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  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (379)
  • 1968  (379)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (379)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 531-537 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The hepatic lobules of the family Suidae are unusually large, completely surrounded by fibrous tissue, and supplied by relatively large branches of the hepatic artery. The interlobular septa carry small branches of the artery, vein and bile ducts of the adjacent portal tracts and may be regarded as attenuated extensions of the portal tracts. The hepatic lobules of Tayassuidae and Hippopotamidae lack these distinctive features.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 527-530 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The variation in the length of the pterygoid process was studied as a function of the sphenoid angle. Three hundred human skulls and ten skulls of certain animals (dog, sheep, pig, ox, horse) were appropriately measured. The length of the pterygoid process (lateral plate), was measured in all instances from the point of junction between the lamina and the greater wing of the sphenoid to the midpoint of the lower margin of the lamina. The average value of this dimension in man was 34.7 mm with variations from 28.0 mm to 44.5 mm.The average value of the length of the pterygoid process was found separately in male and female skulls; in different age groups; in skulls with narrow versus wide sphenoid angle; in skulls possessing a short versus a long nasion  -  basion distance. In each instance the values are compared and the standard deviation ascertained. The results of measurements made in man and animals are presented in a table.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The process of denucleation in normoblasts of fetal guinea pig liver was studied with electron microscopy employing serial sections. In the late normoblast the nucleus becomes eccentrically located in the cytoplasm. Continued maturation results in a nucleus which is protruding from the normoblast. Still later the nucleus separates from the remainder of the cell and is phagocytized by a reticular cell. Nuclei which have been extruded are surrounded by a narrow border of cytoplasm and possess a nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, and internal nuclear structure similar to that of normoblasts. The cytoplasmic border and nuclear structure are observed for some time after ingestion by reticular cells. Dissolution of nuclei inside the phagocytes is characterized by disappearance of the cytoplasmic border and nuclear envelope, loss of density of the chromatin, and appearance of dense particles in the interchromatin. It was concluded that under normal conditions, the sole mechanism of denucleation in definitive erythroblasts is extrusion. Mitochondria are partially degraded inside the late erythroblasts, forming a membranous residue which is later extruuded.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 575-581 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This experiment was designed to reveal the developing pattern of the ECG occurring in chick embryos during the period between 11 and 22 somites and to relate these findings to the appearance of blood circulation and the ability of the heart to exhibit atrioventricular block under the influence of digitalis. Using a unipolar electrode placed directly upon hearts of a graded series, the first recorded ECG was a simple V wave at 11 somites (sometimes 10) which increased in amplitude and rate through the 16 somite stage. In 16 or 17 somite embryos two deflections appeared on the descending limb of the V wave. In the light of subsequent changes these were recognized as the first indications of the P wave and QRS complex. Within an hour of development (17 to 18 somites) three events coincided, i.e., appearance of the primitive P wave and QRS complex; the beginning of blood circulation as evidenced by flow through extraembryonic capillaries; and the ability of the hearts to show a block at the AV junction. This last occurs despite the fact that an obvious PR interval is not present at 18 somites. However, from the 18 to the 21 to 22 somite stage rapid changes in the pattern of the ECG were recorded. The PR interval emerges; the P wave and QRS complex become incisive and are followed by an obvious T wave.The developmental pattern is the exact duplicate of the changes which can be recorded in reverse, by treating a single 60 hour embryonic heart with eserine (Paff, Boucek and Glander, '66) or apparently any acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (work in progress).
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 583-586 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A group of 27 females and 24 males between the ages of eight years four months and 15 years seven months was examined to determine the vertebral level of their arytenoid cartilages. An apprasial of their lateral cephalometric radiographs which included the cervical vertebra was made under rigid conditions. Each cervical vertebra was divided into three sections in order to relate its position more precisely to the cartilages. The age of each subject was recorded and then compared with the vertebral level of their arytenoid cartilages. General consistency seemed to prevail throughout the group at given sex and age levels. Visualization of the arytenoid cartilages was excellent. No evidence of mineralization in the laryngeal cartilages was noted in the age group studied.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 587-593 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Methylene blue preparations and silver impregnated material were used to demonstrate the sensory nerve endings in the temporomandibular joint of the Rhesus monkey. Sixteen millimeter motion picture sequences of the various nerve endings were photographed while the microscope was slowly focused up and down through the entire thickness of the nerve ending. A 15-minute film with descriptive sound track was prepared to demonstrate these nerve endings in three dimensions. The following types of nerve endings (listed in decreasing order of frequency) were seen in the articular capsule and peripheral portions of the articular disk: free, Ruffini, Golgi, and Paciniform endings. The sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments in these monkeys gave no gross appearance of a ligamentous structure and did not contain any specialized proprioceptive nerve endings. Physiologic studies indicate that the nerve endings seen in the temporomandibular joint provide sensory mechanisms for the rception of pain, the autonomic control of vascular supply, and the recording of information concerning joint position and change in rate of movement.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The influence on pituitary cytology of propylthiouracil (PTU) and estradiol benzoate (EB) administered singly and in combination was studied by electron microscopy in adult female rats. PTU alone induced striking changes in the morphology of thyrotroph cells, which were all transformed into typical thyroidectomy cells, characterized by enormously dilated ergastoplasmic sacs; the acidophils were degranulated and some of them took the appearance of relatively quiescent prolactin cells rather than degranulated somatotrophs. EB alone caused no definite changes in the morphology of thyrotroph cells; its essential effect was the development of a large number of prolactin cells. When both treatments were combined, thyroidectomy cells were found, existing side by side with untransformed thyrotrophs and exhibiting less dilated ergastoplasmic sacs than after PTU alone; prolactin cells were present in great number and showed a more developed ergastoplasm than after EB alone. Thyroid weight and height of the follicular cells were not changed by EB given singly; they were both increased under the influence of PTU; thyroid weight but not mean height of the follicular cells was slightly less increased when EB was added to PTU. It is tentatively concluded that estrogen may have a dual action on the thyro-pituitary axis: on one hand, a depressing influence on thyrotroph cells and on the other hand a direct stimulatory effect on the thyroid gland.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 619-633 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cells that took up tritiated thymidine (H-3T) at various periods of intrauterine and early infant life in the periventricular proliferative zone and migrated to form the isocortex in the rat were tracked autoradiographically in series of stages to characterize their movements. Cells labeled at any stage soon separated themselves into cohorts, some continuing to proliferate, others migrating at once, and still others delaying before migrating. Migratory cells moved to the developing cortex along the curved and oblique paths of the pallial fibers, whose basic plan was established by the early thalamocortical fibers. Magnitude of speed was 15 to 30 μ per hour. The primitive neural cells that originated on each of the fourteenth to eighteenth intrauterine days first reached the cortex in about 48 hours, others took two or three days longer. Migrations originating on the nineteenth to twenty-first days continued into the week after birth; as the primitive cells approached the cortex, however, they differentiated into young neurons, and traveled perpendicularly to its outer part. The first cohort of twentieth day labeled cells reached their intracortical destinations in about three days, the last in about ten days. The isocortex was formed essentially from within outward. The first neuroglia destined for the isocortex arose on the twenty-first intrauterine day.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 643-661 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A second and previously unrecognized cell type which is identical to the intercalated cells of the collecting duct exists in the rat distal convoluted tubule. These cells are distinctly different from the principal cells which have long been recognized with light and electron microscopy.The intercalated cells have numerous irregular apical microvilli, a high concentration of nearly round mitochondria located in the apical cytoplasm, and a basal nucleus.A variety of coated and uncoated vesicles in the apical cytoplasm were identified by electron microscopy. The cytoplasmic surface of the apical plasmalemma also was studded with club-shaped densities.Light and electron microscopic histochemical techniques for acid mucosubstances were carried out on tissue prepared by rapid freezing techniques or intravascular perfusion fixation. The luminal surfaces of the cells from both the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct stained for acid mucosubstances. In some cases, the intercalated cells stained more intensely with this technique than the adjacent principal cells. The apical cytoplasm of the intercalated cells was also more PAS positive than that of the principal cells.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 665-674 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Over the past 20 years Soviet research in regeneration has undergone a shift in emphasis from work on amphibians to mammals. In that period several distinct schools of thought have arisen, and often there has been considerable controversy as to the nature of certain regenerative processes. At present most mammalian tissues and organs are being studied with respect to natural regenerative capacity and means of stimulating further regeneration. The most striking results have been obtained in the areas of muscle and bone regeneration. Progress in other areas has been less spectacular. Considerable effort has been put into devising means of regenerating functional tissue from pathologically changed or irradiated organs. The field of regeneration research in the Soviet Union is quite highly organized and includes a relatively large number of workers. Progress has, to some extent, been impeded by shortages of equipment and biochemical preparations.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 691-696 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Some general statements concerning the overall geometry of the cerebellar vermis are presented as a preliminary step in the theoretical analysis of its morphology. From a large number of measurements made on a sample of 30 human cerebella the following relationships may be demonstrated: (1) the mean outline of superimposed sagittal sections through the mid-vermis fits very closely the curve \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm r} = {\rm a\, sin}\frac{\theta }{2}; $$\end{document}(2) the relation of the total circumference (y) of individual lobes or of the entire vermis to a measurement of the outside (visible) perimeter (x) is shown to be fitted almost exactly by the equation y = ax2; (3) the relation of total circumference to outside perimeter in the rat and the cat is found to be constant during development; (4) in the human arbor vitae the relation of the width of the “trunk” to the sum of the widths of bifurcating branches is seen to be linear with a slope, in the midline, of approximately one; (5) no simple relationship could be ascertained in teh arbor vitae between angles of branching and widths of branches or trunks.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 675-689 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cells with elongated nuclei resembling those of fibroblasts and/or Schwann cells had been noted previously in x-irradiated portions of rat spinal cords. The present experiment was undertaken to determine the identity and fates of these cells. For this experiment, a 5 mm length of lumbosacral spinal cord was irradiated (4000 R) in three-day-old Holtzman rats. Groups of these rats and their litter mate controls were killed at intervals from 11 through 60 days following irradiation. Most of the spinal cords were prepared for light microscopic examination; a few were prepared for ultrastructural studies. Light microscopic examination revealed that the cells in question became observable near the dorsal roots within and immediately caudal to the irradiated area in a few rats as early as 15 days post-irradiation and in all rats by 19 days following irradiation. The number of cells increased rapidly and in some cases filled the dorsal funiculi. Axons that were intermingled with these cells usually became myelinated approximately 25 days post-irradiation. The myelin that formed on these axons resembled peripheral rather than central myelin. Reticular fibers were also abundant in the cell aggregations. The ultrastructural studies confirmed these observations. The data indicate that these cells were involved in formation of peripheral-like nervous tissue within the spinal cord of all irradiated rats.