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  • 1980-1984  (1,900)
  • 1980  (1,900)
  • General Chemistry  (890)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (757)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (252)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1980-1984  (1,900)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2140-2153 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of Aliphatic Carbocations, 15. Rearrangements in 2-Arylalkyl SystemsPhenyl shifts from secondary to primary carbon proceed with virtually complete inversion at the migration origin, regardless whether they are induced by solvolysis of the aryl sulfonate 25 or by deamination of the amines 12, 17, 26, and 43. Sequential rearrangements (Ph, CH3 and Ph, H) are likewise stereo- and regiospecific. These results strongly support the intervention of phenonium ions. In contrast, the competitive alkyl shifts (deamination only) from benzylic to primary carbon produce but a small excess of inversion (Me 27%, Et 13%, iPr 20%, tBu 3%). Obviously, benzyl cations are the predominant intermediates.
    Notes: Phenylverschiebungen von sekundären an primäre C-Atome verlaufen mit praktisch vollständiger Inversion am Ausgangspunkt, gleichgültig, ob sie durch Solvolyse des Arylsulfonats 25 oder durch Desaminierung der Amine 12, 17, 26 und 43 induziert werden. Folgeumlagerungen (Ph, CH3 und Ph, H) sind ebenfalls stereo- und regiospezifisch. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen deutlich für das Auftreten von Phenonium-Ionen. Im Gegensatz dazu führen die konkurrierenden Alkylverschiebungen aus der Benzylposition an ein primäres C-Atom (nur bei Desaminierung) zu einem geringen Überschuß an Inversion (Me 27%, Et 13%, iPr 20%, tBu 3%). Offensichtlich sind Benzylkationen die vorherrschenden Zwischenstufen.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2154-2174 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Reactions of Compounds of the 5,6-Diazalumibullvalene SeriesThe 9,10-diazasnoutane derivatives 3a und 16 can be rearranged to the 5,6-diazalumibullvalene derivatives 4a and 17 on treatment with acids.  -  The methyl-substituted diazasnoutane 16 is prepared by a new route. This compares favourably with an alternative procedure involving the bromination of methylcyclooctatetraene as a key step.  -  The thermal behaviour of the azo compounds 23 - 26  -  prepared from 4a  -  is investigated.  -  Some azoxy compounds of the 5,6-diazalumibullvalene series have been synthesized. The location of the oxygen atom can not be deduced from NMR spectroscopy and has been established by an X-ray analysis of 37.
    Notes: Die 9,10-Diazasnoutan-Derivate 3a und 16 lassen sich mit Säuren zu den 5,6-Diazalumibullvalen-Derivaten 4a und 17 umlagern.  -  Für die Darstellung des methyl-substituierten Diazasnoutan-Derivats 16 wird ein neuer Weg beschrieben, und es werden dessen Vorteile gegenüber einem alternativen Verfahren, das die Bromierung von Methylcyclooctatetraen beinhaltet, diskutiert.  -  Das thermische Verhalten der aus 4a zugänglichen Azoverbindungen 23 - 26 wird untersucht.  -  Die Position des Sauerstoffs in verschiedenen Azoxyverbindungen mit 5,6-Diazalumibullvalen-Gerüst läßt sich kernresonanzspektroskopisch nicht einwandfrei festlegen und wird über die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 37 ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2183-2188 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of New Sulfur TriimidesTri-tert-butylsulfur triimide (1b) reacts with isocyanates R—NCO (R = perfluoroalkyl, sulfonyl, pentafluorosulfanyl, FSO2N=C(CF3)-) to give the corresponding di-tert-sulfur triimides (tBuN)2S(NR) (3a-d, 4a, b, 5, 6) in high yields. By the same method the bis(trimethylsilyl) derivative (Me3SiN)2S(N—CF(CF3)2) (7) is prepared.
    Notes: Tri-tert-butylschwefeltriimid (1b) reagiert mit Isocyanaten R—NCO (R = Perfluoralkyl-, Sulfonyl-, Pentafluorsulfanyl-, FSO2N=C(CF3)-) in hohen Ausbeuten zu den entsprechenden Di-tert-butylschwefeltriimiden (tBuN)2S(NR) (3a-d, 4a, b, 5, 6) und tBuNCO. Auf gleichem Wege konnte auch das Bis(trimethylsilyl)-Derivat (Me3SiN)2S(N—CF(CF3)2) (7) dargestellt werden.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2200-2210 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactivity of Metal-Metal Bonds. Trinuclear Complexes by Cleavage of Fe—Mo and Fe—W BondsIn arsenic-bridged dinuclear organometallic complexes (1) with Fe—Mo and Fe—W bonds only in a few cases the simple nucleophilic cleavage of the metal-metal bonds by organometal dimethylarsenides (2) can be achieved. In addition rearrangement and substitution reactions are observed, and the always resulting trinuclear complexes with and without metal-metal bonds are partly in equilibrium with the starting complexes. In one case rearrangement leads to an ionic compound with a Fe—W bonded cation and the Cp(CO)3Cr anion.
    Notes: Bei arsenverbrückten Organometall-Zweikernkomplexen (1) mit Fe—Mo- und Fe—W-Bindungen läßt sich mit Organometall-dimethylarseniden (2) nur in einigen Fällen die einfache nucleophile Öffnung der Metall-Metall-Bindung erzielen. Dazu werden Umlagerungs- und Substitutionsreaktionen beobachtet, und die in jedem Fall entstehenden Dreikernkomplexe mit und ohne Metall-Metall-Bindung stehen z, T. mit den Ausgangskomplexen im Gleichgewicht. In einem Falle führt Umlagerung zu einer Ionenverbindung mit einem Fe—W-verknüpften Kation und dem Cp(CO)3 Cr-Anion.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2211-2220 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ring Opening Conversions of the Spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diene System with Iron CarbonylsOpening of the three-membered ring of spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diene (1) by Fe2(CO)9 and CO insertion leads to the bridged η1-acyl-η5-cyclopentadienyl complex 3, which with additional Fe2(CO)9 via the labile intermediate 6 forms the dinuclear methylfulvene complex 4 by decarbonylation, insertion of a Fe(CO)4 unit, and hydrogen migration.
    Notes: Die Umwandlung des Spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diens (1) mit Fe2(CO)9 führt unter Öffnung des Dreirings und CO-Einschiebung zum überbrückten η1-Acyl-η5-cyclopentadienyl-Komplex 3, der bei der Einwirkung von weiterem Fe2(CO)9 unter Decarbonylierung, Einschub einer Fe(CO)4 -Einheit und H-Verschiebung über die labile Zwischenstufe 6 zu dem vom Methylfulven abgeleiteten Zweikernkomplex 4 weiterreagiert.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2025-2027 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrogenation of Eight-Membered Ring Acetylenes with AlcoholsEight-membered ring acetylenes are reduced by ethanol and 2-propanol to the corresponding eight-membered ring olefins. In the case of tert-butyl alcohol no hydrogenation of the triple bond is observed under the conditions used (temperature: 100 °C).
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2007-2014 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Strained Cyclic Acetylenes, VIII. Hydrogenation of Angle Strained Seven-Membered Cycloalkynes with AlcoholsThe strained seven-membered cycloalkyne 1a reacts at room temperature with methanol, 2-propanol, and benzyl alcohols, respectively, to give the alkene 2a and the corresponding carbonyl compounds. The H/D-isotope effects were investigated and a mechanism is proposed for this reaction on the basis of the rate law.
    Notes: Das gespannte Siebenring-Acetylen 1a reagiert bei Raumtemperatur mit Methanol, 2-Propanol und Benzylalkoholen; dabei werden das Alken 2a und die den Alkoholen entsprechenden Carbonylverbindungen gebildet. Die H/D-Isotopeneffekte wurden untersucht, und aufgrund des Geschwindigkeitsgesetzes wird ein Mechanismus für diese Reaktion vorgeschlagen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2015-2024 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Vinyl Cations, 32. Solvolysis Reactions of Cyclononynyl- and Cyclooctynyl Derivatives5-Cyclononyn-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate (11), 4-cyclononyn-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate (12), and 4-cyclooctyn-1-yl 4-nitrobenzoate (13) were synthesized and their solvolysis reactions in different solvent systems were studied. 11 rearranges on solvolysis in 50% ethanol practically quantitatively by transanular participation of the triple bond via the vinyl cation intermediate 20 to give bicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-2-one (21). On the other hand the 4-nitrobenzoates 12 and 13 solvolyse without transanular reaction, in spite of the spatial nearness between triple bond and functional C-atom. This shows that under the solvolytic conditions the strained bicyclic vinyl cations 29 - 32 were not formed as intermediates.
    Notes: 5-Cyclononin-1-yl-(4-nitrobenzoat) (11), 4-Cyclononin-1-yl-(4-nitrobenzoat) (12) und 4-Cyclooctin-1-yl-(4-nitrobenzoat) (13) wurden synthetisiert und ihre Solvolysereaktionen in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln untersucht. 11 lagert bei der Solvolyse in 50proz. wäßrigem Ethanol unter transanularer Beteiligung der Dreifachbindung über die Vinyl-Kation-Zwischenstufe 20 praktisch quantitativ in Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-2-on (21) um. Dagegen solvolysieren die 4-Nitrobenzoate 12 und 13 trotz räumlicher Nähe von Dreifachbindung und funktionellem C-Atom ohne transanulare Reaktion. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß unter Solvolysebedingungen die gespannten bicyclischen Vinyl-Kationen 29 - 32 nicht als Zwischenstufen gebildet werden.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2028-2030 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enehydrazines, 28. Preparation and Transformation of two Isomeric PyrazolinesThe formerly prepared pyrazolidines 1a, b are dehydrogenated to the title compounds 2a, b. Compound 2a epimerizes to 2b which eliminates methyl acetate to give the pyrazole 3.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2052-2054 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of [3]-PrerotaxanesStarting from the doubly bridged 5-amino-1,3-benzodioxole derivative 1 the [3]-prerotaxanes 4c, 5c, 6c are synthesised as a mixture of isomers in a four step reaction sequence.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2055-2061 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Direct Hydroxymethylation to Branched-chain Sugars by means of a Hydroxymethyl-d1 ReagentBlocked ketoses react with the dianion 2 directly to hydroxymethylation products. Butylation products have been found as by-products. The procedure in which the yields are limited can be used favourably in special cases.
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2314-2317 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation of 1,5-Benzothiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dionesThe 1,5-benzothiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-diones 1a - f are obtained from 2-aminothiophenols and S,S′-diphenyl dithiomalonates or malonic acid and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2063-2068 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of Sulfur Nitrogen Boron Compounds; Crystal and Molecular Structure of an Eight-membered S—N—B Ring1,1,5,5-Tetramethyl-3,7-diphenyl-1λ6,5λ6,2,4,6,8,3,7-dithiatetrazadiborocin (4), an eight-membered ring, was synthesized by the reaction of dichlorophenylborane (3) with S,S-dimethyl-N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfodiimide (2). The reaction of 3 with N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfamide (5) yields a polymeric compound 6. The molecular structure of 4 was determined from single crystal X-ray data and refined to an unweighted R-value of 0.079. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca. The eight-membered ring exhibits significant deviations from planarity.
    Notes: 1,1,5,5-Tetramethyl-3,7-diphenyl-1λ6, 5λ6,2,4,6,8,3,7-dithiatetrazadiborocin (4), ein achtgliedriger Ring, wurde durch Reaktion von Dichlorphenylboran (3) mit S,S-Dimethyl-N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfodiimid (2) dargestellt. Die Umsetzung von 3 mit N,N-Dimethyl-N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfamid (5) ergibt ein polymeres Produkt 6. Die Struktur von 4 wurde aus Diffraktometer-Einkristalldaten bestimmt und zu einem ungewichteten R-Wert von 0.079 verfeinert. 4 kristallisiert in der orthorhombischen Raumgruppe Pbca. Der Achtring zeigt erhebliche Abweichungen von der Planarität.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2333-2341 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Oxidation of Diborane(4) Molecules by ChloraminesThe boron-boron bonds in the diborane(4) molecules (Me2N)2B—Clb(NMe2)2 (1), (Me2N)ClB—BCl(NMe2) (5) and Cl2B—BCl2 (8) as in B4Cl4 are cleaved by the chloramines Me2NCl (2), MeNCl2 and EtNCl2 (9). As oxidation products BCl3 or the corresponding aminoborane and diborylamines can be isolated. The interaction of 8 and 2 leads to the formation of Me2NH · BCl3 as additional product. - Elementary chlorine does not only cleave the B—B but also the B—N bond in 1, giving Me2NCl as one of the reaction products. - The properties of the N-ethylbis(dichloroboryl)amine (11) are discussed.
    Notes: Die Bor-Bor-Bindungen in den Diboran(4)-Molekülen (Me2N)2B—B(NMe2)2 (1), (Me2N)ClB—BCl(NMe2) (5) und Cl2B—BCl2 (8) wie auch in B4Cl4 werden durch die Chloramine Me2NCl (2), MeNCl2 und EtNCl2 (9) gespalten. Als Oxidationsprodukte lassen sich BCl3 oder das entsprechende Aminoboran und Diborylamine isolieren. Die Umsetzung von 8 und 2 führt zusätzlich zur Bildung von Me2NH · BCl3. - Elementares Chlor spaltet in 1 nicht nur die B—B-sondern auch die B—N-Bindung; Me2NCl ist eines der Reaktionsprodukte. - Die Eigenschaften des N-Ethylbis(dichlorboryl)amins (11) werden diskutiert.
