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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (152)
  • 1900-1904
  • 1976  (152)
  • Ultrastructure  (106)
  • Rat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 343 (1976), S. 307-311 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Ulcerative colitis ; Carrageenan ; 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine ; Adenocarcinoma ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Tierversuch wurde die Frage geprüft, ob der Dickdarm bei bestehender Colitis zur malignen Entartung disponiert ist. Männliche Wistarratten erhielten nach Induktion einer Colitis ulcerosa (durch Verabreichung von 4%igem Carrageenan im Trinkwasser) das dickdarmspezifische Karzinogen 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin (DMH; Gesamtdosis 132 mg/kg Körpergewicht subcutan während 7 Wochen). 17 von 18 Tieren entwickelten 15 Wochen nach der letzten Injektion des Karzinogens multiple Adenocarcinome im distalen Colon; dieser Dickdarmabschnitt war auch der bevorzugte Ort der Carrageenan-induzierten Colitis. In einem Kollektiv von Kontrolltieren (n = 18), welche nur DMH erhalten halten, erkrankten im gleichen Zeitraum lediglich 3 Ratten an einem Coloncarcinom. Der Unterschied ist statistisch signifikant (P 〉 0,01). Carrageenan allein wirkte nicht als Karzinogen. Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Colitis ulcerosa auch im Tierversuch als Krebsrisikokrankheit aufzufassen ist.
    Notes: Summary Animal experiments were performed to answer the question whether ulcerative colitis is predisposed to malignant degeneration.-Male Wistar rats were given aqueous solutions of degraded Carrageenan (4%; w/v). After induction of ulcerative colitis, 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH; 132 mg/kg body weight) was applicated during a period of 7 weeks. 17 of 18 rats developed multiple adenocarcinomas in the distal colon 15 weeks after the last injection of DMH. The Carrageenan induced colitis was localized predominantly in the distal part of the large bowel. Only 3 rats of a control group of 18 animals exposed to DMH only showed carcinomas of the colon. The difference is proven significant (P 〈 0.01). Carrageenan for itself caused no malignancy.-The results of the experiments demonstrate that, during ulcerative colitis, the colon of the rat is more susceptible to induction of cancer than the intact one.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Rat ; liver damage ; thoracic duct ; thermocoagulation ; lymphedema ; 3H-thymidine ; autoradiography ; electron microscopy ; Ductus-thoracicus-Blockade ; Rattenleber ; 3H-Thymidin ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 90 männlichen und weiblichen, weißen Sprague Dawley Ratten wurden autoradiographische Untersuchungen mit3H-Thymidin nach experimenteller Blockade des Ductus thoracicus unternommen. Dabei zeigte sich im akuten Versuch kein nennenswerter Einfluß der intrahepatischen Lymphstase auf den DNS-Einbau in die Kerne der Hepatozyten bzw. Sternzellen. Bei den Langzeittieren (20–360 Tage) lagen die Markierungsindices der Hepatozyten geringfügig über denjenigen gleich alter, gesunder Kontrolltiere. Bei 14 männlichen und weiblichen, weißen Sprague Dawley Ratten führten wir zusätzlich elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen in der Leber durch. Dabei fanden sich im akuten Versuch ein intra- und extra-zelluläres Ödem sowie Schädigungen läppchenperipherer Hepatozyten. Nach 12–15 Tagen haben sich diese Veränderungen weitgehend zurückgebildet. Somit scheint eine intrahepatische Lymphstase keinen nachhaltigen Einfluß auf das Regenerationsverhalten der Leberzellen auszuüben.
    Notes: Summary Autoradiographic studies with3H-thymidine were done in 90 male and female white Sprague Dawley rats following thermocoagulation of the thoracic duct at the base of the neck. In the acute stages of these experiments we were unable to find any significant influence of a lymphedema on the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. In the longterm experiments the labelling indices of the hepatocytes were slightly above those of healthy controls of the same age. In another 14 male and female white Sprague Dawley rats we did electron microscopical investigations of the liver. In the acute phase of the experiment we found an intra- and extrahepatic edema as well as damages of the hepatocytes at the periphery of the liver acini. After 12–15 days these findings have regressed. It seems therefore that an intrahepatic lymphedema does not influence the regenerative capacity of the liver to a marked extend.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Inhibited regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron micrographs of the left hypoglossal nucleus were quantitatively analyzed in adult rats 52 to 98 days after transection of the left hypoglossal nerve and implantation of the proximal stump into the already innervated ipsilateral sternomastoid muscle, a procedure which prevented the transected nerve from regenerating. Many presynaptic boutons with clear spherical synaptic vesicles and symmetrical synapses were lost from the injured perikarya and dendrites. Some perikarya and dendrites (and, rarely, boutons) became electron dense, and astrocyte or microglial sheaths partly surrounded them. Numbers of dendrite profiles in the neuropil decreased. These statistically significant effects persisted throughout the postoperative period, whereas after axotomy with unimpeded nerve regeneration, these features would have returned to normal by 84 days postoperatively. It was therefore suggested that their recovery depended upon successful regeneration and reconnection of the hypoglossal nerve with the tongue. Subsurface cisterns, and profiles containing unusual inclusions, were numerically normal 52 to 98 days postoperatively, so it was suggested that their early response and recovery after simple axotomy might be entirely dependent on nerve disconnection and not on nerve reconnection.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 193-202 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Trigeminal nerve ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular recordings were obtained from inferior olivary neurones of the rat. The responses of fifty neurones evoked by electrical stimulation of a branch of the trigeminal nerve were recorded. Maxillary nerve stimulation was most effective. The response was characterized by an early discharge (single spike and wave, typically with latencies between 16 and 30 msec) and a weak late discharge which followed a period of inhibition of about 100 msec. Half of the neurones responded to one branch of the trigeminal nerve only whereas the other neurones displayed a varying degree of convergence, including sometimes a convergence from limb nerves. Forty-nine olivary neurones were tested for cutaneous receptive fields. Ten out of these had small receptive fields (〈20% of the contralateral face) and a low threshold to mechanical stimuli. Twenty neurones which had larger receptive fields responded also to low-threshold or to medium-threshold (i.e. non-nociceptive) mechanical stimuli. None of the neurones displayed receptive fields more extensive than half of the contralateral face and some of the larger fields had a small, low-threshold focus. Olivary neurones responding to electrical stimulation of trigeminal nerves or mechanical stimulation of the face were located in the medial segment of the olivary complex (dorsal accessory and principal olive). A few cells only were located in the lateral segment. It is concluded that neurones of the inferior olive receive a substantial input from trigeminal afferents and are capable of transmitting precise somatotopical information to the cerebellum.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 369 (1976), S. 215-227 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Kaposi's sarcoma ; Endothelial cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Das wesentliche histologische Substrat des M.K. ist charakterisiert durch eine Proliferation von Zügen spindelförmiger Zellen, durch zellig begrenzte Gefäßspalten und durch eine geringfügige zellulär-entzündliche Begleitreaktion. 2. Die Zellen, welche die Gefäßspalten begrenzen, vehalten sich wie Capillarendothelzellen. Sie zeigen eine starke alkalische Phosphatase-Reaktivität und eine deutliche Leucinaminopeptidase-Aktivität; sie enthalten typische Weibel-Palade Granula. 3. Die ultrastrukturelle Analyse der Tumorzellen läßt ferner gefäßsprossenartige Formationen mit und ohne Lumen erkennen, an deren Ausbildung in der Hauptsache wenig ausdifferenzierte Endothelzellen beteiligt sind. Daneben erscheinen fibroblastoide Tumorzellen die sich möglicherweise von den Perithelzellen herleiten lassen. 4. Typisch für M.K. sind Extravasation und Phagocytose von Erythrocyten mit intracytoplasmatischem Abbau und Einlagerung myelinartiger, an Schwannzellen erinnernde Figuren. 5. Folgerung: Der M.K. ist gekennzeichnet durch eine multifokale Neubildung kapillarartiger Strukturen mit einer progressiven sarkomatösen Entwicklung.
    Notes: Summary 1. Histologically, Morbus Kaposi is primarily characterized by a proliferation of streams composed of spindle-shaped cells, by vascular slits lined by cells, and by a minor cellular inflammatory reaction. 2. The cells lining the vascular slits resemble endothelial cells and exhibit strong alkaline phosphatase activity and a clear leucinaminopeptidase activity. They contain Weibel-Palade bodies. 3. The ultrastructural analysis of the tumor cells shows a proliferative formation resembling capillary sprouts with and without lumina. The lumina are composed primarily of poorly differentiated endothelial cells. A second typical cellular component are fibroblast-like tumor cells possibly derived from perithelial cells. 4. Indicative of M.K. are also extravasation and phagocytosis of erythrocytes with intracytoplasmic decomposition, and storage of myelinlike structures somewhat resembling Schwannian-cells. 5. Conclusion: M.K. is characterized by a multifocal neoplasia of capillary like structures and by a progressive sarcomatous development.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 371 (1976), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Compound cilia ; Axial filament complex ; Bronchitis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Atypical cilia in the bronchial mucosa of non-smoking women and in guinea-pig lungs were studied by the electron microscope. In human cases, numerous compound cilia were observed in the main bronchi. The largest one contained about 40 axial filament complexes in a ciliary shaft. Occasionally, atypical basal bodies were also seen. In the experimental model in guinea-pigs, 50% oxygen at one atmospheric pressure damaged the bronchial surface and resulted in degeneration and reduction of cilia and pellicular structures. The injury was not sufficiently severe to initiate adaptation and reparative mechanisms in the bronchial mucosa, and rapid renewal of the surface structures was found. The human cases were associated with bronchogenic carcinoma but the experimental model suggested that atypical cilia were not always related to pulmonary carcinogenesis.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 372 (1976), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Cirrhosis ; Liver ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface features of single cells and of multicellular tissue units in cirrhotic rat livers have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cirrhosis of the liver was produced in rats by simultaneously treating them with carbon tetrachloride and sodium phenobarbital. Connective tissue septa consisted of a loose mesh-work of fibers in which fibroblasts were embedded. The arrangement and surface features of hepatocytes in cirrhotic nodules differed from those found in parenchyma of normal livers. Hepatocytes in cirrhotic nodules universally formed plates two cells thick. The portion of the hepatocyte surface covered by microvilli was greatly increased in cells from cirrhotic livers, and this was reflected in a corresponding reduction in the area occupied by the smooth-surfaced narrow intercellular space. Canaliculi between hepatocytes in cirrhotic livers were reduplicated and frequently branched. Hepatocyte surfaces covered by microplicae and flattened microvilli, typical of connective tissue-facing surfaces in normal livers, were greatly increased in cirrhotic livers corresponding to the increase in connective tissue. Where hepatocytes directly contacted fibroblasts (and not fibers), their surfaces were entirely smooth. Sinusoidal endothelial cells in cirrhotic livers contained only isolated, relatively sparse pores, and they lacked both sieve plates (pore complexes) and large fenestrations.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 371 (1976), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Giant cell granuloma ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Cell function ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die mehrkernigen Riesenzellen des zentralen Riesenzellgranuloms entstehen durch Zellfusion aus den Pericyten der Kapillaren. In der vorliegenden Studie werden die Funktionsmerkmale der Riesenzellen durch Kombination histologischer, histochemischer und elektronenmikroskopischer Methoden untersucht. In den mehrkernigen Riesenzellen ließen sich in Übereinstimmung mit älteren Untersuchungen die lysosomalen Enzyme saure Phosphatase und Aminopeptidase nachweisen. Das lysosomale System der Riesenzellen befähigt diese zur aktiven Phagocytoseleistung. Darüber hinaus können sich die Riesenzellen neugebildeten Geflechtknochenbälkchen anlagern und osteoclastäre Funktionen übernehmen. Die enzymhistochemische und funktioneile Ähnlichkeit mit den mehrkernigen Osteoclasten wirft die Frage nach einer vergleichbaren Cytogenese beider Zellformen auf.
    Notes: Summary Multinucleated giant cells in giant cell granuloma are formed by cell fusion of capillary pericytes. In our present study we tried to analyze cell function and activity by histologic, histochemical, and electronmicroscopic examination of giant cells. Lysosomal enzymes such as acid phosphatase and amino-peptidase were found in giant cells which is in agreement with former work. By their lysosomal system giant cells are proved phagocytic. In addition, giant cells being localized at trabecular surfaces of newly formed woven bone may develop osteoclastic functions. The enzymatic and functional resemblance of giant cells and multinucleated osteoclasts points to the possibility of a similar cytogenesis of both cell types.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 371 (1976), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Canine mammary gland ; Mixed tumor ; Myoepithelial cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch Spindelzellen fischzugartiger Verbände in 19 Mammamisehtumoren von Hündinnen untersucht. Die elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde sprechen dafür, daß es sich bei den spindeligen Tumorzellen meist um Zellen myothelialen Ursprungs handelt. Es wurden jedoch auch spindelzellige Verbände gefunden, die aus Fibroblasten bzw. Pibrocyten bestehen. Im lichtmikroskopischen Bereich ist eine sichere Unterscheidung nicht in jedem Fall möglich.
    Notes: Summary Spindle cells of myomatous formations of 19 canine mixed mammary tumors were studied by light and electron microscopy. The EM findings indicate that the spindleshaped tumor cells are mostly of myoepithelial origin. However there were also formations of spindle cells which consisted of fibroblasts or fibrocytes. By light microscopy they are not always clearly distinguishable.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Thyroid ; Mucosal neuromas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic and histochemical studies of thyroid tumor, tongue neuromas and eyelid neuromas from the lesions of a patient with medullary thyroid carcinoma were compared. In the thyroid tumor, a significant number of the C cells showed heterogeneity of granule types; no C cells, however, were identified in the tongue and eyelid neuromas. Amyloid was clearly shown by Congo red staining in the thyroid neoplasm and in the tongue neuromas. In all tissues, amyloid fibrils were found to be ultrastructurally closely associated with fibroblasts. These fingings suggest that the fibroblast rather than the C cell may have played the important role in the deposition of amyloid in this patient's thyroid carcinoma.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 370 (1976), S. 163-175 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Central giant cell granuloma ; Histogenesis ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisherige Untersuchungen an zentralen Riesenzellgranulomen des Gesichts-Kieferbereiches haben die Histogenese dieser tumorähnlichen Knochenerkrankung nicht klären können. Wir untersuchten daher zwei bioptisch gesicherte zentrale Riesenzellgranulome unter dieser Fragestellung histochemisch und elektronenmikroskopisch. Histochemisch findet sich eine enge Enzymverwandtschaft zwischen den mehrkernigen Riesenzellen und den Pericyten der Kapillaren, die das Granulom dicht durchsetzen. Elektronenmikroskopisch zeigen sich typische Membranphänomene der Zellfusion zwischen den mehrkernigen Riesenzellen und den Pericyten. Die für das Granulom charakteristischen mehrkernigen Riesenzellen entstehen daher durch Zellfusion aus den Pericyten, die als ihre Stammzellen angesehen werden müssen. Da die Pericyten das Granulom auch in Form zahlreicher blinder Kapillarsprossen durchsetzen, erklärt sich die Entwicklung einer Vielzahl von Riesenzellen. Die Ursachen, die diesem Verhalten der Pericyten aetiologisch zugrunde liegen, sind unbekannt. Ob die Cytogenese der Riesenzellen des zentralen Riesenzellgranuloms Modellcharakter hat und analog auch für die Entwicklung von Riesenzellen in anderen Gewebsneubildungen oder für die Enstehung der mehrkernigen Osteoclasten gilt, muß weiteren Untersuchungen vorbehalten bleiben.
