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  • 1965-1969  (347)
  • 1940-1944
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (318)
  • Electron microscopy
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 129 (1969), S. 109-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Embryology ; Enzyme histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Small intestine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The histochemical activity of alkaline (AlPh) and acid phosphatases (AcPh), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), monoamine oxidase (MAO), succinic (SDH), isocitric (ICDH), glucose-6-phosphate (G6PDH) and lactic (LDH) dehydrogenase and leucinamino-peptidase (LAP) was studied in the duodenal wall of the chicken during pre- and postnatal growth. The morphogenesis of the developing epithelium was studied by electron microscopy. In 8-day-old embryos weak activity of all the enzymes but AlPh was observed in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the mucosa. During the last third of the prenatal growing period the activity of AlPh, ATPase, MAO, SDH, ICDH, G6PDH and LAP increased strongly in the epithelium. In the adult chickens the epithelium exhibited strong activity of all the enzymes studied but LAP, the activity of which was moderate. The most intense activity of AlPh, AcPh, MAO and LAP was located in the cytoplasmic region adjacent to the bowel lumen, i. e. the microvillous and terminal web area of the epithelial cells. By electron microscopy, and inactive phase in the development of the epithelial microvilli was seen from the 10th to the 16th incubation day, followed by slow (16th–19th) and rapid (at about the time of birth) growing phases. The differentiation and the growth of the microvilli occurred at about the same time as the appearance of the enzymes in the apical cytoplasmic region of the epithelial cells. During the last third of the prenatal life the volume of the epithelial cells increased greatly, as did the number of mitochondria, lysosomes, vesicles and saccules of the Golgi apparatus. The crypt cells and the villus epithelial cells did not show similar morphological and enzymatic characteristics. The fine structure of the crypt cells resembled that of the non-differentiated embryonic epithelial cells of the duodenal mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Pontine nuclei ; Experimental neuroanatomy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopical changes occurring in the pontine nuclei following unilateral lesions of the primary sensorimotor cortex have been studied in 7 cats with a survival time from 2–23 days. A description is also given of the fine structure of the pontine regions in receipt of the fibres. These regions are shown in Fig. 1. The study shows that the boutons are practically only in synaptic contact with dendrites. The bouton density on these is only 16%. The boutons are of the en passage and terminal type, with the latter as the most common (Figs. 4a-e). The synaptic vesicles are rounded or elongated. The formaldehyde fixed material had 17.8% boutons with vesicles of the elongated type; the material fixed with a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde had only 11.5% of such boutons. The degenerating boutons show the dark type of reaction and the majority of the corticopontine fibres are of the type shown in Figs. 4d and 4e. Astrocytes and microglial cells participate in the removal of degenerating boutons and terminal fibres. Degenerating boutons are present even at the 23 day stage and some have apparently only started to degenerate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 72-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell differentiation ; Keratin ; Electron microscopy ; Reptiles ; Skin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epidermis of Anolis carolinensis is renewed periodically by molting. Prior to the molt the distinct layers of the epidermis, namely, the Oberhäutchen, β, mesos, and α layers, are formed in sequence from a morphologically homogenous population of basal cells. The Oberhäutchen, the first cell layer to form, has spinules on the surface which interdigitate with the overlying cells of the clear layer. The cells of the Oberhäutchen develop 80 Å filaments similar to those in the cells of the α layer. Beneath the Oberhäutchen is the β layer, the cells of which develop membrane-bounded packets containing a homogenous material during the early stages of differentiation. Later 100–500 Å thick fibrils are formed in the membranebounded packets. The fully keratinized cells, however, are packed with filaments 30 Å in diameter separated by an electron dense amorphous matrix, very similar to β-type keratin found in the feather rachis. The cells of the α layer, which is immediately below the β layer, contain 80 Å filaments very similar to the α-type keratin found in hair cortex and keratinizing stratified epithelia of mammals. Large quantities of glycogen are found in the cells of each layer during their genesis. Even though a stratum granulosum is not found underneath the α layer, the cells of the clear layer develop bodies which have histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of keratohyalin granules. The old epidermis is then shed in toto at the junction of the clear layer (above) and the Oberhäutchen (below).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 28-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Islet of Langerhans ; Pancreatic hormones ; Classification of endocrine cells ; Stereology of endocrine granules ; Biostatistics ; Insulin immunization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic islet in the mouse has a highly complex and heterogeneous structure. It contains Aa, Ab, Ac, B, C, D, E, and F cells. The classification of cell types is primarily based on the shape, size and electron opacity of secretory granules and on the spatial relationship of the granules to their unit membranes. Morphological evidence is supported by a statistical analysis of the size distribution of granules and of their membranes. Experimental immunization of mice with insulin, provides additional data to support the existence of eight different cell types in the islet of the normal animal and reveales marked immunological stimulation of B cells, secondary stimulation of Aa, D and F cells, atrophy of Ac cells and hyperplasia of C cells. It is proposed that corresponding cell types exist in other mammals and man. The experimental insulin immunization process appears to perform an immunofunctional analysis of the islet, and suggests that in mice the Aa, D and F cells might be involved in cell energy supply. Lipocaic and some pancreatic factors with insulin-like activity (NSILA) will likely find their morphological equivalents. It is proposed that chemical solubility techniques represent the most promising avenues of approach to the isolation of secretory products from the endocrine pancreas, and that the assay of these extracts should primarily be conducted at the cell level.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 193-204 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Enterochromaffin cell ; Duodenum ; Histological stainings ; Intestinal mucosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Methods for light and electron microscopic comparison of individual argentaffin and argyrophil enterochromaffin cells (EC) in the sheep duodenal mucosa are described. These silver procedures were applied for light microscopy to Epon-embedded sections. The adjacent sections were examined with the electron microscope. The most specific characteristics of the argentaffin and argyrophil EC in electron microscopy are highly osmiophilic cytoplasmic granules. In one cell type these granules are smaller and more roundish than in the another type. These two cell types are stainable both by the argentaffin and argyrophil reactions. No essential difference can be observed in the localization of these elements. It is suggested that both cell types belong to the enterochromaffin system. Both silver methods are also suitable for the light microscopic identification of other intestinal structures in sections adjacent to that sectioned for electron microscopy.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 172-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Dehydration ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Nucleus supraopticus der Ratte, die einer Dehydratation ausgesetzt war, wurde ultrastrukturell-morphometrisch analysiert. Dabei zeigte sich, daß die relativen Volumenanteile der einzelnen Zellkompartimente während der fünftägigen Durstperiode eine auffallende Konstanz aufweisen. Hingegen läßt sich eine absolute Zunahme der Einzelzellvolumina und somit auch der an der Synthese und Sekretion der Neurohormone beteiligten Zellkompartimente feststellen. Die vorliegenden Befunde sprechen für einen beschleunigten Abtransport des neurosekretorischen Materials bei gesteigerter Synthese. Auf eine optimale Standardisierung der Perfusionsmethode bei Untersuchungen am neurosekretorischen Zwischenhirnsystem wird hingewiesen.
