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  • 1985-1989  (8,546)
  • 1970-1974  (2,803)
  • 1940-1944  (1,435)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (12,102)
  • Electron microscopy  (734)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neural crest origin of clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 51-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Clear cell sarcoma ; Melanosomes ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Nude mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to clarify the histogenesis of clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses (CCS), two cases of human and one nude mouse-transplanted CCS line were studied using an ultrastructural and enzyme cytochemical approach. Most of the tumour cells obtained from the primary and transplanted CCS demonstrated melanosomes in various stages of development within the cytoplasm, whereas no melanosomes could be identified in the metastatic CCS. However, cholinesterase and tyrosinase activities could be demonstrated not only in the melanotic primary and transplanted CCS but also in the amelanotic metastatic CCS. The results therefore support the hypothesis that CCS is a soft tissue tumour derived from the neural crest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718604
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrastructural study of the hypertrophied human papillary muscle cell with special emphasis on specific staining patterns, mitochondrial projections and association between mitochondria and SR (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 414 (1989), S. 187-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human heart ; Papillary muscle ; Hypertrophy ; Mitochondria ; Specific staining ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biopsy material of the hypertrophied human papillary muscle has been processed according to various electron microscopical techniques in order to study the mitochondrial ultrastructure and the association between mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).En bloc staining with a Cu-Pb citrate solution resulted in specifically contrasted mitochondrial and sarcotubular membranes, characterized by numerous, discrete, electron-dense particles. The differences in staining patterns between the perinuclear mitochondria and their subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar counterparts suggest differences in chemical properties and/or metabolic activities. The selectively contrasted mitochondrial particles may represent a conglomorate of extrinisic and intrinisic respiratory enzymes and other membrane-associated proteins, while the majority of the electron-dense particles of the sarcotubular membrane may represent positively stained Ca2+-pumps. Ultrastructural findings in the present study strongly indicate that the slender mitochondrial projections represent an initial stage in a process leading to the formation of large and pleomorphic mitochondria. Intimate contact between adjacent mitochondria as well as between mitochondria and SR are documented. In the contact regions some of the specifically contrasted particles of the adjacent membranes had fused with each other. It is suggested that these particles represent membrane-bound transport proteins providing a system for interorganelle exchanges of metabolites and/or ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00822022
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Carcinosarcoma ; Urinary bladder ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rhabdomyoblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of urinary bladder carcinosarcoma (UBCS) is reported with light, immunohistochemical and electron microscopical findings. The tumour consisted of a squamous cell carcinoma, variable spindle cell stromal elements compatible with fibrosarcoma, and rhabdomyoblasts. Intermediate filament co-expression of cytokeratin and vimentin was shown by immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy (EM) confirmed the nature of the three components, and indicated some similarities between the three cell-types present. Comparisons with the previous UBCS in the literature are made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718608
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical and morphometric analysis of acinar zymogen granules in human acute pancreatitis (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 115-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human acute pancreatitis ; Zymogen granules ; Acinar cells ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study fine structural changes of acinar zymogen granules were investigated in human acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic tissue was obtained at surgery from 6 patients, prepared for ultrastructural analysis, and stained immunocytochemically for trypsinogen. Stereological parameters of zymogen granules were evaluated. The density of the immunocytochemical labelling for trypsinogen was estimated over zymogen granules, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and the acinar lumina. In acute pancreatitis the number of zymogen granules was diminished and their size reduced. The density of the labelling for trypsinogen was unchanged over zymogen granules but showed a significant reduction over the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and the acinar lumina. In general the integrity of zymogen granules was well preserved. Focally degenerative changes of zymogen granules and large autophagosomes were observed. From the immunogold labelling a disturbance of enzyme synthesis and secretion was suggested. Evidence is given that a disruption of the zymogen granule membranes and a fusion with lysosomal bodies might contribute to the pathogenesis of human acute pancreatitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00784348
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early bronchopulmonary lesions in rat lung after normobaric 100% oxygen exposure and their evolution (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 414 (1989), S. 135-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hyperoxia ; Lung broncho-vascular reaction ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to clarify the early phenomena involved in the lung reaction to hyperoxia, twenty adult male rats were exposed to 100% oxygen at 1 ATA. Morphological pulmonary lesions were detectable after only 24 h hyperoxia, and included vasoconstriction and perivascular oedema, bronchiolar constriction, and pericyte reaction. The lesions were irregularly scattered within the lung parenchyma and occurred preferentially in areas centred on bronchiolo-vascular stems. Even at the latest stages, pulmonary heterogeneity was obvious, from the coexistence of areas damaged at different times. Neuro-epithelial-bodies were found under the bronchiolar epithelium; the morphological aspect of the neuro-endocrine cells observed was consistent with hyperoxia-induced modulation of their secretory activity. Taken together, our findings show the speed of development of hyperoxia-induced pulmonary changes and raise some pathogenic considerations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718593
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural and electron immunohistochemical features of medullary thyroid carcinoma (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 414 (1989), S. 375-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Thyroid neoplasms ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Calcitonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study, both morphological and immunohistochemical, has been carried out on eight thyroglobulin-positive and nine thyroglobulin-negative medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. The morphometric analysis of granule size showed that all tumours contained cells with small granules and cells with medium size granules, whereas eight tumours had additional cells with large granules. The small granules had an electron dense core, while the medium and large sized granules were both pale-cored and dense-cored. The cells with small, medium or large secretory granules were all immunoreactive for calcitonin and CGRP. No ultrastructural differences were observed between thyroglobulin-positive and thyroglobulin-negative cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718620
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liver parenchymal cell parasitism in human visceral leishmaniasis (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Visceral leishmaniasis ; L. donovani ; Parasitism ; Liver pathology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Liver parenchymal cell parasitism with the amastigotes form ofL. donovani was detected by electron microscopy in human visceral leishmaniasis. Endocytosis was considered to be the mechanism by which the leishmania entered the cell. Evidence of well preserved parasites within hepatocytes suggest this parasitism as a possible reservoir for recrudescence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718599
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemically defined non-Hodgkin's lymphoma showing intercellular junctions (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 297-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intercellular junction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A rare example of pleomorphic B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is described in which tumour cells possessed simple intercellular junctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00724918
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collagen secretion granules in reactive stromal myofibroblasts, with preliminary observations on their occurrence in spindle cell tumours (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 415 (1989), S. 437-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Collagen secretion granule ; Myofibroblast ; Spindle cell tumour ; Electron microscopy ; Diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Collagen secretion granules, representing stages in the intracellular packaging, transport and secretion of collagen-fibril precursor, have been studied by transmission electron microscopy in non-neoplastic human myofibroblasts and in neoplastic cells from a preliminary study of tumours exclusively or partly of spindle cell type. Vesicles, newly separated from Golgi saccules and containing finely fibrillar material, were identified as early presecretory granules, the most immature type of granule. Later stages exhibited longitudinally arranged, densely fibrillar bundles. Subsequently, secretory granules developed more homogeneously dense content. Fibril-containing cisternae near the plasma membrane were interpreted as either endocytotic or lysosomal structures, or as participants in the final stages of secretion. The features by which collagen secretion granules can be distinguished from other Golgi products, in particular melanosomes, Weibel-Palade bodies and lysosomes, are pointed out. The significance of these organelles for cell identification and tumour diagnosis is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747745
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salivary gland myoepithelioma variants (1989)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 416 (1989), S. 25-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Salivary gland ; Myoepithelioma ; Neoplasm ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cytoplasmic filaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The histological and ultrastructural features of five major salivary gland tumours, which have little or no evidence of duct- or gland-type differentiation in routine sections, are described. Four of the cases have the tumour cells organized as narrow, anastomosing cords of cells separated by a myxoid and vascularized stroma; we have designated such lesions as reticular-type myoepitheliomas. The fifth case has a solid growth pattern and is largely composed of hyaline cells, that is, a plasmacytoid myoepithelioma. Ultrastructurally, one reticular myoepithelioma reveals myoepithelial cell differentiation with microfilament aggregates, while the other three examples are composed of modified myoepithelial cells displaying widened intercellular spaces, prominent synthesis of extracellular glycosaminoglycans, distinct basal lamina development, and obvious accumulations of cytoplasmic intermediate filaments. In electron micrographs, the modified myoepithelial cells of the plasmacytoid variant closely resemble the tumour cells in the reticular form. Three cases had expression of both glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and vimentin, but only one of the myoepitheliomas contained muscle-specific actin. At least focally, each of the cases exhibited a considerable spectrum of cytokeratin filaments. Using double-labeled immunofluorescent microscopy of one reticular variant and the plasmacytoid myoepithelioma, there was individual tumour cell co-expression of GFAP and vimentin focally in the plasmacytoid myoepithelioma, but co-expression of cytokeratins 13, 16 and GFAP were not noted in either case. As expected, co-expression of high- and low-molecular weight cytokeratin filaments was wide-spread in both myoepitheliomas. Most described myoepitheliomas have a solid growth pattern and are composed of spindle and plasmacytoid cells, but based on cytological features and growth patterns in this series, it is apparent that polygonalshaped cells with novel architecture can occur in myoepitheliomas. The results also indicate the close relationship between pleomorphic adenoma and such variants of myoepithelioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01606467
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A histopathological study on the prognosis of childhood IgA nephropathy and glomerular basement membrane lesions (1989)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 3 (1989), S. 242-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: IgA nephropathy ; Electron microscopy ; Glomerular basement membrane lesions ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Seventy-three patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAGN), under the age of 15 years at the time of the discovery of the disease, were investigated with respect to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) lesions. Irregular attenuation or widening of GBM, especially on the epithelial side, was observed in 28 cases (38%). These two changes are referred to aslysis of GBM and were considered to be the primary and specific changes among the GBM lesions in IgAGN. GBM thickening with layering of lamina densa was found in 37 of 73 cases (51%), but this change has been observed in other types of glomerular diseases. GBM lesions similar to those seen in IgAGN were also observed in Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) and poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN). Lysis of GBM was observed only in IgAGN, HSPN and PSAGN. Subepithelial and intramembranous deposits appeared to have an important role in the development of these GBM lesions. The presence of GBM lesions was correlated with a high incidence of cellular crescents but not with other clinical or light microscopic findings. The presence of these GBM lesions in IgAGN does not have a significant effect on the prognosis, at least in childhood. The affected GBM seemed to recover without leaving any significant residual damage in most cases. In the long-term prognosis of the disease non-immunological factors, such as ageing or hypertension, seem to be important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00858523
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion barrier properties of the perineurium: an in vivo ionic lanthanum tracer study (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Perineurium ; Lanthanum ; Diffusion barriers ; In vivo ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary While the perineurium as a diffusion barrier has been extensively investigated by light and electron microscopy, copy, such studies have been largely restricted to the use of protein tracers. In the present study the permeability of the perineurium to a physiologically more relevant ionic tracer has been assessed. In vivo the rat sural or tibial nerve was either microinjected with lanthanum nitrate solution for endoneurial application or bathed in the lanthanum solution for epineurial application. The findings generally demonstrated an effective barrier to the tracer which failed to penetrate the inner layers of the perineurium. Only at the highest lanthanum concentration and longest time intervals employed did trace quantities occasionally penetrate the barrier and then only in the presence of some cytopathological changes to the outermost perineurial cells. The usefulness of the microinjection method was limited by the slight but unavoidable trauma to the perineurium. The findings are related to those of other studies which have used electron dense tracers, also to studies using physiological including electrophysiological techniques and morphological including freeze-fracture methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315882
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Netherton's syndrome: ultrastructure of the active lesion under retinoid therapy (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 281 (1989), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Netherton's syndrome ; Retinoid therapy ; Etretin ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A young female patient, expressing the symptom triad of Netherton's syndrome, i.e., ichthyosis linearis circumflexa Comèl, trichorrhexis invaginata and other hair shaft defects, and atopic diathesis, has been treated successfully with the new retinoid preparation Etretin. Our electron microscopical study especially focused on the ultrastructural effect on the characteristic, active part of the skin lesions, which is only found within a narrow borderline just preceding the lesion's margin. In untreated skin, this part is characterized by dermal inflammation, immigrating inflammatory cells, and specific keratinization disturbances: synthesis of keratinization proteins is suppressed, serum exudates invade the epidermis, either filling the intercellular spaces of the upper spinous and the granular layer as finely granular, amorphous material, or they are partly phagocytosed and lie within intracellular, round-oval inclusions. The portions of the lesions lying towards the center are unspecific and represent recovery stages, ultrastructurally resembling stages of normal wound repair. Oral therapy with Etretin did not heal the basic defect, but drastically reduced exoserosis and the deposition of intra- and extracellular material. Keratinization seemed to normalize. The condition of the hair was also improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00456387