    Notes: Summary Until now numerous studies on central giant cell granuloma of jawbones have not been able to reveal the histogenesis of this tumourlike lesion. The aim of the present investigation in two surgically proven cases was to study this question by means of histochemical and electron-microscopic methods. Rather similar histochemieal properties were shown in giant cells and pericytes of capillary sprouts penetrating the granuloma. Cell fusion occurred between both cell types as was observed by electron microscopy. The process of cell fusion is defined by characteristic interdigitations of cell membranes. Therefore pericytes are believed to be the stem cells of multinucleated giant cells in giant cell granuloma. The abundance of giant cells usually occurring in the granuloma might be explained by plenty of capillary sprouts made up by clusters of pericytes. The factors inducing the pericytic cell fusion process are still unknown. The question arises whether cytogenesis of giant cells in giant cell granuloma might be similar in other giant cell lesions or even in the development of multinucleated osteoclasts.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 372 (1976), S. 205-226 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the terminal ductal-lobular unit (TDLU) of the normal, resting female breast is described. Tissue used conformed to strict criteria for normal. 4 distinct cell types, were observed, epithelium, myoepithelium, macrophages and lymphocytes. A gradation in structure, especially of myoepithelium, was found between the ductule tip and intralobular duct, apparently reflecting the age and function of each region. Cilia originating from the myoepithelial cells are possibly sensory in function. Epithelial vesicular inclusions may represent minimal secretory activity, transport of material across the cell, or be lysosomal in nature. The capillaries in close contact with the delimiting fibroblasts of the epithelial-stromal junction (ESJ) are described and the zone designated the capillary-fibroblast junction (CFJ). The CFJ is conceived as a regulatory unit similar to the ESJ, and may contribute to dysplasia due to biochemical or functional alterations, or to disruption of the microvascular geometry.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 59 (1976), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Zygospore ; Mycorrhizal fungus ; Flaming crown
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructural organization of the spores of the sporocarp of Endogone flammicorona was studied. Two types of organization are described. Initially the spore possessed a vacuolate protoplasm and was bound by two cell wall layers. The spore was surrounded by a hyphal mantle formed of a sheet of vacuolized hyphae with uniformly thin walls. Secondly, although the ultrastructural features of the spore appeared the same, it was now surrounded by a hyphal mantle with unevenly thickened walls (i. e., the so-called flaming crown) due to the gradual and irregular deposition of granules and lamellae. This crown gives the spore its most commonly observed morphological feature and is the preminent character employed taxonomically to speciate Endogone flammicorona Trappe & Gerdemann.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: CRF-granules ; Sodium chloride ; Adrenalectomy ; Rat ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bilaterally adrenalectomized female SPF Wistar rats were given tap water containing various concentrations of sodium chloride to drink ad lib. After a survival period of 14 days the animals were killed by perfusion-fixation. Their brains were removed, fixed in pieric acid formalin solution and embedded in Paraplast. Serial sections of median eminence and hypophysial posterior lobe were cut and stained with crotonaldehyde-fuchsine. In the stained sections the amount of CRF-granules visible in the external zone of the median eminence, and the amount of “classical” neurosecretory material (NSM) occuring in the internal zone of the median eminence and in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis were estimated. After administration of drinking solutions to which 0%–1% sodium chloride were added, the amount of CRF-granules increased with increasing NaCl uptake, whereas the amount of “classical” NSM was not changed. Application of tap water containing 2% NaCl led to a marked decrease in the amount of “classical” NSM but did only slightly impair the amount of CRF-granules. From the findings it is concluded that 1. following bilateral adrenalectomy administration of sodium chloride inhibits the secretion of CRF-granules; 2. CRF-granules and “classical” NSM, although histochemical identical, have different functional significances; 3. the mechanisms regulating the secretion of CRF-granules are different from those controlling the release of “classical” NSM.
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  • 15
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    Anatomy and embryology 149 (1976), S. 323-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Oculomotor nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Synapses ; Membrane apposition ; Motoneurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure, of the somatic efferent portion of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve was studied in four adult cats. The neuronal population is composed of neurons of variable size. A continuous pattern of morphological aspects is evident between the large neurons, which show abundant cytoplasm with well developed organelles and the small neurons which have a reduced amount of cytoplasm. The dendrites are generally smooth, with few short spines. Axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses are numerous. Synaptic boutons are also present on the axon hillock. The neuropil is characterized by the occurrence of small groups of dendrites which may be in direct touch with their membranes. Direct membrane appositions may also occur between neighbouring neurons and between the cell somata and tangentially running dendrites. Generally beneath the site of apposition there is accumulation of mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, coated vesicles and moderately dense amorphous material. The morphological features suggest the possibility of cellular interchanges at the sites of direct membrane apposition. Five types of synaptic boutons were recognized on the basis of their vesicular content, the presence of abundant filaments in the pre-synaptic bag, the occurrence of post-synaptic specializations. The, different synaptic types and their distribution are similar to those reported in the spinal motor nuclei. Many of the synapses make synaptic contacts with two or more post-synaptic elements. Axo-axonic synapses were also observed.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Perivascular contact ; HIOMT ; Median eminence ; Adrenal cortex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pineal organ of the female rat, proportional changes in the area of contact of pinealocyte processes and glial processes with the perivascular space were found after bilateral adrenalectomy. The contact area was evaluated by measuring the length of pinealocyte and glial cell membranes directly abutting on the basal lamina. In the normal female rat, 40% of the contact area is occupied by pinealocyte and 60% by glial cell processes. Fourteen days after bilateral adrenalectomy, this proportion is reversed. In addition, cell counts demonstrate that more pinealocytes gain access to the pericapillary space due to the experimental conditions. In order to prove whether or not these results indicate an increase of pineal endocrine activity, the melatonin-forming enzyme hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT, E.C. 2.1.1.4) was assayed. After bilateral adrenalectomy the HIOMT activity was found to significantly increase.
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 149 (1976), S. 155-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Large intestinal epithelium ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The principal cells of the surface of the cecum, the ascending colon, and the descending colon in postnatal developing rats were investigated using both light and electron microscopy. In rats 1 to 14 days old the ultrastructure of the surface principal cells in the cecum and ascending colon were characterized by apical tubulo-vacuolar systems and large supranuclear vacuoles similar to those in the absorbing cells of the neo-natal ileum as reported by Clark, 1959, and others. After about the 16th day, the special membrane system disappears from the principal cells of the proximal large intestine. On the other hand, in the descending colon, this special membrane system was absent from the cytoplasmic matrix of the epithelium. It is thought that the proximal portion of the large intestine together with the distal part of the small intestine actively participate in the absorption of protein molecules at least during the early postnatal period.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 36 (1976), S. 393-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Juvenile or adult ; Protracted form ; Lipopigments ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical and ultrastructural findings consisting of curvilinear and fingerprint residual bodies, in a protracted juvenile form of NCL are reported from a woman who died at the age of 35 years. Homochrony and homotypy of her brother's illness emphasize intrafamilial similarities within subgroups of lysosomal disorders.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 34 (1976), S. 237-253 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Strabismus ; Extraocular muscles ; Hirano bodies ; Ultrastructure ; Luse bodies ; Leptomeres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty extraocular muscles (EOM) from 20 patients were evaluated by light microscopy (LM), electron microscopy (EM), and enzyme histochemistry (EZH). Twenty-one EOM were obtained from 13 patients with strabismus, 9 EOM from 4 patients undergoing eye surgery for other reasons and from 3 autopsy cases. One μm thick sections revealed marked variation in muscle fibre shape and size and in myofibrillar structure; also noted were small, hypertrophied, whorled, and ringbinden fibres. Dense and granular material in the central portion of some fibres and sarcomere disruption in 2–3 μm sections was observed. EZH revealed the absence of the classical mosaic pattern usually found in skeletal muscles. ATPase studies were inconsistent and did not correlate with the expected reciprocal activity of NAD-H diaphorase, particularly on the large fibres. Ultrastructural features consisted of vacuoles within myofilament bundles, “smearing” of Z bands, and “nemaline rods”. Occasional myelin figures and lipid-like droplets were observed in subsarcolemmal spaces, associated with scattered clusters of glycogen granules. Abnormal mitochondria and subsarcolemmal inclusions of dense and granular material were conspicuous. “Leptomeric” profiles, “Zebra bodies”, or “striated bodies” were noted in 8 EOM's, and an Hirano body was found in 1. The intramuscular nerves contained structures resembling “Luse bodies” in 7 cases. These observations suggest that EOM from individuals with and without strabismus possess unique structural characteristics suggestive of developmental and morphological disarrangement of contractile elements. Some of these changes might play a role in the pathogenesis of strabismus and in the development of clinical symptoms. These features are significantly different from striated skeletal muscle. Therefore the criteria used in the pathological evaluation and diagnosis of skeletal muscle disorders cannot be unequivocally applied to EOM investigations. These data establish the necessity to determine histological norms, ultrastructural patterns, and develop new enzyme histochemistry criteria for the evaluation of EOM. Only then can an acceptable comparison of EOM and skeletal muscle be made.
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  • 20
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    Acta neuropathologica 34 (1976), S. 353-357 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Normal pressure hydrocephalus ; Human cerebral cortex ; Ultrastructure ; Extracellular space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A cortical biopsy was taken at the time when ventricular pressure was measured, or a ventriculo-atrial shunt placed, in 11 patients with Normal Pressure Hyprocephalus (N.P.H.), and was studied with the electron microscope. In 9 cases, a rather typical electron microscopic picture with marked increase of extracellular space in an otherwise normal cortical neuropil was observed. 2 patients did not exhibit this pattern and, coincendentally, did not benefit from the placing of the shunt. As a control, about 600 cortical biopsies that had been taken for other reasons were reviewed. In the group, there were only 3 cortices that had a pattern of increased extracellular space similar to the described in N.P.H. On review of the clinico-pathologic data of these cases, it was felt that all 3 probably represented cases of normal pressure hydrocephalus. It is concluded that the ultrastructure of the cerebral cortex is of at least nosological interest in the study of N.P.H.
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  • 21
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    Acta neuropathologica 36 (1976), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Mitochondrial inclusions ; Mitochondria ; Peripheral ganglia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal perikarya of peripheral ganglia contained unusual dense core mitochondria that were not seen in other cell types or tissues of the same individual. They were found in several patients autopsied with GM1-gangliosidosis and neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Previous observations on human sympathetic ganglia, obtained by biopsy, and our findings suggest that these dense core mitochondria might represent a rare but regular feature of neuronal perikarya in peripheral ganglia of man.
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  • 22
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    Acta neuropathologica 35 (1976), S. 159-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Leprosy neuropathy ; Ultrastructure ; Angiopathy ; Basement membrane ; “Blood-nerve barrier”
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Radial or superficial peroneal nerve biopsies of 6 patients with tuberculoid or borderline-tuberculoid leprosy and 6 control nerve biopsies were examined by electron microscopy. Endoneurial blood vessels showed histopathology in all the leprosy patients. Changes, in particular, involved the basement membrane in postcapillary venules and venules. Multilayered parellel basement membranes, with collagen and ground substance, formed a thick coat (“hyaline zone”) around the vessels. It is suggested that the zone inhibits passage of nutrients and metabolites and, thus, contributes to or is the main cause of the local destruction of (unmyelinated) nerve fibres and the lack of nerve fibre regeneration observed in this type of leprosy. The perivascular zone, presumably, is produced by pericytes in response to defects in the “blood-nerve barrier” of endoneurial vessels. In granulomata of leprosy skin lesions, a perivascular zone was not present. The endothelium of endoneurial vessels, in affected nerves, generallywas normal. Occasionally, however, gaps and fenestrations were seen and there were histological indications that leakage of blood plasma had occurred through the gaps and through the basement membrane of the endothelium. Occlusion of endoneurial vessels was found only in the oldest patient and the degeneration of nerve fibres generally observed thus is considered not to be caused by ischaemia. Histopathology in epi-and perineurial vessels was definitely less pronounced than in endoneurial vessels.
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  • 23
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 294 (1976), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: 14C-Heteronium bromide ; Drug distribution ; Rat ; Anticholinergic agent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tissue distribution of radioactivity after oral administration to rats of 14C-heteronium bromide is measured by liquid scintillation counting and the results expressed as specific activity and percentage of administered radioactivity. From the data obtained in blood, liver, kidney, stomach, duodenum, cecum, large intestine and stool some conclusions can be drawn. Heteronium bromide undergoes a rapid systemic absorption, the radioactivity being present as early as 15 min from the administration, in all the tested organs. The blood levels show two peaks: one at 120 min and a second at 360 min. This diphasic behaviour can be explained either by the presence of an active enterohepatic circulation, as indirectly indicated by the data from liver and duodenum, or by a transient shift of the molecule from blood to other tissues, rich in polysulfuronic acids. The principal route of excretion is represented by the kidney, where consistent levels are reached at 120 min, while the intestinal route becomes evident at 240 min and reaches its maximum at 720 min. The complete metabolic cycle of the compound is long lasting, since in all the tested tissues, marked radioactivity levels are still present after 720 min. The pharmacokinetic profile obtained, suggesting a long persistence of the drug and/or of its metabolites in the organism, is in agreement with previous pharmacodynamic data showing a long lasting action for heteronium bromide.
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  • 24
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 295 (1976), S. 165-169 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Digoxin ; Bile flow ; Biliary excretion ; Acetylcholine ; Atropine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of acetylcholine (ACh), physostigmine, and atropine on bile flow and biliary elimination of digoxin were investigated using isolated rat liver perfusion. 1. ACh in the presence of physostigmine caused a temporary reduction in the bile secretion, while physostigmine alone had no effect on the bile flow. 2. The biliary concentration of radioactivity derived from 3H-digoxin was slightly decreased after an addition of physostigmine alone. This effect of physostigmine was not potentiated by ACh. 3. The addition of ACh decreased transiently the biliary elimination of digoxin, as a result of the reduced bile flow. 4. Atropine in the concentration range of 10−6–10−5 M in the perfusion medium did not affect bile flow or biliary excretion of digoxin; repeated addition of atropine (2×2×10−4 M) caused a choleresis lasting over the perfusion period. 5. This choleresis induced by atropine was associated with decreased concentration of tritium in the bile but slightly increased biliary elimination of total radioactivity. 6. The results allow us to draw the conclusion that ACh in the presence of physostigmine has an inhibitory action on bile flow and biliary elimination of digoxin in the isolated perfused rat liver.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Chlordiazepoxide ; Rat ; Simultaneous discrimination ; Successive discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chlordiazepoxide (CDP) at a dose of 20 mg/kg, i.p. was found to exert a marked disruptive effect on black-white successive discrimination learning in rats, while this effect failed to be obtained on black-gray simultaneous discrimination. Since trials to the learning criterion were found almost equal for saline rats on both successive and simultaneous discrimination tasks, the differential inhibitory effects of CDP could not be accounted for in terms of differences in difficulties of the two tasks. It is suggested that present results might be interpreted in terms of the hypotheses (a) that CDP produces a deficit in the integration of relevant stimulus cues when they were presented across trials or (b) that CDP has a dis-inhibitory effect in that inhibition of dominant response (positional preference) patterns is weakened by the drug, in a manner similar to effects observed in hippocampectomized animals.