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Certain modifications and clarifications of current concepts of the fine structure of the carotid body are described. The two principal cell types are here designated “enclosing” and “enclosed” to emphasize the enveloping nature of the former. The enclosed cells have numerous processes, contain lysosome-like bodies which are sometimes related to crystals with a period of about 100Å. In addition to the typical dark-cored vesicles, a few with lighter content are always present. The enclosing cells are in most respects similar in their contents to the enclosed, even to the presence of occasional dark-cored vesicles. The fenestrations of the blood vessels apparently are closed by thin diaphragms.In addition to the type of nerve endings previously described, there is a second type which extensively surrounds the enclosed cells, in the manner of a basket, and differs from the first type in having relatively empty cytoplasm with few synaptic vesicles or mitochondria. It is postulated that this is the afferent ending, while the former may be efferent.Severe anoxia rendered both cell types more dense than normal. In contrast to previous reports, the dark-cored vesicles of the enclosed cells did not disappear but rather increased in relative number, and their mitochondria were less opaque. No comparable changes were noted in control anoxic tissues of liver, kidney or adrenal medulla. The possibility is discussed that the enclosing cell has more than a simple supportive function, as the usual name “sustentacular” seems to imply.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 759-771 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mice of the RF and C57 black strains, fed an adequate diet, were donors and recipients of subcutaneous tissue implants. Abundant ceroid formed in implants of liver, heart, and adrenal. The pigment developed concurrently with degenerative changes in hepatocytes and myocardial fibers. Ceroid was intracellular in implants of adrenal gland and limited to cortical cells. Skeletal muscle and multilocular fat cells were next most productive sources of ceroid. Unilocular fat cells produced only traces. Isogeneic and allogeneic implants of corresponding tissues revealed comparable amounts of ceroid after two weeks of transplantation. Formation of pigment was correlated with the type of tissue transplanted rather than to specific host-graft responses.Implants of liver tissue were an ideal model for studying genesis of ceroid pigment. Granules of ceroid appeared first at the periphery of the implant in tissue adjacent to obviously degenerating cells of the graft. These small granules of pigment were then engulfed by macrophages. In most instances liposis preceded formation of ceroid. The presence of large amounts of lipid in the tissue at time of implantation did not augment ceroid formation. Hyper- and hypovitaminosis E, choline deficiency (to produce fatty livers), hyperestrogenism, and the administration of immunosuppressive drugs to recipients failed to influence appreciably the production of ceroid. In livers and other tissues containing little fat a relatively rapid post-implantation liposis preceded ceroid formation.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 773-780 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cerebral cortices of young adult and immature Sprague-Dawley rats, 10, 14, and 21 days of age, were rapidly frozen in situ and substituted at -78.5°C with a 1% solution of osmium tetroxide in acetone. In random electron micrographs of each animal, each representing 42 μ2 of cerebral cortical molecular layer, the extracellular space was evaluated stereologically.In all cases the extracellular space was found to be distributed as large extracellular lakes of variable dimension. Where no extracellular space was apparent adjacent cell processes were joined by 5-membered complexes, which appeared to represent fusion of immediately adjacent plasma membranes.In 10-day old animals an extracellular space of 40.5% was found. This diminished progressively to 31.8% at 14 days and 26.3% at 21 days, which approached the adult value of 21.7%. These data were consonant with measurements of the maturing extracellular space based on uptake studies of tracers, water and electrolyte determinations and impedance measurements. They appear to represent accurately the changing distribution of extracellular water in rapidly maturing cerebral cortex.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of splenectomy at birth and two and four weeks of age on the development of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues has been compared in C3H/Bi mice. During the neonatal period normal mice showed changes in total leukocyte count, and in absolute members of the specific cell types. The predominant changes included an initial fall of numbers of granulocytes and steady increase in numbers of lymphocytes during the first six weeks of life. Neonatal splenectomy interfered with the normal developmental pattern by interfering with normal growth of numbers of circulating lymphocytes while splenectomy at two and four weeks of age produced increases in numbers of both circulating lymphocytes and granulocytes. Neonatal splenectomy produced effects on development of bone marrow, peripheral lymph nodes and thymus. The major influence seemed to involve decrease in percentages of small, densely stained lymphocytes in thymus and peripheral lymph nodes.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The nerve supply of the ankle joint and of the joints of the foot was studied in dissections of fetal and adult feet and in serial sections of fetal feet stained with silver.The ankle joint was supplied by the tibial, sural, deep peroneal, and saphenous nerves, and by the accessory deep peroneal nerve when present.The tarsal joints were supplied on their plantar aspects by the medial or lateral plantar nerves, and on their dorsal aspects chiefly by the deep peroneal nerve. The joint between the lateral and intermediate cuneiform received branches from the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve also. The lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve and the accessory deep peroneal nerve when present provided additional branches to the subtalar and calcaneocuboid joints.The tarsometatarsal joints were supplied on their plantar aspects by the medial or lateral plantar nerves. Most of them were supplied on their dorsal aspects by the deep peroneal nerve, but the cuboid-metatarsal joints received their supply from the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve. The intermetatarsal joints had a similar but sparser supply. The joint between the fourth and fifth metatarsal received branches from the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve.The plantar digital nerves provided the main supply to the metatarsophalangeal joints. The dorsal aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was supplied by the deep peroneal and the medial dorsal cutaneous nerves, of the second metatarsophalangeal joint by the deep peroneal nerve, and of the fourth and fifth metatarsophalangeal joints by the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve. The interphalangeal joints did not receive articular branches from the dorsal digital nerves, except in the case of the interphalangeal joint of the big toe, which was supplied by the deep peroneal and the medial dorsal cutaneous nerves.
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  • 19
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 187-195 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of some steroids on the lymphoid differentiation of embryonic mouse thymus glands was studied. Most of the adrenal cortex hormones tested could inhibit lymphoid differentiation when applied in low concentrations to prelymphoid 13-day glands. The most effective was corticosterone. Careful washing of the affected glands allowed them to develop normally into lymphoid organs. The application of a high dose of corticosterone produced an effect not reversed by thorough washing. Such permanently affected glands were restituted to lymphoid organs by fusion with 13 or 15-day embryonic mouse liver or with 15-day spleen. Lymphoid glands were much less sensitive to low concentrations of corticosterone than the prelymphoid glands. The same concentration of corticosterone was more toxic to more advanced fetal glands. The sex hormones tested were practically ineffective at comparatively high doses; very high concentrations were toxic however.Basophilic cells normally found in 12 and 13-day embryonic thymus glands disappeared after corticosterone treatment even in glands which were still potentially capable of lymphoid differentiation suggesting that these cells are not stem cells.
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  • 20
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 171-185 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the boar was divided into eight stages which are described. The relative frequencies of the stages were determined for ten Yorkshire and ten Lacombe boars approximately 11 months of age. The mean relative frequencies for stages 1 through 8 were 10.8, 14.4, 3.5, 11.6, 8.9, 20.3, 18.5 and 12.0%, respectively. Generally, there was a constancy of the relative frequencies of the stages between breeds, among boars within breeds and between testes within boars.The absolute duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and the duration of spermatozoan transit through the epididymis were determined by injecting a single dose of 19 mCi of thymidine-methyl-H3 into the marginal ear vein of each of four Yorkshire (15.2 months old) and four Lacombe boars (14.9 months old). Unilateral castrations were performed at 0.2, 11.5, 20.0, 24.0 and 25.0 days after the isotope injection. Two intact and two unilaterally castrated animals were ejaculated for eight and seven weeks, respectively, to determine the interval between the thymidine-H3 injection and the appearance of the isotope in the ejaculated semen. Autoradiographs were prepared from the testis tissues and the semen smears. The most mature germ cells that incorporated the thymidine-H3 were the late preleptotene primary spermatocytes. Twenty-five days after injection the label had progressed from late preleptotene primary spermatocytes to spermatozoa leaving the testes. Epididymal transit times for four boars (ejaculated daily) were 9, 10, 10 and 12 days. The duration of one cycle of the seminiferous epithelium based on 12 estimates was 8.6 ± 0.1 days. The durations of stages 1 through 8 were 0.9, 1.2, 0.3, 1.0, 0.8, 1.7, 1.6 and 1.0 days, respectively. The life span of primary spermatocytes was 12.3 days, of secondary spermatocytes 0.4 days, of spermatids with round nuclei 6.3 days, of spermatids with elongated nuclei 1.5 days, and of spermatozoa 6.2 days.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Organ and tissue phagocytosis of intravenously injected cobaltic oxide was studied quantitatively over a wide range of dose levels by means of radioassay of Co260O3 in rats.There is a single linear relationship between the amount of particulate administered and the amount recovered from liver, spleen, and lung combined. The same is true for the uptake by the liver alone. However, the spleen and lung each has two linear relationships. For the spleen the two different linear trends are related to the dose administered, while for the lung the determining parameter is the weight and (or) age of the animal. Notwithstanding these different linear trends, the uptake by spleen and lung is interdependent.Although the liver is the main phagocytic organ, per unit weight the phagocytic uptake of the spleen exceeds that of the liver at amounts of cobaltic oxide larger than 40 mg. The reverse is true for amounts less than or equal to 40 mg. The phagocytic uptake by other components of the RES was not sufficient for reliable quantitative estimation.
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  • 22
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 211-229 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the ameloblasts which secrete the inner enamel matrix in rat incisors was described using light and electron microscopy. The tissue was fixed by perfusion with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and gently decalcified in isotonic EDTA.The ameloblasts are tall cells forming a simple columnar epithelium. The base is adjacent to the stratum intermedium and the apex (Tomes' process) extends into newly-formed enamel. The infranuclear zone is divided by the basal cell web into a small basal bulge adjacent to the stratum intermedium, and a larger compartment containing most of the cell's mitochondria. The supranuclear zone contains the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The rough endoplasmic reticulum predominates in the proximal and distal regions of this zone where it occupies most of the cell width. In the intermediate region, the rough endoplasmic reticulum surrounds a central tubule-shaped Golgi apparatus, the tubule wall being made up of flattened saccules. The Golgi region of ameloblasts is associated with coated vesicles, two types of granules (light and dark) which may be lysosomes, and a characteristic dense content granule shown to be the enamel precursor (0.16 μ diameter).The supranuclear zone is separated from Tomes' process by the apical cell web. Tomes' process is devoid of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi material, but contains numerous dense content granules as well as microtubules and coated vesicles. The amorphous dense content granules are the precursors of the highly orientated fibrous enamel matrix. The proximity of the process to the fibrous enamel suggests that it is involved in orientation of these fibrils. Since bundles of fibrils constitute rods, the process would seem also to be involved in enamel rod orientation.