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Senile plaque-like structures: observation of a probably unknown type of senile plaque by periodic-acid methenamine silver (PAM) electron microscopy (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Senile plaque-like structure ; Periodicacid methenamine silver (PAM) method ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous diffuse senile plaque-like structures (SPLSs) were found in the cerebral cortex from cases with dementia of the Alzheimer type by means of the methenamine-Bodian method. SPLSs varied in shape and size. They were never recognized in the original Bodian, PAS and Congo red preparations, but were positive with anti-β-protein immunostaining and periodic-acid methenamine silver (PAM) methods, which are thought to specifically stain amyloid substance. With PAM electron microscopy, we found sparse aggregations of amorphous, often ramified, structures with fine granular silver deposits in SPLS. Routine electron microscopic examination on the same portion where SPLS were confirmed by PAM electron microscopy revealed amorphous, partially fibrous structures. These structures might be amyloid or amyloid-precursor substance. In SPLSs only a few degenerated neurites and astrocytic processes with glycogen granules were seen. We consider SPLSs to be a kind of senile plaque.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688201
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypomyelination in the neonatal rat central and peripheral nervous systems following tellurium intoxication (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 301-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Schwann cell ; Oligodendrocyte ; Electron microscopy ; Myelin ; Optic nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neonatal rats were exposed to Tellurium (Te), via the mother's milk, from the day of birth until sacrifice at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age. Light and electron microscopy revealed Schwann cell and myelin degeneration in the sciatic nerves at each age studied. These changes were similar to those described in weanling rats as a result of Te intoxication. In the CNS, hypomyelination of the optic nerves was convincingly demonstrated at 14, 21, and 28 days of age, accompanied by some evidence of myelin degeneration. These changes were also seen in the ventral columns of the cervical spinal cords, although less markedly, and were confirmed by quantitative methods. There was little evidence of oligodendrocyte pathology in the CNS, and it appears that degeneration of these cells is not the primary cause of the CNS hypomyelination, in contrast to the PNS where Schwann cell degeneration has been shown to precede the myelin pathology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687760
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The astroblastoma and its possible cytogenic relationship to the tanycyte (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 472-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Astroblastoma ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Organ culture ; Tanycytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two examples of cerebral astroblastoma have been studied by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry, one of them having been maintained in vitro in an organ-culture matrix system for 8 months and the explants studied by light and electron microscopy at different time intervals. The fine structural characteristics were those of a glial cell type with features intermediary between those of astrocytes and ependymocytes. They recapitulated the structure of the tanycyte, a glial precursor cell which is normally found scattered along the ependymal lining of the embryonal and neonatal mammalian brain, but is distinct from epithelial ependymocytes. The possible origin of some astroblastomas from such a cell would account for a number of characteristics in this enigmatic type of glioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687708
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myelin breakdown in the posterior funiculus of the kitten after dorsal rhizotomy (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Wallerian degeneration ; Myelin breakdown ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Marchi staining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological aspects of myelin breakdown in the posterior funiculus during Wallerian degeneration were studied in kittens subjected to lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomies 6–8 days after birth. The first sign of myelin breakdown was characterized by swollen or shrunken nerve fibers. Shortly thereafter there was an increased occurrence of collapsed myelin sheaths and later of rounded myelin bodies. Myelin was clearly seen in microglial cells. Correlative observations on Marchi-stained material indicated the simultaneous and frequent appearance of Marchi-positive bodies (MPB:s) and myelin bodies. Due to the rapidity of the degeneration process in the kitten, the increase in the occurrence of Marchi-positive granules (MPG:s) seemed to start concomitantly with increased occurrence of MPB:s. However, the frequent occurrence of MPG:s outlasted that for MPB:s. The findings indicate that the MPB:s may be the counterpart to myelin bodies and the MPG:s to lipid droplets. Microglial cells may be responsible for the primary uptake of degenerating myelin and the subsequent transformation of myelin bodies to lipid droplets. The much faster breakdown of myelin and elimination of lipid material in the degenerating posteror funiculus of the kitten, as compared to the adult, seemed to be due not only to the lower myelin content in the kitten, but also to a higher density of microglia and a greater efficiency in the myelin breakdown process in the degenerating posterior funiculus of the kitten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315885
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pick bodies in the locus ceruleus (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1989), S. 10-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Locus ceruleus ; Pick bodies ; Lewy bodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In classical Pick's disease with typical Pick bodies, inclusions resembling those present in the cerebral cortex are frequently found in the locus ceruleus. In three such cases Pick bodies were studied by light and electron microscopy and compared with Lewy bodies, inclusions more commonly found in this location. In contrast to the situation in the cerebral cortex, nerve cells with multiple Pick bodies were often found in the locus ceruleus, but in other respects definite light and electron microscopic differences between Pick bodies and Lewy bodies were present. Pick bodies were slightly basophilic and never had a central core or a peripheral halo. They were intensely argyrophilic. Differences in immunocytochemical reactions were especially marked with antibodies to tau and to paired helical filaments. Pick bodies displayed an intense reaction with these two antibodies, contrasting with that of Lewy bodies, which either lacked reactivity or reacted in a peripheral band. By electron microscopy the Pick bodies were composed of random filaments with smooth contour, whereas typical Lewy bodies had fuzzy deposits on filaments that radiated from a central core. Pick bodies in the locus ceruleus therefore maintained their immunocytochemical and electron microscopic characteristics and did not take on the character of Lewy bodies. Such differences point to a different pathogenesis and perhaps etiology of these two types of inclusions and attest to the marked difference clinically and pathologically between Pick's and Parkinson's diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308950
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic and Golgi study in a case of hemimegalencephaly (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 77 (1989), S. 664-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hemimegalencephaly ; Golgi study ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pathological findings in a case of hemimegalencephaly are presented. Hemispherectomy, performed because of intractable seizures, allowed an electron microscopic and Golgi study. Glial abnormalities consisted of hyperplasia of glia cells with giant astrocytes often containing several nuclei and proliferation of numerous Rosenthal fibers. Golgi stain showed many giant neurons with a perikaryon covered by perisomatic processes, and a complex dendritic tree. Glial abnormalities could be correlated with the firmness of the hemisphere and intense hypersignal on magnetic resonance imaging. Giant neurons were associated with an increase in size of the perikaryon and dendritic tree; this pattern suggests a polyploidy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687896
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological studies on cerebral cortical lesions induced by transient ischemia in Mongolian gerbil —Diffuse and peripheral pallor of the neuronal perikarya (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Ischemic neuronal injury ; Long-term recovery ; Mongolian gerbil ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unilateral transient cerebral ischemia was produced in Mongolian gerbils by clipping the left common carotid artery for 1h. About 60% of the gerbils with neurological symptoms had post-ischemic seizures. The majority of those that had seizures died within a few days, and sections of their cerebral cortices contained many dark and shrunken neurons. However, the gerbils that did not have seizures survived without any severe complications. In the cerebral cortex of the latter, the neurons with diffuse or peripheral pallor of the perikarya were seen along with a small number of dark and shrunken neurons. Diffuse pallor occurred within a few hours following ischemia in layers III, V and VI, and disappeared 1 or 2 days after recirculation. Electron microscopically, these neurons showed dispersion of ribosomes, simple and elongated profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (r-ER), clustered vacuoles, and mild to moderate mitochondrial swelling. Occasional net-like tubulomembranous structures, probably derived from r-ER, were observed. On the other hand, peripheral pallor became apparent after 5 days following ischemia, usually involving layer II first and gradually extending to the deeper layers. Concomitantly, the amount of neuropil decreased and the dendrites exhibited tortuosity and irregularity in layer II. Electron microscopically, these neurons showed marked swelling of peripheral perikarya and polyribosomes and organelles were located peripherally to the nuclei. In addition, numerous degenerated axon terminals and distended dendrites were observed around the neurons. These observations indicate that diffuse pallor represents damage directly induced by ischemia and subsequent recirculation, while peripheral pallor is the delayed and remote effect of ischemia, probably due to degeneration of neuronal processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687395
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sporadic motor neuron disease with Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 555-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Sporadic motor neuron disease ; Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions were immunocytochemically and electron microscopically investigated in a patient with sporadic motor neuron disease. The hyaline inclusions were chiefly observed within the perikarya of both normal-looking and chromatolytic anterior horn cells in the lumbar spinal cord, but some were detected in the axons and dendrites. Usually, a single inclusion was found in the perikaryon, but in rare cases two or more were observed. Immunocytochemically, these inclusions were intensely immunostained with anti-ubiquitin anti-body. Ultrastructurally, the hyaline inclusions were chiefly composed of randomly arranged linear structures associated with ribosome-like granules, varying from compactly arranged linear densities to more loosely packed ones. They contained scattered vesicles of various sizes and occasionally a focal accumulation of randomly arranged 10-nm neurofilaments or 13–25-nm filamentous structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00687719
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disseminated human neurocysticercosis (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 78 (1989), S. 594-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neurocysticercosis ; Pathogenesis ; Histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study was based on two cases of disseminated human neurocysticercosis from India. The material availabel was examined grossly, and by light microscopy, histochemistry, immunomorphology and electron microscopy. The results showed that the parasites commonly embolized to the anatomically discernable gray-white matter junction of the brain and were located in cavities, the walls of which were dilated vascular channels. The parasite-nutrition process was through endocytosis and microtrichal activity. To camouflage themselves from the host-defense mechanisms, the parasites apparently covered themselves with host-tissue-like material. Host reactivity to the parasite was heralded morphologically by the physical anchoring of the parasite by activated endothelial cells, loss of the host-tissue-like cover and an acute polymorphonuclear leucocytic response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691286
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melanotic paraganglioma of the orbit: a case report (1989)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 79 (1989), S. 340-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Paraganglioma ; Melanin ; Orbit ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A paraganglioma of the orbit in a 21-year-old woman is presented, containing oculo-cutaneous melanin in many tumor cells, occasionally adjacent to neurosecretory granules, and in macrophages. This tumor expands the list of neuroectodermal tumors with potential melaninization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294673
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptogenesis in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 180 (1989), S. 243-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ; Synapse formation ; Synaptic glomerulus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synapse formation and maturation were examined in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) from birth to adulthood. Examination of animals, whose ages were closely spaced in time, showed that the maturation of the synaptic organization of the nucleus takes place chiefly during the first 3 weeks of postnatal life. This period of maturation may be divided into 3 broad stages. During the first stage, which spans the first 4 days of life, there are only a few immature synapses scattered throughout the nucleus; occasionally aggregates of 3 or 4 synapses are encountered. Dendrodendritic synapses first appear at the end of this stage. The second stage, which lasts from the end of the first stage through day 8, is characterized by intensive synaptogenesis as well as extensive growth and degeneration. For the first time, large boutons resembling retinal terminals form multiple synaptic contacts with dendrites and dendritic protrusions; these synaptic arrangements are partially covered by glial processes. A feature characteristic of the developing dLGN during the first 2 postnatal weeks, and particularly during the second stage, is the presence of membrane specializations that resemble vacant postsynaptic densities. These specializations, which may be unapposed or opposite another neuronal process, decrease in frequency as the number of synapses increases. It is not known whether these densities are converted to synapses or whether they result from loss of presynaptic elements. The third stage in the process of synaptogenesis, which spans a period between days 10 and 20, is characterized by myelination and by the diminution of growth cones, degenerating profiles and vacant postsynaptic densities. There is also a very significant increase in the number and maturation of synapses including synaptic glomeruli. However, it is not until the end of this stage that synapses appear qualitatively indistinguishable from synaptic arrangements identified in adult animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315883