    Notes: Summary The supraoptic nucleus of the dehydrated rat has been analysed by electron microscopy and morphometry. With that it appears, that the relative volumes of the different cell compartments are striking constant. Otherwise one can see an absolute increase of the cell volume together with the cell compartments which take part at the synthesis and secretion of the neurohormones. These results are expression of an accelerated move of the neurosecretory material during increased synthesis. The importance of an optimal standardization of the perfusion-method in investigations of the neurosecretory system is demonstrated.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 153-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Toad ; Median eminence ; Ependyma ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The primary plexus of the toad hypothalamic-adenohypophysial portal system has two types of loops. The short loops are localized in the external region of the median eminence and surrounded by nerve endings and glial cells. The long loops approach the ependymal lining of the median eminence. The ascending and descending branches of these loops are surrounded by nerve and ependymal endings and glial cells. The actual subependymal portion of the long loops is virtually in contact with ependymal processes only, which form a “cuff” interposed between this portion of the long loops and the fibres of the hypothalamic-neurohypophysial tract. Many of the vascular endings of the ependymal processes have electron dense granules whose diameter ranges between 700 and 1400 Å. The ultrastructure of the ependymal cells suggests that these granules are transport material and not secretory material. This anatomical arrangement linking the ependyma of the median eminence and the long loops of the primary plexus of the hypothalamic-adenohypophysial portal system makes the possibility of an interrelationship between the cerebrospinal fluid and the portal blood very considerable.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 182-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Dehydration ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Hypophysenhinterlappen von Ratten, die einer Dehydratation unterworfen waren, wurde ultrastrukturell-morphometrisch untersucht. Als wichtigster Befund wurde bereits nach 36stündiger Dehydratation eine massive Abnahme der Neurosekretgranula festgestellt. Gleichzeitig ist ein signifikanter Anstieg der Fettkörper in den Pituicyten zu verzeichnen. Die Fettkörper können nach Ansicht der Autoren als Endprodukt der Membranreste oder der Trägersubstanz des Neurohormons interpretiert werden. Eine Mitbeteiligung der Lysosomen bei ihrer Verarbeitung wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The neurohypophysis of the rat after dehydration has been studied by electron microscopic and morphometric methods. As the main result we found a massive decrease of the neurosecretory granules already at a dehydration of 36 hours. At the same time one can note a significant increase of fat vacuoles in the pituicytes. These fat vacuoles could be the final product of residual membranes or of the carrier substance of the neurohormones. The possibility of a functional role of lysosomes in the catabolism is discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 483-506 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Organon vasculosum ; Laminae terminalis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das OVLT stellt jenen Abschnitt der Lamina terminalis dar, der durch eine eigentümliche, reiche Vaskularisation auffällt. Die von der Basalmembran bedeckte äußere Hirnoberfläche dringt an einer oder mehreren Stellen tief und spaltenartig in das OVLT ein. Dieser Spalt, der Bindegewebselemente und Gefäße enthält, verzweigt sich immer mehr und bildet ein aus 0,1–0,2 μ breiten Spalten bestehendes, labyrinthartiges System. Zum großen Teil füllen Gefäße vom Kapillartyp die größeren bindegewebigen Räume aus. Das Endothel der Kapillaren ist allgemein dünn und z. T. fenestriert. Die Bindegewebsräume und mit ihnen die Gefäße können sich dem Ventrikel derart nähern, daß sie von ihm durch nur eine einzige kubische Ependymzelle getrennt werden. Der Stützapparat des Organs wird in erster Linie von den Ependymzellen gebildet. Ihre langen basalen Fortsätze durchschneiden die Gehirnwand im Gebiet des OVLT und nehmen mit ihren Endigungen am Aufbau der Wand der Bindegewebsspalten und der äußeren Hirnoberfläche teil. In einem Teil der Ependymfüße findet man zahlreiche längliche, lysosomenartige Körper. Häufig kommen in die Tiefe der Substanz des OVLT eingedrungene Ependymzellen vor, welche nicht selten Zilien enthalten. Unter den Gliazellen konnten in erster Linie Astrozyten identifiziert werden. Die lichtmikroskopisch im OVLT beschriebenen sog. Parenchymzellen erweisen sich im Elektronenmikroskop als kleine, primitive Neurone. Ein großer Teil der Nervenfasern des Neuropils enthält granulierte Vesikel (Durchmesser zwischen 650 und 950 Å), die im allgemeinen eine runde oder ovoide Gestalt besitzen, obwohl auch tubulös ausgezogene Formen vorkommen. Die Nervenfasern welche die granulierten Vesikel enthalten, verlaufen nahe zur Kammeroberfläche, allgemein in der Längsachse des OVLT, wobei sie die länglichen Ependymzellen überkreuzen; in der Nähe der Endigung der basalen Ependymfortsätze wenden sie sich parallel zu letzteren und endigen zusammen mit ihnen frei am Rand der Bindegewebsspalten. Je ein solches, aus basalen Ependymfasern und Axonen bestehendes Bündel wird mehr oder weniger vom bindegewebigen Spalt umfaßt. Die Axonendigungen enthalten außer den granulierten Vesikeln und Mitochondrien auch zahlreiche synaptische Vesikel. Einige freie Axonendigungen wurden auch auf der freien Oberfläche des OVLT gefunden. Die Frage nach der Funktion des Organs wird an Hand der elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde diskutiert. Es wird für möglich gehalten, daß humorale Faktoren — ähnlich wie in der Eminentia mediana — aus den Axonendigungen in die Blutbahn gelangen; darauf scheinen die freien Endigungen am Rande des bindegewebigen Spaltensystems, die granulierte und synaptische Vesikel enthalten und die teilweise fenestrierten Kapillaren hinzuweisen, welche den aufgezweigten Bindegewebsraum „drainieren“.
    Notes: Summary OVLT is that part of the terminal plate which is characterized by its rich vascular supply. The brain surface covered by a basement membrane forms deep, cleft-like invaginations containing vessels and connective tissue elements. These connective tissue spaces dividing into 0.1 to 0.2 μ end branches are parts of a labyrinthic system in the interior of the organ. The vessels, mostly of the capillary type, are situated in the main clefts; their endothelium often shows fenestration. Some of the capillaries may approach the ventricle to such an extent that they are separated from it by a single ependymal cell. The supporting apparatus of the OVLT is mainly represented by elongated ependymal cells. Their long basal processes traverse the terminal plate to take part with their foot-like endings in the formation of the brain surface and that of the connective tissue spaces. Groups of special ependymal cells often exhibiting cilia may occur in the interior of the organ. Glial cells are mainly represented by astrocytes. The so-called parenchymal cells described in the light microscopy can be identified as small, primitive neurons. A great part of the nerve fibres in the OVLT contains granulated vesicles the diameter of which varies between 650 and 950 Å. The nerve fibres are mainly running vertically between the ependymal processes while at their terminal portion they assume a parallel course to the ependymal processes and end with them at the margin of the connective tissue spaces. Besides granulated vesicles, these free axon terminals contain numerous synaptic-like vesicles and several mitochondria. Some of the free terminals may occur also on the outer surface of the OVLT. The possible functions of the organ are discussed on the basis of the present findings. The hypothesis is raised that — similarly to the median eminence — humoral controlling factors may be released into the vessels. This hypothesis seems to be supported by the presence of free axon terminals containing granulated and synaptic vesicles and the existence of numerous, partly “fenestrated” capillaries draining the connective tissue spaces.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 394-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocyte ; Electron microscopy ; Meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The time and frequency of occurrence of granular cytoplasmic bodies in oocytes of the golden hamster has been investigated. The bodies are first seen immediately after birth when most of the germ cells have commenced meiotic prophase. They increase in frequency until approximately twelve days post-natal, at which time most oocytes have attained the dictyate stage. After this, frequency of occurrence of the bodies declines. Very few have been noted in adult material. The possible significance of the bodies is discussed.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 149 (1969), S. 283-293 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Phytohemagglutinin ; Immunoblast ; Lymphoblast ; Lymphocyte ; Electron microscopy ; Phytohämagglutinin ; Immunoblast ; Lymphoblast ; Lymphocyt ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kulturen von Blutlymphocyten mit und ohne Zusatz von Phytohämagglutinin (PHA) wurden im Licht-bzw. Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es fanden sich: a) kleine und mittelgroße Lymphocyten, b) große RNS-reiche, durch PHA stimulierte Zellen und c) Makrophagen. Die PHA-Zellen lassen sich lichtmikroskopisch als „blastenartig“ bezeichnen. Im Elektronenmikroskop ist ihre Morphologie nicht einheitlich. Wir fanden lymphoblasten- und immunoblastenähnliche PHA-Zellen. Zu den Makrophagen könnten fließende Übergänge bestehen. Offenbar nur ein Teil der in vitro entstehenden PHA-Zellen kann den in vivo, immunkompetenten“ Zellen gleichgesetzt werden.