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  • 23
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 231-245 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The telencephalic vesicles of the human brain appear during the fifth week of embryonic life. These vesicles are closed containers filled with ventricular fluid until the fifteenth week when it escapes through the newly-formed foramen of Magendie.The light and electron microscopic studies reported here support the notion that the germinal layer of the telencephalon has an absorptive role between the eighth and fifteenth weeks of fetal life. This assumption is based on the structure and the arrangement of the cells of the germinal layer, which resemble and are arranged in a manner similar to that of other absorptive units such as the renal proximal tubules, the gallbladder and the intestine. The absorbed material is presumably contained in the ventricular fluid.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 247-252 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Microcurie amounts of p32, Na22, Fe59, and Cl36 in normally occurring compounds were injected directly into the vitelline vessels of developing chick embryos at stage 24 (Hamburger and Hamilton, '51). The surviving embryos were sacrificed at stage 41. Hearts were removed and examined intact or sectioned for later examination. Coronary vessels were identified, classified according to size (large, diameter = 〉 80 μ; medium, diameter = 40-80 μ; small, diameter 〈 40 μ) and counted. There was a significant increase in the numbers of small and medium vessels which had developed in the presence of gamma radiation emitted by Na22- and Fe59-compounds. The p32- and Cl36-containing compounds did not affect the numbers of vessels of any size. The resulting increased vascularity is shown to be a matter of a distinct increase in numbers of blood vessels as opposed to a simple alteration of the normally occurring vessels.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 253-256 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The possibility that the incidence of polyovular follicles and multinucleate ova may depend upon hormonal balance, in the hamster, has been investigated with respect to circulating estrogens. Samples were drawn at weekly intervals from the third through the seventh week of age. An inverse correlation was found to exist. Total blood estrogen decreased from day 21 to day 35, then increased through day 49. Polyovular follicles are most numerous at day 35 while multinucleate ova are most numerous on day 42. Non-polar estrogen decreased from day 21, achieving a low 28 day level which was maintained throughout the study period. More polar estrogens dropped to the thirty-fifth day and rose by the forty-ninth day. The limiting factor in the decrease of more active polar estrogens may be lack of conversion of non-polar to polar estrogens or a tendency toward rapid degradation and loss of polar estrogens. The role of the fluctuating estrogen titres in the development of ovarian abnormalities is discussed.
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  • 26
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 257-265 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Five fetal and ten adult fur seal tongue were investigated. The number and shape of the vallate papillae vary from one to five on the different tongues. They are intermediate between the fungiform and circumvallate papillae in their neurohistological features. There are a few taste buds on the upper surface without a trench. They are supplied by large basal nerve plexuses with many argyrophilic and argyrophobic multipolar nerve cells and by abundant mixed glands with widely dilated ducts opening directly on the dorsal surface. The tongues lack foliate papillae. Fungiform papillae are scanty on the dorsum, and they have a nerve supply but no taste buds in the upper surface. Between the musculature three types of sensory nerve terminations are found: One, a nerve bundle consisting of inner longitudinal and outer circular fibers, two, a ramified complex termination and three a knob ending. The latter two are probably receptors of the internal depth-sense in the tongue. Apical mixed glands are present.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Erythropoiesis was studied in the living fetal and neonatal rabbit liver in situ by in vivo microscopic and routine histologic methods. The results demonstrated in life: (1) that fetal hepatic erythropoiesis occurs extravascularly; (2) that individual erythroid cells late in their development pass by diapedesis from the extravascular compartment into the sinusoids; (3) that diapedesis occurs through the sinusoid wall in all parts of the hepatic lobule and possibly may be through the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells; and (4) that the sinusoid sphincters, the flow of blood through the sinusoids, and the intravascular adhesion of maturing erythroid cells to the endothelium affect the length of time that the erythroid cells remain in the sinusoids prior to their release into the peripheral circulating blood.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Electron micrographs of vagus and sciatic nerve fibers of different size from adult male mice were examined by planimetry to determine the distribution of axoplasm, Schwann cell cytoplasm and mitochondrial density. The findings revealed that the ratio of axoplasm to Schwann cell cytoplasm in normal mature fibers increased with fiber size. The increase appeared curvilinear from 61% axoplasm in nonmyelinated fibers to 90% in the thickest myelinated fibers. Schwann cell cytoplasm extended along the sheaths in longitudinal and interconnected strands. The number of strands varied between 2 and 5, depending on fiber size. An analysis of mitochondrial density in axoplasm and Schwann cell cytoplasm of nonmyelinated and myelinated fibers revealed a greater concentration of mitochondria in the Schwann cells with increasing fiber size. The mean ratio of mitochondrial density between axoplasm and Schwann cell cytoplasm was 1:0.24 for nonmyelinated fibers, 1:2.54 for fibers with less than 30 lamellae and 1:5.21 for fibers with 30 or more lamellae. The distribution of mitochondria observed in electron micrographs was confirmed histochemically by localization of NAD-diaphorase activity.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A consistent feature of epithelial cells lining the initial segment of the ductus epididymidis of rats bilaterally castrated for about three months is the presence of stacks of annulated lamellae. They were occasionally observed by two months following gonadectomy but were not evident in one-month castrates nor in normal controls or unilaterally orchiectomized rats.Observation of epididymides from neonatal and fetal rats taken at daily intervals between the twelfth and twenty-first day following conception demonstrated that small and inconspicuous annulated lamellae occurred normally during differentiation. They were observed on several occasions in widely scattered cells during the fifteenth day of gestation.In the epididymis, annulated membranes may form from the outer nuclear membrane by a process of budding. The annulated membrane complex is “destroyed” in long term castrates following the subcutaneous injection of testosterone proprionate.
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  • 30
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 459-463 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cytologically demonstrable mast cells are present within the ovaries of neonatal mice from two strains (ICR, Ttf/t12). They show a preferential distribution, being observed in the hilum primarily in addition to the ovarian mesentery, bursa and ovary proper. They are most evident in the newborn (0 day) animal and show an apparent decrease during the first postnatal week.
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  • 31
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 489-495 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although the majority of adult lizards are able to regenerate lost portions of tails, only rarely have instances of limb or digit regeneration been observed. The present work describes the histological features of the stumps of limbs and digits of Lacerta vivipara and Lacerta dugesii at various times after amputation, and compares these features with those which are seen after amputation or autotomy of the tail. The results show that the early stages of healing of the limbs and digits are similar to the early stages of tail regeneration. The epidermis which migrates over the wound becomes thickened, and cells released from dedifferentiating stump tissues accumulate beneath it. In one case, that of a digit, a papilla was seen extending from the wound epidermis into the blastema. During the later stages of healing differences between the events taking place in the limbs and digits, and the tail, become marked. The blastema fails to increase in size, and it appears that most of its cells are converted into a cartilage cap and sleeve investing the cut end of the bone. An investigation has also been made of the regenerative ability of the limbs of embryonic Lacerta vivipara. Limbs were amputated in ovo at various stages of embryonic life, but no cases of regeneration were observed.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) 1% in absolute alcohol was used, according to Bloom and Aghajanian's ('66) method, during the final dehydration stage of glutaraldehyde-fixed cochlear specimens which were processed for electron microscopic study without osmium treatment. Familiar structures emerged with additional characteristics. PTA stained supporting elements. Synaptic areas were emphasized and the synaptic bar of hair cells opposite afferent endings was densely stained. Dark clumps were found near the synaptic surface of efferent nerve endings that seemed to correspond to the material sometimes seen between vesicles near the synaptic cleft. A dense layer was present in hair cells opposite efferent terminals between the outer layer of the double membrane and the synaptic membrane. Formations resembling synapses between the nerve endings of outer hair cells were emphasized by PTA staining, but were difficult to find because of their rarity. It seems unlikely that synaptic interaction between cochlear nerve endings is vital in the basic physiology of hearing.PTA staining permits recognition of cochlear nerve ending type independent of hair cell features which will make it a useful aid for the study of the development of the inner ear and of pathological ear conditions.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Radioautography was used to compare the in vivo incorporation of glycerol-H3 and galactose-H3 in intestinal absorptive cells in relation to glyceride synthesis. Each labeled compound was injected, either singly or mixed with linoleic acid chyme, directly into ligated segments of rat upper jejunum. The segments were removed at 5 and 20 minutes and prepared for light and electron microscopic radioautography. Following glycerol-H3 and chyme injections, label is rapidly incorporated in the vicinity of newly formed fat droplets in the apical endoplasmic reticulum. Later, labeled droplets accumulate in dilated Golgi cisternae and intercellular spaces. Galactose label is initially found in the Golgi region and later in the apical cytoplasm. Glycerol labeling is considerably reduced in the cells when the fat is extracted prior to radioautography, or when glycerol alone is absorbed. Galactose labeling is not affected by these procedures. The results indicate a significant incorporation of glvcerol label into newly synthesized glycerides, as previously also shown for glucose label. Galactose label follows a different metabolic pathway not related to glyceride synthesis.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: As part of studies on Ehrlich's ascites tumor cells transplanted into Swiss mice some unique myeloid figures, were found with electron microscopy in parathyroid cells, consisting of electron dense rings partially or completely encircling the nuclei of many cells in 7 of the 30 treated animals examined. These dense rings were seen to be made up of tightly matted bands, which at free ends, spread out to become continuous with agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The nuclei of these altered cells were quite pleomorphic and were closer together than in normal tissue, indicating decreased cell volume. Rough endoplasmic reticulum was scarce, mitochondria were long and slender and free ribosomes were widely scattered in the cytoplasm. A possible explanation for the development of these focal areas of degeneration is given.