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2342-2347 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A Novel 1,3,5,7-Tetraaza-2,4,6,8-tetrasilabicyclo[4.2.0]octaneThe reaction of mono- and dilithio-2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane (1, 2) with aminofluorosilanes R—SiF2—NR′SiMe3 (R=F, Me; R′=CMe3, SiMe3) leads to LiF elimination and formation of the cyclotrisilazanes 3-5. The cyclodisilazane 6 is obtained by ring contraction in the reaction of compound 5 with butyllithium and F3SiN(CMe3)(SiMe3). The lithium salt of 5 forms the novel title compound 7 by an intramolecular reaction with LiF- elimination, silyl group and methanide ion migration. Another bicyclic compound 8 is obtained in the reaction of 2 with C4H9Li and F2SiMeN(SiMe3)2. The reaction mechanism is discussed.
    Notes: Mono- und dilithiiertes 2,2,4,4,6,6-Hexamethylcyclotrisilazan (1, 2) reagieren mit Aminofluorsilanen des Typs R—SiF2—NR′SiMe3 (R=F, Me; R′=CMe3, SiMe3) unter LiF-Abspaltung zu den Cyclotrisilazanen 3-5.5 reagiert mit Butyllithium und F3SiN(CMe3)(SiMe3) unter Ringkontraktion zum Cyclodisilazan 6. Intramolekular bildet das Lithiumsalz von 5 unter LiF-Abspaltung, Silylgruppen- und Methanid-Ionen-Wanderung die neuartige Titelverbindung 7. Ein weiterer Bicyclus (8) entsteht bei der Umsetzung von 2 mit C4H9Li und Me—SiF2—N(SiMe3)2. Der Bildungsmechanismus wird diskutiert.
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  • 117
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2348-2357 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The 1,2-Azaborolinyl Anion as Complex Ligand-Preparation and Investigation of (η-1,2-Azaborolinyl)iron Complexes1-tert-Butyl-3-methyl-2-phenyl-Δ3-1,2-azaboroline (1) reacts with Fe(CO)5 to form the novel azaborolinyl complex di-μ-carbonyl-bis[(1-tert-butyl-3-methyl-2-phenyl-η-1,2-azaborolinyl)carbonyliron](Fe—Fe) (2), where the azaborolinyl ring serves as 6π-electron donor in a sense of the isoelectronic cyclopentadienyl anion. 2 exists as cis- (2a) and as trans isomer (2b). The Fe—Fe bond can be cleaved oxidatively by iodine forming (ring)Fe(CO)2I (3). Reductive cleavage with potassium leads to [(ring)Fe(CO)2]K which reacts with (CH3)3SiCl to give (ring)Fe(CO)2—Si(CH3)3 (4). The IR, 1H NMR, 11B NMR, and mass spectra of the compounds are discussed. The molecular structures of 2a and 3 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods.
    Notes: 1-tert-Butyl-3-methyl-2-phenyl-Δ3-1,2-azaborolin (1) reagiert mit Fe(CO)5 zu dem neuartigen Azaborolinyl-Komplex Di-μ-carbonyl-bis[(1-tert-butyl-3-methyl-2-phenyl-η-1,2-azaborolinyl)-carbonyleisen](Fe—Fe) (2), in welchem der Azaborolinylring im Sinne des isoelektronischen Cyclopentadienyl-Anions als 6π-Elektronendonator fungiert. 2 existiert in Form des cis- (2a) und trans-Isomeren (2b). Die Fe—Fe-Bindung kann durch Iod oxidativ unter Bildung von (Ring)Fe(CO)2I (3) gespalten werden. Reduktive Spaltung mit Kalium führt zum [(Ring)Fe(CO)2]K, das mit (CH3)3SiCl zu (Ring)Fe(CO)2—Si(CH3)3 (4) reagiert. Die IR-, 1H-NMR-, 11B-NMR- und Massenspektren der Verbindungen werden diskutiert. Die Molekülstrukturen von 2a und 3 wurden mittels Einkristall-Röntgenbeugungsmethoden bestimmt.
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  • 118
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2358-2371 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclophanes, XIII. On the Chemical Behaviour of [2.2.2](1,2,4)Cyclophane[2.2.2](1,2,4)Cyclophane (10) has been prepared by several routes from dimethyl [2.2]paracyclophane-4,13-dicarboxylate (5) and subjected to the following reactions: pyrolysis in p-diisopropylbenzene and dimethyl maleate (formation of 13 and 16, respectively), isomerization in the presence of aluminiumtrichloride/hydrogenchloride to the unsymmetrical [2.2.2](1,2,4)(1,2,5)cyclophane (17), bromination to afford 20, catalytic hydrogenation to the di- and monoolefin 22 and 23, respectively, Diels-Alder-addition with N-phenyltriazolindione, tetracyanoethylene, dicyanoacetylene, and maleic anhydride which provides 1:1- (29) and 1:2-adducts (30). The relation between chemical reactivity and degree of bridging in multiply-bridged cyclophanes is discussed.
    Notes: [2.2.2](1,2,4)Cyclophan (10) wird auf mehreren Wegen aus [2.2]Paracyclophan-4,13-dicarbonsäure-dimethylester (5) hergestellt und in folgenden Reaktionen untersucht: Pyrolyse in p-Diisopropylbenzol und Maleinsäure-dimethylester (Bildung von 13 bzw. 16), Isomerisierung in Gegenwart von Aluminiumtrichlorid/Chlorwasserstoff zum unsymmetrischen [2.2.2](1,2,4)(1,2,5)Cyclophan (17), Bromierung zu 20, katalytische Hydrierung zum Di- bzw. Monoolefin 22 und 23, Diels-Alder-Addition mit N-Phenyltriazolindion, Tetracyanethylen, Dicyanacetylen und Maleinsäureanhydrid, wobei 1:1- (29) und 1:2-Addukte (30) isoliert werden. Der Zusammenhang von Überbrückungsgrad und chemischer Reaktivität mehrfach verbrückter Phane wird diskutiert.
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  • 119
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2383-2397 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of CyclooctenynesThe three isomeric cis-cyclooctenynes 2-4 are prepared. The ring strain is enhanced in comparison to cyclooctyne (1) and increases from 1 to 4. The resulting consequences on life time and reactivity of the compounds are discussed.
    Notes: Die drei strukturisomeren cis-Cyclooctenine 2-4 werden dargestellt. Im Vergleich zu Cyclooctin (1) ist die Ringspannung dieser Systeme erhöht: sie wächst in der Reihenfolge 1, 2, 3, 4. Die sich daraus ergebenden Auswirkungen auf die Lebensdauer und Reaktivität der Verbindungen werden diskutiert.
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  • 120
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2398-2409 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ring Strain of Cycloalkynes and its Spectroscopic ConsequencesThe enthalpies of formation ΔHf and geometrical strain energies Eg. Sp. of cyclooctyne (1) and the three isomeric cyclooctenynes 5-7 are calculated with the MINDO/2-method on the basis of complete geometry optimizations. The frequencies of the C≡C-stretching vibrations (fig. 4) and the 13C-shifts of the acetylenic carbon atoms (fig. 6) obey quantitative correlations, which are very useful for the evaluation of geometrical ring strains.
    Notes: Bildungsenthalpien ΔHf und geometrische Ringspannungen Eg. Sp. für Cyclooctin (1) und die drei isomeren Cyclooctenine 5-7 werden nach der MINDO/2-Methode auf der Basis vollständiger Geometrie-Optimierungen berechnet. Mit den Frequenzen der C≡C-Valenzschwingungen (Abb. 4) und mit den 13C-Verschiebungswerten der acetylenischen Kohlenstoffatome (Abb. 6) ergeben sich quantitative Korrelationen, die zur Abschätzung von geometrischen Ringspannungen von großem Wert sind.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 121
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2372-2382 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Cyclopropenes, IV. Cyclooligomerisation of 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene with Palladium(0) CatalystsThe cyclooligomerisation of 3,3-dimethylcyclopropene (1) with phosphane-free palladium(0) catalysts, e.g. bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)palladium, bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium, or a catalyst prepared “in situ” from palladium acetylacetonate and ethoxydiethylaluminium, leads to the trans-tricyclohexane derivative 2 and to three isomeric tetrakishomocyclooctatetraene compounds (4) [4a (anti,syn,anti); 4b (anti,anti,anti); 4c (possibly syn,anti,anti)]. In contrast, a (tri-sec-alkylphosphane)palladium(0) catalyst (Pd/P = 1:1) cyclotrimerises 1 in aromatic hydrocarbons to give the trans-σ-trishomobenzene derivative 3 in over 90% yield. The cyclooligomerisation of 1 using other triorgano-phosphane or -phosphite/palladium(0) catalysts leads to a mixture of products. Besides 2, 3, and 4 a second cyclotrimer of 1 (5) and higher oligomers of 1 are produced. The cyclotrimerisation of 1 to 3 is also influenced by the Pd/phosphane ratio and the solvent used.
    Notes: 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropen (1) wird an phosphan-freien Palladium(0)-Katalysatoren, wie Bis(1,5-cyclooctadien)palladium, Bis(dibenzylidenaceton)palladium oder einem „in situ“ aus Palladiumacetylacetonat und Ethoxydiethylaluminium hergestellten Katalysator, zum trans-Tricyclohexanderivat 2 und zu drei isomeren Tetrakishomocyclooctatetraenen (4) [4a (anti,syn,anti); 4b (anti,anti,anti); 4c (vermutlich syn,anti,anti)] cyclisiert. Dagegen erfolgt an tri-sec-alkylphosphan-modifizierten Palladium(0)-Katalysatoren (Pd/P = 1:1) in aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen glatt eine Cyclotrimerisierung von 1 zum trans-σ-Trishomobenzolderivat 3. Andere Triorganylphosphan oder -phosphit/Palladium(0)-Katalysatoren bewirken eine uneinheitlichere Cyclooligomerisierung von 1. Neben 2, 3 und 4 entstehen auch 5 als weiteres Cyclotrimeres von 1 und höhere Oligomere. Auch das Palladium/Phosphan-Verhältnis sowie das Lösungsmittel können die Cyclotrimerisierung von 1 zu 3 beeinflussen.
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  • 122
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2424-2429 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Influence of Substrate Micellisation on the Rate of Solvolysis of 1-Methylheptyl Methanesulfonate in Dioxane-WaterThe solvolysis rate of 1-methylheptyl mesylate in 25% dioxane-75% H2O was conductometrically determined at 35°C for varying substrate concentrations (c0 = 0.002-0.08 mol/l). The rate constant decreased with increasing concentration in a manner typical of substrate micellisation above the cmc. A phase diagram shows that in this range of concentration the system is passing from the one phase into the two phase region. The implications of this observation for the experimental background of the ion-pair SN2-mechanism proposed by Sneen in 1969 are discussed.
    Notes: Die konduktometrisch bei 35°C bestimmte Solvolysekonstante von 1-Methylheptyl-methansulfonat in 25% Dioxan-75% Wasser sinkt mit steigender Substratkonzentration (c0 = 0.002-0.08 mol/l). Ein Phasendiagramm zeigt, daß in diesem Konzentrationsbereich der Übergang vom einphasigen in den zweiphasigen Bereich erfolgt. Die Bedeutung dieser Beobachtung für die experimentellen Grundlagen des von Sneen 1969 vorgeschlagenen Ionenpaar-SN2-Mechanismus wird diskutiert.
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  • 123
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2410-2423 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Naturally Occurring Terpene Derivatives, 272. On the Constituents of Zexmenia gnaphaloides and the Synthesis of Valerenane DerivativesThe investigation of a Mexican Zexmenia species afforded in addition to known compounds three new eudesmanolides (9-11) as well as five sesquiterpenes (31b, c, 33, 34a, b), the stereochemistry of which could not be established directly. Therefore the main compound 31c has been synthesized. By intramolecular diene synthesis the preparation of a suitable tetrahydroindane (19) was possible. From this, three of the possible four stereoisomeric aldehydes (23c, 24c, 30c) have been prepared. While one of the obtained aldehydes could be transformed into the compound isolated from the Zexmenia species (31c, obtained as ester 31a), the second one yielded valerenal (25c), one of the constituents of Valeriana officinalis. The thermodynamically most stable isomeric aldehyde 24c surprisingly is formed already under very mild conditions from both other aldehydes 23c and 30c.
    Notes: Die Untersuchung einer mexikanischen Zexmenia-Art ergibt neben bekannten Verbindungen drei neue Eudesmanolide (9-11), sowie fünf Sesquiterpene (31b, c, 33, 34a, b), deren Stereochemie nicht eindeutig geklärt werden konnte. Der Hauptvertreter 31c wurde daher synthetisch dargestellt. Durch intramolekulare Diensynthese gelingt die Darstellung eines geeigneten Tetrahydroindan-Derivates (19). Daraus wurden von vier möglichen stereoisomeren Aldehyden drei dargestellt (23c, 24c, 30c). Während einer der erhaltenen Aldehyde in die aus der Zexmenia-Art isolierten Verbindung 31c (als Ester 31a) übergeführt werden konnte, liefert der zweite Valerenal (25c), einen der Inhaltsstoffe aus Valeriana officinalis. Der thermodynamisch stabilste Aldehyd 24c entsteht überraschenderweise durch Isomerisierung aus beiden anderen Isomeren 23c und 30c bereits unter sehr milden Bedingungen.