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  • 26
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    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 281-283 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Motor incoordination ; Runway test ; Diazepam ; Phenobarbital ; Chlorpromazine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A runway apparatus for rats has been developed for measuring motor incoordination and running time. Animals were trained to run along an elevated narrow pathway. Frequency and severity of slipping off and running time were automatically counted. Rats were given diazepam, phenobarbital or chlorpromazine orally and tested 1 h later. Diazepam, 8–64 mg/kg p.o., caused slipping off in a dose-dependent manner. Phenobarbital had a similar effect with 64 mg/kg p.o. Chloropromazine, 32 and 64 mg/kg p.o., caused other signs of motor deficit.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intracranial self-stimulation ; Caudateputamen ; Hypothalamus ; Serotonin ; Dopamine ; Para-chlorophenylalanine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were prepared with chronic bipolar electrodes aimed at either the caudate-putamen or lateral hypothalamus and those displaying consistent self-stimulation were given additional training at half-maximal current intensities. All subjects received an intragastric injection of para-chlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg) and self-stimulation tests continued until pre-injection rates were re-established. Responding in both brain areas was suppressed 24 h after drug treatment. The next day, self-stimulation rates in the hypothalamus increased to 115% of pre-drug levels reaching a level of 180% by the third day of post-drug testing. In contrast, self-stimulation of sites in the neostriatum continued to decline, with minimal levels reaching 48% of control on the fourth post-drug day. Self-stimulation rates in both groups had returned to control levels by post-drug day 6. These data indicate that the role of serotonergic mechanisms in brain stimulation is locus specific, and that the specific nature of this role may be determined by interaction with other neurochemical systems. The possible interaction between dopaminergic and serotinergic mechanisms in the neostriatum is discussed as a model of self-stimulation in this region of the brain.
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  • 28
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    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Prostaglandins A1, E1, E2, F1α, F2α ; Intraventricular administration ; Rat ; Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of prostaglandins (PGs) A1, E1, E2, F1α, and F2α administered intraventricularly at doses of 0.02–4.0 μg/rat were studied in some behavioral, antinociceptive and anticonvulsant tests in rats. Exploratory and locomotor activity were decreased by all PGs except A1 and F2α which had no effect on locomotor activity. All PGs studied, except A1, induced hyperthermia and afforded protection in the ‘hot-plate’ analgesic test and against maximal electroshock seizures.
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  • 29
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    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 103-105 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Intravenous ; Intragastric ; Self-Administration ; Unit dose ; Route of administration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were implanted with intravenous or intragastric cannulas and allowed to self-administer morphine sulfate in doses of 0 (saline), 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 mg/kg/infusion. For the intravenous route the number of infusions decreased with increasing unit dose, while the amount self-administered was directly related to unit dose. However, for the intragastric route the number of infusions first increased and then decreased as unit dose was elevated, while the amount self-administered again increased with unit dose. Comparisons between routes showed that for intragastric subjects the number of infusions and amount self-administered both were lower at the two lowest doses but higher for all other doses. These results support the expectation that intravenous injection should produce more potent reinforcing effects than intragastric administration.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Plasma volume ; Protein ; Electrolytes ; Dehydration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma volume, hematocrit, protein and electrolyte concentrations in plasma were measured in control and water-deprived rats every three days after starting the experiment until the 15th day. Plasma volume variations, as related to body weight, suggest that water loss from plasma was proportional to total body water at three days and after 9 days of water deprivation. Greater plasma water than body water loss was found during the period between 3 and 9 days. Plasma protein and electrolyte variations suggest that during water deprivation there is a loss of protein, sodium and potassium from plasma, which is proportionally less than that of plasma water. Potassium, calcium and inorganic phosphorus were lost proportionally to plasma water. The variations in plasma volume changes were partially explained as due to variations in plasma protein and electrolyte concentrations.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Brown adipose tissue ; Adipose innervation ; Rat ; Nonshivering heat production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two aspects of the coupling of neural information to brown fat thermogenesis were examined—namely, the thermal responses to increasing neural stimulation and the anatomical nature of the brown fat innervation. Upon stimulation of the nerves to the interscapular brown fat pad, there ensued a biphasic response. This response was manifested by an initial, but transient temperature decrease, followed by a rise in brown fat temperature. The magnitude of both components of this response increased with increasing stimulus strength, thereby demonstrating the ability of the tissue to respond in a graded manner—a feature which may underlie the controlled thermogenic response of brown fat observed in the cold-exposed intact animal. No anatomically unique fiber types appeared to be specifically associated with innervation to the brown adipocytes or to the vessels within the fat pad. On the other hand, the nerves entering the interscapular fat pad were morphologically dissimilar, a finding consonent with their functional dissimilarity (i.e., innervation of adipocytes, innervation of blood vessels in the fat pad, and innervation of areas in the overlying skin).
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  • 32
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    Pflügers Archiv 365 (1976), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Temperature regulation ; Circadian rhythms ; Ambiant temperature ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'enregistrement chronique des températures cérébelleuses et sous-cutanées par thermistance a été réalisé chez le rat soumis à différentes températures ambiantes et à une alternance lumière-obscurité de 12 h (lumière de 7 à 19 h). La période du rythme des températures cérébelleuses et sous-cutanées est de 24 h avec acrophase nocturne (1 h) et amplitude de 0,75° C. L'amplitude et l'acrophase ne sont pas modifiées au cours des expositions à différentes températures ambiantes (20-25-30-34-35° C). Chaque augmentation d'ambiance se traduit par une élévation du niveau moyen de la température interne. Cette augmentation, peu perceptible entre 25 et 30° C, atteint 0,5° C entre 20 et 25° C et 1° C entre 30 et 34° C. Elle se maintient tout au long des 10 jours d'observation. Ces résultats soulèvent au moins 3 questions: le degré de liaison entre les rythmes d'activité (éveil) et de température, la labilité de la température interne qui varie avec l'ambiance alors que l'amplitude du rythme circadien reste constante, l'absence de diminution de la température interne après plusieurs jours en ambiance chaude alors qu'activité et métabolisme sont diminués dès le 2ème jour d'exposition.
    Notes: Summary Chronic recording of cerebellar and subcutaneous temperatures were carried out in rats maintained at different ambient temperatures in a 12 h light-dark cycle (light from 7 to 19 h). Cerebellar and subcutaneous temperatures followed a rhythm with a period of 24 h with acrophase at 1 h and an amplitude of 0.75° C. The amplitude and acrophase were not altered by modification of the ambient temperature (20-25-30-34 or 35° C), but each elevation of ambient temperature produced a rise in the mean internal temperature of the rat. This rise, hardly perceptible at ambient temperatures, of 25 and 30° C, reaches 0.5° C between 20 and 25° C and 1° C between 30 and 34° C. This elevation of temperature was maintained for the duration of the 10 days of observation. These results pose at least three questions: the degree of liaison between the rhythms of activity (waking) and temperature; the lability of the mean internal temperature, which alter with ambient temperature while the amplitude of the circadian rhythm is unaltered and the absence of reduction of mean internal temperature several days exposure to a raised ambient temperature, even when activity and metabolism are reduced by the second day of exposure.
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  • 33
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    Planta 133 (1976), S. 15-19 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Tropaeolum, Embryogenesis ; Differentiation ; Plastids ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryogeny in the nasturtium is characterized by the development of a large, tripartite suspensor and storing cotyledons. A light and electron microscopic study revealed an early diversification of the plastids in the various regions of the suspensor and the embryo proper. Amyloplasts are found in the developing cotyledons of the heart-like embryo, while chloroplasts occur within the meristematic part of the embryo and the adjacent portion of the suspensor. The cells between the meristem and the storing cotyledons display undifferentiated leukoplasts, whereas leukoplasts with an electron-dense matrix occur in the basal cell mass of the embryo-suspensor. Etioplasts develop in several cells of the placental haustorium of the suspensor. The carpel haustorium shows rather undifferentiated leukoplasts, which are transformed into electron-dense plastids during autolysis of the suspensor. This early plastidal differentiation in discussed with respect to its control and functional significance.
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  • 34
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    Archives of toxicology 36 (1976), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Circadian rhythm ; Renin ; Aldosterone ; Corticosterone ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der 24 Std-Verlauf der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität (PRA), der Plasma-Aldosteron-Konzentration (PAC), der Plasma-Corticosteron-Konzentration (PCC) sowie der Urinexkretion von Natrium, Kalium und Aldosteron wurde an männlichen Sprague-Dawley-Ratten unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: 1. Das Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System (RAAS) der Ratte weist einen zirkadianen Rhythmus auf, der dem gut bekannten Rhythmus des Hypophysen Nebennierenrinden-Systems parallel läuft. Dieser Rhythmus läßt sich durch Messung der PRA, der PAC und der Exkretionsrate von Aldosteron im Urin nachweisen. Der Rhythmus der Elektrolytausscheidung im Urin scheint nicht durch den Rhythmus der Aldosteronsekretion bedingt zu sein. 2. Der Licht-Dunkel-Zyklus ist der Zeitgeber für diese Rhythmen: Eine Umkehr des Licht-Dunkel-Zyklus für 5 Wochen bewirkt eine komplette Umkehr der Rhythmen aller genannten Parameter. 3. Unter Natrium-Restriktion oder Dexamethason-Behandlung wird eine Dissoziation des Rhythmus der PRA von dem der PAC beobachtet, während der Rhythmus der PAC unter allen Versuchsbedingungen mit dem der PCC parallel geht. Diese Beobachtung legt den Schluß nahe, daß das ACTH an der Steuerung des Rhythmus der Aldosteronsekretion beteiligt ist. 4. Der Grad der Stimulierbarkeit bzw. Supprimierbarkeit des RAAS unterliegt tageszeitlichen Schwankungen. 5. Es wird daher empfohlen, bei Untersuchungen über das RAAS der Ratte die Experimente nicht nur während der Inaktivitätsperiode (Lichtphase), sondern auch während der Aktivitätsperiode (Dunkelphase) dieser Tiere durchzuführen. Dies läßt sich durch Benutzung eines Tierstalls mit umgekehrtem Licht-DunkelZyklus vereinfachen.
    Notes: Abstract The 24 h-course of plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma corticosterone concentration (PCC) and of the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and aldosterone was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats under different experimental conditions. The data obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) of the rat is subject to a circadian rhythm which is largely in phase with the well-known rhythm of the pituitary-adrenal axis. This rhythm can be demonstrated in PRA as well as in plasma concentrations and urinary excretion rates of aldosterone. The rhythm of urinary excretion of electrolytes is unlikely to be due to the rhythm of aldosterone secretion. 2. The light-dark cycle is the main synchronizer for these rhythms: inverting the light-dark cycle for 5 weeks entirely inverts the rhythms of all the parameters cited. 3. A dissociation of the rhythms of PRA and PAC can be observed following sodium restriction or dexamethasone treatment. A role of ACTH in regulating the rhythmic pattern of aldosterone secretion is suggested by the finding that PAC and PCC follow the same pattern of circadian variations under every experimental condition tested. 4. The responsiveness of the RAAS to stimulation or suppression varies with the time of day. 5. It is suggested that experiments ought to be performed not only during the inactive (light hours) but also during the active (dark hours) phase when investigating the RAAS in the rat. This can conveniently be achieved by the use of an animal room with a reversed lighting regime.
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  • 35
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    Archives of toxicology 35 (1976), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Inorganic mercury ; Chelating agents ; Excretion ; Distribution ; Rat ; Anorganisches Quecksilber ; Chelatbildner ; Ausscheidung ; Verteilung ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unter 15 untersuchten Chelatbildnern wurden die Ausscheidung und Organ-verteilung von Hg nur durch Natrium-2,3-Dimercaptopropan-1-sulfonat (DMPS), 2,3-Dimercaptopropanol (BAL), Natrium-Mercaptoäthyliminodiacetat (MEIDA) und D-Penicillamin (PA) beeinflußt. Das Ausscheidungsmuster ist jedoch bei diesen Substanzen unterschiedlich, und einen praktisch günstigen Effekt zeigt nur DMPS, das die renale Ausscheidungsrate erhöht und die Hg-Konzentration in allen Organen senkt.
    Notes: Abstract Among 15 chelating agents tested, sodium-2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate (DMPS), 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL), sodium-mercaptoethyliminodiacetate (MEIDA), and D-penicillamine (PA) exerted an influence on the excretion of Hg and its distribution in the organs. The excretion pattern, however, is different for these compounds, and, from the practical point of view, a favourable effect is exhibited only by DMPS which enhances the urinary excretion rate and lowers the Hg-concentration in all organs.
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  • 36
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    Archives of toxicology 35 (1976), S. 281-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Dichlorvos ; Inhalation toxicity ; Rat ; Carcinogenesis ; Dichlorvos ; Inhalation-Toxizität ; Ratte ; Karzinogenese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurde der Effekt von Dichlorvos-Inhalation in Beziehung zur Krebserzeugung bei Ratten (5 Wochen alte Carworth Farm E, 94–150 g) langfristig (2 Jahre) in Konzentrationen von 0, 0,05, 0,5 und 5 mg/m3 geprüft. Das Wachstum aller geprüften Tiere, im besonderen der männlichen, war verzögert. Bei Exposition in 5 mg/m3 war die Überlebensrate von Ratten erhöht. Die verschiedenen Gruppen zeigten keinen Unterschied in Futteraufnahme, Organgewichten, hämatologischen oder chemischen Bestimmungen, mit Ausnahme der Cholinesterase-Aktivität. Nach einer 2jährigen Inhalation wurden keine Unterschiede des Gehaltes an Acetylcholin und Cholin in einer kleineren Zahl weiblicher Tiere gefunden. Makro- oder mikroskopische Veränderungen in den Rattengeweben, die auf Dichlorvos zurückzuführen wären, wurden nicht beobachtet. Auch die Ultrastruktur der Lungengewebe von Kontrollratten und der Ratten in 5 mg/m3 zeigte keine Veränderungen, die von Dichlorvos abhängig waren. Die Ergebnisse einer “relative risk analysis” der vorliegenden Tumorversuchsreihe haben keine dosisabhängige Erhöhung des Tumorrisikos für Ratten beider Geschlechter gezeigt. Die Befunde sind in Übereinstimmung mit früheren und sprechen für die Unbedenklichkeit des Gebrauchs von Dichlorvos als Insektizid.