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  • 35
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Neuro-insular complexes (neural elements in juxtaposition to islet cells of the pancreas) were studied in Holtzman albino rats.Pancreases were stained by either the aldehyde-fuchsin-ponceau (A-F-P) or the acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) technique. The A-F-P stain gave good definition of islet structure. Although some nerve cell bodies were distinguishable with this stain, the AChE technique gave better definition of nerve cells, including interstitial cells of Cajal.In adult rats every islet examined had a nerve network. In newborns the nerve network was less apparent though some nerve elements were present. A nerve network typical of the adult was found in rats 48 hours after birth.Following insulin and glucose loading, variation in the localization of AChE was noted. It is suggested that neuro-insular complexes have a modulatory influence on release of hormones.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the arcuate nucleus of the normal rat there are two types of neurons. One of them is characterized by a dense cytoplasmic matrix, dilated endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and well developed Golgi complexes; the other cell type by a paler overall appearance. In both of them granulated vesicles of about 1000 Å in diameter with a core of variable density are present. The frequent association between these vesicles and the Golgi complex suggests that they are formed in relation to this organoid. The presence of lysosomes and multivesicular bodies and their close relationship with granulated vesicles is analyzed.The neuropil of the nucleus is constituted by axons, dendrites and glial processes. The majority of the axon profiles and nerve endings contain a mixed population of clear and granulated vesicles, the latter having a diameter ranging between 600 to 1300 Å.The finding of granulated vesicles in arcuate neurons is discussed in relation with the known monoamine content of them and the dopaminergic nature of the fibers that form the tuberoinfundibular tract. It is suggested that these granulated vesicles contain primary monoamines.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A roentgenological and gross anatomical study of the variation in the interosseous distance between the radius and ulna during the rotation of the forearm was made on cadavers. It was found that the neutral position provides the widest interosseous distance at different levels of the forearm compared with all other supinatory and pronatory positions. The average of the interosseous distances is greatest at the junction of distal and middle thirds of the radius, except in pronation 90°.Our observations show that the magnitude of the interosseous distance is largely proportional to the radius and ulna being in the same plane in a particular position of rotation of the forearm. In the neutral and supinatory positions, the point of the widest interosseous distance occurs more frequently in the middle third of the forearm, and in pronatory positions, in the distal third. Observations were also made on ligamentous specimens for the variation of tension of the interosseous membrane and of various planes occupied by the radius and ulna at different positions of rotation. The interosseous membrane was found to be taut in the neutral position in its major portion but lax in both pronation and supination.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Hypophyses of non-thyroidectomized and thyroidectomized winter Necturi were divided into rostral and caudal portions which were frozen-dried refrigerated, and injected into mice for bioassay according to the method of McKenzie' ('58). Each mouse received the homogenized equivalent of two pituitary portions, either rostral or caudal. The per cent increase in blood I131 which resulted was used as a gauge of thyrotrophic activity.In the non-thyroidectomized Necturus, nearly two-thirds of the thyroid stimulating activity was in the rostral portion which consisted of the rostral two-thirds of the anterior zone tissue. The remaining TS activity was in the caudal portion which consisted of the caudal third of the anterior zone, the transitional zone and basophilic bed area. These bioassay results coincide with the distribution of basophile cells described previously as thyrotrophs on the basis of histological observations.After thyroidectomy, caudal portions yielded 95% of the thyrotrophic activity. This observation is consistent, with some reservation, with the number and distribution of thyroidectomy cells that differentiate after thyroidectomy, taking into account the vacuolation and degranulation of these cells which occurs in rostro-caudal sequence.
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  • 39
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 555-573 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This morphologic investigation was undertaken with an inbred strain of C57BL/10 male mice to examine the accumulation of lipofuscin in nerve cells of dorsal ganglia and the cerebellum at 4, 8, 20, and 30 months of age. Histological examinations revealed that at four months of age, cells contained only a few small sudanophilic bodies distributed fairly uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. By 30 months, pigment aggregations became very prominent cytoplasmic features of many nerve cells in the dorsal ganglia and cerebellum. A more detailed examination of neurons from the dorsal ganglia with the electron microscope revealed particles of variable size with a high electron density at four and 8 months. By 20 and 30 months, the pigment bodies appeared to be larger and were more concentrated near the nucleus. In Purkinje cells of the cerebellum the pigment granules were observed only rarely at four and eight months. By 20 and 30 months, the granules in the Purkinje cells appeared to be larger, considerably more numerous, and concentrated between the nucleus and the apical dendrite. The intracellular pigment concentration was also estimated by calculations of the per cent of area occupied by pigment granules as well as by the per cent of the cells that contained pigment bodies at 4, 8, 20 and 30 months. A progressive increase in the intracellular pigment concentration was readily noted.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The number of mitotic figures present at one time in regenerating mouse liver, 48 hours after injury with CCI4, was increased by administration of colchicine. The livers were injected with india ink at the time of sacrifice to outline the blood vessels, and histological sections were made. Microscopic examination supported by statistical studies indicated that mitotic figures do not occur at random at this time in regenerating mouse liver. The dividing cells were found in close proximity to the terminal twigs of the branch of the portal vein in zone one of the functional lobule described by Rappaport.
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  • 41
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 635-641 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the tentorium cerebelli was investigated in representatives of the chordata. A tentorium cerebelli characterized birds and mammals but was regularly absent in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. The data suggest that the tentorium cerebelli emerged relatively late in phylogeny as bilateral folds of dura mater on either side of the brainstem in the cerebro-cerebellar fissure. Subsequent evolution was characterized by the union of these septa behind the brainstem and by a progressive lengthening of the straight sinus. Tentorial ossification distinguished a further evolutionary step in some mammalian lines. The inferred evolutionary pattern of the tentorium cerebelli resembles the successive stages which the human tentorium undergoes during ontogeny.
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  • 42
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 735-739 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A histochemical study was made of the nitrocatechol sulfatase activity in the rat placenta and metrial gland by the lead salt technique. Marked deposits of reaction product were demonstrated in the uterine epithelium and the granulated metrial gland cells. Diffuse reactions occurred in the visceral endoderm of the yolk sac and the trophoblastic gint cells in material fixed overnight, but with fixation in formalin for seven days these were replaced by discrete granular deposits. The reactions appear to be due to type II sulfatases. They have a distribution similar to that of β-glucuronidase and organophosphate-resistant esterase, except that the metrial gland cell sulfatase activity becomes reduced in late gestation and the early postpartum period. The postcoupling method with 6-benzol-2-naphthyl sulfate, which demonstrates mainly sulfatase C, gives a differing distribution from the lead salt technique, and the reaction is almost completely abolished by prolonged formalin fixation.
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  • 43
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 741-749 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A colony of adult rats was maintained on a standardized regimen with artifical photoperiods extending from 0600 to 1800 alternating with 12 hours of darkness. Every hour during a 24-hour period separate subgroups of rats were injected with 35 mg/kg of pentobarbital sodium, and the duration of time each animal remained under anesthesia was recorded.The rats remained anesthetized for longer periods of time between the hours of 1600 and 2200 than at other times of the day; this indicates that the response to the drug is dependent on he circadian phase system of the animal. When the results were plotted along the 24-hour time scale, the difference between the crest and trough of the curve was about 100%.A second colony of rats was maintained in a similar fashion except that the animals were subjected to continuous illumination. The rhythm of their susceptibility to pentobarbital sodium persisted for at least four weeks in a form highly modified from the animals synchronized to a light-dark cycle.In a third colony of animals, the rhythm still was present four months after they had been blinded; but it was modified and different from either the light-dark synchronized animals or from rats subjected to continuous illumination.The importance of recognizing the time structure of the living organism is discussed.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fetal membranes grafted to the omentum in mice do not degenerate at a time corresponding to the normal termination of the donor pregnancy, as would be expected if a “biological clock” were matching their lifespan with that of the embryo and placenta. Neither, in our experience, did such grafted membranes form a variety of highly differentiated secondary tissues, as some authors have suggested. Rather, the fate of the various components of the membrane seemed different for each cell type. In allogeneic hosts a brisk cellular reaction occurred and the membranes were destroyed. In isogeneic hosts, the grafts was vascularized and healthy membrane-derived structures were still present after 33 days of grafting (48 days conceptual age). Mesothelial cells remained applied to well-preserved basement membrane, whereas visceral endoderm cells appeared to degenerate or else detach themselves and become free rounded cells with foamy cytoplasm, sometimes multinucleated. Mesodermal cells accompanying the blood vessels of the membrane probably accounted for the connective tissue stroma seen in these grafts. The normal failure of the fetal membranes to persist in situ after the termination of pregnancy may result from the resistance of the uterine lumen to grafts not having highly invasive properties, together with the general sloughing of the uterine lining which takes place after delivery.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ovarian histology of 140 sea otters (4 juvenile and 136 sexually mature) is described. Multilayered germinal epithelium occurs in thickened areas on the ovarian surface and in fissures which are simple or complexly branched. Occasionally an epithelial tube extends from the fissure into the cortex. Typically a single Graafian follicle reaches the prevulatory stage while others become atretic. Interstitial gland cells of theca interna origin are abundant and apparently secretory during estrus. The corpus luteum of preimplantation pregnancy has a medium to large antrum which is obliterated by the time the blastocyst implants. During delayed implantation, the luteal cells progressively hypertrophy and by the time of implantation they are polygonal with a uniformly granular, nonvacuolated cytoplasm. Following implantation, many small secondary cavities or spaces are observed in the corpus. Subsequently, they coalesce to form larger ones. These cavities are strikingly well developed during mid gestation. After parturition, the corpus luteum degenerates rapidly. A corpus albicans persists for at least two years before blending with the stroma.
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  • 46
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968), S. 807-807 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Male and female rats were adjusted to six pups per litter and weaned at 20 days of age. Groups of ten males were killed at five- to ten-day intervals between one and 100 days of age and groups of 12 to 45 females were killed between ten and 100 days. Accumulation with age of gonadal, seminal vesicular, and uterine weight, DNA, and RNA, were compared with body growth in relative growth analyses to delimit puberty and quantify reproductive growth.Males and females possessed similar body growth to 40 days, after which age females grew more slowly while males continued rapid growth to 60 days. Relative to body growth, testes grew more rapidly from ten days whereas ovarian growth generally paralleled body growth until 50 days of age. A shift in gonadal RNA/DNA ratio from less than to greater than unity occurred early in puberty in both sexes. Nucleic acid contents of accessory reproductive organs indicated that effective levels of gonadal steroids promote pubertal growth beginning at about 40 days in males and about 33 days of age in females. These marked pubertal growths ended at 70 days in males and 60 days of age in females.
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  • 48
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Electromyography with fine-wire electrodes and special equipment for synchronized motion pictures were used to study six muscles of the leg and foot during walking in five different ways in ten “normal” and ten flatfooted subjects. Detailed analyses and comparisons of the two groups are described and discussed.Tibialis Anterior has two peaks of activity at heel-strike and toe-off of the stance phase; is inactive during mid-swing and middle of the stance phase; is active at full-foot in flatfooted subjects, and generally more active during toe-out and toe-in walking. Tibialis posterior is inactive through the swing phase. In flatfooted persons it becomes activated at heel-strike and more active at full-foot during level walking. The toe-out position reduces its activity. Flexor hallucis longus is most active in mid-stance; during toe-out walking, activity increases in both phases, generally being more active in “normal” persons. Peroneus longus is most active at mid-stance and heel-off and generally more active in flatfooted persons. Abductor hallucis and Flexor digitorum brevis are generally more active in flatfooted persons. An important regular pattern of inversion and eversion during the walking cycle is described. Contingent arch support by muscles rather than continuous support is the rule, muscles being recruited to compensate for lax ligaments and special stresses during the walking cycle.