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biologic roles of the innermost cell layer of the outer root sheath in human anagen hair follicle: further electron microscopic study (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 281 (1989), S. 254-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Innermost cell layer ; Tonofilaments ; Huxley's cells ; Henle's cells ; Anagen hair follicles ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To elucidate the biologic roles and further cytologic characteristics of the innermost cell (IMC) layer of the outer root sheath (ORS), human anagen hair follicles were ultrastructurally examined. In the lower follicle, the transeversely running tonofilaments in the inner side of the cytoplasm of the IMCs showed a massive accumulation, facing the keratinized part of a Huxley's cell protruding through a Henle's pore. In a rare instance, a spindle-shaped cell was seen between the IMC layer and the keratinized Henle's layer. At the lower isthmus portion, some of the IMCs containing a large number of tonofilaments showed a partial degeneration of the inner side of the cytoplasm. More distally, intercellular spaces between the keratinized IMCs and keratinized Henle's cells were partly dilated and contained amorphous substances. It is suggested that the IMCs in the lower follicle may play a role to support and cover the inner hair structures, tightly as hoops of a barrel. In the isthmus portion, the IMCs may loosely support and guide the keratinized Henle's cells undergoing degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431059
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinal axons innervate the embryonic chick diencephalon in an in-vivo-like pattern in expiant co-cultures (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 75 (1989), S. 563-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retina ; Diencephalon ; Co-culture ; Synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Explants of chick embryo diencephalon co-cultured with explants of retina display areas of complex neuropil containing large retinal-like endings which establish synaptic contact with conventional and presynaptic dendrites. Transection of fibre bundles linking retinal to diencephalic explants results in the degeneration of endings of this type, suggesting that axons of extrinsic (retinal) origin innervate the diencephalic explants in an in-vivo-like manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249907
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative analysis of the synaptic development of the lobus parolfactorius of the chick (Gallus domesticus) (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 78 (1989), S. 425-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Avian forebrain ; Synapses ; Stereology ; Disector ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lobus parolfactorius (LPO) of the chick has been shown to undergo an increase in the mean synaptic numerical density (Nv syn) in response to one-trial passive avoidance learning (Stewart et al. 1987). The present study was undertaken in order to describe the pattern of normal development of synapses in the LPO, to further investigate the significance of this plastic response. The LPO's from each hemisphere of pre-hatch (16 days), and post-hatch (1 day, 9 day and 22 day old) chicks were processed for electron microscopy. Synapses were classified into asymmetric spine, asymmetric shaft, symmetric spine, and symmetric shaft synapses, on the basis of the density of the post-synaptic thickening and the nature of the post-synaptic target. A 3-dimensional stereological probe was used (the ‘disector’) to calculate Nv syp, and mean projected height (H syp) of the post-synaptic density (PSD). Mean values for each age and hemisphere were compared with a 2-way analysis of variance test using paired samples. A six-fold increase in Nv syp was seen between 16 days in ovo, and 9 days post-hatch. There was a hemispheric asymmetry at 9 days post-hatch, with the left hemisphere LPO containing 1.6 times as many synapses per μm-3. There was a subsequent period of reduction in synaptic density in the left hemisphere LPO between 9 and 22 days post-hatch. The Nv of all classes of synapse increased with age, but the proportions of the symmetrical synapses with respect to the total number of synapses, decreased with age. This decrease was of a similar magnitude for each hemisphere. A hemispheric difference was seen in post-hatch asymmetric synapses, with a greater proportion of asymmetric spine synapses in the left hemisphere. The magnitude of the hemispheric asymmetry was constant throughout the 3 week period of post-hatch development, but was not present in pre-hatch chicks. The PSD increased in length in each hemisphere by approximately 40% between post-hatch day 1 and post-hatch day 9. These data show that the LPO contains a synaptic population which undergoes substantial modification during the first week post-hatch. An asymmetry exists at post-hatch day 9 which is not present at the earlier ages investigated, nor indeed after 22 days post-hatch. This may have significance with regard to studies of passive avoidance learning in the one-day old chick, where an increase in both the size and number of synapses in the LPO has been demonstrated (Stewart et al. 1987). It is possible that ‘training’, in this situation, may simply enhance the timing of synaptic events that result as a consequence of normal development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228916
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rodent and primate adrenal medullary cells in vitro: phenotypic plasticity in response to coculture with C6 glioma cells or NGF (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 76 (1989), S. 38-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nerve growth factor ; C6 glioma cells ; Chromaffin cells histofluorescence ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to maintain a chronic supply of growth factor for medulla cells in vitro, chromaffin cells from rat, African green monkeys and man were co-cultured with C6 glioma cells, which secrete growth factors that sustain sympathetic neurons in vitro. The response of chromaffin cells to coculture was compared to treatment of medullary cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) alone. Dispersed chromaffin cell preparations were obtained by a trypsin-collagenase procedure, and subjected to differential plating on collagen-coated surfaces. With both human and monkey tissue, non-chromaffin cells did attach to the culture plates and an enriched chromaffin cell population could be replated. Rat adrenal medulla cells survived very poorly in vitro and were not enriched in this procedure. Cultured human and monkey chromaffin cells survived as epithelial cells (50%) and showed neuritic outgrowth on 55 to 66% of the cells after eight days when treated with nerve growth factor (NGF). These cells showed strong catecholamine histofluorescence, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) immunoreactivity. In contrast, only ten percent of adult rat chromaffin cells survived in culture, although NGF treatment rescued an additional 20% of the cells and induced neuritic outgrowth after one week in vitro. C6 glioma cells were treated with mitomycin C bromodeoxyuridine to inhibit mitosis and were plated with the various medulla cells in a one to one ratio. Both human and monkey chromaffin cells expressed extensive and enhanced neuritic arborization within eight days of co-culture, (64–82% respectively) and exhibited intimate contact with the glioma cells as seen at the ultrastructural level. Importantly, survival of adult rat adrenal medulla cells was enhanced to 50% or more with 40% of the cells extending neurites when co-cultured with glioma cells for seven days. Chromaffin cells from all three species reacted for TH, DBH and PNMT in co-culture and were histofluorescent. The majority of these cells were also immunoreactive for serotonin and enkephalin, while only 37% of chromaffin cells indicated the presence of NPY. These data indicate that adrenal medulla can be maintained in vitro as the neuronal phenotype when co-cultured with growth factor producing cells and that this strategy may be useful for in vivo transplantation studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253621
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of aggregation substances of Enterococcus faecalis after induction by sex pheromones (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 491-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aggregation substance ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Electron microscopy ; Field emission scanning electron microscopy ; Immunogold labelling technique ; Sex pheromone system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of sex pheromone induced aggregation substance was studied on the cell surface of various Enterococcus faecalis strains. In the accompanying paper we have shown that the aggregation substance appears as a layer of hairlike structures. Using direct and indirect immunogold technique, transmission electron microscopy and high resolution scanning electron microscopy we investigated the appearance and distribution of the aggregation substance. The “hairs” increase in number with increasing exposure to sex pheromones (maximum density: 1300/μm2). We show that these structures are unequally distributed over the cell surface, even if the cells were induced by sex pheromones for a long period of time. Statistical analysis of the unequal distribution indicates that aggregation substance is incorporated into pre-existing “old” cell-walls and that this incorporation shows a saturation ca. 40 min after addition of sex pheromones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454864
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human fetal endometrium -light and electron microscopic study (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 246 (1989), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Human fetal endometrium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human fetal endometrium was examined by light and electron microscopy. Our study shows the following new morphological aspects: (1) Glands are already present. (2) Endometrium undergoes a maturation process during gestation and at late gestational age resembles late proliferative endometrium. (3) The nuclear bodies are present in cell nuclei throughout gestation. (4) Nucleolar channel systems (NCS) sometimes appear at a late gestational age. (5) Cells with the same morphology as that of endocrine cells are found in the basal layers of endometrium at a late gestational age. The significance of these morphological aspects is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00934078
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synovial lining cells (1989)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 9 (1989), S. 49-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Synovium ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells making up the lining of the synovium have long been known as type A and B synoviocytes, with an intermediate form sometimes also described. Accumulating evidence shows that the type A cells are macrophages and the type B cells are fibroblasts. Recently, a definite orientation of these cells within the synovial lining has been observed. The number of synovial lining cells increases in joint disease, and this now seems more likely to be due to cellular recruitment rather than local proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00270244
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with pilovacuolar inclusion or phenocopy with mitochondrial artefact? (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 236 (1989), S. 361-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy ; MELAS ; Mitochondrial inclusion ; Pilovacuolar inclusion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The case of a 33-year-old man with clinical features of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy is presented. He suffered from recurrent cerebral infarctions, cerebellar ataxia, deafness, retinopathy, weakness, and cardiac and renal disorders. Biochemical and light microscope investigations of skeletal muscle did not show any mitochondrial abnormality. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of a hitherto unreported peculiar “pilovacuolar” inclusion in numerous mitochondria, composed of an electron dense pile or rod within a vacuole, while globular or crystalline inclusions were absent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314383
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An experimental study of mucociliary pathology of the eustachian tube in otitis media with effusion induced by irradiation (1989)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 246 (1989), S. 428-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Otitis media with effusion ; Mucociliary system ; Eustachian tube ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have examined the function and fine structure of the mucociliary system of the eustachian tube in an experimental study of otitis media with effusion induced by X-ray irradiation. Functional examination demonstrated that the ciliary activity was diminished in such a condition, while morphological observations showed pathological findings including compound cilia, vacuolation of ciliated cells and expansion of intercellular space. These findings show that irradiation-induced otitis media with effusion results in impairment of the mucociliary system. As evidenced by these studies, the mucociliary system in the eustachian tube has an important role in the clearance of fluid produced in the tympanic cavity as well as affording improvement in this disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00464303
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120201
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actomyosin organization during cytokinesis: Reversible translocation and differential redistribution in Dictyostelium (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 78-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; actin and myosin ; agar-overlay method ; immunofluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Synchronized cultures of Dictyostelium discoideum were used to study organizational changes of the cytoskeleton during mitotic cell division. The agar-overlay technique (Yumura et al.: J. Cell Biol. 99:894-899, 1984) was employed for immunofluorescence localization and video microscopic observation of living mitotic cells. The mitotic phase was defined by changes in chromosome configuration by using a double stain with the fluorescent dye DAPI.This study showed that the actin- and myosin-containing cytoskeleton was reversibly redistributed between the cortical ectoplasm and the endoplasm during prophase and telophase. Both actin and myosin filaments were dissociated from the cell cortex in prophase. Most of the actin and myosin was filamentous and remained in the endoplasm until telophase. Saltatory movements of organelles stopped suddenly, coincident with the breakdown of the cytoplasmic microtubule network. This change in the microtubule system was temporally coupled with the disappearance of actomyosin from the cortex. At the same time, the local vibrating movement of particles almost stopped, suggesting that the viscoelastic nature of the endoplasm was altered. In the late anaphase, actin and myosin relocalized to the cortical ectoplasm. Early in this phase, myosin filaments were localized specifically at the anticipated cleavage furrow region of the cleavage furrow, whereas actin filaments were redistributed more uniformly in the cell cortex, with an extremely large accumulation in the polar pseudopods. Subsequently the actin formed an orderly parallel array of cables along with myosin filaments in the contractile ring.The spatial segregation of actin and myosin in late anaphase was clearly demonstrated by multipolar cell division of artificially induced giant cells. Actin was relocalized in both the polar and the proximal constricting regions whereas myosin was only localized in the center of each pair of daughter microtubule networks where the cleavage furrow was formed. This study demonstrates that actin and myosin are reorganized by a temporally coordinated but spatially different mechanism during cytokinesis of Dictyostelium.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120203
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    225-Kilodalton phosphoprotein associated with mitotic centrosomes in sea urchin eggs (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 90-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; spindles ; microtubule-organizing centers ; antiphosphoprotein antibodies ; phosphorylation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Protein phosphorylation during development of sea urchin eggs from fertilization to first cleavage was examined by labeling cells with specific antiphosphoprotein antibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence staining with monoclonal antithiophos-phoprotein antibody (Gerhart et al.: Cytobios 43:335-347, 1985) has revealed that nuclei as well as centrosomes, kinetochores, and midbodies were specifically thiophosphorylated in developing eggs incubated with adenosine 5′-O (3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP-γ-S). The phosphorylation reaction required Mg2+ but was not dependent on cAMP or calmodulin in detergent-extracted models. Centrosomes were purified by fractionation of isolated mitotic spindles with 0.5 M KCl extraction. The thiophosphoproteins were retained in the purified centrosomes and the antibody recognized a major 225-Kd polypeptide on immunoblots. In an independent preparation, a monoclonal antiphosphoprotein antibody (CHO3) was found also to react with mitotic poles and stained a 225-Kd polypeptide, confirming the centrosome specificity of this protein. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the 225-Kd thiophosphoprotein was found at mitotic poles associated with granules to which mitotic microtubules were directly attached. Unlike centrosomes in permeabilized eggs, those in isolated spindles could not be thiophosphorylated, possibly due to inactivation or loss of either phosphorylation enzymes or cofactors, or both, during isolation. The immunofluorescence labeling of thiophosphate could be inhibited by ATP and AMP-PNP in a concentration-dependent manner. Exogenous ATP could abolish thiophosphate-staining more effectively when added with phosphatase inhibitors, suggesting a dynamic state in which centrosomal proteins are being phosphorylated and dephosphorylated in rapid succession by the action of protein kinase(s) and phosphatase(s).