    Notes: Summary Cultures of blood lymphocytes incubated with and without phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were examined under light- and electron microscope. The following types of cells were found: a) small and medium size lymphocytes, b) large, RNA-rich, stimulated cells and c) macrophages. The PHA-cells of healthy individuals are large, showing a nucleus with nucleolus and a cytoplasma rich in free granules, but poor in ergastoplasma. Occasionally vacuoles of various sizes and osmiophilic inclusions are seen. Under light microscope these cells are similar to blastlike cells. Electron-microscopically the morphology of the PHA-stimulated cells is variable. We observed a) lymphoblast-like cells, b) immunoblast-like cells and c) macrophages. Our observations revealed, that only a part of the in vitro stimulated PHA-cells resembles immunocompetent cells. According to morphologic criteria the production of immunglobluins in vitro seems to be limited.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 2-2 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 19F and 31P decoupling experiments are used to simplify the proton spectra of para-substituted derivatives of triphenyl phosphine, prior to 1H-{1H} tickling experiments. 3J(31P…H) and 4J(31P…H) are positive, and 5J(31P…19F) is negative in the trivalent phosphorus derivatives, and all become more positive as the valency of the phosphorus atom is increased. A triple resonance experiment is used to show that 7J(31P…H) in [p-CH3C6H4CH2P⊕(C6H5)3] is negative. The double resonance technique is used to relate the 31P chemical shifts to the tetramethylsilane resonant frequency.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 88-89 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 90-92 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory for deceptive simplicity in the NMR spectra of oriented molecules is discussed in terms of degeneracy of subspectra. The conditions for the degeneracy of AB, AB2 and AA′BB′ spectra leading to deceptive simplicity in the spectra of the type ABX, AB2X, AA′BB′X and AA′XX′ are reported.It is shown that the conditions for deceptive simplicity are easily fulfilled for ABX, AA′BB′X and AA′XX′ cases. It is further demonstrated that deceptive simplicity is not so common in AB2X spectra.The proton spectra of partially oriented 2,4,5-trichloronitrobenzene (AB) and 2,6-dibromo-pyridine (AB2) are use to illustrate degeneracy and those of p-chloro- and p-bromo-fluorobenzenes are reported to demonstrate deceptive simplicity.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An NMR study of some bridged bicyclo and tricyclo compounds yielded unusual spectra with respect to solvent effects and virtual coupling. As is the general case for most large polycyclic systems a complete analysis of the spectrum is not possible and the structural details derived from NMR are based on a partial analysis of the spectrum. If the accessible resonances correspond to protons adjacent to methylene groups, the resonance patterns and the chemical shifts may be strongly dependent upon solvent. For 6-endo-hydroxy, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,endo-carboxylic acid lactone (1), 6-endo-hydroxy, 2-exo-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-endo-carboxylic acid lactone (2), and exo-3,4,exo-8,9-diepoxy, endo-tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]decane (3), resonances for each fall in this class and the change induced by solvent are attributed to virtual coupling as well as a change in the overall splitting pattern.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 109-123 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The barriers to rotation about the C—N bond in eighteen substituted N,N-dimethylbenzamides have been determined by complete line shape analysis of the NMR spectra of the N,N-dimethyl protons. The barriers have been correlated with the substituent constants σ and σ+. It has been shown that polar solvents increase the barrier in N,N-dimethylbenzamide.Acid catalysis of rotation about the amide C—N bond in N-(p-N,N-dimethylcarboxamidobenzyl)-pyridinium bromide has been investigated. 18O exchange studies show that catalysis is due to N-protonation rather than the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate. The rate of rotation is a function of the Hammett acidity function, H0, and the water activity, and it is shown that proton exchange between the N- and O-protonated species involves the intermediacy of a water molecule.The differences in chemical shifts for the non-equivalent N, N-dimethyl groups of the benzamides are also a function of the substituents. Possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 190-190 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The ring inversion of cyclohexane derivatives with one, two and three pairs of geminal methyl and alkoxyl groups has been studied by investigations of the temperature dependence of the NMR signals.The rate of the inversion depends on the number and the relative positions of the ligand pairs as well as on their size. A single pair of geminal ligands has only a very slight effect on the inversion rate. Two ligand pairs hinder the inversion when they are in the 1 and 4 positions relative to one another, but facilitate it when they are in the 1 and 3 positions. In both cases the effects are smaller with methoxyl groups than with methyl groups.Three ligand pairs significantly increase the inversion rate when they are in the 1, 3 and 5 positions, but reduce it when they are in the 1, 2 and 4 positions.The effect of 1,3 substituents is attributed to an increase in the energy of the ground state of the molecules whereas the effect of 1,4 arranged substituents is attributed to an increase in the energy of the transition state of the chair inversion.
    Notes: Mittels der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Protonenresonanzsignale wurde die sesselinversion von Cyclohexanderivaten mit ein, zwei und drei Paaren geminaler Methyl- und Alkoxylgruppen untersucht.Die Geschwindigkeit der Sesselinversion hängt von der Zahl und der relativen Stellung der Ligandenpaare sowie von der Größe der Liganden ab.Ein Paar geminaler Liganden verändert die Inversionsgeschwindigkeit nur unwesentlich.Zwei Liganden-Paare erschweren die Inversion, wenn sie in 1- und 4-Position zueinander stehen, erleichtern sie jedoch, wenn die in 1- und 3-Position zueinander angeordnet sind. Beide Effekte sind bei Methoxylgruppen kleiner als bei Methylgruppen.Drei Liganden-Paare erhöhen die Umklapphäufigkeit besonders stark, wenn sie in 1-, 3- und 5- Position zueinander stehen, vermindern sie hingegen, wenn sie in 1-, 2- und 4-Position angeordnet sind.Der Effekt 1,3-ständiger Substituenten wird auf Erhöhung des Energieinhaltes des Grundzustandes der Molekeln, der Effekt 1,4-ständiger Substituenten auf Erhöhung des Energieinhaltes des Übergangszustandes der Sesselinversion zuriückgeführt.
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  • 24
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Detailed interpretations of the spectra of four of the possible isomeric cyclopentadiene trimers are given. It is shown that the geometry of the ring fusion can be determined by measuring the chemical shifts of the bridge protons and of the allylic proton on the cyclopentene ring 3a-H.
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  • 25
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The accuracy of several methods for deuterium content determination in organic molecules are tabulated. The sample-substitution (using one or two NMR sample tubes) and internal standard (inter- or intra-molecular) processes are discussed and compared. These methods are applied to some examples and the NMR results are confirmed by mass spectrometry.
    Notes: Les précisions de différentes méthodes de détermination du taux de deutériation de molécules organiques par RMN sont évaluées. On compare successivement les méthodes de changement de tube-échantillon et les méthodes utilisant un étalon interne. Ces méthodes sont ensuite appliquées au dosage du deutérium dans plusieurs molécules et les résultats sont comparés à des mesures de spectrographie de masse.
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  • 26
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The two stereochemically distinct two-bond carbon-13- hydrogen coupling constants J(13C—CH), for α-chlorostyrene-α-13C have been shown to be of similar magnitude but opposite sign (-6.3 and +5.6 Hz). A simple additivity relationship which adequately reproduces all the reported J(13C—CH) values for chloroethylenes has been found.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Various complexes of boron trifluoride and typical organo-phosphours compounds have been investigated using proton and fluorine resonance (at variable temperature) and boron and phosphorus resonance. In BF3, boron resonance is insensitive to the complex strength, but fluorine resonance suggests the possibility of various types of complexes on the phosphorus group or, additionally on the heteroatoms (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen) of the molecule. These complexes are probably σ type. Proton chemical shifts in the organo-phosphorus compounds follow the same trends as in similar complexes of amines, esters etc.; these perturbations may be mainly due to magnetic anisotropy effects; proton-phosphorus couplings conversely follow changes in phosphorus electronegativity.
    Notes: On a étudié, en résonance du proton et du fluor (à température variable) ainsi qu'en résonance du bore et du phosphore, un certain nombre de complexes entre BF3 et des composés organo-phosphorés typiques. En ce qui concerne BF3, la résonance de bore reste insensible à la force du complexe; par contre, la résonance du fluor suggéère l'existence de plusieurs types de complexes, soit sur le groupe phosphoré, soit sur les hétéroatomes (par example N, O) de la molécule. Ces complexes sont vraisemblablement de type σ pur. Le déplacement chimique des protons dans la molécule organo-phosphorée subit sensiblement les mêmes perturbations que dans les autres molécules complexables (amines, esters, etc.); ces perturbations peuvent provenir avant tout d'effets d'anisotropie magnétiques; par contre, les couplages proton-phophore suivent la modification de l'électronégativité de ce dernier.