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  • 124
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2430-2433 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Sulfur-Sulfur Difluoride ImidesHg(NSF2)2 (1) reacts with S2Cl2 to give (SNSF2)2 (4). From OSCl2 or SF5NSCl2 and 1 OSF—NSF2 (6) and F5S—NSF—NSF2 (8) are prepared. The reaction mechanism and spectroscopic data are discussed.
    Notes: Hg(NSF2)2 (1) reagiert mit S2Cl2 zu (SNSF2)2 (4). Aus OSCl2 bzw. SF5NSCl2 und 1 werden OSF—NSF2 (6) bzw. F5S—NSF—NSF2 (8) dargestellt. Über den Mechanismus sowie über spektroskopische Untersuchungen wird berichtet.
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  • 125
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2434-2440 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: λ6-ThiadiazetidinonesFrom sulfur triimides (tBuN)2S(NRf) (5) and excess RfNCO (2) λ6-thiadiazetidinones 9 are obtained. Reaction mechanisms for the formation of 9 and the properties of this class of compounds are discussed.
    Notes: Aus den Schwefeltriimiden (tBuN)2S(NRf) (5) und überschüssigem RfNCO (2) entstehen die λ6-Thiadiazetidinone 9. Reaktionsmechanismen für die Bildung von 9 werden vorgeschlagen und die Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungsklasse diskutiert.
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  • 126
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2441-2461 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Empirische Substituentenparameter für E/Z-GleichgewichtskonstantenEin vorgeschlagener Satz von Substituentenparametern λd erlaubt die Vorhersage der E/Z-Gleichgewichtskonstanten bei Olefinen, Enaminen, Schiffschen Basen, Hydrazonen, Semicarbazonen, Oximen und Nitronen. Der Parametersatz enthält Werte für „nichtbindende“ Elektronenpaare und Nitronsauerstoff sowie für Amino- und Phenylgruppen, die koplanar oder orthogonal zur Doppelbindung gestellt sind. Phenylreste in Ketonanilen bevorzugen die Orthogonalkonformation. Grundsätzliche Beschränkungen des sehr einfachen heuristischen Modells werden besprochen. Es läßt sich anwenden auf den „cis“- und den „ortho“-Effekt, auf Enolate und Schiffsche Basen cyclischer und bicyclischer Ketone.
    Notes: A set of substituent parameters λd is proposed which permits the prediction of E/Z equilibrium constants for olefins, enamines, Schiff bases, hydrazones, semicarbazones, oximes, and nitrones. The set includes values for the „non-bonded“ electron pairs and the nitrone oxygen as well as for amino or phenyl groups coplanar and orthogonal to the double bond. Ketone anils prefer a perpendicular phenyl group. Principal limitations of the very simple heuristic model are discussed. The model is also applied to the „cis“- and „ortho“-effects, enolates, and Schiff bases of cyclic and bicyclic ketones.
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  • 127
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2490-2498 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rearrangement Reactions of 2-Alkyl(Aryl)-3-arylimino-1,2-benzisothiazolines3-Chloro-1,2-benzisothiazolium chlorides 1 react with aromatic amines to give the 2-substituted 3-arylimino-1,2-benzisothiazolines 2 which can rearrange to the isomeric 1,2-benzisothiazolines 3 in an equilibrium reaction. On a formal basis this entails an exchange of positions of the substituents (R1 and R2) on the ring and exo nitrogen atoms. The nature of the substituents R1 and R2 is decisive for the position of equilibrium and the rapidity with which it is reached.
    Notes: 3-Chlor-1,2-benzisothiazolium-chloride 1 reagieren mit aromatischen Aminen zu den 2-substituierten 3-Arylimino-1,2-benzisothiazolinen 2, die sich in einer Gleichgewichtsreaktion in die isomeren 1,2-Benzisothiazoline 3 umlagern können. Dieses ergibt formal einen Platzwechsel der Substituenten (R1 u. R2) am Ring- bzw. exocyclischen Stickstoffatom. Die Lage dieses Gleichgewichtes und die Geschwindigkeit seiner Einstellung hängen entscheidend von der Art der Substituenten R1 und R2 ab.
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  • 128
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2462-2489 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Azomethines, 1-Azaallyl Anions, and Metastable Secondary EnaminesE/Z equilibrium constants of the ketone anils 6a-s do not depend significantly on the inductive substituent effect. 1H NMR chemical shifts used for configurational classification are also effective for assignments in comparable, isomerically almost pure azomethines 6aa-pp and may be explained by the anisotropic shift model. The 1-azaallyl anions 7 prepared by deprotonation are characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Kinetic and thermodynamic control of this metallation reaction result in different preferential configurations of such anions, the methanolysis of which yields metastable sec. enamines 8 by regio- and stereospecific N-protonation. It is possible to estimate further substituent parameters λd from E/Z equilibria.
    Notes: Die E/Z-Gleichgewichtskonstanten der Keton-anile 6a-s hängen nicht wesentlich vom induktiven Substituenteneffekt ab. Die für eine Zuordnung geeigneten 1H-NMR-Verschiebungen gelten auch für vergleichbare, meist isomerenfreie Azomethine 6aa-pp und gehorchen dem Anisotropiemodell. Durch Metallierung entstehen die 1-Azaallyl-Anionen 7; diese werden 1H-NMR-spektroskopisch charakterisiert. Kinetische und thermodynamische Reaktionslenkung führen zu unterschiedlichen Vorzugskonfigurationen dieser Anionen; die Methanolyse liefert metastabile sek. Enamine 8 unter regio- und stereospezifischer N-Protonierung. Aus den E/Z-Gleichgewichtslagen lassen sich weitere Substituentenparameter λd abschätzen.
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  • 129
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2499-2508 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Imidoylketene Imines, III. Preparation and Conformation of Vinylogous UreasA number of new β-aminocroton- and cinnamamides (3), often with 2-cyano, -keto, or -ester groups, were prepared by addition of the corresponding secondary enamines 1 to isocyanates. In the case of tert-butyl isocyanate the use of zinc chloride was helpful. Some compounds 3 resulted from β-ketocarboxamides 2 and amines. - From the spectra the tautomerism of 2 and the conformations of the compounds 3, which were mostly uniform in solution, were elucidated (type A, B, C).
    Notes: Eine Anzahl neuer β-Aminocrotonsäure- und -zimtsäureamide (3), meist mit 2-Cyan-, -Keto- oder -Estergruppen, wurde durch Addition von entsprechenden sekundären Enaminen 1 und Isocyanaten hergestellt. Im Fall von tert-Butylisocyanat bewährte sich hierbei die Katalyse mit Zinkchlorid. Einige Verbindungen 3 erhielt man aus β-Ketocarbonamiden 2 mit sekundären Aminen. - Die Tautomerie von 2 und die Konformationen der in Lösung meist einheitlichen Verbindungen 3 wurden aus den Spektren abgeleitet (Typen A, B, C).
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  • 130
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2509-2518 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Imidoylketene Imines, IV. Preparation by Elimination, Properties and Some ReactionsApplication of different procedures for elimination of water and hydrogen sulfide from 3-aminoacrylamides and -thioamides (3, 1) afforded imidoylketene imines (2), partly with additional ester groups. Some of them were isolated, others proven as instable intermediates. Correlations of the constitution and stability are demonstrated and some addition and cycloaddition reactions are described.
    Notes: Anwendung verschiedener Verfahren zur Eliminierung von Wasser und Schwefelwasserstoff aus 3-Aminoacrylsäure-amiden und -thioamiden (3 bzw. 1) ergab mehrere Imidoylketenimine 2, zum Teil mit zusätzlicher Estergruppe. Einige von ihnen wurden isoliert, andere nur in Lösung intermediär nachgewiesen. Zusammenhänge zwischen Stabilität und Konstitution werden aufgezeigt, einige Additions- und Cycloadditions-Reaktionen beschrieben.
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  • 131
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Crystal and Molecular Structure of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm P}\limits^ + {\rm CH}_2 {\rm \bar BH}_3 $\end{document}The zwitterionic molecule (CH3)3\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm P}\limits^ + {\rm CH}_2 {\rm \bar BH}_3 $\end{document} crystallizes orthorhombicly, space group Pna21. While the CH3 groups in (CH3)3PCH2 are bent away from the ylidic function, this strain is relieved in the adduct towards tetrahedral angles. The P—CH2 bond distance is elongated on BH3-addition from a double bond value of 164 to a single bond distance of 175.6 pm.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2579-2582 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enehydrazines, 29. Bromination and Aromatization of 3-(2-Arylidene-1-methylhydrazino)-2-cyclohexen-1-onesThe title compounds 1 and 2 are transformed to the bromo derivatives 3-6 and further to the benzaldehyde (3-hydroxyphenyl)methylhydrazones 7-10. Treatment of the bromide 5 with diluted sodium hydroxide gives the substitution product 15 the constitution of which is secured by means of the model compound 16.
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  • 133
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: „cis-Diaza-bis-σ-homobenzenes“ ([π2s + σ2s + σ2s]-Cycloreversion) -1,4-Dihydro-1,4-diazocines („Aromaticity“)Starting from „cis-benzene triimine“ (3) the N,N′-disubstituted derivatives 8b-f are synthesized in 90-40% yield. Nitrosation to the N-nitroso compounds 10b-f, spectroscopically identified below -30°C, and N2O-elimination lead to the cis-diaza-bis-σ-homobenzenes („cis-benzene diimines“) 11b-f. Their [π2s + σ2s + σ2s]-cycloreversion to the 1,4-disubstituted 1,4-dihydro-1,4-diazocins 14b-e is, depending on the nature of the N-substituent, so fast, that even under the mild reaction conditions (- 30 to - 10°C) only 11b,f and e can be isolated and identified, resp. (11f yields only  -  via 14f?  -  polymers). With Ea = 97 ± 2 kJ · mol-1 (log A = 11.7; ΔH≠ = 92 ± 2kJ · mol-1; ΔS≠ = -31 ± 6 J · K-1 · mol-1) the most stable cis-benzene diimine 11b is clearly more labile than cis-benzene dioxide. From 14d the diazocine dianion 16 is obtainable by conventional means. The 1,4-dihydro-1,4-diazocine parent molecule 5 obtained by protonation of 16 is stable towards acid and base. From this and from systematic 1H- and 13C NMR studies it is concluded, that 5 and its donor-substituted derivatives 14e,g as well as its dianion 16 have a planar structure with strong 10-electron delocalisation („aromatic“ diaza[8]annulenes) whilst the acceptor-substituted derivatives 14b-d prefer the twist-boat-chair conformation and are therefore not diatropic.
    Notes: Ausgehend von „cis-Benzoltriimin“ (3) werden mit 90-40% Ausbeute die N,N′-disubstituierten Derivate 8b-f hergestellt. Nitrosierung zu den unterhalb -30° C 1H-NMR-spektroskopisch identifizierten N-Nitrosoverbindungen 10b-f und N2O-Eliminierung führen zu den cis-Diaza-bis-σ-homobenzolen („cis-Benzoldiiminen“) 11b-f. Deren [π2s + σ2s + σ2s]-Cycloreversion zu den 1,4-disubstituierten 1,4-Dihydro-1,4-diazocinen 14b-e(11f liefert - über 14f? - nur Polymere) ist je nach Art der N-Substitution derart schnell, daß unter den milden Herstellungsbedingungen ( - 30 bis -10°C) nur 11b,f und e isolierbar bzw. identifizierbar sind. Mit Ea = 97 ± 2kJ · mol-1 (log A = 11.7; ΔH≠ = 92 ± 2 kJ · mol-1; ΔS≠ = -31 ± 6J · K-1 · mol-1) ist das stabilste cis-Benzoldiimin 11b deutlich labiler als cis-Benzoldioxid. Aus 14d ist konventionell das 1,4-Diazocin-Dianion 16 erhältlich. Das durch Protonierung von 16 gewonnene 1,4-Dihydro-1,4-diazocin-Grundgerüst 5 ist bei Säure- bzw. Baseeinwirkung stabil. Daraus und aus systematischen 1H- und 13C-NMR-Untersuchungen wird gefolgert, daß es sich bei dem Grundgerüst 5, den donorsubstituierten Derivaten 14e, g und dem Dianion 16 um planare, durch cyclische 10-Elektronendelokalisierung charakterisierte „aromatische“ Diaza[8]annulene handelt, während die akzeptorsubstituierten Derivate 14b-d die mobile Twist-Boot-Sessel-Konformation bevorzugen und nicht diatrop sind.
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  • 134
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Behavior of Mono- and Diorganylphosphane Sulfides towards Metal Carbonyl Systems, XXII. Synthesis and Stabilization of the Dimethylarsinous Acid on Transition Metal Ligand SystemsDimethylarsinous acid, stabilized by the complexes LnMX(CO)2 — As(CH3)2OH (3a - c) [X = CLn = η5-C5H5: M = Mo (a), W (b); X = Br, Ln = (CO)2: M = Mn (c)], was isolated for the first time by alkaline hydrolysis of the As — Cl bond in the compounds LnMX(CO)2— As(CH3)2Cl (2a - c) which are obtained by ligand exchange from LnM(CO)3X (1a - c) and As(CH3)2Cl. In comparison with dimethylphosphinous acid the IR and 1H NMR spectra point to a lower acidity of the OH bond.