    Notes: Summary To determine the effects of dichlorvos vapour on the tumour incidence in rats, 5 week old Carworth Farm E strain rats weighing between 94 and 150 g were exposed to 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 mg/m3 in a 2-year inhalation study. The growth rate of all treated rats was depressed, particularly in the males. There was increased survival of the rats exposed to 5 mg/m3. There were no consistent differences in food intakes, organ weights, haematological or blood chemistry estimations, except in cholinesterase activities, amongst the various groups of rats. No compound-related differences were seen in acetylcholine and choline estimations carried out on a small number of female rats' brain tissues after two years' exposure. There were no gross or microscopical compound-related changes in the rats' tissues. Ultrastructural examination of the respiratory tissues of the rats from the control and 5 mg/m3 group showed no changes attributable to dichlorvos. The results of a relative risk analysis of the tumour data showed that no dose-related increase in tumour risk was established for rats of either sex. These data confirm the results of earlier studies supporting the safety of insecticidal uses of dichlorvos.
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  • 37
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    Archives of toxicology 37 (1976), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Carbonic anhydrase ; Hemoglobin ; Blood ; Testes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die bei Säugetieren durch Cadmium (Cd) hervorgerufenen Hodenschäden beruhen angeblich auf einer Hemmung der Carboanhydratase (CAH). Da Cd dosisabhängig die Hodendurchblutung beeinflußt, könnte jedoch durch eine Verminderung der Zahl CAH-reicher Erythrocyten eine Hemmung der CAH im Hoden vorgetäuscht werden. Wir bestimmten deshalb CAH-Aktivitäten und Hämoglobin (Hb)-Gehalt im Blut und im Hoden von unbehandelten und Cd-behandelten Sprague-Dawley-Ratten. Entsprechende Untersuchungen wurden an Ratten-Hoden durchgeführt, die vorher über die a. testicularis perfundiert worden waren. Die Ratten erhielten Cd intraperitoneal als CdCl2 jeweils in Einzeldosen von 1,5, 3,0 und 5,0 mg Cd2+/kg Körpergewicht. 1. Die Untersuchungen an perfundierten Hoden zeigten deutlich, daß die im Hodengewebe bestimmten CAH-Aktivitäten nicht einer Hoden-CAH sondern vielmehr der Erythrocyten-CAH zuzuordnen sind. 2. Bei den Cd-behandelten Ratten beobachteten wir kurze Zeit (0,25–1,0 h) nach der Cd-Zufuhr zunächst reversible Durchblutungsänderungen. Sie bestanden in Abhängigkeit von der Cd-Dosis sowohl in einer vorübergehenden Abnahme (1,5 mg Cd2+/kg) als auch in einer Zunahme (3,0 bzw. 5,0 mg Cd2+/kg) des Hb-Gehaltes im Hoden. 3. Unabhängig von diesen geringfügigen Durchblutungsänderungen kam es später (14–24 h nach 1,5 mg Cd2+/kg, 7–14 h nach 3,0 mg Cd2+/kg und 1–3 h nach 5,0 mg Cd2+/kg) zu den bekannten hämorrhagischen Hodenveränderungen mit einer starken Zunahme des Hb-Gehaltes und der CAH-Aktivität. 4. Anhand der Korrelationen zwischen CAH-Aktivität und Hb-Gehalt im Blut und im Hoden konnte eine Hemmung der CAH als primäre Ursache der Cd induzierten Hodenschäden ausgeschlossen werden.
    Notes: Abstract The cadmium-induced (Cd) damage of mammalian testes is thought to be correlated with an inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CAH) by Cd. Since Cd causes dose-dependent changes in blood flow of the testes, an inhibition of CAH in the testes could be simulated by a decrease of CAH-rich erythrocytes. Therefore, CAH activities and hemoglobin (Hb) content were determined in blood and testes of untreated and Cd-treated Sprague-Dawley rats as well as in testes perfused via the testicular artery. Cd was intraperitoneally applied as CdCl2 in single doses of 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 mg Cd2+/kg b.w., respectively. 1. The experiments on perfused testes clearly demonstrated that the CAH activities originate from erythrocytes rather than from a tissue located enzyme. 2. The alterations in blood circulation occurring shortly (0.25–1.0 h) after the Cd administration were characterized by a dose-dependent, transient decrease (1.5 mg Cd2+/kg) as well as an increase (3.0 and 5.0 mg Cd2+, respectively) of the Hb content in the testes. 3. Independent of these minor alterations in a later state (14–24 h after 1.5 mg Cd2+/kg, 7–14 h after 3.0 mg Cd2+/kg, and 1–3 after 5.0 mg Cd2+/kg), Cd induced the well known hemorrhagic alterations of the testes with a high increase of Hb content and CAH activity. 4. By means of the correlations between CAH activities and Hb content in blood and testes an inhibition of the CAH by Cd as the primary cause for the tissue damage of the testes could largely be excluded.
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  • 38
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    Archives of toxicology 35 (1976), S. 115-125 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cerium ; Microsomal enzyme inducers ; Pregnenolone-16α-car-bonitrile ; Estradiol ; Fatty liver ; Ultrastructure ; Triglycerides ; Cerium ; Arzneimittelmetabolisierende Enzyme ; Pregneno-lon-16α-carbonitril „PCN“ ; Oestradiol ; Leberverfettung ; Elektronenmi-kroskopie ; Triglyceride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Vorbehandlung mit Steroiden und mit nicht steroidartigen Substanzen (Pregnenolon-16α-carbonitril „PCN“, Dexamethason, Spironolacton, Phenobarbital), welche die arzneimittelmetabolisierenden Enzyme der Leber stimulieren, und nach Oestradiol, wurde die Sterblichkeit und die Lebertoxicität der weiblichen Ratte erheblich verändert. PCN, Oestradiol, Dexamethason senken die hepatischen Triglyceride wesentlich, jedoch erhöht Dexamethason die Sensitivität der Tiere für CeCl3 bedeutend. Spironolacton und Phenobarbital üben keine große Wirkung auf die Triglyceride aus. Licht- und Elektronenmikroskopie zeigten, daß die durch CeCl3 hervorgerufenen hepatocellulären Veränderungen durch PCN, Oestradiol und Dexamethason bedeutend verringert wurden. Die Steroide dürften die Verteilung und die Bindung des Metalles an das endoplasmatische Reticulum verändern, und somit diese Membranen vor Cerium schützen.
    Notes: Abstract In female rats, the lethality and hepatotoxicity of cerous chloride (CeCl3) were significantly altered by pretreatment with steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds (pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile “PCN”, dexamethasone, spironolactone, phenobarbital) that stimulate hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity and by estradiol. PCN, estradiol, and dexamethasone considerably decreased hepatic triglycerides, but the latter steroid also greatly sensitized the animals to CeCl3 lethality. Spironolactone and phenobarbital similarly lowered the triglyceride level but not significantly. Light and electron microscopy indicated that the hepatocytic damage elicited by CeCl3 was decreased significantly by PCN, estradiol, and dexamethasone. The steroids may have altered the distribution and binding of the metal to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) thus protecting these membranes against the effect of cerium.
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  • 39
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    Archives of toxicology 36 (1976), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Carbromal ; Bromoethylbutyramide ; Ethylbutyrylurea ; Bromide ; Rat ; Humans ; Gaschromatography ; Carbromal ; Carbromid ; Äthylbutyrylharnstoff ; Gesamtbromid ; Ratte ; Mensch ; Gaschromatographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Interpretation toxischer Effekte von Carbromal erforderte Daten über die im Organismus wirksamen Substanzen. Diese Information kann mit einem einfachen gaschromatographischen Verfahren erhalten werden, mit dem Carbromal und seine sedierend wirksamen Metabolite Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoff spezifisch, quantitativ und sehr empfindlich in Geweben erfaßt werden können. Bei Einsatz verschiedener Detektorsysteme (Flammenionisations- bzw. Elektroneneinfangdetektor) liegt die untere Nachweisgrenze bei 2–3 nMol der genannten Stoffe je Gramm Gewebe. Die Methode wird in Versuchen an der Ratte demonstriert, bei denen in Serum und Gehirn die Resorption und Elimination von Carbromal einschließlich seiner Biotransformation zu Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoff verfolgt wurden. Es traten nennenswerte Mengen der Metabolite Carbromid und Äthylbutyrylharnstoffe auf, die sich wie Carbromal gleichmäßig zwischen Serum und Gehirn verteilen, jedoch länger im Organismus nachweisbar waren als Carbromal. Nach Aufnahme einer therapeutischen Carbromaldosis (1 g = 4,22 mMol) durch vier gesunde Versuchspersonen traten 30 min nach Ingestion die höchsten Carbromalkonzentrationen im Serum auf (bis 30 nMol/ml). Sie fielen rasch ab, in 24 Std auf 3–4 % der Höchstwerte. Neben Carbromal fanden sich im Serum 4–5 Std nach Aufnahme erhebliche Mengen von Carbromid (bis 20 nMol/ml), aber nur geringe Mengen an Äthylbutyrylharnstoff (2–3 nMol/ml). Beide Metabolite konnten wie bei der Ratte länger im Serum gemessen werden als unverändertes Carbromal. Parallelbestimmungen des Gesamtbromidgehaltes in Serum und Gehirn der Ratte und im Serum des Menschen zeigten, daß die Konzentrationen der hypnotisch aktiven Substanzen rasch abfielen, während anorganisches Bromid wesentlich langsamer ausgeschieden wurde.
    Notes: Abstract To analyze the toxic effects of carbromal it was necessary to have information on the concentrations of carbromal and of its metabolites in the organism. This information can be obtained by a simple method based on gaschromatography that allows rapid, specific, sensitive and quantitative estimation of carbromal and of its hypnotically active metabolites bromoethylbutyramide and ethylbutyrylurea. Employing different detectors (flame ionisation or electron capture detector) the limit of detection for carbromal and of its two metabolites was 2–3 nmoles/g of tissue. The method was used to study in rats the absoption and elimination of carbromal including biotransformation of carbromal to bromoethylbutyramide and ethylbutyrylurea. Both metabolites, significant amounts of which were found in serum and brain, distribute evenly between serum and brain as does carbromal. Both metabolites were detectable in the organism for a longer time than carbromal. Carbromal was given orally to 4 healthy volunteers at a dose of l g (4.2 mmoles). Highest serum concentrations (30 nmoles/ml) were found 30 min after ingestion. Serum concentrations declined rapidly. Twenty-four hours later 3–4% of the values were present in the serum. Beside carbromal considerable amounts (up to 20 nmoles/ml) of bromoethylbutyramide were detected but only small amounts (2–3 nmoles/ml) of ethylbutyrylurea. Peak concentrations of these metabolites were recorded 4–5 h after ingestion of carbromal. As was the case in rats both metabolites were present in the organism for a longer time than carbromal. Carbromal was given orally to 4 healthy volunteers at a dose of l g (4.2 mmoles). Highest serum concentrations (30 nmoles/ml) were found 30 min after ingestion. Serum concentrations declined rapidly. Twenty-four hours later 3–4% of the values were present in the serum. Beside carbromal considerable amounts (up to 20 nmoles/ml) of bromoethylbutyramide were detected but only small amounts (2–3 nmoles/ml) of ethylbutyrylurea. Peak concentrations of hese metabolites were recorded 4–5 h after ingestion of carbromal. As was the case in rats both metabolites were present in the organism for a longer time than carbromal. Parallel determination of total bromide in rat tissues and in human serum showed that the concentrations of the hypnotically active compounds declined rapidly while inorganic bromide was eliminated much more slowly.
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  • 40
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    Journal of neurology 213 (1976), S. 295-303 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Lipopigments ; Ultrastructure ; π-granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einem Patienten mit spätinfantiler und 3 mit juveniler NCL wurden periphere Nerven verschiedener Herkunft (Armplexus, N. suralis und 2 Hirnnerven) elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Im Lichtmikroskop wurden keine signifikanten histologischen Veränderungen gefunden. Kurvilineäre und/oder Fingerabdruck-Einschlüsse konnten ultrastrukturell in jedem Fall festgestellt werden, und zwar hauptsächlich in Schwannschen Zellen. Außerdem fanden sich lamelläre π-granulaähnliche Cytosomen. Sie kamen in den juvenilen Fällen gewöhnlich gar nicht und in dem spätinfantilen Fall lediglich vereinzelt mit kurvilineären/Fingerabdruck-Profilen gemeinsam vor. Bei spärlichen Veränderungen an Axonen und Myelinscheiden könnten diese Cytosomen Zeichen einer chronischen Schädigung der Schwannschen zellen sein und die spezifische morphologische Ausprägung eines „cellulären Verschleißprozesses“ darstellen, wie er im Alter und bei der NCL diskutiert wird. Biopsien aus peripheren Nerven eignen sich aufgrund der zahlreichen π-Granula und ihrer Varianten weniger zur Diagnose der NCL als beispielsweise solche der Haut, der Skeletmuskulatur und des Rectums.
    Notes: Summary Specimens of brachial plexus, sural nerve and two cranial nerves of one patient with the Jansky-Bielschowsky type and 3 patients with the Spielmeyer-Sjögren type of NCL were studied by electron microscopy. Significant light microscopic changes were absent in all specimens. Ultrastructurally, curvilinear and/or fingerprint inclusions were present in each case, located chiefly in Schwann cells. These diagnostic findings were, however, overshadowed by masses of lamellar π-granule-like cytosomes, usually not mixed with curvilinear or finger-print profiles in the juvenile cases and only rarely associated with curvilinear profiles in the late infantile case. Since secondary changes of axons and myelin sheaths were mild, these lamellar cytosomes might indicate chronic damage to Schwann cells, perhaps by “wear and tear” as seen in aging as well as NCL. On account of the abundance of π-granules in NCL, peripheral nerve biopsy appears less suitable for confirming this diagnosis than biopsy of skin, striated muscle and rectal tissue.
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  • 41
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    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Red algae ; Gracilaria verrucosa ; Tumor-like formations ; Ultrastructure ; Viruses ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Plastids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with electron microscopic observations on cultivated plants of the marine red alga Gracilaria verrucosa which developed simple galls; also sea collected material, without galls, had been studied. The galls showed unusual but characteristic cell structures, caterpillar-like bodies, containing rows of fusiform bodies. These were found mostly in the cytoplasm near the plastids, in one case connected with the endoplasmic reticulum, occasionally even inside the nucleus, and are described here, as far as we know, for the first time. It does not seem probable that the caterpillar-like bodies represent mitochondria or bacteria, but the hypothesis that fusiform bodies are related to virus-like structures is discussed. The normal tissues as well as the gall tissue of the laboratory plants contained, besides plastids typical for the red algae, another type of plastids characterized by tubular thylakoids.
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  • 42
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    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ammonia oxidizing bacterium ; Nitrosovibrio tenuis ; Isolation ; Morphology ; Ultrastructure ; Physiology ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An ammonia-oxidizing, autotroph growing, slender, curved rod was isolated from the soil of Hawaii. It is well distinguishable from any other nitrifying bacteria thus far described by their morphology. The cells are 1.1–3.0 μm long and 0.3–0.4 μm wide. They are motile by means of 1–4 subpolar to lateral flagella. In contrast to most of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria the isolated vibrio is void of an extensive cytomembrane system. To categorize this not yet described species we propose to create the new genus Nitrosovibrio and to classify the isolated strain as Nitrosovibrio tenuis.