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  • 28
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 491-491 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 29
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 331-333 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In a series of straight chain aliphatic ketones which has been studied, it has been shown that the structural requirement for loss of water from the molecular ions produced by electron-impact is an alkyl group of seven or more carbon atoms attached to the carbonyl function.
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  • 30
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 843-861 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 31
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 877-892 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of enol derivatives of β-diketones, such as enol ethers and enaminies are discussed. Their behaviour under electron-impact is in accordance with the fragmentation we suggested for an acyclic β-diketone in the enol form.Rearrangement of the enol functional group is observed in the spectra. This process is a general one, as it show not only migration of oxygen and nitrogen in the enol ethers and enamines, but also migeration of sulphur and chlorine in the thio-ether and in 4-chloro-3-pentene-2-one.Enol derivatives are suitable compounds for determining the branching of alkyl chains in β-diketones.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 893-900 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The main fragmentation sequences of glycollide and its homologues are initiated by fission of a CO—O bond, leading to the formation of fragment ions of low, m/e, such as [R1CO]+ and [CR1R2CCO]+. When a hydrogen atom is present on a ring carbon atom, 1,3 hydrogen migration occurs to produce [CHR2OH]+. In case where a ring carbon atom carries an alkylchain ≥ C2H5, a McLafferty rearrangement occurs with the adjacent carbonyl group. When both ring carbon atoms are dimethyl substituted, a 1,4 hydrogen migration must be invoked to account for the observed fragmentation sequence.
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  • 33
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 907-914 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of ortho substituents in nitrobenzence radical cation decompositions are discussed for non-interacting halogen substituents. These effects are distinct from those of the same substituents in the meta and para positions, and support previous indications that ring position identity is retained in nitrobenzene molecular ions. More importantly, the steric effect of the halo substituents may be gauged from these data; it indicates that several previously suggested mechanisms for the loss of NO must be reconsidered. The existence of steric effect in very well defined systems may be used as a structural tool in organic mass spectrometry.
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  • 34
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1039-1039 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 35
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1037-1038 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 36
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 37
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1061-1065 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrozen randomization precedes the formation of M+· — H· and M+· — CH3· species from the stilbene molecular ion at 15 eV. The carbon atom involved in the M+· — CH3· elimination originates randomly from the whole molecule. The [M — 15] ion (m/e 165) in the spectra of stilbene and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene is produced from a common ion.
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  • 38
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1141-1144 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calculations have been carried out, using the Quasi-Equilibrium Theory of Mass Spectra to show that a decrease in penetration of the accelerating field intol the ion source of a mass spectrometer may significantly increase the number of primary daughter ions [A]+ produced from a molecular ion [M]+ in the source. The calculations show that this effect appears to be more important than the decay of [M]+ between source and collector in implementing an increase in [A]+/[M]+ at the collector with decreasing accelerator potential.
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  • 39
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1175-1177 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron-impact induced fragmentation of eight aziridinones has been studied by conventional as well as by high resolution mass spectrometry. All α-lactams exhibit a molecular ion. The major primary step, in the fragmentation, is the ejection of carbon monoxide from the molecular ion. Ions of the general formula R1—NC and R2R3C=O were found in the mass spectra of all α-lactams investigated. A skeletal rearrangement to rationalize these ions is proposed. The fragmentation of the molecular ion is affected by the N-substituent. Exact mass measurement and specific deuterium labeling indicate the absence of McLafferty rearrangement from either the N- or C-substituent.
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  • 41
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The [M] → [M — CH3] reaction in a series of m- and p-X substituted ethylbenzenes has been studied by wide range electron energy kinetics and metastable ion characteristics techniques. By this approach, qualitative measures of activation evergy differences between [XC6H4CH2]+ ions derived from m- and p-X isomer substrates have been secured, for both their formation and further decomposition. These evergy differences are consistent with (but do not prove) ion structures that have been suggested by previous work in this area, involving the use of isotope labeling, and ionization and appearance potential methods.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Besides o-benzoquinones and o-naphthoquinones, p-quinones and stilbene quinones also exhibit [M + 2]+·-peaks. These are mainly produced by the residual moisture in the mass spectrometer and are more dependent on the partial pressure of the compounds and of the present water respectively, than on the temperature. The spectra of the [M + 2]+·-ions correspond to those of the ionized quinols. There exists a parallelism between the redox potential and the intensity of the [M + 2]+·-peak of p-quinonoid systems. The electron-impact induced fragmentations of 2,6-ditert.-butyl-benzoquinone-(1,4) and 3,5-di-tert.-butylbenzoquinone-(1,2) are discussed.
    Notes: Außber den o-Benzochinonen und o-Naphthochinonen zeigen auch p-Chinone, sowie Diphenochinone und Stilbenchinone [M + 2]+·-Peaks. Diese beruhenim wesentlichen auf der Restfeuchtigkeit mi Massenspektrometer und hängen stärker vom Partialdruck dersubstanzen bzw. des Wassers als von der Temperatur ab. Die Spektren der [M + 2]+·-Ionen entsprechen denjenigen der zugehörigen ionisierten Hydrochinone. Zwischen dem Redoxpotential und der Instensität des [M + 2]+·-Peaks p-chinoider Systeme besteht ein Zusammenhang. Die elektronenstoßinduzierte Fragmentierung von 2.6-Di-tert.-butyl-benzochinon-(1.4) und 3.5-Di-tert.-butylbenzochinon-(1.2) wird diskutiert.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A system is described in which computer techniques are used to carry out major steps in the procedure for interpretation of high-resolution mass spectral data. These steps include identification and evaluation of the molecular ion, neutral fragments lost from the molecular ion, and characteristic ion series, followed by elucidation of specific structural details using a sub-routine for the particular compound class selected. The technique shows promise of not only increasing the interpreter's efficiency, but of providing more specific and detailed structural information from the spectral data.
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  • 44
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of twenty-six commercially available medicinal phenothiazines have been determined at high resolution. In each compound, the side chain attached to the 10-position of the phenothiazine ring contains nitrogen and fission of the C—C bond α to this nitrogen gives in most cases the base peak. Some of the compounds are also substituted at the 2-position and this substituent generally remains intact, though some substituents such as acetyl, propionyl, methoxyl and methylthio can undergo fragmentation. Fragmentations fall into three groups; those which give ions representing a part of the side chain; those which give ions representing the intact phenothiazine ring with part of the side chain attached; those which give ions representing a partially fragmented ring system.
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  • 45
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 33-36 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Under electron-impact, N-alkyl trifluoracetamides exhibit peaks due to [CF3]+ and [M — CF3]+. Ions corresponding to [COCF3]+ are absent. The base peak in many straight chain derivatives occurs at m/e 126 due to alkyl radical loss from the molecular ion; the mass of this ion rising to m/e 140 in the α-substituted N-sec-butyltrifluoracetamide and to m/e 154 in the tert-butyl derivative. High resolution measurements on a number of peaks indicate that they originate by loss of HF from other fragment ions.
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  • 46
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1103-1115 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of the alkyl cyanides up to n-pentyl cyanide were studied. Using metastablel ion transitions, appearance potentials and deuterium labelling, the fragmentation patterns, spectral characteristics and trends for this series can be given. The investigation of labelled compounds demonstrates the specificity of rearrangement and normal decomposition processes. Alkyl ions in nitriles are produced by simple cleavage of the carbon-carbon bond, while ions of the type [M -alkyl]+, which at the first sight could originate in the same way, are presumably formed via cyclic intermediates and are in fact rearrangement ions.Apart from the known γ and δ-hydrogen rearrangements, there is novel evidence for a β-hydrogen rearrangement via a five-membered ring transition state.