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  • 49
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 149-161 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Development of redundant nuclear envelope was observed in Erythrocebus patas and Macaca mulatta spermatids.As the acrosome forms around the anterior part of the nucleus, the underlying nuclear envelope becomes more dense in appearance. Changes which lead ultimately to formation of the redundant nuclear envelope of mature spermatozoa involve only the posterior region of the envelope which does not lie beneath the acrosome.The first recognized change is separation of the nuclear envelope from underlying chromatin by an intervening band of lightly stained nuclear material, around the posterior quarter of the nucleus. The separation increases and the bulged region of the nuclear envelope is drawn caudally as nuclear condensation progresses. The caudally extended region of the nucleus is comprised of nuclear material of low electron density and pores are present in the envelope of the extended areas.The chromatin aggregates in late spermatids becomes homogeneous in appearance when the nucleus flattens into a paddle shape. Nuclear protrusions are present at both posterior corners of the flattened nucleus at this stage of spermiogenesis but only one protrusion is well developed. Membrane remnants of the extended nuclear envelope remain in mature spermatozoa as the redundant nuclear envelope.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The reciprocal relation between the pituitary and the gonads in perinatal rats was studied by gravimetric or volumetric measurements of gonads and by estimations of the collective volume of Leydig cells by the method of Chalkley ('43).Hypophysectomy of a 20-day-old male fetus by decapitation caused two days later a retardation of the testicular growth and a fall of the collective volume of Leydig cells, these effects being prevented by injected GTH. Testosterone prevented somewhat the retardation but did not prevent the change in Leydig cells. The collective volume of Leydig cells fell sharply just after birth and this fall was overcome with injected GTH. In fetuses unilateral castration caused some enlargement of the remaining testis, but in newborn rats such change did not occur. These observations suggest that the pituitary governs largely the Leydig cells before birth and reduces its LH activity after birth.The fetal ovaries were not affected by decapitation or decapitation and GTH injection and the newborn ovaries were not modified by injected GTH. In an extra uterine parabiosis of a decapitated male and an intact female fetus, the testes failed to gain weight, although the adrenals grew normally. These observations suggest that the female pituitary during late fetal and early postnatal days has no gonad-stimulating activity.
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  • 51
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 393-411 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Biopsies of the gastric fundal mucosa were obtained from 25 dogs and processed for light and electron microscopy. A cell distinguishable from superficial mucous, mucous neck, chief, parietal, or argentaffin cells was observed.By light microscopy in resin-embedded, methylene-blue-stained sections, this cell was noted to have a prominent apical region which protruded into the gland lumen, a conspicuous terminal web traversed by parallel fibrils, and a crescent-shaped nucleus; secretory granules were absent.By electron microscopy this cell had the following features: (1) short, stubby microvilli with well developed terminal web, (2) fibril-bundles constituting the cores of microvilli and extending through the apical cytoplasm to the paranuclear region, (3) characteristic vesicles and tubular structures in the apical cytoplasm, (4) spiral structures, and (5) oval dense bodies.Morphological evidence supported the hypothesis that this is a distinct cell type; it is referred to as a fibrillovesicular (FV) cell.
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  • 52
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 413-417 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Roentgenograms of the pelves of a population of rabbits were secured once each week between 15 and 92 days after birth and once every two weeks thereafter to 204 days. Measurements were made of projections of certain pelvic dimensions on the roentgenograms.With one exception (pelvis width, day 36), no significant differences at the 1% level between males and females were found in os coxae length, ilium length, pelvis width and bi-ischial width. However, interacetabular width of the female became significantly greater than that of the male by day 57.Mean measurements of all dimensions showed characteristic rates of increase with age. Nine-tenths of total increase in lengths of os coxae and ilium occurred by 106 days; pelvis width, by 120 days; bi-ischial and interacetabular width each, by about 148 days.Between 35 mm to 105 mm of tibia length taken as a basis of reference, all dimensions studied showed approximately straight line relative growth trends.Variation in measurements was relatively high, with greatest variation in all except bi-ischial width tending to occur before 50 days, when growth was most rapid. It was lowest in the period 64 to 120 days.
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  • 53
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 419-425 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An analysis has been made of the experimental conditions under which overgrowth can be produced in the brains of chick embryos. A total of 122 individuals were obtained from six series of embryos subjected to varying degrees of surgical manipulation involving the anterior rhombomere and/or its substratum. The results indicate that in addition to the cases of overgrowth obtained by the standard technique of removing the entire anterior rhombomere, overgrowth could also be successfully induced when a portion of the chordamesoderm underlying the anterior rhombomere was either removed or merely dissociated from the neural tissue, while leaving the latter relatively intact. In embryos in which the roof and sides of the anterior rhombomere were removed, overgrowth could not be obtained in the absence of damage to the substratum.
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  • 54
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 441-445 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The winter Necturus hypophysis both whole and selectively divided was extracted in N/10 HCl (0.25 ml per gland or gland portion). Extracts were diluted with normal saline (1:100 and 1:400) and injected 2 ml/100 gm body weight) into groups of 10 or 12 male, hydrocortisone-blocked assay rats (method of Hodges and Vernikos ('60). Groups of control hydrocortisone-blocked male rats received corresponding volumes of a standard ACTH solution. ACTH content of extracts was appraised by measuring the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion induced as compared with control depletions. A 2 + 2 assay design was employed; results and their fiducial limits (P = 0.95) calculated.The ACTH content of the anterior zone of pars buccalis is that of the entire hypophysis. No ACTH was detected in gland portions consisting of the basophilic bed and transitional zone of pars buccalis plus the neural lobe of pars neuralis. ACTH occurs throughout the anterior zone but is more abundant in its caudal two-thirds both in milliunits (mU) per milliliter of extract and mU/mg of pituitary tissue. This distribution of corticotrophic activity is coincident with the distribution of anterior zone acidophile cells.Regional and cellular sources of ACTH in mammals and amphibia are discussed.
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  • 55
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 447-457 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ovary of the newborn hamster is characterized by numerous oogonia which are undergoing mitotic divisions. By day 8, the germ cells have developed into oocytes (dictyate stage). The oocytes and granulosa cells are surrounded by an undeveloped network of fibrous stromal cells until day 14. Between days 14 and 21, the stroma is transformed by hypertrophy and hyperplasia into a primary interstitium consisting of large epithelial cells.The critical period of follicular development is from days 21 to 28, with antral follicles first appearing on day 26. The earliest spontaneous ovulations occur on day 29. This differs from the temporal relationship in the rat and mouse in which antral follicles not only develop several weeks before puberty but can also be induced to ovulate prematurely with exogenous gonadotropins. In contrast, in the hamster the maximal ovulatory response to pregnant mare's serum (PMS) develops rapidly between days 27 to 30. Over this period, induced ovulations increase from an average of 10.5 ova to 55 eggs. The altered responsiveness to PMS does not correlate with any change in the diameter of follicles or number of secondary or tertiary follicles. It is therefore concluded that progressively smaller follicles become competent to respond to exogenous gonadotropin between days 27 and 30.
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  • 56
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Neuromuscular spindles were searched for in the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the rhesus monkey's tongue. Transverse, horizontal and parasagittal sections were obtained from the tongues of three animals and stained with the Weigert-van Gieson technique. The results showed that spindles were distributed in all of the intrinsic muscles as well as in certain of the extrinsic muscles. The potential significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the feedback pattern derived from the lingual spindles in response to tongue activity.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rabbit spermatozoa were removed from various levels of the male reproductive tract. They were examined in Hanks' solution at room temperature with a phase contrast microscope and their motility characteristics were recorded cinematographically.Spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules and ductuli efferentes show weak, vibratory movements with no forward progress. Little change in motility occurs until the sperm reach the flexure of the caput epididymidis where some are capable of moving more vigorously in a circular fashion. Samples from the distal caput epididymidis show a sudden increase in sperm activity and a consistent pattern of tight, circular movement. As the sperm traverse the corpus epididymidis, increasing numbers show progressive, forward movement with longitudinal rotation. The proportion of such sperm becomes significant only in samples from the upper cauda epididymidis and more distal regions. Sperm from the ductus deferens rarely retain the circular movement.It is concluded that rabbit spermatozoa undergo a distinct sequence of changes in their swimming movements as they mature in the epididymis. A similar change was noted in epididymal spermatozoa from the rat and guinea pig suggesting that this process is fundamental to sperm maturation in several species.
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  • 58
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 523-528 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 59
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 529-600 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the intestinal absorptive cell in the newborn pig is strikingly different from that of the three-week-old pig. The former's unusual characteristics are: a poorly developed hirsute layer over the microvilli, an abundance of pinocytotic vacuoles and apical tubules, and a subnuclear location of the Golgi apparatus. In unfed newborn pigs the morphology does not change appreciably by 42 hours. Spinous processes line the apical tubules which may be associated with protein absorption. The retention of the tubular system in the absence of feeding (for 42 hours) and its disappearance with feeding, lends support to the concept that this system is important in the absorption of protein macromolecules in the newborn pig. The position of the Golgi may be instrumental in regulating the ability of the cell to absorb large molecular weight proteins.
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  • 61
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 517-521 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The rami of eight human mandibles ranging in age from six months prenatal to adulthood were studied radiographically and by matte acetate tracings. The characteristic trabecular pattern seen in the adult ramus was not found until the fifth year of life. A disorganization of the pattern occurred at nine years of age, but was re-established by the twelfth year. The changes in pattern observed appear to be related to the eruption times of the teeth, which probably modify the muscular stresses exerted on the bone in the process of mastication.
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  • 62
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 25-31 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: When examined in the fluorescence microscope, cells of the central nervous system exhibit intense, yellow, naturally fluorescent granules throughout their cytoplasm. In the mouse, cat and man, the granules are absent at birth and present in adults. A study of the development of these granules in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum was made in the mouse and cat. There is a rapid increase in the number of fluorescent granules in postnatal life. The granules probably represent lysosomes.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Estrogen secretion by the ovary, as estimated by changes in genital tract tissues, can be directly correlated with the appearance of eosinophilic granulated cells within the ovarian tissues. Ovarian eosinophilia and development of the genital tract of the gilt are prominent from the eleventh to fifteenth days of the estrous cycle, between the twenty-fourth and forty-fourth, and after the eighty-sixth days of pregnancy. It is suggested that the appearance of eosinophilic granulated cells in ovarian tissues is a direct effect of ovarian estrogens, as is the appearance of genital tract eosinophilic granulated cells subsequent to estrogen release from the ovaries. The appearance of eosinophilic granulated cells in ovarian tissues provides a means whereby the portion of the ovary involved in estrogen secretion can be identified. Eosinophilic granulated cells were observed in thecal layers of secondary, tertiary and atretic follicles and in the connective tissues surrounding and penetrating recently formed corpora lutea. Ovarian eosinophilic granulated cells are not of immediate blood origin, but arise from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. In the process of accumulation of eosinophilic granules and modification of nuclear chromatin to bi- or multinucleated forms, cellular death occurs and the granules and chromatin particles are released in the tissues.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Characteristic collagenous lesions developed in rabbit corneas following intracorneal injection of the algal polysaccharide, lambda carrageenan. No reaction occurred in saline injected control corneas. Carrageenan administration brought about an increase in mucopolysaccharides from the third to the eleventh day, followed by synthesis of collagen which reached a maximum between 19 and 28 days. Infiltration of leucocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts, cells foreign to the cornea, occurred in that order and before development of a corneal blood supply. The beginnings of vascularization occurred regularly about the fifth day after carrageenan administration, and reached a maximum at 19 and 28 days for peripheral and interstitial vessels, respectively. The vascularization produced in this manner was uniform in its initiation and development. The corneal lesion was found to be in large part reversible, but its regression was accompanied by degeneration of pre-existing collagen fibers of the stromal matrix and left a scar in the corneal surface.