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  • 43
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    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 277-288 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Mucorales ; Piptocephalis ; Mycoparasitism ; Cokeromyces ; Yeastphase ; Appressorium ; Infection peg ; Penetration ; Haustorium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Infection of the mucoraceous host Cokeromyces recurvatus by Piptocephalis unispora was studied ultrastructurally, using a new technique involving yeast-phase cells of the host to obtain large numbers of infection sites for thin-sectioning. Morphologically, the haustorial apparatus was similar to that of fungi parasitic on higher plants, and comprised an appressorium, a neck region with a collar and a neck ring, and a lobed region surrounded by a sheath matrix enclosed in an extra-haustorial membrane. Penetration of the host by the infection peg probably involved both enzymatic degradation and physical pressure. Reaction of the host to infection is described and the results related to the theory of host infection by haustorial fungal parasites.
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  • 44
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    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 277-282 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrosococcus mobilis ; Ammonia oxidizing bacterium ; Morphology ; Ultrastructure ; Physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An ammonia-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from a sample of brackish water (North Sea, Harbour of Husum). It is a motile large coccus 1.5–1.7 μm in diameter. The extensive cytomembrane system occurring as flattened vesicles in the peripheral region of the cytoplasm and as intrusions into the center of the cytoplasm is to be emphasized as a characteristic mark of identification. The lithoauto-trophically growing bacterium turned out to be an obligate halophile. Because of its physiological and morphological properties, we assigned it to the genus Nitrosoccus and propose the name Nitrosococcus mobilis.
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  • 45
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    Archives of microbiology 107 (1976), S. 321-327 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Claviceps purpurea ; Saprophytic ; Clavine alkaloids ; Ultrastructure ; Extended hyphae ; Blastospores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrathin sectioning of submerged mycelium of Claviceps purpurea Tul. producing clavine alkaloids revealed yeast-like budding resulting in asexual sporesblastospores. These deciduous spores were born by extended hyphal cells and retained the same ultrastructure of cell organelles. Both the extended hyphae and the blastospores resembled the cells of ergot sclerotial tissue. A surface culture of C. purpurea Tul. producing no alkaloids was used as a reference.
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  • 46
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    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 305-312 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrobacter agilis ; Chemoorganotrophic growth ; Acetate ; Formate ; Pyruvate ; Yeast extract-peptone ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. After a resting period of up to 6 months cells of Nitrobacter agilis grow with acetate, formate, and pyruvate as carbon and energy source. Yeast extract and peptone were added to supply the organism with nitrogen and to meet possible vitamin requirements. 2. The length of the growth period depends on the substrate; it increases according to the following sequence: pyruvate, formate, acetate. The highest growth yield is observed with pyruvate, the lowest with formate. 3. O2 consumption is increased in the presence of substrates as compared to endogenous respiration. With pyruvate and acetate twice as much O2 is consumed, with formate 7 times, with yeast extractpeptone 10 times as much. 4. The ability of nitrite oxidation is largely preserved, except in cells grown with acetate or pyruvate in the presence of 0.015% yeast extract and peptone. Such cells have nearly no cytochrome a 1. Accordingly, the cytochrome spectra of nitrite oxidizers grown under chemoorganotrophic and lithoautotrophic conditions coincide qualitatively. 5. The nitrite oxidizing system is inducible. It is induced by nitrite but also by substances present in yeast extract and peptone. Cells grown on acetate and yeast extract and peptone (0.015%) require 3–4 weeks before they regain the ability to grow with nitrite. Cells grown chemoorganotrophically with the same substrates and yeast extract and peptone (0.15%) start growing with nitrite as energy source without a lag. 6. Cell size and form, distribution of storage materials, order and fine structure of double membranes are correlated with growth conditions.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Response inhibition ; Taurine ; DRL schedule ; Rat ; Response transients ; Defecation ; Frustration ; Temporal discrimination ; Sudden reinforcement schedule changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats habituated to DRL 6-s schedules that required response inhibition in order to obtain reward did not alter their total responses or efficiency ratios (response/reinforcement) when placed ad libitum (orally) on 0.9% taurine (1.1±0.4 g/kg/24-h) relative to controls. In three separate experiments, taurine-administered rats did show significantly poorer adjustment profiles (higher response/reinforcement ratios) during the 15 min immediately following step-like increases in inhibition time demand to DRL 12 s. The effect was transient and was not significant in subsequent sessions. Taurine rats had been habituated to a DRL schedule intended to induce ‘frustration’ before the step-change did not differ from the taurine group maintained on the normal DRL schedule. No significant differences were noted between taurine and control groups, either before or after taurine administration or before or after the step-change in inhibition demand, with respect to defecation in the test chamber, daily fluid consumption, body weight or total responses. We concluded that oral taurine may inhibit learning during labile periods of adjustment following sudden changes of input demand but does not influence a well learned or established response pattern. These results imply taurine's role in the brain as a ‘stabilizer’ against short-term input fluctuations.
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  • 48
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    Psychopharmacology 50 (1976), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Prostaglandins A1, E1, E2, F1α, F2α ; Intraventricular administration ; Rat ; Narcosis ; Catalepsy ; Amphetamine ; α ; MT ; PCPA ; Biogenic amines ; Turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prostaglandins (PGs) injected into the right lateral brain ventricle (i.v.c.) of the rat increased the sleeping time induced by hexobarbital, chloral hydrate, and ethanol. PGE1 and PGE2 intensified chlorpromazine-induced catalepsy, inhibited amphetamine hyperactivity, and significantly depressed the amphetamine-induced stereotypy. NA concentrations were decreased by PGE1 and PGE2 and were increased by PGF2α. PGF2α increased both 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in rat brain. “Total” ACh concentrations were increased by PGF1α and PGF2α. PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2α enhanced the turnover of NA, DA, and 5-HT. PGE2 counteracted the decreased activity induced by α-MT and abolished the hypothermic action of α-MT. PGF2α had little effect on the activity of PCPA pretreated rats, whereas the higher doses of PGF2α increased body temperature in these animals.
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  • 49
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    Psychopharmacology 48 (1976), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Rat ; Behavioral augmentation ; Rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The phenomenon of behavioral augmentation of tolerance (BAT) to ethanol (EtOH) in the rat was replicated in studies using the moving belt test of intoxication. Rats performing the test daily under the influence of EtOH (2.2 or 2.5 g/kg i.p.) developed tolerance more rapidly than those receiving the same dose after each daily session on the belt. However, both groups reached the same maximum level of tolerance. Acceleration of tolerance by BAT was proportional to the frequency of performance under the influence of EtOH when total exposure to EtOH was held constant. The degree of tolerance produced by BAT could not be increased by daily gavage with a large dose (6 g/kg) of EtOH. After termination of EtOH administration, tolerance produced by BAT was lost at the same rate, whether or not daily alcohol-free sessions on the belt test were given. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that BAT and conventionally produced tolerance differ only in rate.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Locomotor activity ; Tyrosine hydroxylation ; Catecholamines ; Ontogenesis ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A combined biochemical and behavioral study was performed postnatally on albino rats. An almost linear increase in total motor activity was observed from 1 to 15 days of age followed by a pronounced decrease in motor activity between days 15 and 18. The in vivo rate of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in whole brain was estimated by means of measuring accumulation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) after administration of an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase NSD 1015. Additionally, Dopa accumulation was studied in regional brain areas in 10 and 14-day-old animals. A slight gradual increase in the amount of Dopa accumulation in whole brain was observed from 1 to 10 days of age, followed by a pronounced increase between 10 and 14 days. Regional studies revealed that the increase in Dopa accumulation was primarily located to striatum. The data suggest an involvement of central catecholamine neurons possibly dopaminergic, terminating in striatum. The decrease in motor activity observed after 15 days of age is interpreted as involvement of maturing inhibitory pathways of noncatecholaminergic origin.
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  • 51
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    Psychopharmacology 46 (1976), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Clozapine ; Rat ; Brain ; Tryptophan ; Serotonin ; Neuroleptic drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clozapine, but not chlorpromazine, haloperidol, thioridazine, or loxapine, increases the concentrations of tryptophan, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the brain of the rat. This effect of clozapine is due to an increased serotonin synthesis as demonstrated by an enhanced accumulation of 3H-serotonin in the brain after i.v. infusion of 3H-tryptophan. Clozapine also elevates the plasma concentration of free tryptophan, and reduces the plasma concentration of total tryptophan. Therefore, clozapine may increase the brain serotonin concentration by enhancing the availability of tryptophan in the brain, thereby promoting serotonin synthesis. Measurement of the rate of disappearance from the brain of 3H-serotonin or of endogenous serotonin after synthesis inhibition with 6-fluorotryptophan shows that clozapine has no direct effect on the release and degradation of serotonin. The effect of clozapine on brain serotonergic systems may possibly be related to the pronounced sedative and sleepinducing properties of this drug.
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  • 52
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 86 (1976), S. 55-68 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Rhabdomyosarcoma ; Rhabdomyoblast ; Cellular Differentiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Untersuchung werden die cytomorphologischen Merkmale eines embryonalen Rhabdomyosarkoms des Nasenrachenraumes bei einem 10 jährigen Jungen aufgezeigt. Aufgrund der Ultrastruktur lassen sich im Tumor 4 Zelltypen darstellen: 1. Undifferenzierte mesenchymale Tumorzellen mit großem, euchromatischem Zellkern und schmalem, organellenarmem Cytoplasma; 2. undifferenzierte Tumorzellen mit einem Netzwerk von Intermediärfilamenten (Durchmesser etwa 100 Å) im breiten Cytoplasma; 3. unreife Rhabdomyoblasten mit zunehmender Entwicklung spezifische Myofilamente (Myosin: 180–210 Å, Actin: 68–80 Å Durchmesser); 4. reife Rhabdomyoblasten mit Myofibrillen in sarkomerischer Gliederung (Sarkomerlänge: 1,8 μ). Die starken Glykogenablagerungen in einigen cytoplasmareichen Tumorzellen werden als Zeichen eines Degenerationsprozesses gedeutet. Die cellulären Entwicklungsstadien des embryonalen Rhabdomyosarkoms sind identisch mit dem Ablauf der Embryogenese sowie der Regeneration normaler quergestreifter Muskulatur. Daher bieten sich für die Entstehung des embryonalen Rhabdomyosarkoms zwei Denkmodelle an: 1. Entstehung des Tumors aus einer undifferenzierten mesenchymalen Tumorstammzelle und 2. Atypische Regeneration nach Schädigung der quergestreiften Muskulatur mit Übergang in ein autonomes Tumorwachstum. Die zweite Hypothese ist jedoch wenig wahrscheinlich, da bis heute weder morphologisch noch experimentell eine derartige Tumorentstehung nachgewiesen werden konnte und zudem ätiologisch gesicherte Faktoren zur Induktion von Rhabdomyosarkomen beim Menschen fehlen.
    Notes: Summary An embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasopharynx of a 10 year old boy is analysed with light and electron microscopy. With regard to cell shape and cytoplasmic features the following four tumour cell types could be distinguished: 1. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells with a big loosely packed nucleus and a small cytoplasmic rim with only few cell organelles; 2. Undifferentiated tumour cells with a broad cytoplasmic body which contains a dense network of nonspecific intermediate filaments with a diameter of about 100 Å; 3. Immature rhabdomyoblasts with randomly orientated specific myofilaments; 4. Fully differentiated rhabdomyoblasts with well developed myofibrils often showing a sarcomeric pattern. Glycogen deposits which were seen in great masses in many tumour cells were regarded to result from degenerative processes within the tumour. The cellular stages in the development of rhabdomyoblasts are basically identical to those known from the embryogenesis and regeneration of striated muscle. From these observations the two following developmental pathways are suggested: 1. Origin of the tumour from an undifferentiated mesenchymal cell; 2. Atypical regeneration of striated muscle which terminates in malignant progressive tumour growth. At present, the body of information about rhabdomyosarcomas supports the assumption of an origin from immature mesenchymal cells. Nevertheless, the second theory cannot be totally excluded.
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  • 53
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 292 (1976), S. 267-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Rat ; Hamster ; Hepatic microsomal drug metabolism ; Glucocorticoid interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of some glucocorticoids on hepatic microsomal biphenyl and aniline hydroxylations were investigated in rat and hamster. Steroids were either added to the standard incubation mixture or given as a single dose intraperitoneally before preparation of the liver microsomes for enzyme determination. The addition of steroids in vitro enhanced biphenyl-2-hydroxylation activity in hepatic microsomes of rat but not of hamster and the most pronounced effect was obtained with betamethasone. A similar species difference in the effects of betamethasone on this enzyme was also observed after administration of a single dose of the steroid in vivo.
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  • 54
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 293 (1976), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Pentetrazol ; Rat ; Pharmacokinetics ; Food ; Smooth muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It was the aim of this investigation to find out why pentetrazol (PTZ) administered orally to rats has considerably lower convulsive effectiveness than PTZ injected parenterally. It could be demonstrated that PTZ is distributed to and eliminated from all organs analyzed, without any sign of storage or of redistribution. Biological halftime was found to be about 3.5 h after subcutaneous injection. PTZ is absorbed slowly from the gastrointestinal tract because PTZ given orally is retained in the stomach for many hours. PTZ absorption is slow from the stomach while it is rapid from the small intestine. Food taken in before and after PTZ administration decreases the rate of PTZ absorption. Retention in the stomach of PTZ given orally is probably due to delayed gastric emptying since PTZ is able to reduce the basal tone and the acetylcholine-induced contractions of isolated preparations of the fundus of the stomach.