    Notes: Durch alkalische Hydrolyse der As — Cl-Bindung in den Verbindungen LnMX(CO)2 — As(CH3)2CL (2a-c) [X = Cl, Ln = η5-C5H5: M = Mo (a), W (b); X = Br, Ln = (CO)2: M = Mn (c)], welche man durch Ligandenaustausch aus LnM(CO)3X (1a - c) und As(CH3)2Cl erhält, konnte erstmals die in den Komplexen LnMX(CO)2 — As(CH3)2OH (3a - c) stabilisierte Dimethylarsinige Säure isoliert werden. Die IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektren weisen im Vergleich zur Dimethylphosphinigen Säure auf eine geringere Acidität der OH-Bindung hin.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3268-3274 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on Steric and Electronic Influences on the Reactivity of Acetyl(diorganyl)-phosphanes and their OxidesThe aliphatic-aromatic and pure aromatic acetyl(diorganyl)phosphanes CH3C(O)PR1R2 (1a - e) [R2 = Ph: R1 = Bzl (a), c-C6H11 (b), t-Bu (c); R1 = R2 = 3-CF3C6H4 (d), Mesityl (e)], of which only 1e is stable towards molecular oxygen, can be obtained from CH3C(O)Cl and (CH3)3SiPR1R2 or HPR1R2 in the presence of NEt3 [eq. (1)]. The corresponding oxides CH3C(O)P(O)R1R2 (2a - e) are formed by reaction of [CH3C(O)]2O with HP(O)R1R2 [eq. (2)] and can be hydrolyzed with stoichiometric amounts of water to give CH3CO2H and HP(O)R1R2 [eq. (3)]. With the last-named oxides however only 2a, b, d react to the stable alcohols CH3C[(O)PR1R2]2OH (3a, b, d). The reactivity of the newly prepared compounds 1a - e, 2a - e and 3a, b, d depends on electronic and steric influences of the organic residues linked to the phosphorus.
    Notes: Die aliphatisch-aromatischen und rein aromatischen Acetyl(diorganyl)phosphane CH3C(O)PR1R2 (1a - e) [R2 = Ph: R1 = Bzl (a), c-C6H11 (b), t-Bu (c); R1 = R2 = 3-CF3C6H4 (d), Mesityl (e)], von denen nur 1e gegenüber molekularem Sauerstoff beständig ist, werden aus CH3C(O)Cl und (CH3)3SiPR1R2 oder HPR1R2 in Gegenwart von NEt3 erhalten [G1. (1)]. Die entsprechenden Oxide CH3C(O)P(O)R1R2(2ax-e) entstehen durch Umsetzung von [CH3C(O)]2O mit HP(O)R1R2 [G1. (2)] und können mit stöchiometrischen Mengen Wasser zu CH3CO2H und HP(O)R1R2 hydrolysiert werden [G1. (3)]. Mit letzteren reagieren jedoch nur 2a, b, d zu den beständigen Alkoholen CH3C[(O)PR1R2]2OH (3a, b, d). Die Reaktivität der neu dargestellten Verbindungen 1a - e, 2a - e und 3a, b, d hängt von elektronischen und sterischen Einflüssen der an den Phosphor gebundenen Organylreste ab.
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  • 136
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3294-3302 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperature Effects on the Selectivity of σ-RadicalsBent σ-radicals 3a - i, generated from alkylmercuric salts 1 and/or peresters 2, were treated with a BrCCl3/CCl4 competition system at different temperatures. Exner-analysis of these selectivity data (table 1) shows, that radicals of sp2 type 3a - d and bridgehead radicals 3e - i follow different isoselective relationships (figure 1,2). Reversal of the selectivity row occurs at 310 and 210 K, respectively. Above of these isoselective temperatures less shielded radicals are more selective than more shielded radicals because entropy effects overcompensate enthalpy effects (table 2). Comparison with π-radicals 6 shows, that each type of carbon radicals follows an isoselective relationship by its own.
    Notes: Die abgewinkelten σ-Radikale 3a - i, erzeugt aus den Alkylquecksilbersalzen 1 und/oder Perestern 2, wurden im BrCCl3/CCl4-Konkurrenzsystem bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen umgesetzt. Die Exner-Analyse dieser Selektivitätswerte (s. Tab. 1) zeigt, daß die Radikale vom sp2-Typ 3a - d und die Brückenkopf-Radikale 3e - i unterschiedlichen isoselektiven Beziehungen gehorchen (s. Abb. 1,2). Die Umkehrung der Selektivitätsreihe erfolgt bei 310 bzw. 210 K. Oberhalb dieser isoselektiven Temperaturen sind weniger abgeschirmte Radikale selektiver als sterisch gehindertere Radikale, weil die Entropieeffekte die Enthalpieeffekte überkompensieren (s. Tab. 2). Der Vergleich mit den π-Radikalen 6 zeigt, daß jeder Typ von Kohlenstoff-Radikalen einer eigenen isoselektiven Beziehung gehorcht.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 137
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3334-3341 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Methylenecyclopropane, IV. Palladium(0)-catalyzed Codimerization of Methylenecyclopropane with AlkenesTriorganylphosphane-modified palladium(0) compounds catalyze the codimerization of methylenecyclopropane (1) with ethylene, norbornene, dicyclopentadiene or norbornadiene to give substituted methylenecyclopentane derivatives 3 - 7. In all of these reactions the three-membered ring of 1 is opened between C2 and C3. 1-Alkenes, alkenes with an internal double bond and unstrained cycloalkenes as well as alkynes and 1,3-butadiene do not react in this manner.
    Notes: Triorganylphosphan-modifizierte Palladium(0)-Verbindungen katalysieren die Codimerisierung von Methylencyclopropan (1) mit Ethylen, Norbornen, Dicyclopentadien oder Norbornadien unter Öffnung des Dreirings zwischen C2 und C3 zu den substituierten Methylencyclopentan-Derivaten 3 - 7. 1-Alkene, wie auch Alkene mit mittelständiger Doppelbindung oder Cycloalkene, die keine gespannte Doppelbindung enthalten, gehen diese Reaktion nicht ein. Ebensowenig erfolgreich waren Versuche einer Codimerisierung von 1 mit Alkinen oder 1,3-Butadien.
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  • 138
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Substituted Phosphanes, Arsanes, and Stibanes, XXIII. Stable Transition Metal Dimethylarsanes Bearing a Tricarbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)chromium, -molybdenum or -tungsten SubstituentBy the interaction of (CH3)2AsCl with [C5H5(CO)3M]Na or C5H5(CO)3M - Si(CH3)3 stable carbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)metal dimethylarsanes of the formula C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2 (M = Cr, Mo, W) (1 - 3) are obtained for the first time. Their thermal treatment in the solid state yields [(CH3)2As]2 and [C5H5(CO)3M]2, in solution with loss of CO the cyclic species [C5H5(CO)2M - As(CH3)2]2 4a (Mo), 4b (W) are formed. Under photolytic conditions in addition to 4a, b the aggregation products trans-C5H5(CO)2[C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2]M - As (CH3)2 (5a, b) and [trans-C5H5(CO)2M - As(CH3)2]x (6a, b) are isolated. Alkyl halides and (CH3)3SiI readily convert 1 - 3 into the cationic complexes [C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2R]X (R = CH3, CH2C(O)C6H5, CH2Si(CH3)3, Si(CH3)3; X = Br, I) (7a - f). With chlorine or bromine the extremely labile dihalogen adducts C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2Hal2 (8a - c) are formed, which rapidly decompose to (CH3)2AsHal and C5H5(CO)3MoHal or C5H5(CO)3WH. HCl, CF3CO2H, (CH3)3SnH, Na/Hg, CH3MgI, and (CH3)3PCH2 cleave the transition metal-arsenic bond under very mild conditions.
    Notes: Durch die Reaktion von (CH3)2AsCl mit [C5H5(CO)3M]Na oder C5H5(CO)3M - Si(CH3)3 werden erstmals stabile Carbonyl(cyclopentadienyl)metall-dimethylarsane der Form C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2 (M = Cr, Mo, W) (1 - 3) erhalten. Ihre thermische Behandlung in Substanz liefert [(CH3)2As]2 und [C5H5(CO)3M]2, in Lösung unter CO-Eliminierung die cyclischen Verbindungen [C5H5(CO)2M - As(CH3)2]2 4a (Mo), 4b (W). Unter photolytischen Bedingungen werden zusätzlich zu 4a, b die Aggregationsprodukte trans-C5H5(CO)2[C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2]M - As(CH3)2 (5a, b) und [trans-C5H5(CO)2M  -  As(CH3)2]x (6a, b) isoliert. Alkylhalogenide und (CH3)3SiI überführen 1 - 3 glatt in die kationischen Komplexe [C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2R]X (R = CH3, CH2C(O)C6H5, CH2Si(CH3)3, Si(CH3)3; X = Br, I) (7a - f). Mit Chlor oder Brom werden die extrem labilen Dihalogenaddukte C5H5(CO)3M - As(CH3)2Hal2 (8a - c) gebildet, die rasch zu (CH3)2AsHal und C5H5(CO)3MoHal bzw. C5H5(CO)3WH zerfallen. HCl, CF3CO2H, (CH3)3SnH, Na/Hg, CH3MgI und (CH3)3PCH2 spalten die Übergangsmetall-Arsenbindung unter sehr milden Bedingungen.
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  • 139
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3352-3356 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of Diboron HeterocyclesStarting from the bifunctional molecules [(CH3)3Si]2X (X = S, NCH3 or NCH3 — NCH3; 2a - c) and the diboryl compounds Cl2B — CR = CR — BCl2 (R = H 1a and R = CH3 1b) and Cl2B — CH2-CH2 — BCl2, respectively, the ring compounds 3a - c and 4 were prepared. The properties of the five- and six-membered ring systems with 4 π- and 6 π-electrons are compared.
    Notes: Von den bifunktionellen Molekülen [(CH3)3Si]2X (X = S, NCH3 bzw. NCH3 — NCH3; 2a - c) und den Diborylverbindungen Cl2B — CR = CR — BCl2 (R = H 1a und R = CH3 1b) bzw. Cl2B — CH2-CH2 — BCl2 ausgehend wurden die Ringverbindungen 3a - c und 4 hergestellt. Die Eigenschaften der fünf- und sechsgliedrigen Ringe mit 4 π- und 6 π-Elektronen werden verglichen.
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  • 140
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3342-3351 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Poly(organylthio)butenynes and -butatrienes with Electrophilic ReagentsStarting from the poly(organylthio)substituted butenynes 1 and the butatrienes 2 or 5 the butadiene derivatives 3,4,6,7 and 8 are obtained by addition of halogens, hydrogen halides or 4-chlorophenylsulfenyl chloride. The chlorine addition products 3, not directly available from 2, are prepared by the reactions of 7 with sulfuryl chloride. The tert-butylthio substituted butatriene 2d reacts with iodine, bromine and hydrobromic acid to the thiophene derivatives 10a, b and c, respectively, under elimination of one mole of isobutene. In the analogous reaction of 5 with bromine 11 is formed. The mechanism of this cyclization is discussed.
    Notes: Durch Addition von Halogenen, Halogenwasserstoffsäuren und 4-Chlorphenylsulfenylchlorid an die poly(organylthio)-substituierten Butenine 1 und Butatriene 2 oder 5 sind die Butadienderivate 3,4,6,7 und 8 erhältlich. Die nicht direkt aus 2 zugänglichen Chloradditionsprodukte 3 werden durch Reaktion von 7 mit Sulfurylchlorid hergestellt. Das tert-butylthio-substituierte Butatrien 2d setzt sich mit Iod, Brom und Bromwasserstoffsäure unter Abspaltung von einem mol Isobuten zu den Thiophenderivaten 10a, b bzw. c um. In der analogen Reaktion von 5 mit Brom entsteht 11. Der Mechanismus dieses Ringschlusses wird diskutiert.
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  • 141
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3366-3368 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of μ-(Dihalogenogermylene)-bis(pentacarbonyltungsten) ComplexesThe reaction of [bis(mesitylthio)germylene]pentacarbonyltungsten(0) (1) with boron trichloride and tribromide leads to the μ-(dihalogenogermylene)-bis(pentacarbonyltungsten) complexes 2 and 3. A reaction mechanism is discussed.
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  • 142
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Push-Pull Substituted Allenes, IV1). Synthesis and Properties of o-Quinoid Donor/Acceptor Substituted Allenes Crystal- and Molecule Structure of E-2,2,2′,2′-Tetraethoxy-Δ3,3′(2H,2′H)-bi[phenanthro[9,10-b]furan]Reaction of the (2,2-diethoxyvinylidene)triphenylphosphorane (7) with the o-quinones 6 yields the donor/acceptor allene intermediates 9 via the oxaphosphetanes 8. The allenes 9 give the carbenes 10 which then spontaneously dimerize forming the olefins 11. The temperature dependence of the 1H NMR spectra leads to insights into the diastereomerization of the torsionally distorted olefins 11b and the conformational mobility of the E-isomer. Acidic hydrolysis of the Z/E-isomeric orthoesters 11a leads to the monolactone 12 and the bislactone 13. The monomers 9/10 can be trapped by triphenylphosphane affording the orthoester-phosphoranes 14 which under elimination of ether give the phosphoranes 16. The structure of the E-dimer 11 b has been determined from X-ray data.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung des (2,2-Diethoxyvinyliden)triphenylphosphorans (7) mit den o-Chinonen 6 entstehen über die Oxaphosphetane 8 intermediär die Donor/Akzeptor-Allene 9. Diese gehen in die Carbene 10 über, die dann spontan zu den Olefinen 11 dimerisieren. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der 1H-NMR-Spektren liefert Einblick in die Diastereomerisierung der verdrillten Olefine 11b und die konformative Beweglichkeit des E-Isomeren. Die saure Hydrolyse der Z/E-isomeren Orthoester 11a führt über das Monolacton 12 zu dem Bislacton 13. Die Monomeren 9/10 lassen sich mit Triphenylphosphan unter Bildung der Orthoester-phosphorane 14 abfangen, die sich durch Eliminierung von Ether zu den Phosphoranen 16 stabilisieren. Die Struktur des E-Dimeren 11b wurde röntgendiffraktometrisch bestimmt.