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120204
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid kinetochore movements in Mesostoma ehrenbergii spermatocytes: Action of antagonistic chromosome fibres (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 212-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: meiosis ; live observation ; oscillatory movements ; microtubule assembly-disassembly ; spindle forces ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Chromosome movements in Mesostoma ehrenbergii spermatocytes were studied using conventional video light microscopy. Kinetochore regions of the three bipolarly oriented bivalents displayed periodic back and forth movements directed to both poles at metaphase I, leading to periodic lenght changes of the bivalents. Velocity was 8-10 μm/min (maximum 17 μ/min), about one order of magnitude higher than the normal meiotic or mitotic chromosome movements of other species. One cycle of movement lasted for about 100 seconds. The movement of kinetochore regions implies that the antagonistic chromosome fibres periodically grow (assemble) and shorten (disassemble) at comparable rates. Poleward movements must be caused by forces generated in disassembling fibres, whereas movements away from the poles, accompanied by fibre growth, are probably brought about by the internal elastic force of the chromosomes. Antagonistic fibres of a bivalent can operate in or out of phase. The movements of the three kinetochore regions are coordinated insofar as growing and shortening fibres coexist in a half-spindle at almost any time [Fuge, H. (1987): European Journal of Cell Biology 44:294-298]. These observations are discussed in terms of microtubule dynamics.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130308
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2-Chloro adenosine triphosphate as substrate for sea urchin axonemal movement (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: sperm ; nucleotide analog ; kinetics ; Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus ; reactivation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The 2-substituted ATP analog 2-Chloro ATP was tested for its capacity to support axonemal movement. The movement of sea urchin axonemes reactivated with 2-CI ATP appeared very similar to that with ATP. Detailed waveform analysis indicated that bend angle and shear amplitude were not significantly different for ATP and 2-CI ATP. Although wavelength differs at particular nucleotide concentrations, if normalized to the beat frequency, it is similar for ATP and 2-CI ATP. The main difference in the movement with the two analogs was seen in beat frequency and sliding velocity. The Vmax for beat frequency and mean sliding velocity was lower for 2-CI ATP. The apparent Km for beat frequency and sliding velocity was much lower for 2-CI ATP. The ratio of these two effects, that is, (Vmax/Km) is higher for 2-CI ATP. Thus 2-CI ATP is a good substrate for axonemal movement. The significantly lower Km of 2-CI ATP was also demonstrated by its ability to support oscillatory motion at concentrations below that for ATP. The observations identify the structures and conformation of substrate necessary to support axonemal movement.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130403
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    A model for slow axonal transport and its application to neurofilamentous neuropathies (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 53-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: reversible binding ; computer simulation ; transport rates ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A model for slow axonal transport is developed in which the essential features are reversible binding of cytoskeletal elements and of soluble cytosolic proteins to each other and to motile elements such as actin microfilaments. Computer simulation of the equations of the model demonstrate that the model can account for many of the features of the SCa and SCb waves observed in pulse experiments. The model also provides a unified explanation for the increase and decrease of neurofilament transport rates observed in various toxicant-induced neuropathies.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120107
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    Calmodulin is associated with microtubules forming in PTK1 cells upon release from nocodazole treatment (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; spindle ; kinetochore ; centrosome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: To investigate the association of calmodulin (CaM) with microtubules (MTs) in the mitotic apparatus (MA), the distributions of CaM and tubulin were examined in cells in which the normal spindle organization had been altered. A fluorescent CaM conjugate with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (CaM-TRITC) and a dichlorotriazinyl aminofluorescein conjugate with tubulin (tubulin-DTAF) were injected into cells that had been treated with the MT inhibitor nocodazole. With moderate nocodazole concentration (0.3 μg/ml, 37°C, 4 h) in live cells, CaM-TRITC and tubulin-DTAF concentrated identically on or near the centrosomes and kinetochores. In serial sections of these cells, small MT segments were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the regions where fluorescent protein had concentrated. When a higher drug concentration was used (3.0 μg/ml, 37°C, 4 h), no regions of CaM-TRITC or tubulin-DTAF localization were observed, and no MTs were observed when serial sections were examined by TEM. However, following release from the high-concentration nocodazole block, CaM-TRITC colocalized with newly formed MTs at the kinetochores and centrosomes. Later in the recovery period, when chromosome-to-pole fibers had formed, CaM association with kinetochores diminished, ultimately attaining its normal pole-proximal association with kinetochore MTs in cells that progressed through mitosis. We interpret these observations as supporting the hypothesis that in the MA, CaM attains a physical association with kinetochore MTs and suggest that CaM-associated MTs may be inherently more stable.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120206
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    Cellular morphogenesis and the formation of marginal bands in amphibian splenic erythroblasts (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 157-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axolotl ; cell differentiation ; cell shape ; cytoskeleton ; nucleated erythrocyte ; microtubule ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spleen of Ambystoma mexicanum (axolotl) larvae develops as a closed sac containing differentiating nucleated erythrocytes, and is typically isolated from the general circulation for about 10 days post-hatching. Beginning 3-4 days posthatching, it can be removed intact for examination of the morphology and cytoskeletal structure of the erythropoietic cells. In the smallest (earliest) spleens, spheroidal cells predominate, while older ones contain a preponderance of cells exhibiting the flattened elliptical morphology typical of all non-mammalian vertebrate erythrocytes. Most striking in the splenic erythroid population are cells with singly or doubly pointed morphology. Though common in the developing spleen and circulation of young larvae, pointed cells are less frequently encountered in the circulation of older larvae, indicating that they are intermediate stages in the differentiation of spheroids to flattened ellipsoids. This is supported by structural observations on cytoskeletons prepared from the splenic cells. Incomplete singly and doubly pointed marginal bands of microtubules are observed, many of which contain a pair of centrioles within or close to a pointed end, suggestive of organizing center function. The observations are consistent with a sequence of changes in cell morphology from spherical to doubly pointed to singly pointed to flattened ellipse, causally linked to stages of marginal band biogenesis.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120305
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    Myofibril assembly is linked with vinculin, α-actinin, and cell-substrate contacts in embryonic cardiac myocytes in vitro (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: myofibril assembly ; focal contacts ; vinculin ; α-actinin ; connectin ; immunocytochemistry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationship of nascent myofibrils with the accumulation of adhesion plaque proteins and the formation of focal cell contacts was studied in embryonic chick cardiac myocytes in vitro. The cultures were double-stained with various combinations of the specific antiactin drug phalloidin and antibodies against vinculin, α-actinin, connectin (titin), myosin heavy chain, fibronectin, and desmin and examined under fluorescence and interference reflection microscopy.In the areas of myofibril assembly, vinculin and α-actinin plaques were formed at the ventral sarcolemmae. These areas overlapped with the sites of cell-to-substrate focal contacts and extracellular fibronectin. Because the myofibrils always ran in a straight line between these sites, polarized lines appeared to be generated within the cells in response to their physical (e.g., stress) and/or biochemical environment (e.g., adhesion plaque proteins). The possible presence of other factors cannot be ruled out for the proper alignment of myofibrils. As soon as myofibrils came to span between these adhesion sites, they exhibited typically mature cross-striated characteristics. Thus, the formation of these inferred lines has some relation to or is in fact necessary for the maturation of myofibrils, in addition to the directional arrangement of sarcomeric proteins.Additionally, synthesis and distribution of myosin and connectin were tightly linked during early developmental (premyofibril and myofibril) stages. The spatial deployment of desmin was not coupled with vinculin. Thus, connectin and desmin do not appear to form the initial scaffold of sarcomeres.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Erratum (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 283-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120409
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  • 44
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    Differential localisation of tyrosinated, detyrosinated, and acetylated α-tubulins in neurites and growth cones of dorsal root ganglion neurons (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 273-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; microtubules ; axons ; sensory neurons ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The comparative distribution of tyrosinated, detyrosinated, and acetylated α-tubulins was examined in neurites of rat dorsal root ganglion neurones in culture using immunofluorescence microscopy. Phase contrast observations of single neurones revealed that the neurites were actively motile, and rhodamine phalloidin staining of actin filaments showed the extent of lamellopodia and microspike projections from the growth cones. From double-labelling experiments using antibodies against tyrosinated, detryrosinated, or acetylated α-tubulin, it was found that the three different isoforms were differentially localised in neurites and growth cones. Detyrosinated and acetylated forms of α-tubulin were in the main restricted to the neurites extending no further than the base of the growth cones. Tyrosinated α-tubulin was, however, distributed throughout the body of the growth cone and into the base of some microspikes. Following treatment with taxol to promote microtubule assembly, detyrosinated and acetylated α-tubulins were found to be colocalised with tyrosinated α-tubulins throughout the growth cones of all cells examined. These results would be consistent with axonal transport of tyrosinated α-tubulin followed by assembly in the growth cone and subsequent detyrosination and acetylation. In addition the presence of unmodified α-tubulin in the growth cone may be necessary for the provision of labile microtubules for growth cone motility and extension.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120408
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  • 45
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    Chemoattractant-elicited translocation of myosin in motile Dictyostelium (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 158-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: chemotaxis ; cAMP ; cytoskeleton ; ameba ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of myosin was studied in amebae of the Ax-3 and NC-4 strains of Dictyostelium migrating at room temperature, using indirect immunofluorescence of aggregation-competent amebae and the agar-overlay technique. Amebae were fixed in methanol-formaldehyde or absolute acetone at -15°C before or after stimulation with micromolar cyclic AMP at room temperature (20-25°C). Myosin was detected by monoclonal antibodies to Dictyostelium myosin heavy chain followed by a fluorescent secondary antibody that had been preabsorbed to remove nonspecific staining. In both strains there was a striking increase in intensity of anti-myosin immunofluorescence in the cortex where it appeared as a continuous ring 30 seconds after addition of cyclic AMP. This correlated with a rounding up of the cell body. Sixty seconds after stimulation there was a clear reduction of cytoplasmic myosin rods in conjunction with the increased cortical localization. At this time extensions of largely hyaline cytoplasm were observed that extended beyond the cortical shell of myosin. Two minutes after the stimulus the immunofluorescence remained as a distinct line at the cortex, but the cells began to resume in elongated shape. By 3 minutes (NC-4 strain) or 5 minutes (Ax-3 strain) the amebae had largely returned to the control shape, and myosin had returned to its control distribution. Counts of the treated cells at different time points substantiated the observations of individual cells. The time course of translocation of myosin in the Ax-3 strain parallels the time course of myosin phosphorylation reported in previous studies. The results are interpreted in terms of a working hypothesis for the mechanism of translocation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130304
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  • 46