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  • 55
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    Virchows Archiv 371 (1976), S. 199-217 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Giant cell tumor of soft parts ; Histopathology ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The light-microscopic and ultrastructural findings in a case of so-called giant cell tumor of soft parts, localized at the dorsal side of the left foot of a 23-years-old male are described. An amputation of the lower extremity was performed and subsequently chemotherapy with adriamycin was given for 3 months. Despite the histology and cytologic malignant appearance and the evident vascular invasion, already present at the time of the first excision, the last known status 2 years later seems favorable. There are no pathologic lymph nodes in the groins and no signs of metastases on chest X-rays. From the electron-microscopic study no definite conclusion can be drawn as regards the histogenesis of this tumor. We feel, as do others, that many of the principal mononuclear tumor cells are poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells. Some of the neoplastic cells, however, show ultrastructural features suggestive of chondro- or osteoblasts (a well-developed r.e.r. containing electron-dense material; multiple Golgi complexes; masses of glycogen; interdigitating cell membrane villi; cytoplasmic filaments; an extracellular amorphous matrix). Some of the larger tumor cells have the submicroscopic aspects of histiocytes as described in osseous, cutaneous, or pulmonary lesions of the histiocytosis X group. As yet undetermined cytoplasmic inclusion bodies constitute another rare observation in our material.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 161-186 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Intestine ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative study of muscle cells of the guinea-pig taenia coli is reported. Stereological methods were used on electron micrographs and phase contrast micrographs. Smooth muscle cells of taeniae fixed under 1 gram load were about 515 μm long. Muscle cell volume was about 3,500 μm3 and cell surface 5,300 μm2. About 168,000 caveolae were found at the surface of each muscle cell, covering about 29 percent of its surface. They produced a 73 percent increase of the cell membrane compared to a smooth-surfaced cell. The ratio surface-to-volume is about 1∶0.67 if the geometrical surface is considered, or 1∶0.39 if the total surface of the cell membrane (including the caveolae) is considered. Mitochondria constituted 3.5–4 percent of the cell volume. A few nexuses were observed, both between two muscle cells and between a muscle cell and an interstitial cell. In serial sections septa of connective tissue and groups of muscle cells were found to disappear within few tens of microns or to merge with other septa, and the taenia did not appear to be divided into clear-cut muscle cell bundles. Bundles of smooth muscle cells were seen passing from the taenia to the underlying circular muscle. The transverse sectional area of the taenia ranged between 0.14 and 0.39 mm2; it showed about 526 blood vessels · mm-2.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 187-201 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Contraction ; Taenia coli ; Ultrastructure ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Smooth muscle cells of the guinea-pig taenia coli were studied in light and electron microscopy, in condition of mild stretch or of isotonic contraction. During contraction the cells increase in transverse sectional area and their packing density passes from 94,000 · mm-2 to 18,000 · mm-2. The percentage increase in transverse sectional area of the taenia is approximately the same as the percentage decrease in length. Measurements of cell transverse sectional area suggest that the individual cells shorten and fatten more than the taenia as a whole. Whereas stretched muscle cells run parallel to each other and show a fairly smooth surface, isotonically contracted cells are twisted and entwine around each other. Their surfaces are covered with myriad processes and folds. Longitudinal, transverse or oblique stripes are seen in light microscopy in the contracted muscle cells and it is suggested that they are related to the characteristics of the cell surface. In electron microscopy a complex pattern of interdigitating finger-like and laminar processes is observed. Caveolae are mainly found on the evaginated parts of the cell surface, dense patches are mainly (but not always) found on the invaginated parts. Desmosome-like attachments between contracted cells are frequent. The collagen fibrils run approximately parallel to the stretched muscle cells; on the other hand, they run obliquely and transversely around the isotonically contracted cells.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 259-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eyes ; Strombus ; Regeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tips of the eyestalks of three species of strombid gastropods were amputated and the structure of the fully developed eye investigated. The retina contains at least two types of cell: sensory cells bearing long tufts of microvilli with a central cytoplasmic core, and pigment cells with short microvilli. New eyes became visible at the tips of the eyestalk stump 5–16 days after amputation. When the regenerated eyes first appear, they consist of hollow balls of cells with a pigment lined cavity; two types of retinal cells are already distinguishable but their microvilli and cilia are small and sparse. The microvillous tufts and sensory cell contents develop quickly and about 14 days after their first appearance, the eye is a fully formed but miniature organ.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 305-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chorioallantoic placenta ; Gap junctions ; Diaplacental transport ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gap junctions were found to be a constant feature of chorioallantoic placentae with two or three trophoblastic layers. The gap junctions connect layers I and II in hemodichorial and layers II and III in hemotrichorial placentae. Although the gap junctions vary in form and in the packing density of membrane-associated particles, they cover an extensive surface area in all species examined. The gap junctions always connect adjacent membranes of two trophoblastic layers, which show no evidence of micropinocytotic activity; at least one of these trophoblastic layers is syncytial. It is therefore concluded that the gap junctions play an important role in diaplacental transport. We consider that gap junctions act as molecular sieves, resulting in limitations in the transport of large molecules. The passage of small molecules, on the contrary, would be facilitated by the gap junctions.
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    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 285-296 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat ; Castration ; Nuclear alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the nuclei of epithelial cells of the dorsal lobe of the rat prostate were studied 2, 3, 5, 7 and 21 days after castration. The nucleolus appears to undergo a progressive disorganisation with partial fragmentation and dispersion of its normal components. Changes in the nucleoplasm were primarily reflected by a condensation of chromatin, particularly along the nuclear membrane and adjacent to the nucleolus. Later, different types of intranuclear inclusions were observed. After 21 days, the nuclei were characterized by an irregular outline with large indentation. Within the nucleoplasm aggregates of coarse granular chromatin were found. No cell necrosis was observed, indicating that androgen deprivation results in a remodeling of the cell to a less active state with marked cellular alterations and cessation of secretion, but apparently with some of their basic functions still intact. Injections of testosterone completely reverse the castrated-induced alterations. The changes observed are assumed to be due to the withdrawal of the androgenic stimulus, with a direct influence on the secretory function of the cell. The findings support the view that the stimulating secretory effect of androgen is mediated via an intranuclear androgen receptor, probably located in the nucleolus-associated-chromatin. It is also proposed that the secretory function of the epithelial cells of the prostatic complex, initiated by androgens, may be regulated by an intranuclear secretory center.
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 417-421 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Snails ; Water regulation ; Ultrastructure ; X-ray microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Aestivating snails form abundant lamellate vesicles in the cells of the mantle collar, an epithelium known to regulate the rate at which water is lost from its surface. Since lamellate vesicles are much reduced in hydrated mantle tissue of recently stimulated animals it is tentatively concluded that the vesicles, and their contents, form a barrier to water movement within these cells. X-ray microanalysis of unfixed thin sections shows that there is a concentration gradient of ions within these cells in aestivating animals which is not present in stimulated snails.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 465-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry ; Oocytes ; Molluscs ; Vitellogenesis ; Nucleoli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ovarian oocytes of Agriolimax reticulatus (Müller) have been studied by light and electron microscopy and electron cytochemistry. The development of the oocyte in the ovotestis may be divided into three stages. During Stage I the oocyte cytoplasm contains mainly ribosomes and also strands of endoplasmic reticulum, scattered mitochondria and Golgi systems. The nucleus contains both a paranucleolus and an eunucleolus. By Stage II the oocyte has enlarged, especially in a plane parallel to the basement membrane. In addition to the above mentioned organelles, the cytoplasm contains lipid, glycogen and early yolk platelets. During Stage III, the oocyte continues to enlarge, but mainly in a plane perpendicular to the basement membrane. A considerable degree of cytoplasmic differentiation has also taken place. The plasma membrane of the oocyte has become specialized with the appearance of a polysaccharide-rich glycocalyx, microvilli and pinocytotic tubules. Elsewhere, much of the background cytoplasm, containing Golgi-derived, polysaccharide and acid phosphatase-rich multivesiculate bodies, lipid and glycogen, is sequestered by smooth membranes and ultimately fuses with the growing yolk platelets. The nucleus contains an amphinucleolus, characteristic of many gastropods. The findings of this study are discussed in relation to results from other studies on oogenesis.
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 529-542 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Cerebral cortex ; Endothelial cells ; Intraendothelial lumen ; Interendothelial lumen ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Developing blood vessels in rat cerebral cortex were studied at a number of stages between 3 and 28 days postnatal, in an attempt to obtain data on the mechanisms by which the lumen is established within cords of mesodermal cells. A combination of techniques was utilized in an attempt to elucidate these mechanisms. These were: (a) aldehyde fixation and block staining with phosphotungstic acid; (b) aldehyde perfusion followed by perfusion of a lead solution and post-fixation in osmium tetroxide; (c) conventional preparation of tissue with aldehyde and osmium fixation. Support for interendothelial lumen formation was readily forthcoming, including vessels with junctions between two or more endothelial cells cut transversely. There was some support for intraendothelial lumen formation, in the form of “seamless” endothelial cells. Other features noted included the presence of free ribosomes and vacuoles in the endothelial cells, endothelial flaps, sprouts and tendrils, intraluminal debris, endothelial degeneration and a junction with a nonendothelial cell. Large numbers of endothelial vacuoles were noted, many of them occurring at the abluminal edge of the cells. These vacuoles may be involved in the formation of intraendothelial lumina and also in the enlargement of both types of lumina. This study provides evidence that besides the well-established inter-endothelial lumen formation, intraendothelial mechanisms may also be operative in rat cerebral cortex. The techniques employed in this study offer the potential for clarifying these and related issues.
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Pituitary ; Teleost ; GTH-cells ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the male black molly, Poecilia latipinna, morphological and functional aspects of the gonadotropic (GTH-)cells have been studied at the ultrastructural level. The cells exclusively occupy the ventral and lateral areas of the meso-adenohypophysis. In the black molly there is evidence of the presence of only one type of gonadotropic cell. In the GTH-cells of most specimens, the rough endoplasmic reticulum is weakly developed. The secretory vesicles are characterized by cores with varying diameters; this variation was not observed in the secretory vesicles of the other types of pituitary cells, except in the TSH-cells. After applying a histochemical method for the demonstration of polysaccharides, small black deposits appear in the core of the secretory vesicles of the GTH and TSH-cells only; this indicates the glycoproteinaceous nature of the hormones produced in these cells. Male black mollies treated with methyl-testosterone have significantly smaller GTH-cells and a lesser number of secretory vesicles and mitochondria in these cells. GTH-cell activity in Poeciliinae may be thus influenced by androgens by means of a negative feed-back mechanism. The GTH-cells are innervated by both type A and type B neurosecretory fibres. There are indications that the type A fibres may originate from the pars lateralis cells of the nucleus lateralis tuberis; the origin of the type B fibres is uncertain.
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Rat small intestine ; Differentiation ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; X-irradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural development of the principal cells in rat small intestine was studied by morphometric analyses in relation to the exact cell position along crypt and villus. From the bottom to the tip of the crypt, a gradual increase occurred in absolute size of the total cell, the cytoplasm, the terminal web and of nearly all cell organelles. Also, the relative size of the cytoplasm, mitochondria, microvilli and endoplasmic reticulum increased during crypt cell differentiation. No sudden changes in ultrastructure were observed in the so-called “critical decision zone”, normally located halfway up the crypt where the proliferative activity ceases. At the crypt-villous junction a 1.4–3 fold increase in cell size, cytoplasm, terminal web and of most organelles was noted. Expansion of the proliferative cell compartment over the total length of the crypt as occurs during recovery after a low X-irradiation dose (72 h after 400 R) does not affect the normal development of cellular ultrastructure. These findings are discussed in relation to biochemical and cell kinetic data.
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    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 273-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Perivascular space ; Tannic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes and portions of occipital cortex from rats were examined electron microscopically following fixation in 4% tannic acid in 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The procedure allowed a clear demonstration of the perivascular space and intercellular spaces in both tissues. The perivascular spaces in the neurosecretory tissue was far more extensive than in the neural tissue and the role of this region in relation to the process of neurosecretion is discussed.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 165 (1976), S. 371-382 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tracheal epithelium, Organ culture ; Rat, mouse ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies of adult rat and mouse tracheal epithelium maintained in organ culture for a period of up to 6 days were performed. In specimens cultured for 60 minutes no conspicuous micromorphological alterations could be observed. Following culture periods from 1–6 days the number of cilia in some of the ciliated cells was reduced while their structure and the other ultrastructural details of the epithelial cells were preserved. In specimens cultured for 5–6 days some additional alterations could be noticed: polymorphism of mitochondria, increased number of lysosomes, appearance of intracellular vacuoles, exhaustion of goblet cells and disappearance of granulated mast-cell like cells in the rat tracheal epithelium. I want to thank Miss J. Selbmann and Mrs. S. Kolassa for technical help and Mr. H. Wagner for preparing the micrographs; I am indebted to Dr. D. Kerjaschki and to Mr. H. Hörandner for performing preparations for scanning electron microscopy and to Mr. P. Scholze (Österreichische Studiengesellschaft für Atomenergie, Institut für Metallurgie, Abteilung Fremdkörperphysik) for preparing the scanning electron micrograph.
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  • 68
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    Keywords: Rostral hypothalamus ; Secretory neurons ; Magnocellular and parvocellular systems ; Ultrastructure ; Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Aves)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structures of the neurons and neuropils of the magnocellular supraoptic nucleus and the parvocellular nuclei of the rostral hypothalamus, including the suprachiasmatic and medial, lateral and periventricular preoptic nuclei, and the neuronal apparatus of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, have been examined in the male White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, by correlated light and electron microscopy. The magnocellular supraoptic nucleus is characterized by large neurosecretory perikarya which contain a well developed Golgi complex and densecored granules 1,500–2,200 Å in diameter. The neuropil displays axons, dendrites and glial fibers. Some axonal profiles contain dense-cored vesicles 800–1,000 Å in diameter and clear vesicles 500 Å in diameter. Axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses are conspicuous in this nuclear region. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is characterized by an accumulation of small neurons with moderately developed cellular organelles and some dense-cored granules, approximately 1,000 Å in diameter. The profiles of axons within the neuropil contain dense-cored granules 800–1,000 Å in diameter and clear vesicles 500 Å in diameter. The neurons of the medial preoptic nucleus are relatively large and exhibit well developed cellular organelles and dense-cored granules 1,300 to 1,500 Å in diameter. Granular materials are formed within the Golgi complex. The medial preoptic nucleus is rich in secretory perikarya. Occasionally, neurons with granules 1,500–2,200 Å in diameter are encountered in the lateral preoptic and periventricular preoptic nuclei. They may be considered as scattered elements of the magnocellular (supraoptic and paraventricular) system. The organum vasculosum laminae terminalis consists of three layers, i.e., ependymal, internal and external zones, and exhibits a vascular arrangement similar to that of the median eminence. The perikarya of the parvocellular neurons and their axons in the internal zone contain numerous secretory granules ranging from 1,300 to 1,500 Å in diameter.
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    Cell & tissue research 174 (1976), S. 465-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostaglandin ; Ultrastructure ; Corpus luteum ; Pregnancy ; Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corpora lutea (C.L.) from normal and prostaglandin-treated pregnant hamsters were examined by light and electron microscopy. Luteal cells from pregnant control animals were hypertrophied and contained an abundance of agranular endoplasmic reticulum (AER) suggesting steroidogenic activity. Animals which were injected on day 4 of pregnancy had ovulated by the third day following the injection, hence, two generations of corpora lutea were present in the ovary. Luteal cells from the “old” C.L. of pregnancy underwent a progressive degeneration during the four days following the single prostaglandin injection, whereas, cells from “new” C.L. appeared viable in most respects. The presence of aggregated platelets in both “old” and “new” C.L. was noted. It is suggested that the “new” C.L. are responsible for the rebound of plasma progesterone reported in previous investigations three days following prostaglandin treatment in pregnant hamsters.
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Stomach ; Crab ; Physiology ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The physiological and ultrastructural properties of muscle fibers comprising three motor units in the gastric mill of blue crabs are described. In their contractile properties muscle fibers in all motor units are similar and resemble the slow type fibers in crustacean limb muscles. The majority of fibers generate large excitatory post-synaptic potentials which do not facilitate strongly. Structurally two types of fibers are found. The one type has long sarcomeres (〉6 μm), thin to thick myofilament ratios of 5–6∶1 and diads located near the ends of the A-band. The other type has shorter sarcomeres (〈 6 μm), thin to thick myofilament ratios of 3∶1 and diads located at mid sarcomere level. Both types of fibers occur within a single motor unit and this differs from the vertebrate situation. Furthermore, the finding of fibers with a low thin to thick myofilament ratio of 3∶1 demonstrates that they are not exclusive to fast type crustacean muscle but also occur in slow stomach muscles.