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  • 65
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Using microradioautography, the origin of the gastric parietal (and zymogen) cells was deduced by observing the time of appearance of labelled parietal cells in relation to the other labelled cells in the gastric mucosa. In order to see whether the parietal cell divides in the adult mouse, time grain count curves of the labelled parietal cells were made from animals which were killed at 1-291 days after thymidine 3H injection DPT). Parietal cell survival was followed by observing the disappearance of the labelled parietal cell population. Parietal cells appear to be entirely derived from other cells since a significant number of labelled parietal cells does not appear unless the animal is allowed to survive for several days. Parietal cells do not appear unless the animal is allowed to survive for several days. Parietal cells do not seem to undergo mitosis in the adult mouse because the time grain count curves did not shift with time. Although a few labelled parietal cells persisted in the 291 DPT animals, a large majority of the labelled parietal cells disappeared by 90 DPT and had a half life of roughly 23 days. This suggests an element of renewal for the parietal cell population.
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  • 66
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 67
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 111-119 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thirteen baboon embryos were collected at various times before implantation and classified into three stages of development, based on a correlation of morphological development and estimated fertilization age. The fertilization age was estimated by designating the day of mating and/or expected ovulation as day zero. Females were mated with males of proven fertility three days before the estimated onset of perineal deturgescence based on previous cycles. All stages were collected by using an in situ flushing procedure or by flushing the excised oviduct and/or uterus.The two zygotes comprising stage I were recovered from the oviducts on the first day after fertilization. Stage II contains six embryos ranging in development from four to aproximately 32 cells. They were recovered from the oviducts and uteri on the second to the sixth days after fertilization. Stage III consists of five embryos in the free blastocyst stage which were recovered from uterine washings on the fifth to the eighth day after fertilization. One free blastocyst was recovered with the zona pellucida intact, another was in the process of shedding the zona pellucida, and two blastocysts were recovered after the zona pellucida had been shed. The fifth blastocyst was lost before it could be studied in detail.
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  • 68
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Somatotropic (STH) and lactotropic (LTH) cell types of the Syrian hamster's adenohypophysis are readily identified by electron microscopy. Pituitaries of growing and lactating animals were studied to establish the identity of these cell types. The pituitaries of normal, gonadectomized and thyroidectomized adult male and female hamsters were also examined. Distribution of these cell types was determined by examining all blocks of half the gland in adults and of the whole gland in immature animals. Electron microscopic fields were systematically photographed and cell types counted.The STH and LTH cells are distinguished by the size of the secretory granules which measure maximally 300 and 700 mμ, respectively. A marked predominance of STH and LTH cells is present in the intact adult female gland. Approximately equal numbers of STH and LTH cells are seen in the female gland, whereas, there are significantly fewer LTH cells in the male adenohypophysis. The proportion of the gland comprising STH cells, however, appears to be constant in both male and female.Both cell types are distributed throughout the gland with no regional localization.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: One ovary was removed from 28 gilts and the uterus was transected, closed and anastomosed in one of four patterns. In three of the patterns the uterine horns were jointed near the uterotubal junction and in the fourth pattern the uterus formed one continuous tube from one oviduct to the cervix. Gilts were mated, then killed at 15 to 60 days of gestation when fetuses were located. The proportion of gilts pregnant was lower (P 〈 0.05) in the two groups requiring passage of sperm through an anastomosis than in the two groups where fertilization did not require that sperm traverse an anastomosis. Ten gilts were pregnant when killed and embryos were distributed in both horns in each gilt. Embryos can pass through an anastomosis and migrate and are spaced quite evenly even after disturbance of the normal anatomical relationships between uterine horns.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The appearance of albumin-like antigen and of radioisotope in mouse ovarian follicles following the systemic injection of 10 mg human serum albumin I131 (HSAI131) was studied by immunohistological and autoradiographic methods.Both isotope and antigen appeared in granulosa cell cytoplasm, ooplasm and oocyte nuclei in similar (or identical) positions. Qualitative impressions from fluorescent antibody preparations were that follicle stages (I, smallest; IX, largest) differed in relative amounts of detectable albumin-like antigen. In addition, autoradiographic grain counts over 1421 follicles, compared by Sign Test, demonstrated statistically significant stage differences in amount of isotope detected. Radiolabel (and HSA-like antigen) in ooplasm was highest at Stages I and VII-IX and lowest at Stage III. Granulosa cell amounts were highest at Stage III and higher than or equal to ooplasm amounts at every other stage (except, perhaps IX). The relative amount of “label,” antigenic or isotopic, in oocyte nuclei was always less than in ooplasm and increase or decrease occurred one stage later than in ooplasm. The relative amount of radiolabel in ovarian blood vessels always exceeded that in granulosa cells and oocytes.The data are consistent with the interpretation that: (a) systemically injected foreign protein was transferred without major degradation from the blood to constituent cells of the mouse ovarian follicle; (b) transfer was stage dependent; (c) transfer occurred both before granulosa cells completely surrounded the oocyte and after oocyte microvilli and granulosa cell processes interdigitated; and, (d) transfer followed a concentration gradient.
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  • 71
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 157-175 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural and histochemical studies have revealed that the mouse colonic mucous membrane receives an extensive autonomic innervation. Nerve fibers enter the mucous membrane through the muscularis mucosae and ramify in the lamina propria where they were often seen in close proximity to smooth muscle cells. Other axons were seen accompanying blood vessels or passing along the basal aspect of the epithelium subjacent to the basement membrane; none were seen either entering the epithelium or within it.Several methods of fixation were employed in order to study their effects on intraaxonal vesicles. It was found that in tissue fixed in either glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, or in osmium tetroxide in phosphate buffer, the granular vesicles were better preserved than in tissue fixed in a chrome-osmium tetroxide mixture. The nerve fibers contained mainly agranular vesicles and large granular vesicles (600-1700 Å). Small granular vesicles (300-600 Å) usually associated with adrenergic nerves and specific green fluorescence indicative of catecholamines were only occasionally seen in the mucous membrane. Reserpine depleted the small granular vesicles and also abolished specific fluorescence.Ultrastructural studies showed that the large majority of nerve fibers were acetylcholinesterase positive.These findings indicate that the innervation of the colonic mucous membrane is predominantly cholinergic and that the adrenergic innervation is sparse.
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  • 72
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 187-195 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Structures identified as subsurface cisterns (SSC's) have been observed in a variety of nerve cells from several different species. The SSC's occurred only in neurons and were most often opposite what appeared to be glial cells. Upon acrolein-glutaraldehyde fixation, they appeared as distinct cytoplasmic organelles consisting of a short 0.5 μ long pentalaminate membrane in close parallel to the neuronal plasmalemma on one side, and parallel to an equally long segment of endoplasmic reticulum on the other side. A direct continuity was found between this segment of endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear membrane, suggesting that a form of communication may exist between the neuronal nucleus and the subsurface cistern. Occasionally the segment of endoplasmic reticulum was missing and in its place a mitochondrion appeared which seemed to be in direct contact with the pentalaminate membrane.
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  • 73
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 221-231 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report consists of an electron microscope study of developing cilia in nasal epithelium of 15-18 day mouse embryos. As soon as recognizable cilia were observed, the typical 9 + 2 pattern of ciliary microtubule pairs was present. However, at this stage the intracellular spatial alignment of adjacent cilia, reflected in the adult by directionally oriented central microtubules, was not observed. In the same stage, differentiated basal feet were randomly arranged on adjacent basal bodies within the same cell. The significance of these findings lies in the observation that the structures differentiate at random prior to and independent of the forces that orient them in a coordinated spatial and temporal relationship.
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  • 74
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Nine edible oils or fats (hydrogenated coconut, cod liver, Wesson, linseed, olive, butter, lard, corn and cocoa-butter) were fed to Swiss albino mice for 90 days to study the effects of saturation, chain length, and essential fatty acid content on the liver. The specific oil or fat (selected for ranges in above variables) was used as the diet fat in a high-fat (28%), low-protein (8%), hypolipotropic diet. Half the animals received choline chloride (2 gm/100 gm) as a lipotropic supplement.Within the supplemented groups, ceroid pigment was limited to livers of mice fed cod liver oil. Among the unsupplemented groups, production of ceroid varied with the iodine value (IV) of the diet fat. Fats with low IV produced no pigment; intermediate IV showed ceroid distended Kupffer cells distributed throughout the hepatic lobule, while large, acellular, vacuolated masses of ceroid resulted from fats with highest IV.Hepatic liposis was minimal in supplemented groups; maximal in unsupplemented groups. Hepatic stroma was within normal limits in all groups. Production of ceroid pigment appeared to be unrelated to degree of liposis or fibrosis.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The pigmented hair provides a lasting record of the complex interactions of melanocytes and keratinocytes which lead to its formation within the hair follicle. Large clumps of pigment are deposited within the developing hair when follicular melanocytes are uprooted from fixed sites in the hair bulbs. The frequency with which melanocytes are incorporated is in some way related to their morphology. Melanocytes with poorly developed dendrites (nucleopetal melanocytes) are dislodged from hair bulbs more frequently than those with well developed dendrites (nucleofugal melanocytes). A detailed investigation of pigment clumping brought about by action of the light (Blt) and leaden (ln) genes has yielded results consistent with this interpretation. Leaden melanocytes remain nucleopetal in morphology throughout the hair growth cycle whereas light melanocytes, initially nucleofugal, often become nucleopetal. The unexpected absence of pigment clumping in light (Blt/ - ) mice which are homozygous or heterozygous for the pink-eyed dilution gene p, is correlated with the persistence of nucleofugal melanocytes. In contrast, the pigment clumping found in the hairs of pink-eyed leaden mice is associated with the presence of nucleopetal follicular melanocytes. The differing interactions of the p-locus with the ln and b loci, suggest that the leaden and light genes elicit similar morphological changes in melanocyte morphology via different developmental pathways.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural changes have been induced in liver parenchymal cells of the mouse by postnatal cholecystectomy. The major changes included frequent occurrence of numerous vesicles, frequent development of extensive forms of copious Golgi apparatus and an increase in number of lysosomes and microbodies in the peribiliary cytoplasm, and dilatation of bile canaliculi. The cytoplasm beyond the peribiliary zone, contained numerous large mitochondria which were often associated with abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum. In view of the known cytophysiological roles played by the cytoplasmic components undergoing such changes, an elevated activity of bile secretion is suggested in the liver cells of cholecystectomized animals. The presumed high activity of bile secretion in the cells can be comprehended in terms of a compensatory adaptation to the loss of bile concentrating capability of the biliary system due to the removal of the gallbladder.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Three three-year-old Rocky Mountain mule deer were studied for a year to determine the role of skeletal mineral in antler growth. Costal biopsy material, which was obtained at four-week intervals, was analyzed histologically and histometrically. There was a cyclic mobilization of costal cortical bone during antler growth despite the dietary access to high quantities of elements essential for bone development. Following antler growth the ribs returned to a stable configuration with few resorption spaces. Corresponding to the period of possible weakening from the internal remodeling, there also appeared to be a thickening of the cortical bone by circumferential lamellar addition. A cyclic physiological osteoporosis was produced.