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  • 47
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1171-1173 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 48
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1309-1314 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a series of deuteriated polymethylbenzenes confirm and extend the model derived from labeled p-xylenes for the loss of a methyl radical under electron impact. A methyl group flanked by two methyls undergoes no exchange before being lost. But one adjacent to an unsubstituted position appears to exchange with the o-hydrogen atom via a methyl-methylene-methyl cycle. At least in p-xylene, reformation of the methyl group may well be concerted with its loss. A similarly concerted coupling of CH2 and H and loss of the resultant methyl group could account for an apparent inconsistency between the mass spectra of methyl alkyl and phenyl alkyl ketones.
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  • 49
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 425-426 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structure elucidation of organic compounds is only one of the applications of mass spectrometry to chemistry. Important subjects are also mass spectrometric quantitative analysis of mixtures of inorganic and of organic compounds, determination of isotopes and related problems. In ‘Massenspektrometrie’, edited by H. Kienitz, all these applications are discussed together with an excellent introduction to the function of mass spectrometers and the techniques of measurement. This book contains a lot of information and stimulation for mass spectroscopists and chemists, and is especially recomended for use in analytical laboratories.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The field ionization mass spectra of a series of nucleosides are reported, and compared with spectra obtained by conventional electron-impact ionization. The latter are complex, with structurally significant molecular ion and sugar cleavage peaks often of low intensity or completely absent. In contrast, the field ion spectra are extremely simple, with all except guanosine (highest mass peak [M  -  18]) showing intense molecular ion peaks, and the characteristic sugar (S) and base (B + H) cleavage products as the only other important fragments.
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  • 52
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 549-550 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 53
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 553-565 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eleven isomeric octenes were converted to the corresponding dideuterio derivatives and the mass spectra recorded. The cracking patterns of the various dideuterioctanes are unique and the distribution of peaks representing the higher molecular weight ions can be predicted using a simple fragmentation model. The application of this technique to the determination of the position of the double bond in olefins of known carbon skeleton is discussed.
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  • 54
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 603-609 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mass spectra of the four stereoisomeric 1-methyldecalins and the four 2-methyldecalins have been measured. For each set of stereoisomers, the order of relative intensity of the parent-less-CH3 ion, but not of the parent ion, parallels the order of relative stability of the molecules. The correlation suggests that loss of the methyl group from the members of each set of stereoisomers leads to a common product, with the differing conformational energies converting into differences in vibrational energy, which in turn lead to differing extents of further decomposition.
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  • 55
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of five aryl (I to V) and four alkylsulfonylthioureas (VI toIX) have been recorded and mechanistic rationalizations are suggested for their principal fragmentation processes. The aryl analogs exhibited peaks in their mass spectra corresponding to skeletal rearrangements with elimination of SO2 from their molecular ions but this fragmentation was absent in those alkylsulfonylthioureas (VI to IX) examined.
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  • 56
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 653-654 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mass spectra of the two compounds 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane and 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane are presented.
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  • 57
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 901-906 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cortisol is thermally unstable. It is easily decomposed by loss of ketence and water. The spectrum of the resulting 11β-hydroxy-Δ4-androsten-3,17-dion can be superimposed upon the spectrum of the undecomposed cortisol, which only can be obtained free of the decomposition product under carefully controlled conditions. The thermal degradation product can be eaisly detected by its molecular peak at mass 302 and a key fragment at mass 163, which are nearly absent in the spectrum of cortisol. Cortisol is therefore an excellent testing material for the quality of inlet systems.
    Notes: Cortisol ist thermisch instabil. Es zersetzt sich leicht unter Verlust von Keten und Wasser, Das Spektrum das entstehenden 11β-Hydroxy-Δ4-androsten-3,17-dions überlagert sich dem Cortisolspektrum, das man frei von Zerstezungsprodukt nur unter sorgfältiger Einhaltung der Aufnahmebedingungen erhält Das thermische Zersetzungsprodukt läßt sich leicht an seinem Molekül-Ion der Masse 302 und einem Schlüsselbruchstück der Masse 163 erkennen, die im Cortisolspektrum nahezu völlig fehlen, so daß Cortisol eine ausgezechnete Testsubstanz zur Qualitätsprüfung vonEinlass-Systemen darstellt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 58
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1033-1035 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Investigation of metastable ion transitions shows, that spontaneous charge separations (loss of an electron from a cation) and ion-pair formations (loss of negative ions from positive ones)are taking place in conventional mass spectrometry. Such processes may be important factors in formation of doubly charged ions.
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  • 59
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 136-136 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a series of 2-substituted 8-hydroxyquinolines and related compounds are reported. Fragmentation pathways based upon interpretation of spectra and metastable transitions for 8-quinolinol; 2-methyl-8-quinolinol; 4-methyl-8quinolinol; 2-hydroxymethyl-8-quinolinol; 2-aminomethyl-8-quinolinol; 8-quinolinol-2-carboxaldehyde; 8-quinolinol-2-carb-oxaldehyde oxime; and 8-quinolinol-2-carboxaldehyde tert-butylimine are discussed, as are dissociations in the related compounds 2-hydroxymethyl quinoline and quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde oxime. It is suggested that the molecular ions of 2-substituted-8-quinolinols undergo rearrangement to a substituted azatropylium ion prior to dissociation. An ion of m/e 89 has been observed in these spectra and is considered to be characteristic of the quinoline nucleus bearing an X-substituent in any position, where X = OR, SR, NH2 etc. (R = H, CH3, etc).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 61
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 335-335 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 62
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 427-429 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that FI mass spectra can serve to elucidate some structural features and determine the molecular weights of mono- and oligosaccharides.
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  • 63
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 64
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 751-753 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurement of metastable ion abundances over a dynamic range of 105 is possible with a specially designed mass spectrometer.
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  • 65
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 757-759 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The [YC6H5O]+· ions from YC6H4OC2H5 appear to correspond in structure to the molecular ions of the analogous substituted phenols, [YC6H4OH]+·.
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  • 66
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 67
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 965-975 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Derivatives of eriostoic and eriostemoic acids (II and III) and their tetrahydro analogs (VI and IX) which contain the bis-2,2-dimethylchromene and the bis-2,2-dimethylchroman ring systems respectively, fragment subsequent to electron-impact in characteristic fashion. The former yield mass spectra dominated by the loss of a methyl radical from their molecular ions while the latter exhibit preferential fragmentation of the heterocyclic ring system. In particular the hydrogen transfer process accompanying elemination of C4H7 from the parent ion of bis-2,2-dimethylchromans was investigated by deuterium labeling studies. Fragment ions containing the bis-2,2-dimethylchroman ring undergo further fragmentation by the loss of C4H8 rather than C4H7. An unusual elimination of CH5 (accompanied by the appropriate metastable ion) from the molecular ions of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate esters (XIV and XV) was observed in their mass spectra.
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  • 68
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 985-995 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An investigation of competing metastable transitions in the mass spectra of ethylene ketals RSRLC(OCH2)2 (where RL is a larger n-alkyl group than RS) has established that in most cases RS is lost with a lower activation energy than RL. This technique has also been applied to ketones RSRLC=O, to show again that RS is usually lost with the lower activation energy (thus supporting earlier data based on relative daughter ion abundances at the threshold). In the classes of compounds so far investigated, although [M+ - RS] ions are formed with lower activation energies than [M+ - RL] ions, the ion yield of [M+ - RS] ions is anomalously low from ions of high internal energy. Factors which may influence the [M+ - RS]/[M+ - RL] ratio of daughter ion intensities are examined. It is suggested that at the threshold [M+ - RS] and [M+ - RL] ions may be formed with rearrangement, or from an electronic state that cannot be effectively populated from molecular ions of high internal energies.
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  • 69
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1181-1182 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 70
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1183-1199 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Original mass spectra of uracil and thymine derivatives are presented with the corresponding fragmentation schemes.In the first series of spectra, the fragmentations of thymine derivatives, including 14C-2-thymine, dimers, and bromo thymines, confirm the basic retro Diels-Alder mechanism.The second series includes dihydro 5,6-derivatives of uracil (hydroxy and bromo substituents). The behaviour of these molecules is quite different; they are more sensitive to the substituents and a part of the fragmentation is often explained by protonated molecular ions.