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 261-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Exercise ; Rat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four groups of male rats were exercised for periods of 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks with controls in each group. As a result of chronic exercise there was an increase in the width of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. Also, there was an increase in the number and size of the mitochondria, and an increase in the quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and during the first 4 weeks of exercise an increase in the number of lipid droplets in the zona fasciculata. The close relationship between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria, and the relationship between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the lipid droplets suggests a possible means for a transport mechanism for movement of precursors between these organelles.
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 303-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Supraependymal cells ; Third ventricle ; Hypothalamus ; Hypophyseotropic area ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The supraependymal cells (SEC) are a normal component of the wall of the cerebral ventricles. In the hypothalamic area of the third ventricle they are restricted, in healthy animals, to the ependymal projection of the hypophyseotropic area. Here the SEC show great polymorphism. In addition to bipolar, multipolar and stellate or spider-like cells, transitional forms between these types can be seen. Their perikarya and processes can either remain at some distance from the ependyma or be in close contact with it. The processes may protrude between the ependymal cells or show surface differentiations that resemble the thin cytoplasmic folds of the mesenchymal wandering cells. Considering this and the variations in the number of cells, for example during the ovarian cycle, the SEC can be interpreted as mesenchymal cells, probably related to microglial cells of the subependymal layer. It is suggested that the SEC have a phagocytotic function and may be involved in the normal renewal of the ependyma. A definitive explanation for the restriction of the SEC to the hypophyseotropic area as well as the elucidation of their function remain to be found.
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Glial Cells ; Cyclic AMP ; Differentiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Modifications of cell shape induced in cultured newborn rat astroblasts by serum deprivation or dibutyryladenosine 3′–5′ monophosphate (dBcAMP) are described. Serum suppression modifies the adhesivity of the cells to the substrate, but this modification is not consistent with a true differentiation. The main ultrastructural feature of dBcAMP-treated astroblasts is the presence of an extensive system of 90 Å microfilaments, while control cells are relatively devoid of these structures.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Blind cave fish ; Astyanax mexicanus ; Regressive evolution ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparative ultrastructural study has been made of the pineal organ in specimens of two closely related populations of the characid fish, Astyanax mexicanus. The specimens of one population are living in the river, under natural light conditions. The specimens of the other population, originally described as Anoptichthys jordani, are living in a completely dark cave. In specimens of both populations the pineal organ consists of a spindle shaped end-vesicle, connected to the diencephalic roof by a slender stalk. The pineal tissue is compact and consists predominantly of glia-like supporting cells and sensory cells resembling the photoreceptor cells of the lateral vertebrate eye. Phagocytotic microglia-like cells can be found in close contact with the outer segments of the sensory cells. Nerve cells are located in the neighbourhood of neuropil formations, in which synaptic contacts are established between sensory cells and nerve cells. From these nerve cells fibers are emerging, forming the pineal tract that runs down the pineal stalk towards the diencephalon. On the basis of the ultrastructure described by other authors it is concluded that the pineal organ in specimens of the river population of Astyanax mexicanus resembles the pineal organ of other fish species. In specimens of the river population, reared under normal light-dark conditions for 3, 9 or 18 months, conspicuous morphological changes have not been detected in the presumably light-sensitive outer segments of the sensory cells or in other parts of the pineal tissue. In specimens of the cave populations, reared under identical conditions, an age-dependent, gradual regression of the regular outer segment organization of the pineal sensory cells takes place. In other parts of the pineal tissue, only small morphological changes can be observed. In specimens of the cave population, reared in constant darkness, the regression of the pineal outer segment organization begins earlier and is obvious. It is postulated that the gradual age-dependent regression of the regular organization of the outer segments in the pineal organ of cave specimens of Astyanax mexicanus is genetically determined and indicates a regressive evolution of the pineal light sensitivity. The expression of the regressive traits is dependent on the environmental light conditions.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Epididymis ; Rabbit ; Organ culture ; Androgens ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the corpus epididymidis of the rabbit has been studied following organ culture. Various modifications of tissue preparation and culture conditions were examined to obtain good maintenance of cellular integrity as well as to preserve sperm fertilizing ability. After 5 to 7 days in culture in the absence of hormonal support, the epididymal epithelium showed signs indicative of cellular regression. Such changes included shrinkage of the cells, loss of the border of stereocilia, decrease in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and an increase in autophagic vacuoles. The presence of androgens in culture media prevented cellular regression to varying degrees, depending on the hormone utilized. With regard to maintenance of cellular integrity, potency of the androgens tested was as follows: 5α-dihydrotestosterone 〉= 3α-androstanediol 〉 testosterone 〉 3β-androstanediol. Addition of insulin to dihydrotestosterone-containing cultures resulted in no improvement in maintenance. Phagocytosis of spermatozoa by epithelial cells was observed in cultured tubules and the degree of spermiophagy was inversely proportional to successful maintenance of fine structural characteristics of epithelial cells. The morphological findings reported here correlate well with the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa from cultured epididymis as reported in an accompanying communication.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 117-131 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retino-hypothalamic projection ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Rat ; Axonal iontophoresis/cobalt precipitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The technique of cobalt sulfide precipitation combined with Timm's sulfide-silver method for intensification of heavy metals was used to delineate the retino-hypothalamic projection of the rat. Freshly isolated rat brains were dissected and a solution of cobaltous chloride was applied to one of the cut optic nerves. Sixteen hours later, after cobalt ions had passed into the brain along the entire length of the optic fibers, the preparation was treated with ammonium sulfide to precipitate the cobalt as cobalt sulfide. In thick light microscopic sections, cobalt-filled axons were visualized as black fibers against a light gold background. Such fibers were observed to leave the posterior medial portion of the optic chiasm and, after arching dorsally, to project into the posterior fifth of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), as well as into the rostral part of the arcuate nucleus. Neither bifurcation of these axons nor looping of the axons back to the chiasm was seen. Most fibers projected to the SCN contralateral to the filled nerve, but the projection represented less than 0.1 % of the total number of fibers in one optic nerve. These observations are considered to be graphic evidence of a retino-hypothalamic projection. The interpretation of the cobalt method is discussed, as are the functions of the connections that have been observed.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 193-207 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral eye ; Barnacle ; Morphometry ; Osmium fixation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lateral eye of the barnacle, Balanus eburneus, fixed in highly concentrated osmium is a lens-shaped body of approximately 250 μm in diameter and about 75 μm thick. It contains three photoreceptor cells which occupy about 42% of its volume. The photoreceptor cells are irregularly shaped and extend countless dendritic processes which bear rhabdomeres at their ends. Individual rhabdomeres come into contact with rhabdomeres originating from dendrites of the same or of one of the other visual cells. Thirteen per cent of the volume of the photoreceptor cells is taken up by the rhabdomeres. The membranes of the rhabdomeric microvilli contain globular subunits which suggest a 70 Å spacing of rhodopsin molecules. There are two kinds of glial cells. One kind, type A glial cells, makes contact with the fibrous capsule of the photoreceptor. The other kind, type B glial cells, is associated with the photoreceptor cells and extends countless tiny cytoplasmic extensions which interdigitate with similar extensions of the receptor cells. There are approximately 95 type B glial cells and 130 type A glial cells in the receptor. The cytoplasm of the photoreceptor cells contains countless small Golgi fields, mitochondria, microtubules, multivesicular and multilamellar bodies. The extracellular space of the photoreceptor is less than 0.1% of its total volume.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 43-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interdigitating cells ; Lymph node ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electronmicroscopic and cytochemical studies were performed to localize interdigitating reticulum cells (IDC) in the popliteal lymph node of the rat. The morphological features of the IDC of the rat correspond to those described for other species, but also show similarities to normal macrophages in the rat. This is considered to be an argument in favour of the common origin of IDC's and macrophages. Ultrahistochemical studies with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reveal no phagocytotic capacity of IDC's. After perfusion fixation containing ruthenium red (RR) the surface coat stains heavily: RR is also found deep in the membrane invaginations of the IDC, indicating the presence of polyanionic sialoglyco-proteins. The post-capillary-venules (PVC) are very permeable to both HRP and RR. The phosphotungstic acid-chromic acid stain (PTA-CrA) also reveals glycoproteins in the surface coat; these glycoproteins are susceptible to α-neuraminidase, whereas glycoproteins in the Golgi complexes, lysosomes and in the vesicular complexes of IDC are not. The glycoproteins of the latter are susceptible to 0.1 N NaOH. These findings indicate that IDC produce different kinds of glycoprotein, one of which may be secreted and act as a factor for stimulating peripheral T-lymphocytes. Intimate contact between IDC's and PCV's could be observed. It is therefore conceivable that IDC's play an important role in the homing of T-lymphocytes.
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  • 79
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    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Monoamine ; ZIO reaction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The reaction of nerve endings in the median eminence of the rat to zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) staining was examined electron microscopically under normal and experimental conditions. The experimental condition of catecholamine exhaustion in the nerve endings was induced by the administration of H44/68 and reserpine. Vesicles in the terminals of catecholaminergic nerves reacted similarly to ZIO staining in both normal and experimental material. The majority of synaptic vesicles in various terminals gave a positive ZIO reaction. The neurosecretory elementary granules, however, failed to react with ZIO. On the other hand, some nerve terminals in the external layer of the median eminence showed a strong positive reaction in the cytoplasmic matrix, in mitochondria as well as in synaptic vesicles. These findings strongly suggest that the ZIO-positive substance in nerve terminals is not the transmitter itself, i.e. the monoamine, but rather represents a range of substances commonly found in various kinds of synaptic vesicles and is probably proteinaceous in nature. A brief discussion is also given on the difference in ZIO reactivity between neurosecretory elementary granules and small vesicles in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 335-341 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bird marginal retina ; Ultrastructure ; Histofluorescence ; Dopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibres containing dense core vesicles of 100–160 nm diameter are concentrated in a narrow zone (near the ora serrata) of the marginal retina in the pigeon and the chicken. Synaptic junctions exist between terminals containing dense core vesicles and the most marginal ganglion cells; however, numerous fibres seem to end freely near the vitreous body or even penetrate the pars plana of the ciliary body. Histofluorescence demonstrates the aminergic nature of these fibres. Determination of catecholamines with the dansylation technique reveals six times more dopamine in the marginal than in the central retina, whereas the noradrenalin level is unchanged. The dopaminergic fibres originate in neurons of the innermost zone of the inner nuclear layer. The marginal localisation of these fibres apparently excluding any visual function seems rather to indicate a possible photoreceptor system involved in neuro-endocrine regulation.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 173 (1976), S. 349-356 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Finrays ; Tilapia ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron-microscopic studies were carried out on the fins of the fish Tilapia mossambica (Peters). A detailed description is presented of the different skeletal components comprising the finrays. The mode of development of the hemisegments appears in several ways similar to that of fish scales. Each hemisegment is contained by an envelope of scleroblasts which secrete collagen fibres in a unipolar fashion. Calcification takes place as a result of deposition of hydroxyapatite-like crystals between the collagen fibres. However, the orientation of these fibres is not as regular as that of the fibres occurring in scales.
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  • 82
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    Cell & tissue research 165 (1976), S. 249-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stretch receptor ; Urodele amphibia ; Ultrastructure ; Physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Non-encapsulated, fine beaded nerve endings were found histologically on some muscle fibres in a number of limb muscles in newts and axolotls. They were present in newt muscles that had been chronically de-efferented, and in which no efferent activity survived, and were therefore likely to be sensory. They were located only on muscle fibres on or near the outside surface of the muscle. These small-diameter muscle fibres were characterised histochemically by low lipid, SDH and phosphorylase content; ultrastructurally by low glycogen content, and relatively large myofilaments poorly delimited by a sparse SR. There were many of this type (Type 1) that did not support sensory endings. A few endings occurred on another larger-diameter type of fibre (Type 2) whose properties were opposite to those listed above for Type 1. There was virtually no specialization of muscle fibre structure beneath the sensory endings. Physiological experiments involving ramp-and-hold and sinusoidal stretch applied to the muscle whilst recording single-unit afferent responses in m.ext. dig. III of axolotls showed unit responses very similar to those known from muscle spindles, particularly those of the frog.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 167 (1976), S. 467-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Saccus dorsalis, Salmo gairdneri Richardson ; Histology ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry ; Enzyme-cytochemistry ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The saccus dorsalis of the brain of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, has been investigated by means of histological, cytochemical, enzyme-cytochemical, electron microscopical and autoradiographical techniques. The saccus dorsalis is a rostro-dorsal evagination of the diencephalic roof, and consists of a partly folded epithelial wall separating the cerebrospinal fluid from the meningeal matrix fluid. The well-developed vascular system around the epithelial wall, consisting of capillaries with different diameters, seems to be part of the pineal vascular system. No structures were found that may be involved in a possible mechanical or nervous blood flow control. The single-layered epithelium consists of highly specialized cells of one specific type. These cells are mainly characterized by infolded basal membranes, long microvilli of a peculiar shape, non-folded lateral membranes bordering intercellular spaces, apical concentrations of elongate and cupshaped macromitochondria, a basally located rough endoplasmic reticulum, an apically situated smooth endoplasmic reticulum and apical concentrations of micropinocytotic vesicles. Morphological evidence is presented of a multiple function of these cells: (1) fluid secretion, (2) extrusion of low molecular weight organic substances into the ventricular system, (3) uptake of high molecular weight substances, and (4) uptake of low molecular weight organic substances (aminergic neurotransmitters [GABA]) from the cerebrospinal fluid. The significance of light and dark cells is discussed. Indications of a possible innervation of the saccus dorsalis epithelial cells were not observed. The functional significance of the saccus dorsalis (possible analogue of the choroid plexus?) is discussed.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 201-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electroretinography ; Retinal degeneration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immature albino rats were exposed to continuous illumination for 5–93 days and the light induced ultrastructural and electroretinographic changes were studied. Another group was exposed to continuous light for 7–9 days and then kept in complete darkness, or in cyclic light-dark up to 90 days. By comparison with the results obtained in adult animals, lesions appeared faster in the immature group. Tubular transformation of rods, phagocytosis of altered outer and inner segments with resulting changes in retinal organization, synaptic degeneration in the outer plexiform layer, and cell lysis of some photoreceptor cell perikarya are described. ERG recovery, following the period of darkness or cyclic light-dark, was only partial, the amplitude of the “b” wave reached only 50–60% of the control preillumination values. However, the fine structure of the recovered outer segments was similar to that found in normal retinae.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 407-412 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary primordium ; Cytodifferentiation ; Rat ; Organ culture ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rathke's pouches isolated from rat fetuses on day 12 were maintained in organ culture for 9 days and investigated immunohistochemically to test whether or not the hypothalamus is involved in the cytodifferentiation of the adenohypophysis. The unlabeled antibody enzyme method demonstrated that the cultured tissue contains different types of glandular cells, i.e., adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-, growth hormone (GH)-, luteinizing hormone (LH)-, thyrotropin (TSH)-, and prolactin-producing cells. Indirect evidence was also obtained to indicate the presence of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-cells. These findings suggest that adenohypophysial primordial cells of rats start to synthesize their respective hormones without stimuli from neurosecretory substances of the brain which are known to be essential for the maintenance of the secretory activity of the adult gland.