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    Immunolocalization of pericentriolar material in algal mitotic spindles (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrosome ; DAPI ; immunofluorescence ; immunoperoxidase ; microtubules ; mitosis ; scleroderma serum ; tubulin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Double-label immunofluorescence of tubulin and preicentriolar material (PCM) was carried out with mitotic nuclei in the coenocytic green alga Ernodesmis. Spindle poles are heavily labeled with serum 5051 (anti-PCM) from midprophase through mid- to late anaphase, and bright fluorescence is also evident at the tips of the elongated interzonal spindle in telophase nuclei. Very faint labeling with anti-PCM is also detected throughout the spindle (and/or its matrix) at all mitotic stages. Control treatments demonstrated that nonspecific surface labeling of chloroplasts with anti-PCM may be due to some naturally occurring component of human sera rather than to specific labeling by the anti-PCM serum. Ultrastructural work indicates that the centrosome is always associated with spindle poles through anaphase, but not with the tips of the interzonal telophase Immunoper-oxidase electron microscopy verifies that anti-PCM labels the centrosomes of mitotic nuclei in these cells. However, labeling is also present inside the presistent nuclear envelope at the spindle poles, during metaphase, anaphase, and at the tips of the interzonal spindles. Regions of heaviest labeling correspond with amorphous material near the centrioles and at the spindle poles, as evident in conventional electron microscope preparations. The origin of intranuclear amorphous material that labels with anti-PCM is unclear, but the ends of many spindle microtubules are embedded in it, especially at anaphase, and the tips of microtubules near the amorphous material are often labeled with the antiserum. These results indicate for the first time that serum 5051 does indeed label PCM at the poles of centric spindles in plant cells. Although the location of the labeled material suggests it is associated with the nucleation of spindle microtubules, this conclusion requires more information about microtubule dynamics in these cells. Caution is also warranted in interpreting variant anti-PCM labeling patterns in other plant cells because of spurious labeling of the spindle itself and other cytoplasmic organelles.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    Biological roles of actin-binding proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum examined using genetic techniques (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140114
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    Application of antisense RNA to the study of the cytoskeleton: Background, principles, and a summary of results obtained with myosin heavy chain (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 92-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140118
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    Human molecular genetics and the elucidation of the primary biochemical defect in duchenne muscular dystrophy (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140127
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  • 50
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140201
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    Editorial (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 177-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140202
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    Membrane-bound myosin-l provides new mechanisms in cell motility (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 178-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140203
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    Structure of the myosin head (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 183-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140204
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  • 54
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    Altering the vector of polarity of BHK syncytia changes their motile behavior (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrosphere ; locomotion ; MTOC ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have previously shown that BHK syncytia have the ability to locomote provided the centrospheres are clustered and located adjacent to the cluster of nuclei. This article reports that experimental reorganizations of the centrospheres or the nuclei change the motile behavior of BHK syncytia in a way that is consistent with our previous observations: When fusion of the multiple nuclei occurred in stationary syncytia whose multiple nuclei encircled the centrosphere cluster, the centrospheres were expelled from the ring of nuclei. Consequently, locomotion was initiated in these syncytia even if they had been previously stationary for up to 5 days. Conversely, when a 2-hour incubation in 5 μg/ml cytocholasin B caused the cluster of nuclei to surround the centrosphere cluster, the locomotion of the syncytia was inhibited. Similarly, the dispersal of the centrosphere cluster induced by a 4-hour incubation in 1 μg/ml of colcemid resulted in the long-term cessation of locomotion in motile syncytia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140205
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  • 55
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    Analysis of cell division using fluorescently labeled actin and myosin in living PtK2 cells (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 201-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytokinesis ; microinjection ; cleavage furrow ; mitosis ; midbody ; stress fibers ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Actin and the light chains of myosin were labeled with fluorescent dyes and injected into interphase PtK2 cells in order to study the changes in distribution of actin and myosin that occurred when the injected cells subsequently entered mitosis and divided. The first changes occurred when stress fibers in prophase cells began to disassemble. During this process, which began in the center of the cell, individual fibers shortened, and in a few fibers, adjacent bands of fluorescent myosin could be seen to move closer together. In most cells, stress fiber disassembly was complete by metaphase, resulting in a diffuse distribution of the fluorescent proteins throughout the cytoplasm with the greatest concentration present in the mitotic spindle. The first evidence of actin and myosin concentration in a cleavage ring occurred at late anaphase, just before furrowing could be detected. Initially, the intensity of fluorescence and the width of the fluorescent ring increased as the ring constricted. In cells with asymmetrically positioned mitotic spindles, both protein concentration and furrowing were first evident in the cortical regions closest to the equator of the mitotic spindle. As cytokinesis progressed in such asymmetrically dividing cells, fluorescent actin and myosin appeared at the opposite side of the cell just before furrowing activity could be seen there. At the end of cytokinesis, myosin and actin were concentrated beneath the membrane of the midbody and subsequently became organized in two rings at either end of the midbody.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140207
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    Distribution of phosphorylated spindle-associated proteins in the diatom Stephanopyxis turris (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: phosphorylation ; MPM-2 ; mitotic spindle ; microtubule-associated protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mitotic spindles isolated from the diatom Stephanopyxis turris become thiophosphorylated in the presence of ATPγS at specific locations within the mitotic apparatus, resulting in a stimulation of ATP-dependent spindle elongation in vitro. Here, using indirect immunofluorescence, we compare the staining pattern of an antibody against thiophosphorylated proteins to that of MPM-2, an antibody against mitosis-specific phosphoproteins, in isolated spindles. Both antibodies label spindle poles, kinetochores, and the midzone. Neither antibody exhibits reduced labeling in salt-extracted spindles, although prior salt extraction inhibits thiophosphorylation in ATPγS. Furthermore, both antibodies recognize a 205 kd band on immunoblots of spindle extracts. Microtubule-organizing centers and mitotic spindles label brightly with the MPM-2 antibody in intact cells. These results show that functional mitotic spindles isolated from S. turris are phosphorylated both in vivo and in vitro. We discuss the possible role of phosphorylated cytoskeletal proteins in the control of mitotic spindle function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120105
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  • 57
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    Announcements (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 66-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120108
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    Binding of kinesin to stress fibers in fibroblasts under condition of microtubule depolymerization (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubule ; colchicine ; cold-treatment ; kinesin localization ; EBTr cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The localization of kinesin in EBTr (bovine embryonic trachea fibroblast) cells was studied by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using an affinity-purified antibody against bovine adrenal kinesin.It has already been shown that in interphase cells a part of kinesin is located on microtubules and the rest diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm [Murofushi et al., 1988]. When microtubules were depolymerized with cold or colchicine treatment, antikinesin antibody-stained fibrous components distinct from microtubules. These fibrous structures were considered to be stress fibers because they were stained with rhodamine-phalloidin and because the fibrous staining with antikinesin antibody was completely lost by treating the cells with cytochalasin D along with colchicine. When cold-treated cells in which a major part of kinesin had been localized on stress fibers were incubated at 37°C, kinesin reappeared on reconstituted microtubules. These observations strongly suggest that kinesin has affinity not only to microtubules but also to stress fibers in culture cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120202
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  • 59
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    Announcement (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 123-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120207
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  • 60
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    Immunocytochemical studies of spectrin in hamster cardiac tissue (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: spectrin ; hamster ; cardiac tissue ; cytoskeletal-membrane ; myofibrils ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spectrins are a family of cytoskeletal-membrane proteins that have a wide tissue distribution. In the present study, we employed polyclonal antibodies made against mammalian and avian erythroid spectrins as well as mammalian brain spectrin to assess their presence and distributions in the mammalian heart. Western blot analyses revealed that all three antibodies were specific for a 240,000 molecular weight α-spectrin subunit found in hamster erythrocyte ghost homogenates, whole hamster heart, and isolated hamster cardiac myofibril homogenates. Spectrin staining was absent from the Triton X-100-extracted supernatant fraction of myofibril preparations, suggesting that the protein is linked to the myofibril precipitate after exposure to the detergent. Frozen, unfixed, 2-μm-thick; sections of adult, Syrian golden hamster cardiac tissue exhibited strong immunofluorescent staining of intercalated discs and Z-bands using all three antibodies. In addition, the mammalian erythroid spectrin antibodies showed staining of the sarcolemma, and in cross section, revealed a delicate internal network of staining that appears to surround individual myofibrils. This may be T-tubule-associated staining. Myofibrils isolated from cardiac myocytes using Triton X-100 show positive Z-band staining using all three antibodies. Double staining with Texas Red-labeled monoclonal desmin and FITC-labeled polyclonal spectrin antibodies revealed that both stained the myofibrillar Z-line regions. These results demonstrate that spectrin is closely associated with the membranes, myofibrils, and intermediate filaments in the mammalian heart.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120303
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    Direct visualization of bipolar myosin filaments in stress fibers of cultured fibroblasts (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 150-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: stress fibers ; fibroblasts ; myosin ; bipolar filaments ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The authors examined the molecular organization of myosin in stress fibers (microfilament bundles) of cultured mouse embryo fibroblasts. To visualize the organization of myosin filaments in these cells, fibroblast cytoskeletons were treated with gelsolin-like protein from bovine brain (hereafter called brain gelsolin), which selectively disrupts actin filaments. As shown earlier [Verkhovsky et al., 1987], this treatment did not remove myosin from the stress fibers. The actin-free cytoskeletons then were lightly sonicated to loosen the packing of the remaining stress fiber components and fixed with glutaraldehyde.Electron microscopy of platinum replicas of these preparations revealed dumbbell-shaped structures of approximately 0.28 μm in length, which were identified as bipolar myosin filaments by using antibodies to fragments of myosin molecule (subfragment I and light meromyosin) and colloidal gold label. Bipolar filaments of myosin in actin-free cytoskeletons were often organized in chains and lattices formed by end-to-end contacts of individual filaments at their head-containing regions. Therefore, after extraction of actin, it was possible for the first time to display bipolar myosin filaments in the stress fibers of cultured cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120304
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120401
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    Copurification of kinesin polypeptides with microtubule-stimulated Mg-ATPase activity and kinetic analysis of enzymatic properties (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 195-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mechanochemistry ; fast axonal transport ; cytoskeleton ; vesicle ; motor protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Determination of kinetic properties for kinesin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), a proposed motor for transport of membranous organelles, requires adequate amounts of kinesin with a consistent level of enzymatic activity. A purification procedure is detailed that produces approximately 2 mg of kinesin at up to 96% purity from 800 g of bovine brain. This protocol consists of a microtubule affinity step using 5′-adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP); followed by gel filtration, ion exchange, and hydroxylapatite chromatography; and then sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The microtubule-activated ATPase activity of kinesin coeluted with kinesin polypeptides throughout the purification. Highly purified kinesin had a Vmax of 0.31 μmol/min/mg in the presence of microtubules, with a Km for ATP of 0.20 mM. The kinetic constants obtained in these studies compare favorably with physiological levels of ATP and microtubules. Variations in buffer conditions for the assay were found to affect ATPase activity significantly. A study of the ability of kinesin to utilize a variety of cation-ATP complexes indicated that kinesin is a microtubule-stimulated Mg-ATPase, but kinesin is able to hydrolyze Ca-ATP, Mn-ATP, and Co-ATP as well as Mg-ATP in the presence of microtubules. In the absence of microtubules, Ca-ATP appears to be the best substrate. Studies with several inhibitors of ATPases determined that vanadate inhibited kinesin ATPase at the lowest concentrations of inhibitor, but significant inhibition of the ATPase also occurred with submillimolar concentrations of AMP-PNP. Other inhibitors of kinesin include N-ethylmaleimide, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), pyrophosphate, and tripolyphosphate. Further characterization of the kinetic properties of the kinesin ATPase is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms for transport of membranous organelles along microtubules.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120403