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  • 143
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2976-2993 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthetic Anthracyclinones, XIV. Synthesis of New Derivatives of Daunomycinone and of β-Rhodomycinone2-Methoxydaunomycinone (8) and 3-methoxyisodaunomycinone (9) are obtained by diene reaction of the tricyclic compound 2 with 1,3-dimethoxy-1,3-cyclohexadiene followed by oxidation and retro diene reaction. 4-Demethoxy-2,3-dimethyldaunomycinone (10) is formed by a similar reaction of 2 with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and oxidation. Different side chains can be introduced by reaction of ketol 1 with Grignard reagents such as hexinylmagnesium bromide to give 13 and 14, which can be transformed into the tetracyclic anthracyclinones 19 and 20 or ethylmagnesium bromide to yield 17 and 18. 13-Deoxodaunomycinone (37a) and 13-deoxoisodaunomycinone (38a) are formed by Diels-Alder reaction of 17 with 1-methoxy-1,3-cyclohexadiene, oxidation and retro diene reaction. A hydroxy group at C-10 can be introduced by bromination of the monotrifluoroacetate 37c to yield β-rhodomycinone (42) and 10-epi-β-rhodomycinone (40) (2:1).
    Notes: 2-Methoxydaunomycinon (8) und 3-Methoxydaunomycinon (9) werden durch Dienreaktion der tricyclischen Verbindung 2 mit 1,3-Dimethoxy-1,3-cyclohexadien gefolgt von Oxidation und Retrodienreaktion erhalten. 4-Desmethoxy-2,3-dimethyldaunomycinon (10) wird in einer ähnlichen Reaktion von 2 mit 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-butadien und Oxidation gebildet. Andere Seitenketten können durch Reaktion des Ketols 1 mit Grignard-Reagentien wie Hexinylmagnesiumbromid zu 13 und 14 - die weiter zu den tetracyclischen Anthracyclinonen 19 und 20 umgeformt werden können - oder mit Ethylmagnesiumbromid zu 17 und 18 eingeführt werden. 13-Desoxoisodaunomycinon (37a) und 13-13 (38a) werden durch Diels-Alder-Reaktion von 17 mit 1-1-1,3-3, Oxidation und Retrodienreaktion gebildet. Eine Hydroxygruppe an C-10 kann über die Bromierung des Monotrifluoracetats 37c eingeführt werden und liefert β-Rhodomycinon (42) und 10-10-β-rhodomycinon (40) (2:1).
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  • 144
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 2959-2975 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Stereochemistry of Tetraaryl-3, 7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes and Tetraaryl-1,3-diazaadamantanesBy means of paraformaldehyde, the 2,4,6,8-tetraaryl-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanones 7 = 19 of known constitution have been converted to the 1,3-diazaadamantanes 9 = 17 and 10 = 18, respectively, either directly or after previous Wolff-Kishner reduction. The IR and NMR spectra prove the rel-(2S, 4R, 6R, 8S)-configuration of the diazabicyclononanes 19 and 20 and the rel-(4R, 8S, 9R, 10S)-configuration of the corresponding 1,3-diazaadamantanes 17 and 18. These served as models in an 1H NMR spectroscopic investigation of the diazabicyclononanes 19 and 20, which exist in the chair-chair conformation, one chair having a pair of axial the other a pair of equatorial aryl groups. The reaction of the cis-2,6-diphenylpiperidone 6a with [D5]benzaldehyde or 4-4 and the reaction of 6b with benzaldehyde inevitably yielded mixtures of type 19, R4 = Ar4-n1Arn2 (n = 0-4), since in part the aldehydes are incorporated into the piperidones 6. The (equatorial) aryl groups of the piperidones 6 prefer the axial positions in the diazabicyclononanes 19. The diastereoselective formation of the diazabicyclononanes 21 and 22 is compared to that of 8-oxosparteine (27) and traced back to the greater stability of the all-trans-substituted piperidone intermediate trans-28.
    Notes: Die 2,4,6,8-Tetraaryl-3, 7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanone 7 = 19 bekannter Konstitution wurden unmittelbar oder nach vorhergehender Wolff-Kishner-Reduktion mit Paraformaldehyd in die 1,3-Diazaadamantane 9 = 17 bzw. 10 = 18 übergeführt. IR- und NMR-Spektren beweisen die rel-(2S, 4R, 6R, 8S)-Konfiguration der Diazabicyclononane 19 und 20 und die rel-(4R, 8S, 9R, 10S)-Konfiguration der entsprechenden 1,3-Diazaadamantane 17 und 18. Diese dienten als Modelle bei der 1H-NMR-spektroskopischen Untersuchung der Diazabicyclononane 19 und 20, die danach in der Sessel-Sessel-Konformation mit je einem Paar axialer und äquatorialer Arylreste vorliegen. Die Umsetzung des cis-2,6-Diphenylpiperidons 6 a mit [D5]Benzaldehyd oder 4-Methyl-benzaldehyd bzw. von 6b mit Benzaldehyd lieferte stets Gemische vom Typ 19, R4 = Ar4-n1Arn2 (n = 0-4), da dabei ein Teil der Aldehyde in die Piperidone 6 eingebaut wird. Die (äquatorialen) Arylreste der Piperidone 6 bevorzugen im Diazabicyclononanon 19 die axiale Position. Die diastereoselektive Bildung der Diazabicyclononanone 21 und 22 läßt sich mit der des 8-Oxosparteins (27) vergleichen und auf die größere Stabilität der all-trans-substituierten Piperidon-Zwischenstufe trans-28 zurückführen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3456-3476 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolabile Hydrocarbons, XIV. Thermal Stability, Strain Enthalpy, and Structure of sym. Hexaalkyl-substituted EthanesActivation parameters were determined for the thermolysis reaction ot thirteen sym. hexaalkyl-substituted ethanes (Cq—Cq-series). From product analyses it was concluded that the central Cq—Cq-bond is cleaved in the rate determining step by homolysis. A reasonable relationship between the free enthalpy of activation ΔG≠ (300°C) of the reactions and steric substituent constants Sf8) was observed. Much better correlations were found between ΔG≠ (300°C) and strain enthalpies HS of the hydrocarbons as obtained from molecular mechanics calculations. From the slope of these correlations it is deduced that 40% residual strain is still present at transition state of these C—C-cleavage reactions. The structural data calculated using Allinger's MM2 force field31) are distinguished by long central Cq—Cq-bonds (up to 164.1 pm), by large angle deformations on α-C-atoms of side chains and by deviations from the ideal torsional angle Θ = 180° along the central bond. The central Cq—Cq bond length increases in a linear manner with increasing strain enthalpy HS.
    Notes: Die Aktivierungsparameter der Thermolyse von dreizehn symmetrisch hexaalkylierten Ethanen (Cq—Cq-Reihe) wurden bestimmt. Durch Produktanalysen wurde belegt, daß im Primärschritt der Thermolysen die zentrale Cq—Cq-Bindung homolytisch gespalten wird. Die freien Aktivierungsenthalpien ΔG≠ (300°C) der Thermolysen korrelieren nur mäßig mit den sterischen Substituentenkonstanten Sf8), aber ausgezeichnet mit den nach der Kraftfeldmethode errechneten Spannungsenthalpien HS. Aus der Steigung dieser Korrelationen folgt, daß im Übergangszustand der Thermolysen jeweils noch 40% der Grundzustandsspannung der Ethane vorhanden ist. Die mit dem Kraftfeld MM231) errechneten Strukturdaten zeichnen sich durch lange Cq—Cq-Bindungen (bis zu 164.1 pm), starke Winkeldeformationen am α-C-Atom von Seitenketten und Abweichungen vom idealen Torsionswinkel Θ = 180° an der zentralen Bindung aus. Die Cq—Cq-Bindungslänge steigt linear mit der Spannungsenthalpie HS an.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3511-3516 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dichlorotris(dimethylamino)phosphorane as Dehydration Reagent for the Preparation of Activated (-ONp, -OPcp, -ONSu)Esters of N-Protected Multifunctional Amino AcidsDichlorotris(dimethylamino)phosphorane (5) is an excellent reagent for the preparation of the activated esters of N-protected amino acids 7-9. Besides 4-nitrophenyl-, pentachlorophenyl, and N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of various N-protected amino acids, in the presence of HOBt benzyloxycarbonyl-threonine N-hydroxysuccinimide ester was obtained for the first time.
    Notes: Dichlortris(dimethylamino)phosphoran (5) eignet sich hervorragend zur Darstellung der N-geschützten Aminosäureaktivester 7-9. Neben 4-Nitrophenyl-, Pentachlorphenyl- und N-Hydroxysuccinimidestern verschiedener N-geschützter Aminosäuren konnte erstmals unter HOBt-Zusatz der Benzyloxycarbonyl-threonin-N-hydroxysuccinimidester erhalten werden.
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  • 147
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3488-3496 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of an Isomeric Pentadeoxy Disaccharide of the C—B Type in Anthracycline GlycosidesThe preparation of the α-benzyl glycoside 8 of 4-O-acetyl-2,3,6-trideoxy-L-erythro-hex-2-enopyranose from diacetyl-L-rhamnal (7) is achieved. Following deacetylation and mesylation to 10 by inversion at C-4 the epimeric L-threo glycoside 12 is obtained. By epoxidation a 5:1 mixture of the 2,3-anhydro-L-talo 13 and the -L-gulo derivative 16 is prepared. The boron trifluoride-catalyzed condensation of 13 and 7 leads to the disaccharide 19, and by reaction with lithium iodide the 3-iodo hydrine derivative 20 is obtained exclusively. The final hydrogenation terminates the synthesis of 21 which is isomeric with the pentadeoxy disaccharide of the C—B type in the anthracycline antibiotics dihydrocinerubin A (3) and dihydroaclacinomycin A (4).
    Notes: Aus Diacetyl-L-rhamnal (7) wird das α-Benzylglycosid 8 der 4-O-Acetyl-2,3,6-tridesoxy-L-erythro-hex-2-enopyranose hergestellt. Nach Verseifung und Mesylierung zu 10 erfolgt über eine Inversion an C-4 die Darstellung des epimeren L-threo-Glycosids 12. Dessen Epoxidierung führt zu einem 5:1-Gemisch der 2,3-Anhydro-L-talo- 13 sowie der -L-gulo-Verbindung 16. Die Bortrifluorid-katalysierte Kondensation von 7 mit 13 gibt das Disaccharid 19, bei dessen Reaktion mit Lithiumiodid überraschend nur das 3-Iodhydrin-Derivat 20 anfällt. Die abschließende Hydrierung führt zur Bildung von 21, das mit dem Pentadesoxydisaccharid vom C  -  B-Typ in den Anthracyclin-Antibiotica Dihydrocinerubin A (3) und Dihydroaclacinomycin A (4) isomer ist.
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  • 148
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3505-3510 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of the Oligodeoxy Disaccharides Phenyl 4-O-β-D-Tyvelosyl-α-D-rhamnoside and Methyl 4-O-β-D-Tyvelosyl-α-D-olivoside by Modification of MannobioseModification reactions with mannobiose derivatives lead to the synthesis of certain tri- and tetradeoxy disaccharide units which occur in the metabolism of microorganisms. The reaction of the 6,6′-dideoxy compound 2 with 2-acetoxyisobutyryl bromide yields the 3′-bromide 5, by reduction of which the title compound 10 is obtained. Starting with the 2,6,6′-trideoxy derivative 8 by a corresponding approach the preparation of the bromide 11 is achieved, which is reductively transformed into the tetradeoxy disaccharide 13. The structures of the peracetylated β,1 → 4-linked oligodeoxy disaccharide derivatives are confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.
    Notes: Zur Darstellung bestimmter im Stoffwechsel von Mikroorganismen vorkommender Tri- und Tetradesoxy-disaccharidbausteine werden ausgehend von Mannobiose-Derivaten Modifizierungsreaktionen unternommen. Durch Reaktion der 6,6′-Didesoxyverbindung 2 mit 2-Acetoxyisobuttersäurebromid wird das 3′-Bromid 5 erhalten, dessen Reduktion die Titelverbindung 10 ergibt. Entsprechend kann aus dem 2,6,6′-Tridesoxy-Derivat 8 das Bromid 11 gewonnen und reduktiv zum Tetradesoxydisaccharid 13 umgesetzt werden. Die Strukturaufklärung wird NMR-spektroskopisch mit den Peracetaten der β, 1 → 4-verknüpften Oligodesoxydisaccharide vorgenommen.