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  • 86
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 399-406 
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    Keywords: Mammotrophs ; Prolactin ; Lactation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Effects of suckling on the structure of mammotrophs and the release of prolactin, were studied in rats on the 10th day of lactation with the use of electron microscopy and radioimmunoassay techniques. Nursing animals were separated from their young for 8 hr and subsequently united and permitted to nurse for 1, 5, 15, 30 min; or 1, 2 and 4hr. Blood samples were obtained prior to and throughout the suckling interval and pituitary glands were processed for electron microscopy. Control animals consisted of normal lactating females and animals separated from their young for 8 hr. Normally lactating controls had high prolactin serum levels (501±95 ng/ml) and synthetically active appearing mammotrophs. An 8 hr separation from the pups induced a dramatic lowering of serum prolactin (32±5 ng/ml), an increase in secretory granule storage, and a great dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) cisternae. Five min of renewed suckling resulted in a rise of plasma prolactin levels (605±183 ng/ml) which remained high thereafter. The major ultrastructural changes observed during the first 30 min of suckling were as follows: 1) at 1 min, the RER became collapsed suggesting a discharge of its contents (soluble hormone?); 2) at 5 min, and much more obviously at 15 and 30 min, a massive discharge of secretory granules was observed; and 3) at 15 and 30 min, the collapsed RER underwent transformation from lamellar into a vesicular form. Prolonged suckling (for 1, 2 and 4 hr) induced new hormone synthesis as suggested by the presence of hypertrophied Golgi elements and numerous immature granules. This was accompanied by a new transformation of the RER from the vesicular into a lamellar form now consisting of very slender cisternae lined with numerous ribosomes, presumably involved in the renewal of the synthetic process. The morphologic findings described correlate well with the time table of prolactin release. In addition, the dramatic early changes in the structure of the RER suggest a possible involvement of this organelle in the storage and release of a proposed rapidly releasable pool of prolactin.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 511-520 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Eyestalk ; Palaemon ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ (MTGX) of the eyestalk of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon paucidens, six peptidergic neuro-secretory cell types (A-, B-, C-, D-, E-, and F-cells) are distinguishable on the basis of the different morphology of their elementary granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). All of these cell types seem to correspond to Type-IIIa cells or dispersing Type-IV cells, that have previously been differentiated at the light microscopic level (Hisano, 1974), as judged from the dimensions of their cell bodies and nuclei. Two other peptidergic neurosecretory cell types that are apparently comparable to the Type-II and Type-IIIb cells (Hisano, 1974), respectively, are recognized in parts of the optic ganglia other than MTGX, and these are now designated as Gand H-cells, respectively. All the remaining cell types, designated as Type-I, cluster-forming Type-IV, Type-V and Type-VI cells in our previous light microscopic study, have small cored-vesicles in their cytoplasm. It remains undecided whether these, possibly aminergic, neurons are neurosecretory or not.
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  • 88
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    Cell & tissue research 166 (1976), S. 497-510 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; Phosphatase cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Testis ; Male reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic cytochemistry was used to determine the localization of five phosphatase enzymes—glucose-6-phosphatase, inosine diphosphatase, thiamine pyrophosphatase, acid phosphatase, and adenosine triphosphatase—in control human testes. Glucose-6-phosphatase occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and primitive spermatogonia, but was not observed in more advanced spermatogenic cells. The presence of glucose-6-phosphatase activity paralleled the presence of glycogen in spermatogenic cells, i.e., both occurred in type AL and AD spermatogonia but not in type AP or B spermatogonia or in more advanced spermatogenic cells. Inosine diphosphatase activity was found in the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, and Golgi complex of Sertoli cells and all spermatogenic cells except late spermatids. Additionally, inosine diphosphatase activity was localized at the junctions between Sertoli cells and late spermatids, but was not associated with any other plasma membrane. Thiamine pyrophosphatase reaction product was found in the Golgi bodies of Sertoli cells and in spermatogenic cells through immature spermatids. Neither inosine diphosphatase nor thiamine pyrophosphatase was observed in the Golgi bodies of spermatids during acrosomal formation. Acid phosphatase activity was found in lysosomes of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids, in lysosomes of Leydig cells, and in lysosomes, lipofuscin bodies, and Golgi cisternae of Sertoli cells. It is thought that Sertoli lysosomes play a role in the phagocytosis of degenerating germ cells; however, the role of spermatogenic or Leydig lysosomes is unknown. Adenosine triphosphatase activity occurred at the interfaces between two spermatogonia, and between Sertoli cells and spermatogonia, but was not observed in the spaces between two Sertoli cells, two spermatocytes, two spermatids, or between Sertoli cells and spermatocytes, or between Sertoli cells and spermatids.
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  • 89
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    Keywords: Microtubules ; Tractus hypophyseus ; Diabetes insipidus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evidence has already been adduced suggesting that an increase in microtubular number occurs in the tractus hypophyseus of rats stressed by the administration of hypertonic saline, and of rats with congenital diabetes insipidus (CDI). Since the tractus hypophyseus in these animals shows high secretory activity, it seems likely that the microtubular increase reflects the participation of microtubules in axoplasmic transport. To exclude, however, a congenital microtubular abnormality in CDI, affected newborn rats were examined. In these, the microtubular number was normal, thus suggesting that the increase in microtubular number seen in adult animals was not a congenital morphological abnormality. However, by 4 days of age there was a slight but statistically significant increase in microtubular number in affected rats, a change probably attributable to increased secretory activity.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 315-324 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptor ; Compound eye (Xyleborus ferrugineus) ; Male insect ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The compound eye of male (haploid) Xyleborus ferrugineus beetles was examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The eye externally consists of ca. 19 to 33 facets. Each ommatidium is composed of a thickly biconvex lenslet with about 50 electron dense and rare layers, but at the junction area between two lenslets there are only about 35 to 37 layers that can be distinguished. A very short (3.4–4.0 μm) acone type crystalline cone is located directly beneath the lenslet. Each ommatidium is surrounded by pigment cells, and pigment granules also appear throughout the cytoplasm of the retinular cells. Some pigment granules are even present below the basement membrane. There are 8 retinular cells. The rhabdomeres of 2 centrally situated photoreceptor cells fuse into a rhabdom which is enveloped by the rhabdomeres of 6 peripheral retinular cells. The rhabdomeres of the 6 peripheral retinular cells join laterally to form a rhabdomeric ring around the central rhabdom. No tracheation was observed among the retinular cells. Virus-like particles are evident near the nucleus in each Semper cell of the crystalline cone.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium ; Bone ; Parathyroid ; Parafollicular cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the chief cells of the parathyroid gland and thyroid parafollicular (C) cells and the morphology of bone in calcium depletion and subsequent repletion were examined in young growing pigs. A low calcium diet resulted in osteopenia, increased removal of the cartilaginous core, osteoclasia and osteocytic osteolysis. Subsequent repletion quickly returned bone to normal. In pigs fed the low calcium diet, there was a marked depletion of secretory granules but a striking increase in the number of microtubules in chief cells. Increasing the calcium content of the diet to normal quickly returned the ultrastructural appearance of chief cells to apparent normal. In the initial response to calcium repletion, chief cells exhibited large number of lysosomes and occasionally prominent paracrystalloid bodies. Electron microscopic examination of parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland failed to reveal differences in ultrastructure between test and control pigs. These findings support the view that bone resorption following calcium deficiency may be the result of a secondary hyperparathyroidism rather than of calcium deficiency per se.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 399-410 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vitellogenesis ; Dictyosomes ; Micropinocytosis ; Ultrastructure ; Collembola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vitellogenesis in Tetrodontophora bielanensis (Waga) is of the “mixed” type. Part of the yolk material is produced inside the oocyte (auto-synthesis), while part is absorbed by micropinocytosis. During autosynthesis polyribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes take part. Regardless of their origin, mature yolk spheres are constructed identically and are composed of three elements: cortex layer, matrix and crystals. Histochemical tests show that polysaccharides are present in the yolk spheres. Lipid droplets have been observed in the ooplasm; they develop without visible contact with any of the organelles. Among the reserve materials the following have been found: rough endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, polyribosomes, mitochondria and a few microtubules.
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  • 93
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    Keywords: Chloride cell ; Gill filaments ; Ultrastructure ; Ion-transport ; Macrophthalmia stage ; Lampetra fluviatilis (L.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interplatelet epithelium of the gills of freshwater and seawater adapted macrophthalmia stages of the river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis, was studied by electron microscopy. Three main cell types: basal, ion-excretory and superficial cells were identified and described. Ion-excretory cells were exposed to the environment in sea water but covered by a layer of superficial cells in fresh water. Electron-dense secretory granules in the apex of the cell were more abundant in fresh water. In fresh water, a few of the superficial cells contained numerous mitochondria and were identified as ion-uptake cells. In view of the scarcity of ion-uptake cells, the possibility that the ion-excretory cells are also responsible for ion-uptake in fresh water is discussed. Phagocytic removal of degenerating ion-excretory cells may be an important mechanism for the conservation of materials in a starving animal.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 455-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protonephridium ; Flatworm ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The protonephridial system of the terrestrial triclad Geoplana pasipha was studied by electron microscopy. In general construction it conforms to that of the freshwater planarian Dugesia tigrina (McKanna, 1968, 1968 a). Ultrastructural details permit the identification of proximal, collecting, osmoregulatory and nephridiopore regions. Intralumenal material is frequently observed within the tubules, whose cells are always joined by septate junctions. Cilia are numerous and possibly contribute to the flow of water and solutes along the system. Proximal tubules have a peculiar, particulate membrane coat, while a continuous coat, densely stainable with ruthenium red lines the more distal, unciliated tubules.
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 507-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node microvasculature ; Ultrastructure ; Permeability ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The microvasculature of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches consists of arterioles, capillaries and venules. The postcapillary segment comprises high-endothelial venules (HE venules) as well as ordinary venules. In order to study the ultrastructure of the microvasculature, particularly with respect to the nature of intercellular junctions, lanthanum and ruthenium red were used as tracers. Furthermore, to evaluate the permeability properties of the different segments of the microvasculature, intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP; MW: 40,000) was used. All segments of the microvasculature are permeable to HRP. However, the mechanism of transport across the vascular wall varies in the different segments, apparently correlated with a gradual decrease in number of transport vesicles and a gradual attenuation in the sealing of the endothelial cells. Tight junctions are present in arterioles, and it is assumed that HRP reach the basal lamina exclusively by vesicular transport. Incomplete or focal tight junctions are present in the capillaries, and both intercellular and vesicular pathways are observed. In the venules the intercellular pathway seems to be the dominant one, while vesicular transfer is negligible. However, some micropinocytic vesicles in the HE venule endothelial cells probably represent the initial stage of an intracellular digestion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 7-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human fetal pineal organ ; Innervation ; Cell junctions ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the pineal gland, the cell junctions in this organ and junctions between ependymal cells in the pineal recess were investigated in 27 human fetuses (crown-rump length 30–190 mm). Free nerve boutons containing clear and a few dense core vesicles were present in the pineal parenchyma and in the perivascular spaces. The boutons did not make “synaptic” contacts with the pinealocytes. No evidence for the presence of noradrenaline in the vesicles of nerve boutons was found. Gap junctions, intermediate-like junctions and desmosomes were frequently seen between the pinealocytes. Ruthenium red was used in three fetuses as an extracellular marker. The continuous endothelial cells surrounding the capillary lumen were connected by tight junctions. This indicates the presence of a blood-brain barrier. Tight junctions were present between the ependymal cells in the pineal recess. These junctions constitute an extracellular barrier between the pineal and the cerebrospinal fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 67-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hemocyte ; Invertebrate ; Sipunculida ; Phagocytosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The free swimming ciliated urn found in the coelomic fluid of Phascolosoma agassizii has been studied by electron microscopy. The urn is a multicellular structure composed of three cell types: (a) ciliated cells which possibly function in capturing cell debris and foreign particles; (b) cupola cells which are capable of phagocytozing latex particles; and (c) lobe cells which are capable of phagocytozing carbon particles. The lobes are separated from the ciliated cells by a semilunar area, with mucoprotein staining characteristics, containing fibrils which appear to be the structural support for the urn. Ciliated cells and lobes are attached to the semilunar area by hemidesmosomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 267-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Daphnia ; Cuticle ; Epidermis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the two integumental layers comprising the carapace of female D. magna was examined at several points through the molt cycle. The epicuticle and procuticle are simple in organisation; pore canals are absent but intracuticular fibres are present, forming complexes with invaginations of the epidermal plasma membrane similar to such complexes described in the literature for other arthropods. The epidermis consists almost entirely of cuticle-secreting cells. Secretion of the new cuticle begins when 50–67% of the instar has elapsed by which time the epidermal cells have increased in height and their nuclei have become more rounded. However, other presumed secretory phenomena observed viz. the formation of dense core vesicles by Golgi bodies, and the occurrence of these and coated vesicles near the apical plasma membrane are not restricted to any particular period during the molt cycle. This suggests that the mechanisms of cuticle secretion do not undergo marked changes in activity as they do in decapods; presumably this relative continuity is related to the much shorter molt cycle of cladocerans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 383-394 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary bladder ; Armadillo ; Transporting epithelium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nine-banded armadillo possesses a salivary bladder which is a dilated portion of the main duct of the submandibular gland at its origin. The wall of the bladder is composed of an epithelium, a submucosa and a thick coat of skeletal muscle. The ultrastructure of the epithelium reveals that it is complex and consists of three cell types: 1) principal cells, 2) light cells, and 3) basal cells. The general organization of the epithelium suggests that it is a transporting type of epithelium such as that found in the amphibian and reptilian urinary bladders and the mammalian gall bladder. The submucosa is composed primarily of densely-packed collagen fibers. The skeletal muscle is very vascular and richly innervated.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 169 (1976), S. 485-500 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars intermedia, rabbit ; Adult, young adult tissue ; Cytodifferentiation ; Organ culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fully differentiated rabbit pars intermedia has been maintained successfully for over six weeks as organ culture. PI-glandular cells are the commonest type throughout the culture. They retain their differentiated condition for at least five weeks. Autoradiography indicates that cell division occurs in cultures for at least two weeks. Dense granules are seen in the intercellular, perivascular and vascular spaces and are taken to indicate secretory activity under the conditions of culture. Some interstitial cells remain recognisable throughout the culture and ACT-type cells for more than two weeks. Other interstitial cells lose their usual appearance and become peripheral dark cells. Modification of cytoplasmic organelles, including distortion and darkening of mitochondria, increase in intracellular filaments and enlargement and liberation of the content of the PI-vesicles are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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