    Notes: Nous présentons und série de spectres de masse originaux, de dérivés de l'uracile et de la thymine, ainsi que les schémas de fragmentation correspondants.L'étude d'une première série de molécules, à caractère aromatique, dont une marquée au 14C, a permis de confirmeer le mécanisme de base de la fragmentation comme étant un ‘retro Diels Alder’.Une deuxième série, Saturée en positoin 5,6 du noyau, montre le caractère totalement différent de ces molécules, plus fragiles, plus sensibles à la nature des substituants et donnant un ion protoné [MH]+, responsable d'une partie des fragments observés.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: For the interpretation of experimental data on the activation energy and free activation enthalpy for the inversion of cyclohexane and its di-, tetra- and hexa-methyl derivatives, model calculations were made to determine the ‘relative’ energies of the ground, intermediate and transition states of the molecules. For this purpose Hendrickson's model was extended so that with internal molecular variables (bond lengths, valence and torsional angles) the topography and the ‘relative’ energy of every possible unsymmetrical conformation could be included.To obtain optimal agreement between the calculated values and the experimental results a total of 17 different combinations of potential functions for deformation of valence angles, torsional angles and H—H interactions were used. By application of the extended calculating procedure it was found that for cyclohexane the half-chair conformation is not, as until now assumed, the only transition conformation in chair inversion, but that there are numerous other unsymmetrical transition conformations with similar energies.The calculations for methyl cyclohexanes showed that for molecules with synaxial arrangement of methyl groups the relative energy of the chair form is considerably increased. The chair form is however still the most stable, even in the case of 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethylcyclohexane. The most favourable twist conformations are about 2.6 to 6.5 kcal/mole energy richer.Calculation of activation energies showed that, with synaxial arrangement of two or more methyl groups, the relative energy of the transition conformation is less markedly increased than is that of the ground state, with the result that the activation energy is reduced in comparison with that for cyclohexane.
    Notes: Zur Interpretation der experimentell bestimmten Werte der Aktivierungsenergie bzw. der freien Aktivierungsenthalpie der Ringinversion wurden für Cyclohexan, 1,1-Dimethyl-, 1,1,3,3- und 1,1,4,4-Tetramethyl- sowie 1,1,3,5,5-Hexamethylcyclohexan Modellberechnungen des ‘relativen’ Energieinhalts von Grund-, Zwischen- und Übergangskonformationen durchgeführt. Dazu wurde das Hendrickson'sche Rechenmodell so erweitert, daß mit molekülinternen Variablen (Bindungsabständen, Valenz- und Torsionswinkeln) die Topographie und der ‘relative Energieinhalt’ jeder beliebigen unsymmetrischen Konformation berechnet warden können.Zur optimalen Anpassung der berechneten Daten an die experimentellen Ergebnisse wurden insgesamt 17 verschiedene Kombinationen von Potentialfunktionen für Deformation von Valenzund Torsionswinkeln und H—H-Wechselwirkung verwendet.Bei Anwendung des erweiteren Rechenverfahrens auf die Cyclohexanmolekel ergab sich, daß die halbsesselähnliche Konformation nicht, wie bisher angenommen, einzige Übergangskonformation der Sesselinversion ist, vielmehr gibt es außerdem unendlich viele unsymmetrische Übergangskon-formationen gleichen Energieinhalts. Die Rechnungen ergaben für die Methylcyclohexane, daß bei Molekülen mit synaxialer Anordnung von Methylgruppen der relative Energieinhalt des Sessels zwar stark angehoben ist, der Sessel ist jedoch in allen Fällen selbst bei den Molekeln des 1,1,3,3,5,5-Hexamethylcyclohexans die stabilste Konformation. Die günstigsten Twistkonformationen sind um 2,6 bis 6,5 kcal/mol energiereicher. Bei der Berechnung der Aktivierungsenergie wurde gefunden, daß bei synaxialer Stellung von mindestens zwei Methylgruppen der relative Energieinhalt der Übergangskonformation weniger stark angehoben ist als derjenige der Sesselform, wodurch die Aktivierungsenergie im Vergleich zum Cyclohexan erniedrigt wird; bei 1,4-Stellung der Substituenten wird dagegen der relative Energieinhalt der Übergangskonformation stärker angehoben als der des Grundzustandes, die Aktivierungsenergie wird erhöht.
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  • 73
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 239-247 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton magnetic resonance chemical shifts and coupling constants for a series of 2-substituted-5-nitropyridines and 2-substituted-3-nitropyridines, both in the free base and protonated forms, are reported. The substituents were chloro, bromo, iodo, and hydroxyl. The effect of the substituents on the chemical shifts are substantial but not unusual. The coupling constants are less sensitive to the nature of the substituent and are perturbed only slightly when the ring nitrogen is protonated. This latter observation is consistent with the results of LCAO-MO calculations.
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  • 74
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 229-237 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proton and 13C—H satellite spectra of five diethyl haloacetals have been analyzed and their spectral parameters obtained. The parameters for the ethoxy methylene protons indicate the extent of their magnetic nonequivalence. It has been found that these parameters are dependent on the degree of halogen substitution in the group Z, which is bonded to the central carbon atom, and correlate well with the corresponding group electronegativity values, a′ z, proposed by Huheey. The parallel behavior of the methylenic J(C—H) and chemical shifts indicates that a primarily through-bond mechanism is responsible for propagation of both the electronic and symmetry effects observed. Transmission factors calculated from the spectral data agree with independent estimates reasonably well, thus supporting the conclusions reached here.
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  • 75
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 213-227 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proton NMR spectra of 1-substituted 2,4-dimethylbenzenes (2), 1-substituted 2,6-dimethylbenzenes (3) and 1-substituted 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenes (4) were determined and the SCS values compared with those of monosubstituted benzenes (1). SCS of 1 are assumed to be primarily due to the effects of π-electron charge density, substituent electric field and substituent diamagnetic anisotropy, and the van der Waals interaction: thus \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm SCS = SCS}_{\pi {\rm}} + {\rm SCS}_{\rm E} + {\rm SCS}_{\rm A} + {\rm SCS}_{\rm V} $$\end{document} When, however, the substituent is sterically hindered, then: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm SCS}^{\rm '} {\rm = SCS}_{{\rm \pi}^{\rm '}} {\rm + SCS}_{{\rm E}^{\rm '}} {\rm + SCS}_{{\rm A}^{\rm '}} {\rm + SCS}_{\rm V} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ = {\rm c}_{\rm \pi} {\rm SCS}_{\rm \pi} {\rm + c}_{\rm E} {\rm SCS}_{\rm E} {\rm + c}_{\rm A} {\rm SCS}_{\rm A} {\rm + c}_{\rm V} {\rm SCS}_{\rm V} $$\end{document} where cπ∼V may be constants predictable from the theories associated with each component. By estimating SCSπ∼V or cπ∼V, a quantitative separation of SCS into their components was attempted. It is shown, however, that the data available, as well as the nature of this approach, cannot necessarily be sufficient for this purpose.Various effects which might also contribute to the proton NMR chemical shifts of sterically hindered molecules are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The proton magnetic resonance spectrum of acetyl-cyclobutadiene-irontricarbonyl has been measured including all observable 13C—H-coupling constants. The couplings are assigned and discussed with respect to structure and bonding properties of the molecule. The results exclude the structure of a cyclic conjugated diene with alternating double and single bonds.
    Notes: Das Protonenresonanz-Spektrum des Acetyl-cyclobutadien-eisentricarbonyls wurde einschließlich aller beobachtbaren 13C—H-Kopplungskonstanten vermessen. Die Kopplungen warden zugeordnet und im Hinblick auf Molekülstruktur und Bindungsverhältnisse diskutiert. Auf Grund der Messungen kann die Struktur eines cyclisch-konjugierten Diens mit alternierenden Doppel- und Eingachbindungen ausgeschlossen warden.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The NMR spectral parameters for some bromo- and iodo-substituted fluorobenzenes are presented, and the derived meta- and para- fluorine-fluorine couplings are shown to be in accord with the predictions made by Abraham et al., using an additive substituent constant scheme. While the approximation of additive substituent effects is quite good, it is shown, however, that with highly accurate experimental values there are small deviations from perfect additivity. The existence of a large solvent effect on 3JFF is demonstrated and the mechanism of this effect is discussed. It is emphasized that certain discrepancies in the literature between various values of the same 3JFF may be due to this large, hitherto unrecognized solvent dependence.