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  • 149
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3550-3556 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Helical Hydrocarbons, V. Double Clamped PentaphenylenicenesThe synthesis and properties of the pentaphenylenicenes 3 and 4 clamped singly in the 2,2‴′-and twice in the 2,4‴′ 4,2‴′-positions, are reported. Spectroscopic results lead to the assumption of helically wound hydrocarbon skeletons. In the course of the synthesis of the bis-sulfide 11 a symmetric isomer (11b) apart from a helical one (11a) seems to be formed.
    Notes: Synthese und Eigenschaften der in 2,2‴′-einfach und in 2,4‴′ 4,2‴′-Stellung zweifach verklammerten Pentaphenylenicene 3 und 4 werden beschrieben. Spektroskopische Befunde legen helikale Gerüststrukturen nahe. Bei der Synthese des Bis-sulfids 11 entstehen die helikale (11a) und die isomere symmetrische Molekülform (11b) nebeneinander.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 150
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3497-3504 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of the Terminal Pentadeoxy Disaccharide Unit C—B of Anthracycline AntibioticsDiacetyl-L-rhamnal (1) and 2,3-anhydro-α-D-allopyranoside 2 undergo an acid-catalyzed allylic rearrangement to yield the α,1 → 4-linked disaccharide 3. Opening of the epoxide with lithium iodide results in a 1:4 mixture of 4 with 3-iodo-gluco and 7 with 2-iodo-altro configuration. Their reactions with sodium iodide give the corresponding diiodides 5 and 8, respectively. By hydrogenation of the latter the pentadeoxy disaccharide 6 with C-iso-B structure is obtained. The selective hydrogenation of 7 leads to the 6-bromo-2,6-dideoxy derivative 9 which is transformed into the exocyclic glycal 12 by reaction with silver fluoride. Subsequent hydrogenation allows the synthesis of the terminal C - pentadeoxy disaccharide 13 of various anthracycline antibiotics.
    Notes: Durch sauer-katalysierte Addition des 2,3-Anhydro-α-D-allopyranosids 2 an Diacetyl-L-rhamnal (1) wird unter Allylumlagerung das α,1 → 4-verknüpfte Disaccharid 3 gewonnen. Die Epoxidöffnung mit Lithiumiodid führt zu einem 1:4-Gemisch aus 4 mit 3-iod-gluco- und 7 mit 2-iod-altro-Konfiguration. Bei deren Reaktionen mit Natriumiodid erhält man die entsprechenden Diiodide 5 bzw. 8. Letzteres gibt nach der Hydrierung das Pentadesoxydisaccharid 6 mit C-Iso-B-Struktur. In einer selektiven Hydrierung wird aus 7 das 6-Brom-2,6-didesoxy-Derivat 9 gewonnen, aus dem sich durch Umsetzung mit Silberfluorid das exocyclische Glycal 12 darstellen läßt. Die nachfolgende Hydrierung erlaubt die Synthese des terminalen C - B-Pentadesoxydisaccharids 13 verschiedener Anthracyclin-Antibiotica.
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  • 151
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3539-3549 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organometallic Lewis Bases, XLII. Cleavage of Fe—Co- and Fe—Mn Bonds by Carbonylmetal DimethylarsenidesWith the new carbonylmetal dimethylarsenides of the Mn—As, Re—As, Fe—As, and Co—As type the metal-metal bonds of the arsenic bridged dinuclear complexes FeMn(CO)8(μ-AsMe2) and FeCo(CO)7(μ-AsMe2) could be cleaved. Thus 26 chain-like trinuclear complexes with M—As—M—As—M frameworks were obtained. If these contained As—Mn—P or As—Mn—As units, they occurred with cis and/or trans configuration at manganese. From the Fe—Co compound and (CO)5Mn—AsMe2 in a side reaction the tetranuclear complex (CO)4Fe—AsMe2—Co(CO)3—AsMe2—Mn(CO)4—AsMe2—Mn(CO)5 (13) was formed.
    Notes: Mit den neuen Carbonylmetall-dimethylarseniden vom Mn—As-, Re—As-, Fe—As- und Co—As-Typ ließen sich die Metall-Metall-Bindungen der arsenverbrückten Zweikernkomplexe FeMn(CO)8(μ-AsMe2) und FeCo(CO)7(μ-AsMe2) spalten. Es wurden so 26 kettenförmige Dreikernkomplexe mit M—As—M—As—M-Gerüst gewonnen. Wenn diese As—Mn—P- oder As—Mn—As-Einheiten enthielten, traten sie mit cis- und/oder trans-Konfiguration am Mangan auf. Aus der Fe—Co-Verbindung und (CO)5Mn—AsMe2 entstand in einer Nebenreaktion der Vierkernkomplex (CO)4Fe—AsMe2—Co(CO)3—AsMe2—Mn(CO)47—AsMe2—Mn(CO)5 (13).
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 152
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3517-3538 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Organometallic Lewis Bases, XLI. New Carbonylmetal Dimethylarsenides: Preparation and Formation of Dinuclear ComplexesThe carbonylmetal dimethylarsenides M—AsMe2 (M = (CO)5Mn 1, (CO)5Re 2, (CO)3NOFe 3, and (CO)4Co 4), which decompose at low temperatures, were prepared from the corresponding carbonyl metalates and Me2AsCl and except for 3 characterized by subsequent reactions. Thermally more stable derivatives thereof in which one or two CO groups are replaced by PR3 ligands could be obtained by using the phosphane-substituted carbonyl metalates or starting from 1-4 by substitution. With the exception of 3 and 4, all these organometallic Lewis bases could be fixed to carbonylmetal fragments. Thus numerous dinuclear complexes of the type M - ;AsMe2—M′ with M′ = Cr(CO)5, W(CO)5, Fe(CO)4, Fe(CO)(NO)2, and Co(CO)2NO, some of which were known, were accessible.
    Notes: Die bei tiefer Temperatur zersetzlichen Carbonylmetall-dimethylarsenide M—AsMe2 (M = (CO)5Mn 1, (CO)5Re 2, (CO)3NOFe 3 und (CO)4Co 4) wurden aus dem betreffenden Carbonyl-metallat und Me2AsCl dargestellt und bis auf 3 durch Folgereaktionen charakterisiert. Thermisch stabilere Derivate davon, in denen eine oder zwei CO-Gruppen durch PR3-Liganden ersetzt sind, ließen sich durch Einsatz der phosphansubstituierten Carbonylmetallate oder ausgehend von 1-4 durch Substitution gewinnen. Mit Ausnahme von 3 und 4 ließen sich alle diese metallorganischen Lewis-Basen an Carbonylmetall-Fragmente fixieren. Dadurch wurden zahlreiche z. T. bekannte Zweikernkomplexe des Typs M—AsMe2—M′ mit M′ = Cr(CO)5, W(CO)5, Fe(CO)4, Fe(CO)(NO)2 und Co(CO)2NO zugänglich.
    Additional Material: 13 Tab.
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  • 153
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3597-3604 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions of Complex Ligands, XX. Addition of Aminocarbene Ligands to YnaminesThe reaction of pentacarbonyl[amino(alkyl resp. aryl)carbene] complexes of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten 1-5 as well as the amino(phenyl)carbene complexes of manganese 15 and 16 with dialkylaminopropynes 6 and 7 results in addition of the aminocarbene substituent to the C≡C triple bond to yield the (1-dialkylaminopropylidene)aminocarbene complexes 8-14, 17, and 18.
    Notes: Pentacarbonyl[amino(alkyl bzw. aryl)carben]-Komplexe des Chroms, Molybdäns und Wolframs 1-5 sowie die Amino(phenyl)carben-Komplexe des Mangans 15 und 16 reagieren mit den Dialkylaminopropinen 6 und 7 unter Addition des Aminocarben-Substituenten an die Alkin-Funktion zu den (1-Dialkylaminopropyliden)aminocarben-Komplexen 8-14, 17 und 18.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Deamination of N-(6-endo-Methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-6-exo-yl)- and N-(6-endo-Methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-en-6-exo-yl)-N-nitrosourea. Attempted Non-photochemical Generation of trans-Cyclohexene DerivativesDecomposition of the stereochemically fixed diazonium ions 12 in alkaline methanol affords only 3-substituted 2-methylcyclohexenes 32-36. The corresponding unsaturated diazonium ions 18 gave the products 37-39. Reactions that have been found when generating trans-cycloheptene derivatives desaminatively or trans-cyclohexenes photochemically under similar conditions could not be detected for the decomposition of 12, thus making trans-cyclohexene derivatives improbable as intermediates for the formation of 32-36. Mechanistical alternatives are discussed.
    Notes: Der Zerfall der stereochemisch fixierten Diazonium-Ionen 12 in basischem Methanol ergibt nur 3-substituierte 2-Methylcyclohexene 32-36. Aus den entsprechenden ungesättigten Diazonium-Ionen 18 entstehen die Produkte 37-39. Reaktionen, die bei der desaminativen Erzeugung von trans-Cyclohepten-Derivaten oder bei der photochemischen Erzeugung von trans-Cyclohexenen unter gleichen Bedingungen ablaufen, wurden beim Zerfall von 12 nicht beobachtet. Eine Bildung von 32-36 über intermediäre trans-Cyclohexen-Derivate ist darum unwahrscheinlich. Mechanistische Alternativen werden diskutiert.
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  • 155
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3610-3620 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anisotropy Effects of Conjugated Cyclic Systems, IV. 1H NMR Spectra of Mesityl-Substituted 2,6-Dimethylbenzene DerivativesThe effect of very different substituents X on the chemical shift differences Δδ of the o- and p-methyl group 1H NMR signals of 4′-X-substituted 2,2′,4,6,6′-pentamethylbiphenyl derivatives is ±0.045 ppm only. In comparison with X = H (0.47 ppm) electron attracting substituents like X = N2⊕ increase Δδ values up to 0.53, X = CN and NO2 up to 0.52 ppm; electron releasing groups X = OH, NH2 reduce Δδ down to 0.45 and OCH3 to 0.44 ppm. Even in the 2-mesityl-substituted 1,3,5-trimethyltropylium ion (2) Δδ rises only up to 0.54 ppm.
    Notes: Die Differenz der chemischen Verschiebungen Δδ zwischen den 1H-NMR-Signalen der o- und p-Methylgruppen in den Mesitylresten 4′-X-substituierter 2,2′,4,6,6′-Pentamethylbiphenyl-Derivate 1 wird mit ±0.045 ppm relativ wenig durch sehr verschiedene Substituenten verändert. Gegenüber X = H (0.47 ppm) erhöhen stark elektronenziehende Substituenten X = N2⊕ auf 0.53 und X = CN, NO2 auf 0.52; elektronenspendende Gruppen wie X = OH, NH2 verkleinern Δδ auf 0.45 und OCH3 bis 0.44 ppm. Selbst im 2-mesitylsubstituierten 1,3,5-Trimethyltropylium-Ion (2) beträgt Δδ nur 0.54 ppm.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 156
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3621-3628 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogenolysis of Small Cycloalkanes, VII. Selective Hydrogenation of 1,1-Disubstituted Cyclopropane DerivativesOn hydrogenation of 1,1-disubstituted cyclopropane derivatives 1 hydrogenolysis of the C-2—C-3 bond to yield 2 is promoted by electron releasing groups (R = alkyl, CH2OH, OR). On the other hand the presence of electron attracting substituents (R = CO2R, COR, CN) causes opening of the C-1—c-2 bond and formation of products 3. 1,1-Bis(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropane could not be hydrogenated.
    Notes: Bei der Hydrierung 1,1-disubstituierter Cyclopropanderivate 1 bewirken elektronenabgebende Reste (R = Alkyl, CH2OH, OR) die Hydrogenolyse der C-2—C-3-Bindung zu 2, elektronenanziehende Substituenten (R = CO2R, COR, CN) dagegen die Öffnung der C-1—C-2-Bindung unter Bildung der Produkte 3. 1,1-Bis(trifluormethyl)cyclopropan ließ sich nicht hydrieren.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 157
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3629-3646 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The He(I) Photoelectron Spectra of Tetracarbonyliron(l0) Complexes with CarbenesThe He(I) photoelectron(PE) spectra of the tetracarbonyl(carbene)iron(0) complexes 1-3 have been recorded. The first six bands were assigned by calculating the different ionic states separately (ΔSCF procedure) or by using the „Transition Operator Model“. It is found that the Koopmans′ defects for the orbitals localized at the iron are larger than for orbitals localized at the ligands.
    Notes: Die He(I)-Photoelektronen(PE)-Spektren der Tetracarbonyl(carben)eisen(0)-Komplexe 1-3 wurden gemessen. Die Zuordnung der ersten sechs Banden basiert auf der Berechnung der verschiedenen Kationenzustände mittels der ΔSCF-Methode und mit Hilfe des „Transition Operator“-Modells. Für die Orbitale, die hauptsächlich am Metall lokalisiert sind, werden größere Koopmans-Defekte gefunden als für die an den Liganden lokalisierten Orbitale.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 158
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3647-3655 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The He(I) Photoelectron Spectra of Bis(1,3-diene)monocarbonyliron ComplexesThe He(I) photoelectron (PE) spectra of the bis(1,3-diene)monocarbonyliron complexes 1 to 3 have been recorded. The assignment of the first seven bands is based on INDO calculations using the ΔSCF procedure and the „transition operator“ model. The bonding properties for the ground state of 1 are discussed.