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    Changes in the association of actin-binding proteins with the actin cytoskeleton during chemotactic stimulation of Dictyostelium discoideum (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: ABP-120 ; myosin ; actin polymerization ; amoeboid chemotaxis ; cAMP ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Triton-insoluble cytoskeletons were isolated from Dictyostelium discoideum AX3 cells prior to and following stimulation with 2′deoxy cyclic adenosine monophos-phate (cAMP). Temporal changes in the content of actin and a 120,000 dalton actin-binding protein (ABP-120) in cytoskeletons following stimulation were monitored. Both actin and ABP-120 were incorporated into the cytoskeleton at 30-40 seconds following stimulation, which is cotemporal with the onset of pseudopod extension during stimulation of amoebae with chemoattraciants. Changes in the content of total cytoskeletal protein and cytoskeletal myosin were determined under the same experimental conditions as controls. These proteins exhibited different kinetics from those of cytoskeletal ABP-120 and actin following the addition of 2′deoxy cAMP. The authors concluded that the association of ABP-120 with the cytoskeleton is regulated during cAMP signalling. Furthermore, these results indicate that ABP-120 is involved in cross-linking newly assembled actin filaments into the cytoskeleton during chemoattractant-stimulated pseudopod extension.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130107
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    Cytoskeletal features of the syncytial epidermis of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 41-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; ultrastructure ; tegument ; syncytium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A hallmark feature of parasitic platyhelminths is a cytoarchitecturally unusual syncytial epidermis composed of a peripheral layer of continuous cytoplasm (the ectocytoplasm) connected to underlying nucleated cell bodies by small cytoplasmic bridges. The helminth epidermis, or tegument, plays important roles in protection and nutrient acquisition; cestodes, in fact, completely lack a gastrointestinal tract and absorb all nutritive material through the tegument. Perhaps not surprisingly, the cestode tegument bears certain resemblances to the mucosal epithelium of the vertebrate small intestine, including the possession of a microvillous brush border upon the surface of the ectocytoplasm. In contrast to the intestinal epithelial cell, however, very little is known concerning the nature and organization of the cytoskeleton within the helminth epidermis. Therefore, a number of different microscopical preparative techniques were used to examine the tegument of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta for the presence and distribution of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. It was found that both actin-containing microfilaments and intermediate-sized filaments are present but are restricted to specific locations along the plasmalemmae of the ectocytoplasm. In contrast, microtubules are found throughout the tegument, and are concentrated in the supranuclear regions of the perikarya and in the cytoplasmic bridges interconnecting the perikarya and ectocytoplasm. Unlike brush borders of most other epithelia, the cestode epidermal brush border lacks a filamentous terminal web and is instead associated with microtubules. A network of fine filaments, 5-8 nm in diameter but distinct from actin-containing microfilaments, runs throughout the ectocytoplasm and appears to interlink tegumental vesicles. These fine filaments may represent the primary “skeletal” system responsible for maintaining the structure of the tegumental cytoplasm.
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130106
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    Use of a novel Chlamydomonas mutant to demonstrate that flagellar glycoprotein movements are necessary for the expression of gliding motility (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagella ; membrane ; glycoproteins ; concanavalin A ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As an alternative to swimming through liquid medium by the coordinated bending activity of its two flagella, Chlamydomonas can exhibit whole cell gliding motility through the interaction of its flagellar surfaces with a solid substrate. The force transduction occurring at the flagellar surface can be visualized as the saltatory movements of polystyrene microspheres. Collectively, gliding motility and polystyrene microsphere movements are referred to as flagellar surface motility. The principal concanavalin A binding, surface-exposed glycoproteins of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellar surface are a pair of glycoproteins migrating with apparent molecular weight of 350 kDa. It has been hypothesized that these glycoproteins move within the plane of the flagellar membrane during the expression of flagellar surface motility. A novel mutant cell line of Chlamydomonas (designated L-23) that exhibits increased binding of concanavalin A to the flagellar surface has been utilized in order to restrict the mobility of the concanavalin A-binding flagellar glycoproteins. Under all conditions where the lateral mobility of the flagellar concanavalin A binding glycoproteins is restricted, the cells are unable to express whole cell gliding motility or polystyrene microsphere movements. Conversely, whenever cells can redistribute their concanavalin A binding glycoproteins in the plane of the flagellar membrane, they express flagellar surface motility. Since the 350 kDa glycoproteins are the major surface-exposed flagellar proteins, it is likely that most of the signal being followed using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-concanavalin A is attributable to these high molecular weight glycoproteins. Therefore, it is likely that the 350 kDa glycoproteins are the ones that must move laterally in the plane of the flagellar membrane in order for the cell to express whole cell gliding motility and microsphere movements along the flagellar surface. This study represents one of the first demonstrations, in any cell type, that whole cell locomotion requires glycoprotein movement within the plane of the plasma membrane.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130102
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    Immunocytochemical studies with antibodies to three proteins prominent in the isolated microtubule cytoskeleton of a trypanosomatid (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 145-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubule ; membrane ; sytoskeleton ; Trypanosomatidae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoskeleton of Crithidia fasciculata consists of a corset of paralle microtubules enclosing the cell body and closely underlying the plasma membrane. Distinct sets of crosslinks appear to connect tubules to each other and to membrane. Our objective is to determine the composition of these crosslinks and to elucidate the basis of this spectacular example of membrane-microtubule interaction. We purified three proteins (designated COP-33, -41, and -61 by their subunit Mr), which were consistently abundant in highly purified cytoskeletons. All three bound strongly to microtubules in vitro, and the first two induced bundles through periodic crosslinking. Polyclonal antibodies against each have been used to try to localize these proteins in thin sections of cells or whole mounts of cytoskeletons. Antibodies to COP-41 bound sepcifically to glycosomes, organelles that encapsulate many glycolytic enzymes in these protozoa, and COP-41 has been identified as glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130303
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    Specialized cytoskeletal elements in mammalian eggs: Structural and biochemical evidence for their composition (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 104-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: embryo ; hamster ; detergent extraction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mammalian eggs and embryos contain an extensive detergent-resistant cytoskeletal network, including many elements which have been referred to as sheets in hamster eggs. In this study we examined the structure of the sheet-like components by using embedment-free sections and freeze-fracture electron microscopy and found that the sheets are composed of both filamentous and particulate components. In addition, exposure to a high salt extraction medium resulted in the disappearance of the sheets at the ultrastructural level. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cell fractions revealed four stainable proteins solubilized by the high salt extraction with one of the proteins being greatly enriched. Because these cytoskeletal sheets undergo an extensive reorganization coincident with key events during early development they serve as internal markers for the establishment of polarity and subsequent differentiation of the first embryonic epithelium, the trophectoderm.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130205
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130301
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    Myosin regulation and calcium transients in fibroblast shape change, attachment, and patching (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 112-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; cell adhesion ; light chain phosphorylation ; immunofluorescence microscopy ; fluorescent indicators ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following our study in Balb/c 3T3 cells and other cultured fibroblasts of the changes in myosin light chain phosphorylation associated with alterations in cell shape, attachment, and receptor patching, we have now determined the corresponding changes in cytoskeletal myosin distribution, and in the cellular calcium concentration, since this might, in part, mediate such responses.Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that myosin assembly into ordered forms such as actomyosin bundles and myosin sheath almost always correlated with previously shown high phosphorylation levels of myosin regulatory light chain, whereas diffuse distributions usually correlated with low or undetectable levels. An exception was observed in treatment to alter cellular cAMP levels when, in a biphasic response, assembly was correlated inversely with the phosphorylation states shown previously.Fluorescent indicators for intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca++]i, showed that myosin disassembly by trypsin or EGTA acting externally on the cells was preceded by a transient increase in [Ca++]i. For EGTA this was associated with transient recruitment of myosin into dorsal sheath structure as well as the transient enhancement of phosphorylation shown earlier. Blockage of EGTA-induced disassembly could be achieved by azide, which also caused an immediate increase in [Ca++]i and inhibited its subsequent decline. Trypsin-induced dephosphorylation did not appear to involve an eventual reduction of [Ca++]i. Therefore, in many but not all of the systems studied, correlated changes were observed in myosin assembly, [Ca++]i, and the myosin phosphorylation levels shown earlier.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130206
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    Developmental changes in the arrangement of cortical microtubules in stomatal cells of oat (Avena sativa L.) (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 13 (1989), S. 170-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Avena ; cytoskeleton ; Gramineae ; guard cell ; microtubule ; stomatal complex ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Changes in microtubule organization were monitored in the stomatal complexes of Avena sativa using tubulin immunocytochemistry. Radial arrays of cortical microtubules, previously thought to be characteristic of guard cells, also appear in adjacent subsidiary cells early in development. The subsidiary cell arrays are evident even before guard cells form via division of precursor guard mother cells. Thus, before the stomatal pore opens between sister guard cells, each complex contains four similar microtubule arrays. As the pore opens, however, the subsidiary cell system is reorganized into a network of microtubules distributed along the length of the cell. A similar change is effected in the guard cells after the pore opens. Subsidiary cells and guard cells elongate during later stages of differentiation, and a thickened wall is deposited int he narrow midzone of the latter. At the same time, microtubules in both cells assume a more axial orientation. The results are discussed in terms of developmental symmetry and the control of microtubule organization and cell wall deposition.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970130305
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    Bacterial expression of eukaryotic contractile proteins (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140104