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  • 78
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    The @Anatomical Record 160 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mice were given a single injection of cortisone acetate and killed from one to seven days later. Arterial lesions occurred first and were predominantly located in the right ventricle. Hyalin was present in media of these coronary arteries within 24 hours following administration of cortisone. Exudative and proliferative changes in the arterial walls and perivascular spaces followed medial hyalinization. The highest incidence of arterial lesions (90%) was attained on the third day following cortisone injection and then decreased slightly (57%) by the seventh day. Myocardial necrosis was observed first in mice killed 48 hours after receiving cortisone and the incidence did not change significantly thereafter.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The testes, seminal vesicles and coagulating glands of hamsters subjected to bilateral optic enucleation (blinding) involuted within 6-8 weeks. During the first several weeks after blinding there was relatively little change in the weights of the reproductive organs, however, between 4-6 weeks the weights of these organs declined precipitously. Finally, the testes and accessory sex organs of 8-week blinded hamsters were about one-tenth and one-third their normal size, respectively. The atrophic testes exhibited a complete loss of spermatogensis and an apparent diminished secretion of androgens since the seminal vesicles and coagulating glands also regressed significantly. Despite the involution, the testes showed a high degree of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis as evidenced by the large number of spermatogenic cells which took up tritiated thymidine. These findings indicate that the testes retained a certain level of regenerative capacity even in the presence of advanced tubular damage.If hamsters blinded for 9 weeks, had either their pineal gland or superior cervical ganglia removed, the involuted testes and accessory organs regenerated and returned to the normal size, and presumed function, within approximately 8 weeks. Regenerated testes were histologically indistinguishable from those of normal animals. Eyeless hamsters killed after 17 weeks still possessed involuted reproductive organs.
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  • 81
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 111-123 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of satellite cells was determined by examining brom formalin fixed tissue stained by the silver carbonate technique, and tissue fixed in gluteraldehyde, post-fixed in osmium and prepared for electron microscopy.Light microscopy indicated that oligodendrocytes and astrocytes were the predominant perineuronal cell types. Cells with intermediate morphological characteristics were also observed. The light microscopic criteria for cellular indentification were the comparative size and shape of the cell bodies, and the number and nature of glial processes.Electron microscopy revealed perineuronal cells with round to oval shaped cell bodies, dense nuclear and cytoplasmic matrices, and a rich compliment of organelles. A second, less numerous, type of satellite cell had a larger, oval, elongate, or somewhat angular cell body, light nuclear and cytoplasmic matrices, and gliofibrils and glycogen. The former correlated well with the light microscopic oligodendrocyte and the latter with the astrocyte. “Dark cells” were not observed in a satellite position with the electron microscope nor were cells observed that conform to Hortega's “spiny microglia” in our silver preparations. Specializations of the plasma membranes of satellite glial cells and neurons were observed, and were interpreted as possible morphological evidence for “transport” between neurons and neuroglia.
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  • 82
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Combs of chicks were divided surgically into posterior (P-comb) and anterior (A-comb) portions of equal weight, thus providing two separate target organs in the same animal. Inunction with testosterone propionate stimulated equal increments in P- and A-combs with regard to values for length + height, but weight of the P-comb increased significantly more than that of the A-comb as a result of greater increase in width of the P- than of the A-comb. The P- was five times more responsive than the A-comb and contained larger amounts of ground substance as shown by histological examination and larger amounts of hexosamine as shown by chemical study. It was concluded that these two portions of the comb differed greatly in capacity to grow in response to androgenic stimulation.Reduction in the volume of the vehicle from 5 to 0.5 μl resulted in a sevenfold greater response of the chick comb to androgens.Restriction in the volume of vehicle and the use of the P-comb alone did not alter the precision of assay. Use of these procedures would permit measurement of androgens in amounts hitherto too small for assay.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The isolated retina of albino mice was fixed by freeze substitution. This method allows the electron microscopic examination of the surface layer of the tissue only. On the scleral side of the retina a considerable space was found between the outer and inner rod segments. In the spaces between the latter, microvilli of the Mueller cells seemed to float freely in the inter-rod material. On the vitreal side extracellular space was observed in bundles of nonmyelinated fibers which are destined to form the optic nerve, and often in the inner plexiform layer. Treating the retina with 5 mM glutamate caused ballooning of elements in the plexiform layer (probably dendrites) and sometimes of the inner and outer rod segments. No obvious swelling was observed of the Mueller cells, the ganglion cells and of the nonmyelinated nerve fibers.
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  • 84
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    The @Anatomical Record 161 (1968), S. 377-391 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The compressive strength of single human osteons has been investigated in specially prepared samples using a microtesting machine equipped with a microwave micrometer. The main conclusions which can be drawn from our results are: (1) In agreement with Gebhardt's theories the ultimate compressive strength is greatest for osteons having transversally oriented fiber bundles, lowest for osteons having longitudinally oriented fiber bundles, and intermediate for osteons whose fiber bundles change direction in successive lamellae through an angle of about 90°. (2) The modulus of elasticity is greatest in osteons with transversally oriented fiber bundles. (3) With all three types of osteon the stress-strain curves for fully calcified osteons are markedly different from those for osteons with low calcium content, the modulus of elasticity being much lower in osteons of the latter type. (4) Age seems to have no measurable influence on the compressive properties of osteons. (5) The comparison of compressive properties in single osteons and in macroscopic bone samples seems to support the view that the osteon is actually the mechanical unit of compact bone. (6) Fracture in osteon samples starts with microscopic fissures induced by shearing. (7) In every case these fissures form an angle of roughly 30°-35° with the axis of the osteon and do not appear to vary with the microscopic osteon structures. (8) Electron microscopy reveals distortion of bone crystals and breaking of collagen fibrils at the edges of the fissures.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The specific stainability of 1-3 μ thick sections of tissue prepared for electron microscopy after glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation and araldite embedding is greatly enhanced after oxidation with Oxone. This monopersulfate has been found to leave tissue section in a suitable condition for applying a trichrome stain as well as a specific silver impregnation. These methods are described in detail. The mode of action of Oxone is poorly understood.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The silver-substitution procedure originally recommended by von Kossa was modified to localize soluble phosphate in bone cells. Calvaria from newborn to five-day-old Wistar rats were stained fresh in 0.03% Ag acetate prepared in 5% mannitol solution. The substituted silver was reduced to its metallic state with 1% pyrogallol. The tissues were then dehydrated, cleared, and mounted whole. The cytoplasm of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts contained black granules which were thought to be sites of phosphates or carbonates. The intracellular black granules were shown not to be due to either chloride precipitation or to silver reduction by ascorbic acid. Both of these compounds were localized outside the cells. Tests to determine the state of the localized phosphate or carbonate in the cells showed that the anions were not in the ionic or diffusible state nor organically bound, but complexed to calcium. This was shown by elution of phosphates from the cells when calcium was chelated by Na2 EDTA in 5% mannitol solution at pH 7. The intracellular black granules were thought not to be sites of insoluble calcium phosphate or carbonate but sites of readily stainable, calcium phosphate which is rendered nondiffusible by being bound to protein or mucoprotein.
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  • 87
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 197-207 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Eggs from 79 Chinese hamsters, Cricetulus griseus, were examined at various times from before ovulation on the day of mating (Day 0) to implantation (Days 5-6). The animals were kept under reversed lighting (dark period 8 AM to 8 PM). Ovulation occurred between approximately 4 and 6 PM; mean number of eggs recovered per female was 7.6 ± 0.2. Sperm penetration was almost complete by midnight on Day 0. Of 131 eggs collected on Days 1-4, 102 (78%) were fertilized; (females without fertilized eggs excluded). The midpiece and tail of the fertilizing sperm were found in the cytoplasm of only 9% of pronuclear or cleaved eggs, and remained in the perivitelline space of 74%; in the other 17% eggs the sperm tail and most of the midpiece were outside the zona pellucida or were missing at recovery. No polyspermic eggs were found.The first three cleavages took place at 20-26 hour intervals after ovulation. Eggs reached the blastocyst stage in the oviduct and entered the uterus more than 96 hours post-ovulation. Implantation occurred between Days 5 and 6.
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  • 88
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 209-220 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: By reconstructing tendon organs in detail from serial cross sections, a prediction is made on how these sensors might affect their nerve endings during changes in tension at musculotendinous junctions. Tendon organs are composed of specialized encapsulated fascicles of dense collagen which are offshoots from the primary tendon of origin or insertion of a muscle. Fascicles project into the muscle mass on their way to becoming attached to a bundle of extrafusal muscle fibers. The main spur of dense collagen rapidly divides into fine bundles with septa between. Within this encapsulated region, branches of the entering sensory nerve intertwine among the fine bundles of collagen fibers via the septa. Towards the muscle end of the tendon organ, these fine bundles reorganize again into heavy, dense bundles before insertion of extrafusal muscle fibers.The hypothesis is presented that the spaces between collagen bundles in a relaxed tendon organ might spread open reducing pressure upon nerve endings lying between; during tension, these bundles would straighten and crowd together, leading to compression of nerve endings. Variable compression of nerve endings would excite electrochemical events in sensory axons; thus, tension information would be coded and transmitted to the central nervous system. The arrangement of a tendon organ in series with muscle fibers would imply that the organ sampled tension primarily of that group of extrafusal muscle fibers attaching to the organ.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of intra-osseous vessels of bones distal to a femoral or an iliac arteriovenous fistula was studied by histologic and microangiographic methods. The venous and sinusoidal vessels were dilated and heavily filled with contrast medium from 3 to 60 weeks after construction of the fistula. The nutrient artery and its branches are smaller in caliber in bones distal to the fistula at three weeks but appeared to return to approximately normal size later in the experimental period. The anatomic findings appear to provide an important link in a hypothesis to explain the increase in total bone seen distal to an arteriovenous fistula.