    Notes: Die He(I)-Photoelektronen(PE)-Spektren der Bis(1,3-dien)monocarbonyleisenkomplexe 1 bis 3 wurden gemessen. Die Zuordnung der ersten sieben Banden resultiert aus der Berechnung der verschiedenen Kationenzustände mittels der ΔSCF-Methode und des „Transition Operator„-Modells, basierend auf einem INDO-Verfahren. Die Bindungsverhältnisse im Grundzustand von 1 werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 159
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 113 (1980), S. 3656-3661 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Condensed Furans, XLVII. Synthesis of 1H-Pyrano[3,4-b]benzofuran-1-one and their DerivativesThe synthesis of 1H-pyrano[3,4-b]benzofuran-1-one derivatives (6-14) and their 2-aza-analogues (15-16) is described.
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  • 160
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 79-88 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for large-scale preparation of a lectin from Crotalaria juncea seeds is described. The method involve fractionation by pH- and ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by biospecific affinity chromatography. The adsorbent used for the affinity chromatography was prepared by coupling galactose to Sepharose 6B activated with divinylsulfone. A comparison of different apparatus and techniques involved in the preparation is discussed. The yield and quality of the lectin prepared at a large scale were comparable with laboratory-scale preparation. From 50 kg Crotalaria juncea beans, 14.4 g Crotalaria lectin were obtained.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 161
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 255-270 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A growth model for Claviceps purpurea in submerged batch culture is presented. In developing the model, the basic principles of the growth and the morphological properties of C. purpurea are considered. The growth of C. purpurea is assumed to occur in a three-step manner; the first step involves the assimilation and the growth of cells; the second one involves cell division, and the third one involves transformation of the mature cells to a state where they have no ability to divide but do have the ability to produce ergot alkaloids and then they gradually die. Inorganic phosphate is assumed to be the limiting substrate for the first and the second steps in conditions of carbon source being in excess. The model constants are determined by model simulation and graphical searching techniques to find the minimum value of the absolute difference between the experimental and the simulated curves for biomass, alkaloids, and sucrose.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 162
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Galactosidase and other enzymes were immobilized on p-amino-carbanilated derivatives of cellulose and methylol cellulose using the diazo method and through glutaraldehyde. The optimum conditions for coupling cellulose tri-(p-amino-carbanilate) (CTAC) to β-galactosidase were established. The diazo coupling method with CTAC gave greater activity than with glutaraldehyde when coupled to β-galactosidase (Escherichia coli). The stability of the CTAC-β-galactosidase system was examined. The disubstituted p-amino-carbanilate derivative (CDAC) gave a lower activity, whereas the methylol analog (MCTAC) gave slightly greater activity. The CTAC was also used to immobilize glucose oxidase, trypsin, pepsin, and papain.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 163
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 377-399 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrophobic interaction of β-galactosidase with Sepharose 4B substituted with 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine was studied in both batch and column experiments. The equilibrium and the binding rate constants were determined for different phosphate buffer concentrations. The equilibrium constants exhibit a hysteresis effect, i.e., desorption constants are less than adsorption constants, and the higher the ionic strength to start the desorption, the larger the effect. The rate data are not satisfactorily described by a simple reversible first-order model. The column chromatographic data are semiquantitatively described by a local equilibrium theory without axial dispersion or intraparticle diffusion.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 164
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 411-420 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus awamori NRRL 4869 was cultured on the solid substrate, wheat bran, in a modified Rollacell apparatus to produce α-galactosidase and invertase. The swivel cap on the elongated bottle permits the introduction of air while the bottle rotates. Parameters of air flow rate (0.05-0.2 liter/kg/min), rpm (0.15-15 rpm), and weight of solids (150 and 300 g) were varied. At low air flow rates (0.05 liter/kg solid/min), α-galactosidase production was minimal independent of the rotation rate. At 0.15 rpm and 0.2 liter/kg solids/min air flow rate, invertase production ceased after five days; whereas α-galactosidase production continued. The modified Rollacell can be a useful apparatus for studying solid-substrate cultures.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 165
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 505-518 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of temperature and pH on kinetic behavior of α-galactosidase of Mortierella vinacea was investigated on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG). A very unusual kinetic behavior was observed for the soluble α-galactosidase i.e., substrate inhibition diminished gradually with increasing temperature or near the neutral pH range, and the kinetics approached the ordinary Michaelis-Menten (MM) type. On the other hand, with decreasing temperature or in acidic pH range, substrate inhibition was accelerated. Therefore, Arrhenius plots based on the initial reaction rate did not give straight lines. Furthermore, the slope in the Arrhenius plot changed with substrate concentration, which would make the determination of a characteristic value using conventional methods meaningless. However, the Arrhenius plots of individual kinetic parameters in the rate equation resulted in straight lines in the temperature range 15 to 50°C. From this, the drastic change in kinetic behavior could be explained in connection with the temperature and pH dependence of kinetic parameters in the model. For mold pellets (whole-cell enzyme), however, the influence of temperature and pH was less apparent than that of soluble enzyme because of the limitation in intraparticle diffusion. By using the rate equation that was determined for soluble enzyme and the theoretically derived effectiveness factor, the overall reaction rate for mold pellets at various temperature and pH could be predicted to some extent.
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  • 166
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 555-570 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The progesterone 11α-hydroxylase of Rhizopus nigricans ATCC 6227b is an inducible enzyme system that is primarily induced by its substrate progesterone. Maximum induction was found at a progesterone concentration of 0.5 g/liter or above. Oxygen is the other substrate for the hydroxylation and this was found to have a major effect on the amounts of hydroxylase synthesized. Optimum induction of the hydroxylase in a fermentation with a 3.1 m/sec impeller tip speed was found to occur at a dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) of 10% of air saturation. The agitation rate also effects the amount of hydroxylase synthesized with an apparent maximum at 3.1 m/sec impeller tip speed. The DOT for a maximum hydroxylation rate was much higher than for enzyme synthesis so that it was preferable to increase the DOT after induction was completed.
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  • 167
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 615-637 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper the results of the Monte Carlo simulations as described in an earlier paper are compared with those of batch experiments. A number of batch experiments were carried out at a low inoculation rate so that only a fraction of the oil drops were inoculated. Under these conditions the effect of the segregation of the oil phase is more clearly demonstrated. Special attention is paid to the preparation of actively growing yeast cells with which the cultures is inoculated. Also a method is developed to estimate the amount of actively growing cells with which the culture is inoculated. The other parameters necessary for the Monte Carlo simulation are measured in separate experiments: the maximum growth rate of the cells, oil drop size, and the drop parameters. Finally the growth curves (measured in the batch experiments) are compared with those calculated with the Monte Carlo procedure. A good agreement is found.
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  • 168
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 177-199 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The susceptibility of cellulose to enzymatic hydrolysis is affected by the structural features of cellulosic materials. It has been suggested that the crystallinity and surface area of cellulose fibers are the most important structural features in this regard. This study investigated in depth the relative effects of these two structural features upon the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and the change of the structural parameters of cellulose during the course of hydrolysis. It was found that the hydrolysis rate is mainly dependent upon the fine structural order of cellulose which can best be represented by the crystallinity rather than the simple surface area. Monitoring the changes in the structural parameters during the course of reaction showed that surface area is not a major limiting factor that slows hydrolysis in its late stages as has been suggested. This information concerning structural features is used to elucidate the mode of action of cellulase.
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  • 169
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 170
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 171
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 353-362 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bacteria grown on methanol exhibit a poor efficiency of energy conservation, which is mainly due to the low P/O ratio of 1 associated with methanol oxidation. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that a P/O ratio of at least 2 is possible for this step in substrate oxidation. This low efficiency of energy conservation is reflected in the yield values on methanol, which are very important in the consideration of biomass production from methanol. Unfortunately in continuous culture there is no obvious way to select for organisms with a greater efficiency of energy conservation.
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  • 172
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 337-352 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chemostat cultures of carrot suspension cultures, where growth was limited by the concentration of phosphate in the input medium, were achieved by replacing a fixed proportion of the culture with fresh medium at daily intervals. In the range 0.05-0.30mM phosphate in the input medium and at a specific growth rate of 0.357 days-1, steady-state culture density but not anthocyanin in the cells was strictly proportional to the input phosphate concentration with no intercept. At a phosphate concentration of 0.10mM and growth rates from 0.105 to 0.430 days-1, the steady-state culture density could not be described by Monod's model of chemostat cultures, but could be described by Nyholm's model. The steady-state levels of anthocyanin were not strictly proportional to the steady-state biomass under all conditions, showing that anthocyanin production is not completely growth associated.
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  • 173
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 401-410 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth kinetics of Bacillus subtilis KYA 741, an adenine-requiring strain, was investigated under adenine-limiting conditions. The concentration of adenine (the limiting substrate for cell growth) in the culture filtrate remained constant during the stationary phase. In this phase, DNA turnover was active and the DNA content per cell was constant throughout the cultivation period. When cells were transferred to medium without adenine, the cell concentration began to decrease immediately and then reached a constant level due to the supply of adenine from lysing to growing cells. The rates of degradation of cells and DNA were both found to be 0.2 hr-1. An equation for cell growth in this pseudostationary phase was obtained by combining Contois' equation, in which the apparent saturation constant was a function of the cell concentration, with a term for cell degradation. This equation satisfactorily expressed the feature of cell growth and adenine consumption by B. subtilis KYA 741 under adenine-limiting conditions.
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  • 174
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1237-1247 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction kinetics of the enzymatic of cephalexin from 7-aminodea-cetoxy cephalosporanic acid and phenylglycine methylester was studied using the synthesizing enzyme obtained from Xanthomonas citri. The activation energy, Km value for 7-aminodeacetoxy cephalosporanic acid and phenylglycine methylester, and Ki value for phenylglycine methylester were determined as 8.63 kcal/mol, 3.7mM, 14.5mM, and 70mM, respectively. The enzyme was found to be constitutive and susceptible to deactivation.
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  • 175
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1295-1296 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 176
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 947-955 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation for estimating the diffusion coefficients of protein molecules is presented. The correlation is based upon literature values of the protein diffusion coefficients and molal volumes for 143 proteins. The correlation can be used for the estimation of diffusion coefficients using only molecular weight. Accuracy is such that a linear regression on 301 proteins showed 75% of the diffusion coefficients estimated fell within 20% of the experimental values. The relationship between this correlation, the Stokes-Einstein equation, and the Wilke-Chang correlation is discussed.
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  • 177
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 981-993 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a recent publication, a technique was outlined for measuring surface aeration rates in an agitated vessels while sparging, and it was shown that surface aeration rates fall rapidly with increasing sparge rates. That work was conducted in a 0.61 m diam vessels. The work reported here was done in a small vessel (0.22 m diam) where surface aeration has been reported to be of particular significance. In general, the results obtained in the small vessel confirmed those in the large one and in addition were generally in good agreement with those recently published elsewhere for an almost identical geometry. For typical practical power inputs and sparge rates, the rate of surface aeration was never more than 20% of the sparge rate and generally less than 5%. These results indicate that surface aeration is of considerably less importance than has generally been believed following the findings of workers who estimated its effect by comparing KLa values under unsparged conditions with those when sparging.
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  • 178
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1025-1036 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown that the rate of enzymatic saccharification of cellulosic materials including “pure” cellulose (Whatman CF-11 cellulose), newsprint, lignocellulose (prehydrolyzed to remove hemicelluloses), and wood can be substantially increased by simultaneous wet milling. An enhanced hydrolysis rate was sustained above that observed for ball milling: providing a more extensive saccharification. The cellulosic substrates were wet milled with a variety of grinding elements, such as sand, glass beads, and stainless-steel beads, agitated in a shaker bath. Simultaneous hydrolysis was achieved with a 2% substrate slurry in a 0.1M acetate buffer at 45°C and pH 5. The effectiveness of this process was dependent upon the lignified matrix of the cellulose microfibrils, the grinding elements, and the oscillation frequency of the shaker bath. Wet milling “pure” cellulose for 48 hr, with 3.5 mm glass beads and 200 oscillations/min (opm), yielded 1031 mg reducing sugar/g substrates (93% saccharification) as compared to 483 mg (44%) for the ball-milled sample and 253 mg (23%) for the unmilled material. With the lignified substrates stainless-steel beads (3.5 mm) were more effective than glass. For lignocellulose 529 mg sugar/g substrate (93% saccharification) could be obtained by wet milling with cellulase for 24 hr. This was about three times greater than that of the ball milled (169 mg, 30%) and 10 times greater than that of the unmilled (52 mg, 9%) substrates. The method was also effective for wood particles (60 mesh) giving 143 mg sugar/g wood (approximately 38% saccharification) in 48 hr, whereas the ball-milled sample gave only 79 mg (21%) and the unmlilled substrate 38 mg (10%). These observations can be explained on the basis of the current crystalline theory for the morphology of the cellulosic microfibrils. The advantage of wet milling and simultaneous hydrolysis apparently depends on a continuous generation of accessible sites and sustained rapid hydrolysis rate as the saccharification proceeds, where in the pretreated substrates the hydrolysis rate slow down as the active sites are reduced.