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  • 78
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 389-399 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: PMR spectra of substituted 4-piperidones in base and salt forms in D2O, water and other solvents are reported, and spectral characteristics interpreted in terms of equilibria between free ketone and 4,4-dideuteroxy (or hydroxy) forms. It is shown that 1-mono and 1,3-disubstituted-4-piperidones exist extensively as the corresponding dideuteroxy (or hydrated) species in D2O (or H2O) provided the ring nitrogen atom is positively charged, and that 3-substituents decrease the population of these forms. The facile D/H exchange of α-protons in the piperidone bases is also demonstrated.
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  • 79
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 401-404 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: NMR solvent effects induced by aromatic solvents on some 1,4-dioxanes, 1,3-dioxolanes and on some sulphur analogue derivatives are reported. The shielding effect of the aromatic solvents is examined in respect to the structure of the solute.
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  • 80
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 431-433 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 5-Deutero-1-methylpyrazole was synthesised and used to assign multiplets in the PMR spectrum of 1-methylpyrazole.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The substituent effect on proton resonances and vicinal H, H-coupling constants in benzene derivatives is studied using linear regression analysis. The change in shielding observed on substitution, relative to the proton resonance in benzene, Δσ, can be expressed as \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta\sigma = - 1.04 \times 10^{- 12} {\rm E}_{\rm Z} - 1.08 \times 10^{- 18} {\rm E}^{\rm 2} + 9.17\Delta \rho + 0.18. $$\end{document}. This equation enables calculations of substituent effects on the basis of the dipolar and quadratic field effect (Ez, E2) and the π-charge density changes on the neighbouring C-atom (Δρ).The vicinal coupling constants show no correlation with the HMO-π-bond order. A linear regression using the well known dependence of the coupling constant on substituent electronegativity yields \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ ^3 {\rm J = 7}{\rm .63 + 0}{\rm .508}\Delta \alpha - 0.096\Delta \beta $$\end{document} where ΔEα and ΔEβ are the changes in electronegativity caused by substitution in α- or β-position, respectively, to the HCCH-fragment considered.
    Notes: Der Einfluß von Substituenten auf die Protonenresonanzen und die vicinalen H, H-Kopplungskonstanten in Benzolderivaten wird mit Hilfe linearer Ausgleichsrechnungen untersucht. Für die relativ zur Protonenresonanz des Benzols auftretende Abschirmungsänderung Δσ bei der Substitution wird die Beziehung \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \Delta\sigma = - 1.04 \times 10^{- 12} {\rm E}_{\rm Z} - 1,08 \times 10^{- 18} {\rm E}^{\rm 2} + 9,17\Delta \rho + 0,18. $$\end{document} angegeben, die eine Berechnung der Substituenten-Effektes mit Hilfe des dipolaren und quadratischen Feldeffektes (Ez, E2) und der π-Ladungsdichte-Änderung am benachbarten C-Atom (Δρ) erlaubt.Die vicinalen Kopplungskonstanten lassen sich mit der HMO-π-Bindungsordnung nicht korrelieren. Eine Ausgleichsrechnung unter Benutzung der bekannten Abhängigkeit der Kopplung von der Substituenten-Elektronegativität liefert \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ ^3 {\rm J = 7}{\rm .63 + 0}{\rm .508}\Delta \alpha - 0.096\Delta \beta $$\end{document} wobei ΔEα und ΔEβ die durch Substitution bedingte Änderung der Elektronegativität in α- bzw. β-Stellung zum betrachteten HCCH-Fragment bedeuten.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The confromations of the unsaturated seven membered ring in 4,4,6,6-tetradeuterium-1,2-benzocycloheptene-(1) (1) and five benzocycloheptene derivatives were determined by NMR spectroscopy. For all investigated compounds at -80°C only one conformer was present in detectable quantity. By analysis of the NMR data - molecular symmetry, coupling constants and chemical shift - it can be shown that the conformation is always the chair form. The free conformational enthalpy of both the other conformations with boat or twist form of the ring is for all six compounds more than 1.8 kcal/mole.The experimental results agree with those from model calculations: thus for benzocycloheptene, the 5,5-dimethyl derivative (2) and the 4,4,6,6-tetramethyl derivative (4) the lowest energy was found for the chair conformation; the second most stable conformations were found to be the boat for 1 and 4, and the twist form for 2.
    Notes: Für 4.4.6.6-Tetradeuterium-1.2-benzocyclohepten-(1) (1) und fünf Benzocyclo-heptenderivate wurde PR-specktroskopisch die Konformation des ungesättigten Siebenringes bestimmt. Bei allen untersuchten Verbindungen liegt bei -80° nur ein Konformeres in nachweisbarer Menge vor. Durch Auswertung PR-spektroskopisch bestimmter Daten - Molekel-Symmetrie, Kopplungskonstanten, chemische Verschiebungen - kann gezeigt werden, daß dieses Konformere Sesselform hat. Die freie Konformationsenthalpie der beiden anderen Konformeren mit Wannen- bzw. Twist-Form des Siebenringes beträgt bei allen sechs Verbindungen mehr als 1,8 kcal/Mol.Mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen stimmen diejenigen von Modellrechnungen überein: Für die Molekeln des Benzocycloheptens sowie des 5.5-Dimethylderivates (2) und der 4.4.6.6-Tetramethylverbindung (4) wurde für die Sesselkonformation der niedrigste Energieinhalt berechnet; als zweitstabilste Konformation wurde bei 1 und 4 die Wanne, bei 2 hingegen die Twist-Form ermittelt.
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  • 83
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 481-489 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of line width and chemical shift vs. temperature for amide and hydroxyl proton magnetic resonance signals from: barbituric acid, dialuric acid, parabanic acid, alloxan and alloxan monohydrate dissolved in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 are reported. The behavior of the amide signals shows that, between 20 and 65°C, none of the compounds listed exhibits lactim-lactam tautomerism. The amide proton resonance in uracil has also been investigated. The signal is a closely spaced, equal intensity, doublet due to the non-equivalence of H(1) and H(3). Again, no evidence of tautomerism is observed. Activation energies for the hydroxyl resonances in dialuric acid and alloxan monohydrate indicate hydrogen bonding between solute and solvent. The results of simple LCAO-MO calculations are in accord with the experimental conclusions concerning tautomeric equilibria.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 84
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 85
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 175-194 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of ten dehydration and solvolysis products obtained from β-amyrin and glycyrrhetic acid were studied. With the exception of those resulting from ‘backbone’ rearrangement, they exhibited conventional fragmentation due to the ring C chromophore, like the parent alcohols. Only those products with a contracted ring A suffered loss of an isopropyl radical. In the latter type, special fragmentation features were exhibited by the isopropylcyclopentene and by the isopropylidene products. These differences enabled the assignment of probable structures for two unknown derivatives.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The C8H9+-ion, formed from the molecular ions of 2-phenyl-1-bromoethane, 1-phenyl-1-bromoethane and of 1-phenyl-1-nitroethane by loss of the bromine atom and of the nitro group, splits off a molecule of acetylene after an almost complete randomization of hydrogens, as proved by deuteration. An eight-membered ring structure for the C8H9+-ion is proposed to explain these results.By loss of the nitro group from the molecular ions of 1-phenyl-1-nitropropane and of 1-phenyl-2-nitropropane the well-known phenylated cyclopropane ion3 (C9H11)+ is generated. Mass spectra of analogues, specifically deuterated in the side-chain, show that in this ion a randomization of hydrogen atoms in the cyclopropane ring as well as a hydride transfer from the cyclopropane ring to the phenyl cation occur.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 223-239 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In 2,6-di-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, two successive, site-specific hydrogen transfers are necessary to account for the loss of carbon atoms 1, 2, 3 and 4, together with one hydrogen from C-8. The deuterated methyl geranate required for this study was readily converted to pseudo-ionone, in which a similar fission was shown to occur. Previous predictions about the β-ionone mass spectrum2 have been shown to be substantially correct, and its similarity to the mass spectra of benzylidence acetones is pointed out.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 213-221 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of two series of aliphatic polynitro compounds are reported and discussed. The fragmentation patterns of aliphatic nitro and polynitro compounds are similar in that no appreciable molecular ion current is observed; however, there are several other features in the fragmentation of aliphatic polynitro compounds which differ from that of nitroalkane spectra. Both series of compounds studied-C(NO2)x(CH3)4-x, where x = 4 to 0 and C2(NO2)x(CH3)6-x, where x = 6,4,2-show a decrease in the number and intensity of alkylions with an increase in the NO+ and NO2+ ion current as x increases. The main ions resulting from the more nitrated compounds are [NO]+, [NO2]+, [CO2]+. and [CH3CO]+, whose noncharged counterparts are the principal species produced in the detonation of these compounds. This similarity of the products of the two processes suggests the use of mass spectroscopy for the investigation of the initial explosive processes. The principal fragmentation pathways of the polynitroalkanes have been elucidated by exact mass measurements and the observation of metastable ion transitions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 257-260 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 283-298 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: When a fragmentation takes place in mass spectrometry, the positive charge remains on the fragement with the lowest ionization potential. This criterion, which has been indicated previously for the alkane series is shown to be generally true.
