. In Frage kommt, daß die Entstehung gefäßaktiver Peptide verhindert wird oder daß Trasylol direkt permeabilitätsmindernd auf die Gefäße wirkt.
    Notes: Summary Intravenous injection of Trasylol can stop the development of postischemic edema in a proportional dose response relationship between 10000 and 35000 KIE per kg body weight. The most intensive effect was seen with 50000 KIE per kg injected just prior to the release of the tourniquet, but this effect was not much stronger than with 35000 KIE. An effect could still be demonstrated when Trasylol was given until 2 1/2 h prior to or 1 h after tourniquet release. A marked effect could be obtained even if Trasylol was given prior to tourniquet application. So far the mode of action is not clear. It might be possible, that the development of vasoactive peptides is hindered or that Trasylol has a direct diminishing effect on the permeability of the vessels.
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  • 72
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 151 (1969), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Hexacyanoferrate(II) ; Thallium ; Rat ; Hexacyanoferrat(II) ; Thallium ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die orale Verabfolgung der kolloidalen Fe(III)-, Co(II)- und Ni(II)-Hexacyanoferrate(II) bewirkt eine starke Herabsetzung der Retention von oral oder intravenös verabreichtem Thallium(I) durch die Organe der Ratte. Die Effektivität ist höher als die des sogenannten unlöslichen Berliner Blau.
    Notes: Summary Oral administration of colloidal Fe(III)-, Co(II)- and Ni(II)-hexaoyanoferrates(II) leads to a markedly diminished retention of orally or intravenously administered thallium(I) by the organs of the rat. The efficacy surpasses that of the so-called insoluble Prussian Blue.
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  • 73
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 150 (1969), S. 70-75 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Nitrogen balance ; Man ; Rat ; Stickstoffbilanz ; Mensch ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Stoffwechselbilanzversuche unter dem Kriterium des minimalen Stickstoffumsatzes bei Bilanzausgleich werden am Menschen wie an der Laboratoriumsratte mit der gleichen analytischen Genauigkeit ausgeführt. Versuche an Ratten haben — im Gegensatz zu früher ermittelten Resultaten an Menschen — ergeben: 1. Der Ersatz von Eiprotein-N durch Ammonium-N führt in jedem Mischungsverhältnis zu einer Erhöhung des Stickstoffumsatzes. 2. Methioninzulagen zu Ei/NH4 +-Gemischen bleiben ohne Einfluß auf die Stickstoffumsatzgröße. 3. Eine allgemeine Möglichkeit zur Übertragung von Ergebnissen der Rattenversuche auf den Bedarf des Menschen an Stickstoffträgern besteht für die Bilanzmethode nicht.
    Notes: Summary Metabolism trials under conditions of minimum nitrogen input and nitrogen equilibrium yield the same analytical accuracy (reproducibility of results within a standard deviation of ±1.5%) with men and with rats. In contrast to results with men published formerly, experiments with rats show the following: 1. Replacement of egg protein by non-essential nitrogen (diammoniumcitrate) in any proportions leads to increased nitrogen requirements. 2. Addition of methionine to mixtures of egg protein and ammonia is of no influence on the dimension of nitrogen requirements. 3. A possibility for deducing men's nitrogen requirements from minimum balance results with rats (or vice versa) thus apparently does not exist.
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