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    Correlated distribution of actin, myosin, and microtubules at the leading edge of migrating swiss 3T3 fibroblasts (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 527-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: immunofluorescence ; video-enhanced contrast microscopy ; protrusions ; lamellipodia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation of lamellipodia in migrating cells involves dynamic processes that occur in a cyclic manner as the leading edge of a cell slowly advances. We used video-enhanced contrast microscopy (VEC) to monitor the motile behavior of cells to classify protrusions into the temporal stages of initial and established protrusions (Fisher et al.: Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 11:235-247, 1988), and to monitor the fixation of cells. Multiple parameter fluorescence imaging methods (DeBiasio et al.: Journal of Cell Biology 105:1613-1622, 1987; Waggoner et al.: Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 30, Part B, pp. 449-478, 1989) were then used to determine and to map accurately the distributions of actin, myosin and microtubules in specific types of protrusions. Initial protrustions exhibited no substructure as evidenced by VEC and actin was diffusely arranged, while myosin and microtubules were absent. Newly established protrusions contained diffuse actin as well as actin in microspikes. There was a delay in the appearance of myosin into established protrusions relative to the presence of actin. Microtubules were found in established protrusions after myosin was detected, and they were oriented parallel to the direction of migration. Actin and myosin were also localized in fibers transverse to the direction of migration at the base of initial and established protrusions. Image analysis was used to quantify the orientation of actin fibers relative to the leading edge of motile cells. The combined use of VEC, multiple parameter immunofluorescence, and image analysis should have a major impact on defining complex relationships within cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140410
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    The cytoskeleton of the naked green flagellate Spermatozopsis similis: Isolation, whole mount elecron microscopy, and preliminary biochemical and immunological characterization (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 552-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Spermatozopsis ; flagellar roots ; rhizosyndesmos ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoskeleton of the naked, biflagellate green alga Spermatozopsis similis Preisig & Melkonian was isolated by treatment of cells with Nonidet P-40 (0.1%) in lysis buffer (30 mM HEPES, 5 mM EGTA, 15 mM KCl, pH 7) and studied in detail by whole-mount electron microscopy. Isolated cytoskeletons retain the twisted shape of live cells and consist of the two axonemes, the basal apparatus with 4 microtubular and two fibrous roots, and 8-10 secondary cytoskeletal microtubules (SCMT's). The four microtubular flagellar roots differ in number of microtubules (two types with 2 or 5 microtubules, respectively), in their association with fibrous roots of the system I-type (two-stranded roots), in total length (two roots with an average of 4.5 μm and two roots with and average of 7.5 μm), and in length of individual root microtubules. Certain of the root microtubules and most of the SCMT's extend to the posterior end of the cell where they converge, terminate and are interconnected by a fibrous cap-like structure, the rhizosyndesmos. This novel structure consists of a network of 2 nm filaments that presumably lacks centrin as indicated by double immunofluorescence (anti-α-tubulin and anti-centrin) of isolated cytoskeletons. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of isolated, purified basal apparatuses of S. similis identifies among other proteins two isoforms of centrin and α- and β-tubulin as intrinsic components.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140412
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120301
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    Expression and mutation of Ca2+ ATPases of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 26-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140107
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    Actin structure-function relationships in vitro using oligodeoxynucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140108
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    The study of cytoskeletal proteins and mitosis using Aspergillus molecular genetics (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 58-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140112
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    Organizing microtubules in the cytoplasm: Genetic approaches in yeast and animal cells (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 50-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140111
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    Theory for epithelial-mesenchymal transformation based on the “fixed cortex” cell motility model (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 455-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140403
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    Cell migration into neural tube lumen provides evidence for the “fixed cortex” theory of cell motility (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 469-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: “fixed cortex” model ; neural crest ; mesenchyme ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We present a model of cell motility based on emigration of neural crest cells into the neural tube lumen under in vitro conditions (10% fetal calf serum or YIGSR) that inhibit their normal emigration from the base of the neuroepithelium into surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Ultrastructural observations reveal that cells lining the lumen are joined by zonulae adherentes (ZA), which are points of strong intercellular attachment, and thereby serve as markers for fixed regions of plasmalemma and cortical actin. Three major observations of the relationship of cells to the ZA support the “fixed cortex” model of mesenchymal cell migration. First, cells extend apical cel processes past the ZA into the lumen. To do this, they must make new apical plasmalemma and actin corrtex that the endoplasm slides into. Second, elongated cells are observed in the lumen that are still attached via ZA to the neuroepithelium. This indicates that all of the endoplasm finally slides past the ZA. Third, numerous cytoplasmic pieces, often attached to each other and to the neuroepithelium via ZA, are found at the site where cells appear to have detached from the epithelium after entering the lumen. Since the ZA is fixed in location, the endoplasm must have slid past it into newly manufactured anterior cortex and plasmalemma, with the trailing end of the cell finally snapping off. The “fixed cortex” theory of cell migration agrees with existing data in that it predicts the polarized insertion of new plasmalemma and actin at the leading end of the cell, but it differs significantly from existing theories of mesenchymal cell migration in that it states that the cell surface remains firmly attached to the substratum while the myosin-rich endoplasm slides past it.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140405
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    Preparation of microtubules from rat liver and testis: Cytoplasmic dynein is a major microtubule associated protein (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 491-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: intracellular motility ; endocytosis ; cytoskeleton ; ATPase ; retrograde transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A microtubule associated protein from brain tissue (MAP 1C), has been found to possess many properties in common with ciliary and flagellar dyneins (Paschal et al.: J. Cell Biol. 105:1273-1282, 1987). However, this protein, now designated as cytoplasmic dynein, exhibited several properties which distinguish it from axonemal forms of the enzyme. We have investigated these characteristics further in a study of cytoplasmic dyneins from non-neuronal tissues. Rat liver and testis in particular were found to contain high levels of cytoplasmic dynein. The yield of dynein from testis was over 70 μg/g of tissue, making this the best source of cytoplasmic dynein of all tissues so far examined. The characterization of dynein from these sources has confirmed and extended our previous observations concerning the unique properties of cytoplasmic dynein. Activation of liver and testis dynein occured at low (〈1 mg/ml) tubulin concentration. Polypeptides identified as subunits of brain cytoplasmic dynein (74, 59, 57, 55, and 53 kDa) were present in liver and testis preparations. In addition, polypeptides at 150 and 45 kDa were found to copurify with the non-neuronal dyneins. The liver and testis enzyme hydrolyzed pyrimidine nucleotides at rates up to 12.5 times faster than ATP, though the relative affinity of cytoplasmic dynein for CTP was much lower (Km = 1.0 mM) than that for ATP. The properties of the testis enzyme were consistent with its identification as a cytoplasmic dynein rather than a sperm axonemal precursor. These data indicate that cytoplasmic dyneins may be widespread in distribution and that they share certain biochemical properties unique from those of axonemal dyneins. These characteristics are consistent with the proposal that cytoplasmic dynein plays a universal role in retrograde organelle motility.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140407
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    Nucleus-basal body connector in Chlamydomonas: Evidence for a role in basal body segregation and against essential roles in mitosis or in determining cell polarity (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 516-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centriole ; centrosome ; centrin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the unicellular biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii each basal body is linked to the nucleus by a fibrous nucleus-basal body connector (NBBC) that contains the calcium-binding protein centrin. (Wright et al.: Journal of Cell Biology 101:1903-1912.; Salisbury et al.: Journal of Cell Biology 107:635-642; Huang et al.: Journal of Cell Biology 107:121-131). In order to explore the cellular function of the NBBC we used antiserum directed against centrin to examine a number of mutants known to be defective for basal body assembly and/or localization. Of three variable flagella-number mutants examined, one, vfl-2, is dramatically defective with respect to the NBBC in that (1) the union between basal bodies and nucleus is very labile, (2) there is no detectible centrin in the NBBC region, and (3) total cellular centrin levels are reduced 75-80% relative to wild type. The existence of these defects in a mutant incapable of maintaining normal flagellar number supports the view that the NBBC plays an important role in determining proper basal body localization and/or segregation. In contrast to vfl-2, the mutants vfl-1, vfl-3, uni-1, and bald-2 contain approximately normal levels of centrin and possess stable NBBCs. The observation of NBBCs in the mutant bald-2, which lacks all but very rudimentary basal bodies, indicates that the assembly of the NBBC does not require fully formed basal bodies and that such assembly may not require basal bodies at all. Finally, the possibility that the NBBC is required for induction of gene expression following deflagellation was tested by examining vfl-2 for such induction. Results indicate that the connector does not play a necessary role in the induction process.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140409
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    Kinetics of granulocyte phagocytosis: Rate limited by cytoplasmic viscosity and constrained by cell size (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 544-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: ingestion ; cell; encapsulation ; cell; size of granulocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Micromanipulation of yeast particles and blood granulocytes has been used to study the kinetics of single phagocytosis events. The ingestion process was quantitated by observation of sequential adhesion and encapsulation times. Both adherence and encapsulation times were found to increase greatly as the temperature was reduced below 37°C calcium in solution facilitated adhesion of the particle to the phagocyte but not encapsulation; both adhesion and encapsulation processes required a minimum level of plasma components (presumably complement). The general nature of these observations were confirmatiory of previous studies, but this study is unique in that the specific time course of single particle ingestion was quantitated. It was immediately apparent that the phagocytosis process was 100% efficient above the threshold concentrations required for plasma and temperature, but variations in times from cell to cell indicated heterogeneity in the population. The total time for ingestion varied from as low as 2 sec/particle at 37°C to above several min/particle below 15°C. Encapsulation times for particles were normalized by estimates of particle surface areas to establish a specific time/unit area of particle surface: from 0.5 sec/10-8 cm2 at 37°C to greater than 8 sec/10-8 cm2 at 15°C. The temperature dependence of the encapsulation time correlated well with the temperature dependence of the “apparent” viscosity for granulocytes measured by micropipet aspiration. As such, the kinetic properties observed in these phagocytosis tests are consistent with a model that both assembly of the contractile system and the displacement of the surface by active contraction in phagocytosis are limited by viscous dissipation in the cell. Based on temperature dependence of the adhesion time, the activation energy associated with “turning on” the contractile system is quite large, with a value of about 31 kcal/mole. Finally, it was found that serial “feeding” of yeast to a single granulocyte satiated the phagocyte only after six to eleven particles had been encapsulated. The number limit to ingestion was directly proportional to inital size of the granulocyte.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140411
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    Interaction between kinesin, microtubules, and microtubule-associated protein 2 (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 562-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell motility ; video-enhanced microscopy ; ATPase ; sodium fluoride ; motor proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Kinesin from porcine brain was prepared by a procedure based on the strong binding of the protein to microtubules in the presence of sodium fluoride and ATP. The protocol reduces the requirement for taxol and AMP-PNP. The kinesin is active in terms of its ability to move microtubules on glass slides and its ATPase. The ATPase of this kinesin is about 8 nmol/min/mg; it is activated to 19 nmol/min/mg in the presence of microtubules. The relationship between gliding velocity and ATP concentration follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Using the motility assay, the maximal velocity is 0.78 μm/sec, and the Km values is 150 μM for ATP. For GTP the corresponding values are 0.38 μm/sec and 1.7 mM. ADP is a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.29 mM).Crude preparations of kinesin do not support motility on glass slides, whereas gel-filtered kinesin does. A search for potential inhibitory factors showed that one of them is MAP2; however, its inhibitory effect becomes visible only in certain conditions. MAP2 bound to microtubules does not inhibit kinesin-induced motility. However, when MAP2 and kinesin are preadsorbed to the glass surface independently of microtubules, MAP2 prevents the interaction of kinesin with microtubules, as if it formed a “lawn” that acted as a spacer and thus repelled the MAP-free microtubules or crosslinked the MAP-containing ones. The repelling effect of MAP2 domains (projection or assembly fragments obtained by chymotryptic cleavage) added separately is less pronounced and be overcome by kinesin. These results reinforce the view of MAP2 as a spacer molecule.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140413