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  • 90
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In one prototype athletic subject and two persons of more average body build complete mid-point cross sections of the biceps brachii muscle were made. All three cross-sections were photomicrographed on overlaping fields, and composite photomicrographs of the complete muscle cross section were made. An individual fiber count on these photomicrographs was carried out.The number of individual muscle fibers in the athlete and the other two persons amounted to 316,243, 227,233 and 199,240 fibers respectively. Sampling methods were also tried on the sections for the evaluation of different estimation procedures. Fiber size distributions were arrayed in frequency polygons in each case. Six thousand fibers, randomly chosen from different parts of the section were measured in each case by means of an automatic counter. The mean fiber diameters are 42.26 ± 7.616 μ in the athletic subject and 24.1 ± 4.583 μ and 22.54 ± 4.919μ in the other two subjects.
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  • 91
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 275-287 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Several cytological features of the adrenal gland of the wild whitefooted mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, are described. Nuclei of cortical cells vary widely in size. Medullary cells may be divided into two populations: one with cytoplasm staining intensely with basic dyes and the other with faintly-staining cytoplasm. Photometric measurements of the DNA content of Feulgen-stained cortical nuclei show many nuclei containing 4C and 8C amounts of DNA. The distribution of the polyploid nuclei varies in different adrenal zones. Nuclei in the zona glomerulosa are almost all 2C. A majority of those in the zona fasciculata are 4C and 8C. Those in the zona reticularis fall predominantly into a 2C class, with some 4C and 8C nuclei. Groups of formalin-fixed medullary cells staining intensely with hematoxylin, toluidine blue O, and azure B correspond in location, arrangement, and morphology to those indicating the presence of epinephrine by several histochemical techniques. The substances responsible for the basophilia may be acidic proteins rich in carboxyl groups, since (1) RNase treatment does not appreciably diminish the basophilia; (2) all medullary cells are only faintly PAS-positive; and (3) the staining behavior of the more basophilic cells, when exposed to azure B solutions buffered to acid pH's, follows that to be expected when this dye is bound by tissue carboxyl groups.
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  • 92
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 289-300 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of plasma cells in clinically healthy human gingiva has been investigated. The cytoplasm was occupied by a profuse rough endoplasmic reticulum, consisting of parallel and circular arrays of cisternae, which contained a moderately dense, flocculant material. Attached to the cisternal membranes were ribosomal configurations in spirals or coils. Round and elongated mitochondria were distributed in a perinuclear fashion and possessed cristae with sharp angulations along their membranes. A well developed Golgi complex was situated in the cytocentrum adjacent to the nucleus and consisted of three major elements: smoothmembraned saccules with characteristic terminal expansions, vacuoles, and dispersed vesicles. These elements frequently contained material of considerable electron-opacity. Transitional elements (see text) were observed on the endoplasmic reticulum immediately adjacent to the Golgi complex, and evaginations or “blebs” occurred at variable points along their membranes. Cytoplasmic dense bodies in various stages of development were intimately associated with the Golgi. Small forms were membrane-bound and contained a fine, dense, granular material. Large bodies were also limited by a unit membrane and demonstrated a crystalline internal structure with a major and minor periodicity of about 100 Å. Russell bodies, as described by previous investigators, were not encountered. It is suggested that the dense bodies are formed by the Golgi complex, and may represent lysosomes or non-hydrolytic enzyme storage units.
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  • 93
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 301-311 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Toxic doses of tetracycline were injected intravenously in adult female rats to study the morphologic and cytochemical alterations produced in the liver. Fifty percent of the animals treated died within 48 hours; those surviving were sacrificed at 3, 7, 10 or 14 days later. Histologic sections of the livers from all animals were studied utilizing a specific fluorescence technique to determine tetracycline uptake and storage, and with histochemical procedures for alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase activity.Varying degrees of degeneration were observed in the livers of animals dying acutely. Basophilic lamellated bodies at seven days and focal venous thromboses at 14 days were noted in the surviving animals. Tetracycline fluorescence was visualized initially within bile canaliculi and random hepatic cells, and later within dilated interstitial spaces as well as in the basophilic bodies. By 14 days residual fluorescence was limited to the parenchyma adjacent to thrombosed central veins. Succinic dehydrogenase activity was diminished within areas of tetracycline accumulation and minimally increased where the cytologic damage was greatest. Alkaline phosphatase activity present about the central veins and in areas of tetracycline-induced fluorescence reflected parenchymal distortion.
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  • 94
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 313-325 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscope study was made of the human peridental ligament of the young adult. Examination of several cells which occur in this site exhibit a marked variation in number and distribution of organelles. The fibrous components made up chiefly, if not entirely, of collagen fibers averaged 600 Å in diameter. These fibers usually referred to as principal fibers show an arrangement both in the peridental space proper and also at the surface of the root of a marked irregularity, more so than can be ascertained at the optical level. Our study shows that the arrangement of the principal fibers is more complex than previously described and further that many of the diverse cells present in the peridental space are in an active functional state indicative of the dynamic potential they possess in reference to fibrilogenesis, cementogenesis and osteogenesis in this area.
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  • 95
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    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 425-432 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In cats, rats and mice the diaphragm possesses an intrinsic plexus of nerve fibres which are concentrated in a narrow band situated approximately halfway between the edge of the central tendon and the peripheral attachment of the musculature. Contributions to the plexus originate in both phrenic and lower six intercostal nerves and both possess three categories of fibres. The first is composed of unmyelinated fibres which ramify on the walls of companion vessels. The second comprises myelinated fibres ranging from 6-10 μ in diameter and these have been classified as afferent components. The third category, forming the major part of the phrenic outflow but only a minor part of intercostal contributions, comprises inyelinated fibres which range from 10-16 μ in diameter and possess preterminal expansions. Phrenic fibres of the third category have been identified as efferent components because they terminate in motor end plates but the function of corresponding intercostal components cannot be defined conclusively.Quantitative studies at three distinct levels within each of ten phrenic nerves in cats, show an increase in the number of myelinated fibres of diameter 12-20 μ in the peripheral third of the nerve. This suggests that the phrenic nerve receives an accession of fibres in its peripheral third.
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  • 96
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Bullfrog larvae with lymph glands removed failed to synthesize antibodies to BSA but they rejected skin allografts normally. Tadpoles with unilaterally removed lymph glands had antisera with detectable titers equivalent to unoperated animals. Lymph glands are composed of macrophages which line sinusoids interposed between cords of lymphoid cells.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rats were given single doses of an orally-active estrogen by mouth on days 1-5 of pregnancy. Examination of uteri on day 8 for implantations revealed that the median effective doses for preventing 50% of the eggs shed from implanting were 0.047, 0.050, 0.035, 0.145 and 0.380 mg/kg for days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. It was found that failure of pregnancy after treatment with the minimal 100% effective dose (ED100) on days 1, 2 or 3 was due to expulsion of eggs from the reproductive tract by day 5. Treatment of rats with the ED100 on day 4 caused expulsion of some eggs from the tract by day 5, but also had effects on the uterus: the position of the blastocysts within the lumen was abnormal and their orientation relative to the mesometrial-anti-mesometrial axis disturbed. No decidual reaction was observed on day 6 in such rats or on day 9 in pseudopregnant rats treated similarly and subjected to uterine traumatization on day 5. Treatment with ED100 on day 5 had no effect on egg transport or on the positioning of blastocysts within the lumen on day 6. A decidual reaction was seen around the blastocyst on day 6, but in pseudopregnant rats treated similarly and subjected to uterine traumatization on day 5 no decidual reaction was found on day 9. The pontamine blue reaction was negative in nearly all rats dosed on day 4 and examined on days 6-8. In rats dosed on day 5, however, the blue reaction was negative on day 6, but positive on day 7, i.e., delayed by 24 hours compared to controls and appearing later than the decidual reaction. The blastocysts were unattached in these rats on day 6, but may have attached briefly on day 7 (suggested by the positive blue reaction) and subsequently failed to develop further owing to disappearance of the decidual tissue.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) exhibited inhibitory action on the growth of two human epithelioid cell lines, HeLa and L-132, and on the L-929 strain of mouse fibroblasts. Growth of stationary cultures was measured spectrophotometrically by DNA production after 96 hours incubation. The mitotic indices of the three cell lines were reduced significantly by PHA-P after 72 hours incubation.Histochemical studies demonstrate depressed production of cytoplasmic RNA in 72-hour HeLa cultures after treatment with PHA-P, with the appearance of prominent, PAS-positive, diastase-fast granules in the cytoplasm. Bound lipid aggregates increased in amount in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells after PHA-P treatment. The PAS-positive, diastase-fast granules were also found in the cytoplasm of the L-132 and L-929 cell lines after treatment, but cytoplasmic RNA remained unchanged qualitatively. Alkaline phosphatase was slight in amount in HeLa cells and was reduced to trace amounts after PHA-P treatment. L-132 cells showed moderate to heavy concentration of alkaline phosphatase, which remained unchanged qualitatively after PHA-P treatment. The enzyme could not be demonstrated in the L-929 fibroblasts.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 162 (1968), S. 467-477 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cerebral and cerebellar cortices of mice were subjected to a histochemical method for the demonstration of chloride after perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde. Unfixed, nonasphyxiated cortices subjected to the same chloride method were used as controls. Sections of control material showed a rather uniform chloride distribution in which only the pia and the blood vessels stood out as dark structures containing an appreciable amount of chloride. Sections of glutaraldehyde fixed cerebral cortex showed an accumulation of chloride in apical dendrites. In glutaraldehyde fixed cerebellar cortex the chloride accumulated in the fibers of Bergmann and sometimes in the large dendrites of Purkinje cells. The chloride movement during glutaraldehyde perfusion is in all respects comparable with the movement of chloride caused by asphyxiation of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A series of experiments utilizing the technique of Rostgaard and Barrnett which purported to demonstrate lead-lipid complexes was performed to study the efficacy of using lead as a marker in lipid absorption.The jejunal mucosa from adult cats fasted 48 hours and fed corn oil by stomach tube was fixed in buffered glutaraldehyde for two hours, washed in cacodylate buffer and then incubated for 20 minutes in tris-maleate buffer (pH 7.2) which contained 4mM of lead nitrate. Following osmication, dehydration and embedding in Epon, thin sections, either stained or unstained were examined in an electron microscope. Lead deposits of varying size were observed in, on and about the microvilli. In addition, lead deposits were observed related to mucous cells. The jejunal mucosa of cats fasted 48 hours and fed 5% dextrose and treated as the lipid-fed animals gave similar results. Fasted animals had few lead deposits related to the gut epithelium.When jejunal mucosa from lipid- or carbohydrate-fed animals was extracted in lipid solvents prior to incubation in tris-maleate containing 4mM of lead nitrate, the lead densities persisted.In view of the foregoing, the occurrence of lead precipitates following a fatty meal does not offer an unequivocal means of tracing lipid absorption in the small intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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