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  • 179
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 180
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1127-1142 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Xylosidase from a commercial Aspergillus niger preparation was purified by differential ammonium sulfate precipitation and either gel permeation or cation exchange chromatography, giving 16-fold purification in 32% yield for the first technique or 27-fold purification in 19% yield for the second. The second method in addition almost completely removed interfering β-glucosidase activity. Enzymes prepared by this method was immobilized to 10 different carriers, but only when it was bound to alumina with TiCl4 and to alkylamine porous silica with glutaraldehyde were substantial efficiencies and stabilities achieved. With alumina, the variation of activation procedure, amount of β-xylosidase offered, and activation solution composition yielded maximum activities of over 40 U/g with approximately 70% immobilization efficiency. Variation of binding pH and incubation time led to a maximum immobilized activity of 1.3 U/g with 78% immobilization efficiency on silica.
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  • 181
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1155-1173 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cells form the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (ATCC 26012) were successfully immobilized by entrapment in a polyacrylamide gel. The resulting gel showed high methanol oxidase activity especially after treatment with a detergent (CTAB). The enzymatic properties of the gel-entrapped cell were not very different from that of the soluble enzyme except that no inhibition was observed at high methanol concentration. In continuous reactors, the gel-entrapped cells showed a much higher stability than other enzyme preparations. The inactivation mechanism was investigated and proved to be the oxidation of essential SH group(s) of the methanol oxidase molecule by hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with β-mercaptoethanol prevented inactivation or regenerated activity.
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  • 182
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1225-1235 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polymethylglutamate (PMG), a synthetic polypeptide, was used as a new carrier to immobilize urease (EC 3.5.1.5) and uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) by the azide method. The enzymes could be immobilized onto PMG in various forms, such as film, fiber, coating on various beads, and a silicon tube. The retained activities of the immobilized enzymes were excellent (more than 95%), therefore it was possible to immobilized almost all activities of the enzymes added in the coupling mixtures. Heat stabilities of the resulting immobilized enzymes were markedly improved, while the optimal pH and Km values remained almost unchanged. The urease immobilized on the PMG-coated glass beads packed in a column, was found to retain its activity more than 80% of the initial value, even after the occasional use for a year. In view of the improved retained activities and stabilities of the immobilized enzymes, PMG may therefore be a very versatile matrix for the immobilized enzymes.
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  • 183
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1249-1269 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat conduction solution enable rapid determination of the heats of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of substrate by microorganisms. Aliquots of 1.0 ml cell suspension, 5 × 109 cell/ml, were mixed with a few dozen nmol substrate contained in 0.5 ml, under a controlled atmosphere of air, O2, or N2. At these substrate concentration, with adapted microorganisms, metabolism and its heat generation are usually complete within 300 to 600 sec. The raw data yield ΔHapp values. The ΔHapp were determined in the range 0.001 to 0.010% substrate, and extrapolated (limit substrate concentration →0), to yield Δ0H̄, the limiting differential molar heat of metabolism. The Δ0H̄ values express the heat generated when there is rapid metabolism but little new growth, minimal contribution by H+ transfer from metabolites, and maintenance of aerobicity or anaerobicity as specified. Escherichiacoli B/5 was used for aerobic and anaerobic combustion of eight sugars. Pseudomonas multivorans, and an Acinetobacter, strain B-1, were used for aerobic metabolism of benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and a methylnaphthalene. The larger heats of combustion of the hydrocarbons enable the use of aqueous solutions of hydrocarbons well below their solubility limits. The quotient Δ0H̄/n (n = atoms carbon/molecule substrate) varies from (-)36 to (-)67 kcal/mol carbon for the sugars. The most reduced sugar yields the largest exothermic heats. The quotient varies from (-)27 to (-)81 kcal/mol carbon for the aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparison of the calorimetric heats of metabolism of those from total aerobic combustion in aquo (where available) give measure of the efficiencies with which the heat contents of the aqueous substrate are used by the bacteria.
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  • 184
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1335-1355 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From 1972 to 1977 a large laboratory effort was devoted to determining data on efficacy, safety, environmental impact (on nontarget organisms), and some preliminary field work using several isolates of Bacillus sphaericus. The B. sphaericus strains were found to be specific in their mosquito larvicidal activity, not causing mammalian toxicity nor apparent perturbation of the environment. During this period several fermentation and industrialization problems were investigated so that by 1978, using new strains and cultures, it was possible to have prepared kilogram amounts of an active dry stable powder, of strain 1593, for field evaluation. These field evolution. These field evaluations are presently still in progress. Control has been seen particularly against Culex, Anopheles, and Psorophora species, with some what less control aganst Aedes species. Unlike the agriculturally oriented Bacillus thuringiensis candidates, B. sphaericus bacterial cell, which is digested in the larval midgut (within a peritrophic membrane), releasing a toxin as early as 15 min after ingestion. Subsequent death of the larva ensues. Recent evidence suggests that applied B. sphaericus powder will survive in aquatic situations (ditches, ponds, and tree holes) for at least nine month. Comparisons of the B. sphaeicus strains with recently isolated strains of B. thuringiensis (var. israelensis), the latter being particularly active against Aedes species, indicates that they may be useful complements of each other in overall mosquito control strategies. The recent isolation of several new strains of B. thuringiensis, from WHO-CCBC accessions from Roumania, indicate that although the B. thuringiensis isolate is a rare event when compared to the occurrence of B. sphaericus isolates (they usually occur together in accessions from which B. thuringiensis is isolated), several new useful strains of B. thuringiensis should be anticipated. The longevity of the B. thuringiensis strains in the wild has not yet been investigated.
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  • 185
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1449-1463 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Partial acid hydrolysis was studied as a per treatment to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis, such a pretreatment was carried out in a continuous flow reactor on oak corn Stover, newsprint, and Solka Floc at temperatures ranging from 160 to 220°C, acid concentration ranging from 0 to 1.2%, and a fixed treatment time of 0.22 min. The resulting slurries and solids were than hydrolyzed with Trichoderma ressei QM 9414 cellulase at 50°C for 48 hr. For all substrates except Solka Floc, increased glucose yields were achieved during enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated materials as compared to hydrolysis of the original substrate. In several cases, after pretreatment, 100° of the potential glucose content of the substrate was converted to glucose after 24hr of enzymatic hydrolysis. It is felt that the increased glucose yields achieved after this pretreatment are due to acid's removal of hemicellulose, reduced degree of polymerization, and possibly due to a change in the crystal structure of the cellulose.
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  • 186
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1543-1565 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble soybean protein by a protease enzyme produced by Penicillium duponti K 1104, was investigated in a batch reactor. The reaction conditions were 30-55°C and pH 3.4-3.7. The mechanism of solubilization of the insoluble protein by the Penicillium duponti enzyme was deduced from a series of experiments. Kinetic models were developed that involved adsorption followed by peptic digestion of protein, inhibition of low-molecular-weight peptides, and enzyme deactivation. The uncoupled kinetic parameters were estimated using the Marquardt nonlinear parameter estimation algorithm. A bang-bang production of soluble and partially soluble protein is suggested for higher productivity. The essential amino acids pattern of the enzyme-Hydrolyzed soy protein was comparable with the unhydrolyzed protein isolate. Aggregation of the soluble protein for an extended time was observable. The low-molecular-weight soluble protein was incorporated into noncarbonated beverages. The amount of protein that could be incorporated into a can of 355 ml noncarbonated beverage, without observable changes in the optical density and also aggregation of the protein, was 2.5 g soluble protein. Beverages with caramel color showed excessive decrease in optical density and precipitation. The kinetics and diffusion in a multipore immobilized-enzyme recycle reactor will be considered in part II of this series.
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  • 187
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1749-1751 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 188
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1759-1765 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 189
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 33-53 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple model is developed for the energy transformation in growing microbial systems. The model is based on a linear equation for ATP consumption in the processes of growth and maintenance. A combination of this equation with macroscopic balances for the various components, the systems exchanges with the environment, and application of the concepts of the elementary balance allow the derivation of linear equations for the exchange of substrate, oxygen, and carbon dioxide with the environment. For growth on one sole carbon and energy source the model allows the definition of a critical substrate yield are expected and below which is decreasing substrate yield and energy supply growth limitation are expected. This restriction can be interpreted in a variety of other ways. It supplies a rationale for non-energy-production-coupled transfer of hydrogen to oxygen or wasteful expenditure of ATP in growth on highly reduced substrates. It also allows the formulation of a limit to the maximum yield on oxygen that can never be exceeded in growth on highly reduced substrates.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many changes that occur in a cell during the cell cycle can be demonstrated in synchronous cultures and can reveal dimensions of cell metabolism not attainable by the study of balanced growth of asynchronous populations in batch cultures or the steady state in chemostat cultures. The release of 14CO2 from specifically labeled glucose by phased (continuously synchronized) cultures follows a characteristic pattern (profile) that depends upon the stage in the cell cycle and the period of labeling used. Successive profiles throughout a cycle showed differences that were altered under different nutrient-limiting growth conditions. Profiles obtained with glucose-1-14C, glucose-2-14C, glucose-3,4-14C, and glucose-6-14C and phased cells of Candida utilis under N-, P-, and C-limited growth demonstrated the variable character of the metabolic activity that occurred in the cells while contour changes within the profiles across the cycle indicated possible correlations with activities of the hexose monophosphate, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways during the cell cycle. The basis of these changes and their use as elementary parameters for study of problems of physiological changes in vivo are considered.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 192
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 193
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 194
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 299-310 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzyme electrode is described for quantitative determination of phenol at micromolar concentrations. Immobilized phenol hydroxylase is attached to the surface of a Clark oxygen electrode. The Maximum rate of oxygen consumption is linearly dependent on phenol concentration over the 0.5-50μM range. The electrode can be used for at least 150 assays without an activity loss. Readout is very rapid - within 30 sec of sample addition. The electrode response is independent of pH between pH 6.5 and 9.5. The response increases linearly with temperature in the interval 10-40°C. It is necessary to incubate the enzyme electrode in a buffer containing NADPH for a few minutes before the addition of sample. This is to make the electrode response independent of the diffusion rate of this cosubstrate. This and other diffusional effects on the performance of the phenol electrode are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 195
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 323-335 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzyme stability studies have been reinvestigated under the conditions used for cellulose hydrolysis (pH 4.8, 50°C, 24 hr). The cellobiohydrolase (CBH) component as measured on Avicel is less stable than other enzymes of the cellulase complex, and is 60% inactivated by merthiolate (and other Hg compounds) under the above conditions. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase is much more stable, and more resistant to merthiolate and other compounds. Under unshaken conditions the Avicelase of the Rutgers strain C 30 shows greater stability to heat than that of other available strains. Biocides must be selected not only for their ability to prevent contamination, but also for their compatibility with cellulases. Tetracycline and chlortetracycline are inexpensive, effective in very low concentrations, have no harmful effect on the enzymes, and are compatible with the yeasts that subsequently grow on the sugar solutions to produce alcohol. Attempts have been made to stabilize the enzymes by chemical modification in such a way as to maintain their solubility. Glutaraldehyde treatment greatly increased the enzyme size, lowered the pI values, and gave a slight shift in the pH activity curve. There was, unfortunately, no increase in enzyme stability, and the activity of enzymes on solid celluloses was adversely affected. Shaking greatly reduced the hydrolysis of Avicel by Trichoderma reesei C 30 enzyme. The adverse effect was accompanied by a decrease in recoverable enzyme and protein.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 196
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 363-376 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: White-rot fungi, which have the ability to degrade all the wood components including lignin, are of great interest in biotechnological processes based on wood and other lignocellulosic materials. It was demonstrated earlier that enough lignin can be degraded to cause a decrease in the energy demand for production of thermomechanical pulp if wood chips are pretreated by cellulaseless mutants of white-rot fungi. This paper concerns the growth conditions in wood for three white-rot fungi and their cellulaseless mutants in order to determine optimal conditions for such pretreatment processes. The pH and temperature optima have been determined as well as the growth rate in wood. The results show that the growth rate in wood. at least for Cel 44 (a cellulaseless mutant of Sporotrichum pulverulentum), is not the rate-limiting step in delignification. From different mixtures of urea and NH4H2PO4 the optimal nitrogen source was determined for the mutants. The optimal C/N ratio was found to vary between 160/1 and 400/1. It is suggested that the lower the C/N ratio, the faster the growth. It was also demonstrated that both water- and acetone-extractable substances in wood supported the growth of cellulaseless mutants. When some glucose was added to the wood, the weight loss caused by Cel 44 increased. All these observations support earlier findings that lignin in wood cannot be degraded by white-rot fungi unless a more easily metabolizable carbon source is used simultaneously.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NO Abstract.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 495-503 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The partition of n-hexadecane in the spent growth medium of Acinetobacter sp. HOI-N was determined by measuring the increase in the relative aqueous solubility of 3H-hexadecane as compared to controls. The amount of hexadecane partitioned was proportional to the protein concentration. The specific solubility of hexadecane (nmol/mg protein) was analyzed by least-squares fitting yielding an average slope of 0.6 with a standard deviation of 0.3, indicating either nonequilibrium of hexadecane or physical aggregation of protein. The amount of hexadecane partitioned was concentration dependent yielding optically clear microemulsions at hexadecane concentrations of less than 1.4mM and macroemulsions at hexadecane concentrations of 1.4mM or greater. Preliminary results indicated that hexadecane and partitioned by a lipoprotein complex.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 199
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 639-642 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 651-654 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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