    Notes: Lors d'une rupture en spectrométrie de masse, la charge positive demeure préférentiellement sur le fragment de potentiel d'ionisation le plus bas. Ce critère, qui fut mis en évidence sur les alcanes, a été généralisé à divers types de fragmentations.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron-impact-induced ionization and fragmentation of six C6H10 structural isomers have been studied in order to determine the effect of isomerism upon their mass spectrometric behavior. The 70 eV mass spectra, metastable transitions and appearance potentials of the principal ions are reported. Significant differences between the mass spectra of the six isomers were observed; however, metastable transition and appearance potential data indicate that the fragmentation path-ways are the same for all the C6H10 molecules. Experimentally determined ionization potentials for the structural isomers are presented and compared to ionization potentials calculated by the bond orbital method. Utilizing fragmentation pathways deduced from general features in the mass spectra and from observed metastable transitions, we calculated heats of formation (ΔHf) for the observed principal ions and compared these values to ΔHf values for isomeric ions from other molecules.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 929-931 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron-impact induced rearrangements of a series of agriculturally important carbamates and N-acyl carbamates are described. High resolution and metastable evidence supporting this is presented.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 94
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 947-952 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The trifluoroacetyl derivatives of alditols are convenient compounds for mass spectrometric investigation as they are easily obtainable and highly volatile. They show simple fragmentation patterns with intensive peaks in the high mass range. Trifluoroacetates of alditols may be used for detection and location of deoxy groups in the molecule.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 1049-1060 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The composition of solid saturated hydrocarbons from slack-wax after reaction with urea has been investigated by electron-attachment (EA) mass spectrography with negative ions. From the spectra of the samples the content of paraffin hydrocarbons, monocyclic, dicyclic and other polycyclic naphthenes was calculated. The presence of n-paraffins up to C46, isoparaffins and cycloalkanes up to C52 has been confirmed. In the paraffin series the concentration of normal paraffin hydrocarbons containing one and two 13C atoms was determined. On the basis of the results obtained the constitution of the samples and the possible structures of the hydrocarbons were discussed. The results obtained have shown that the solid hydrocarbons which react with urea not only consist of one- or two-ring systems, but also of systems with up to five and six rings.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 37-47 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectral fragmentations of 3-indazolone (I), 1-acetyl-3-acetoxyindazol (II), 1,2-diacetyl-3-indazolone (III), 1-methyl-3-indazolone (IV), 2-methyl-3-indazolone (V), 2-methyl-3-indazolone-N-d-1 (VI), 3-methoxy-indazole (VII), 1-ethyl-3-indazolone (VIII), 1-carbethoxy-3-indazolone (IX), 1-carbethoxy-2-methyl-3-indazolone (X), 2′-carboxyethyl-3-indazolone (XI), 1-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrazolo-(1,2-α)-3-indazolone (XII) and 1-ethyl-3-indazolone-N-d-2 (XIII) are reported. The loss of an ·N2R radical from the parent radical ion in indazolone and the alkyl indazolones occurs more readily than the loss of a formyl radical, and no loss of HCN is observed from the parent radical ion. Mass spectral data can be used to distinguish between N-methyl and O-methyl derivatives of 3-indazolone.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 81-103 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of exo-2-norbornyl chloride, 1- and 2-methyl exo-2-norbornyl, exo-camphenilyl, apoisobornyl, bornyl and isobornyl chloride, and camphene hydrochloride, α- and β-fenchyl chloride and fenchene hydrochloride, and exo-isofenchyl chloride and 2,5,5-trimethyl exo-2-norbornylchloride, and camphene and α-fenchene have been examined at 12 to 16 and 80° eV and at 30 to 49 and 80°, or higher temperatures. Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements occur very readily in the ion source and compounds related by these rearrangements give very similar fragmentation patterns. Thermal decompositions are important with the tertiary chlorides especially at higher source temperatures. The rates of methanolysis of some of these chlorides were measured.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 63-79 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of several fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkenyl and fluoroacyl complexes of manganese, rhenium, iron and ruthenium carbonyls are described. After loss of carbonyl groups, fluoroalkyl compounds eliminate an olefin, with formation of metal halide species. A trifluorovinyl complex shows a novel elimination of a carbon atom to give an ion postulated to be a difluorocarbene-metal fluoride; the occurrence of difluorocarbene-metal ions in the spectra of some related complexes is also discussed. The spectra of the acyl complexes show little evidence of elimination of the acyl carbonyl group; the major process is fission of the CO—Rf bond with loss of a fluoroalkyl radical and formation of the cationic metal carbonyl, e.g. π-C5H5M(CO)3+ (M = Fe or Ru). The relevance of thermal or photochemical model reactions to processes occurring in the mass spectrometer is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 49-61 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Changes in the mass spectra with inlet temperature were used in this work to demonstrate the dependence of keto-enol tautomerism of acetylacetone, 3-methyl acetylacetone and 3-allyl acetylacetone on temperature.The largest dependence of temperature were shown by the ion [M — 42]+. arising from a McLafferty type rearrangement and by the ion [M — Me]+ resulting from simple α-cleavage. The ion [M — 42]+. peak increases with the temperature of the inlet system while the ion [M — Me]+ peak decreases. By assuming that the ion [M — 42]+. represents the keto form and that the ion [M — Me]+ represents the cis-enol form (stabilized by the hydrogen bond) one sees that the direction of the intensity variation of these peaks with temperature is in accord with the expected change of keto-enol tautomerism with temperature. A quantitative correlation on the basis of the above assumptions is also approached.Recording of the mass spectra of these three β-diketones at different energies of the incident electrons enables us to estimate whether or not the particular ions present in the mass spectra result from energetically favourable processes.The variation of the intensities of the peaks with the temperature of the inlet at different electron energies is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 105-119 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: α-Trifluoracetamino carbon ions are important fragments in the mass spectra of N-Trifluoracetyl α-amino acids and their derivatives. They fragment by eliminating neutral molecules. This breakdown is mainly influenced by the structure of their substituents. Several of these ions show some remarkable skeletal rearrangements.
    Notes: α-Trifluoracetaminocarbonium-Ionen treten als charakteristische Bruchstücke in den massenspektren von N-Trifluoracetyl-α-aminosäuren und deren Derivaten auf. Sie zerfallen unter Eliminierung stabiler Neutralmolekeln, wobei in erster LInie die Struktur ihres Substituenten entscheidenden Einfluß ausübt. Im Zuge dieser Fragmentierungen kommt es bei einer Reihe von Ionen zu bemerkenswerten Strukturumlagerungen.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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