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    In vitro phosphorylation of Paramecium axonemes and permeabilized cells (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: ciliary motility ; cAMP ; Ca2+ ; phosphoproteins ; signal transduction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study seeks to identity phosphoproteins in axonemes from Paramecium letraurelia whose phosphorylation responses to adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca2+ parallel responses induced by these agents in ciliary behavior in this cell. In purified rxonemes, over 15 bands ranging from Mr 〉300 kDa to 19 kDa on SDS-PAGE incorporate 32P from adenosine 5′-γ-[32P]tri-phosphate (γ-32P-ATP) at pCa 7 in the absence of cAMP. A major band whose label turns over rapidly was identified at Mr 43 kDa. In the presence of 5 μM cAMP, more than eight bands, but not the Mr 43 kDa band, were labeled additionally or enhanced their labeling. These phosphoproteins and their kinases are structural components of the axoneme. Overall, some of the same major bands are labeled in the presence of cAMP in Triton X-100-permeabilized paramecia that retain their behavioral responses and in axonemes mechanically isolated from these cells. In particular, two major bands have been identified whose phosphorylation is greatly enhanced by cAMP at low concentrations: (1) a 29 kDa polypeptide whose cAMP-dependent phosphorylation is diminished at pCa 4 compared with pCa 7 and (2) a 65 kDa polypeptide whose phosphorylation is pCa insensitive. These polypeptides meet minimal criteria for signal-sensitive regulators of motility parameters in the Paramecium axoneme.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120102
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    Polymerization of additional actin is not required for capping of surface antigens in B-lymphocytes (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: surface immunoglobulin ; concanavalin A ; fodrin ; DNase inhibition ; FACS ; pyrene actin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: CH12 is a murine B-cell lymphoma whose surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and concanavalin A (Con A) receptors patch and cap readily. Actin may be involved in CH12 patching and capping, since fodrin and F-actin collect under the cap, and cytochalasin D inhibits sIg capping. We have examined the state of the actin cytoskeleton during patching and capping. A wide range of concentrations of rabbit anti-mouse antibody (RAM) and Con A were used to patch or cap CH12 cells. G-actin was quantitated by DNase I inhibition, F-actin was quantitated by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of fluorescent phalloidin staining, and actin nucleation sites were measured by pyrene actin polymerization. None of these methods detected any significant changes in actin when compared to control cells or untreated cells, leading us to conclude that increased actin polymerization is not necessary for capping to occur. The significance of these data to the membrane flow and cytoskeletal models of capping is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120104
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    Calcium-dependent protein kinase is localized with F-actin in plant cells (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 12-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; CDPK ; cytoskeleton ; cytochalasin D (CD) ; rhodamine-phalloidin (RP) ; pollen ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We recently purified a calcium-dependent but calmodulin- and phospholipid-independent protein kinase (CDPK) from cultured plant cells (Harmon et al.: Plant Physiology 83:830-837, 1987). A monoclonal antibody (mAb 3B9) directed against CDPK was used to localize this protein in Allium root cells and Tradescantia pollen tubes using immunofluorescence techniques. The mAb 3B9 staining pattern showed that CDPK is localized within a fibrous network in the cytoplasm resembling the normal interphase network of F-actin. Treatment of tissue with 10 μM cytochalasin D (CD) prior to fixation abolished the staining pattern. Double-localization experiments in which pollen tubes were first stained with mAb 3B9 and then with rhodamine-phalloidin (RP) demonstrated that CDPK and F-actin were colocalized. Monoclonal antibody 3B9 did not react with purified actin from rabbit muscle or Dictyostelium and did not bind to proteins corresponding to the Mr of actin in crude extracts of Allium root tips and Tradescantia pollen tubes.CDPK did not phosphorylate purified rabbit muscle or Dictyostelium actin in vitro. Binding studies showed that CDPK (1) does not cosediment with actin filaments and (2) does not form a complex with G-actin. The data indicate that although CDPK does not interact directly with actin, it may be associated with an actin-binding protein and therefore could play a role in the regulation of the plant cytoskeleton.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120103
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    Visualization of intermediate filaments in living cells using fluorescently labeled desmin (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytokinesis ; cytoskeleton ; microinjection ; mitosis ; myotubes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fluorescently labeled desmin was incorporated into intermediate filaments when microinjected into living tissue culture cells. The desmin, purified from chicken gizzard smooth muscle and labeled with the fluorescent dye iodoacetamido rhodamine, was capable of forming a network of 10-nm filaments in solution. The labeled protein associated specifically with the native vimentin filaments in permeabilized, unfixed interphase and mitotic PtK2 cells. The labeled desmin was microinjected into living, cultured embryonic skeletal myotubes, where it became incorporated in straight fibers aligned along the long axis of the myotubes. Upon exposure to nocodazole, microinjected myotubes exhibited wavy, fluorescent filament bundles around the muscle nuclei. In PtK2 cells, an epithelial cell line, injected desmin formed a filamentous network, which colocalized with the native vimentin intermediate filaments but not with the cytokeratin networks and microtubular arrays. Exposure of the injected cells to nocadazole or acrylamide caused the desmin network to collapse and form a perinuclear cap that was indistinguishable from vimentin caps in the same cells. During mitosis, labeled desmin filaments were excluded from the spindle area, forming a cage around it. The filaments were partitioned into two groups either during anaphase or at the completion of cytokinesis. In the former case, the perispindle desmin filaments appeared to be stretched into two parts by the elongating spindle. In the latter case, a continuous bundle of filaments extended along the length of the spindle and appeared to be pinched in two by the contracting cleavage furrow. In these cells, desmin filaments were present in the midbody where they gradually were removed as the desmin filament network became redistributed throughout the cytoplasm of the spreading daughter cells.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120302
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    Announcement (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 181-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120307
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    Fluorescence microscopic localization of actin in pollen tubes: Comparison of actin antibody and phalloidin staining (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 12 (1989), S. 216-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin microfilaments ; cytochalasin ; immunofluorescence ; phalloidin ; cytoplasmic streaming ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparison of actin localization in pollen tubes of Nicotiana has been made using a monoclonal actin antibody and rhodamine-phalloidin (RP). The monoclonal antiactin, based on Western blotting of pollen tube extract, labels a polypeptide at 45 kD that comigrates with muscle actin. A 51-kD unknown protein and three bands less than 45 kD, presumed to be proteolytic fragments of actin, are also observed. Structural observaations using this antibody reveal a network of axially oriented strands of microfilaments (MFs). The MFs are distributed throughout the length of the pollen tube except at the very tip, where diffuse staining is usually observed. A similar pattern of MFs is evident after RP staining. When pollen tubes are treated with cytochalasins (CB or CD) cytoplasmic streaming is inhibited, as is tube elongation. Microscopic analysis reveals that the microfilament (MF) pattern is markedly altered; however, the antibody and RP produce different staining patterns. The antibody reveals many MF strands that distribute throughout the tube length and extend into the very tip. In contrast, RP shows mostly a diffuse staining pattern with only a few short clumps of filamentous material. Immunogold labelling of sections of pollen tubes prepared by rapid-freeze fixation and freeze substitution reveals that actin MF bundles are indeed present after cytochalasin treatment. Our results thus question reports in the literature, based on phalloidin staining, asserting that cytochalasin fragments or destroys actin MFs.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970120404
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  • 92
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    Nonuniform behavior of multiple isoactins in the same cell is a cell-dependent phenomenon (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 263-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: compartmentalization ; muscle cells ; actins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The functional significance of multiple isoactins in the same cell is still not understood. To address this question, we examined the response of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle α-isoactins to a serial extraction procedure applied to both muscle and nonmuscle cell types. We compared these extraction results with results obtained with the β- and γ-nonmuscle actin isoforms from the same cells. In differentiated BC3H1 nonfusing muscle cells (smooth muscle α-isoactin), in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (cardiac α-isoactin), and in chick skeletal muscle cells (cardiac α-isoactin), different fractions were found selectively enriched in either the nonmuscle or the muscle-specific actin isoforms compared with their relative abundance in whole cell extracts. Conversely, when these same isoactins were examined either in undifferentiated BC3H1 cells or in mouse nonmuscle cells stably transfected with a cardiac α-isoactin gene, no enrichment of these isoforms above their relative abundance in whole cell extracts was observed. These results indicate that within the muscle or muscle-like cells examined, the different actin isoforms were either selectively utilized or localized. These results further show that isoactin-specific responses observed were apparently related to the cell type in which they were found and not to differences in inherent physical properties such as solubility of the different isoactins examined.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140212
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    Characterization of renatured profilin purified by urea elution from poly-L-proline agarose columns (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 251-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Acanthamoeba ; affinity chromatography ; Dictyostelium ; NMR spectroscopy ; platelets ; myosin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We present evidence that native profilin can be purified from cellular extracts of Acanthamoeba, Dictyostelium, and human platelets by affinity chromatography on poly-L-proline agarose. After applying cell extracts and washing the column with 3 M urea, homogeneous profilin is eluted by increasing the urea concentration to 6-8 M. Acanthamoeba profilin-I and profilin-II can subsequently be separated by cation exchange chromatography. The yield of Acanthamoeba profilin is twice that obtained by conventional methods. Several lines of evidence show that the profilins fully renature after removal of the urea by dialysis: (1) dialyzed Acanthamoeba and human profilins rebind quantitatively to poly-L-proline and bind to actin in the same way as native, conventionally purified profilin without urea treatment; (2) dialyzed profilins form 3-D crystals under the same conditions as native profilins; (3) dialyzed Acanthamoeba profilin-I has an NMR spectrum identical with that of native profilin-I; and (4) dialyzed human and Acanthamoeba profilins inhibit actin polymerization. We report the discovery of profilin in Dictyostelium cell extracts using the same method. Based on these observations we conclude that urea elution from poly-L-proline agarose followed by renaturation will be generally useful for preparing profilins from a wide variety of cells. Perhaps also of general use is the finding that either myosin-II or alpha-actinin in crude cell extracts, can be bound selectively to the poly-L-proline agarose column depending on the ionic conditions used to equilibrate the column. We have purified myosin-II from both Acanthamoeba and Dictyostelium cell extracts and alpha-actinin from Acanthamoeba cell extracts in the appropriate buffers. These proteins are retained as complexes with actin by the agarose and not by a specific interaction with poly-L-proline. They can be eluted by dissociating the complexes with ATP and separated from actin by gel filtration if necessary.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140211
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    Talin dynamics in living microinjected nonmuscle cells (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 271-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin-membrane interaction ; adhesion plaque ; vinculin ; integrin ; fibroblasts ; epithelial cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: To investigate the role of talin in the anchoring of actin-containing stress fibers to the cell membrane of nonmuscle cells, a fluorescent analog of the adhesion plaque protein talin was developed, characterized, and microinjected into living cells. Purified chicken gizzard talin was covalently labeled with the fluorescent dye lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride. The fluorescently labeled protein was then chromatographed on Sephadex G-25 and DEAE-cellulose in order to remove free dye and denatured protein. The fluorescent talin was able to bind purified vinculin and was localized in adhesion plaques, membrane ruffles, microspikes, and polygonal networks in acetone-permeabilized nonmuscle cells. In cells that were double-stained with fluorescent talin and an affinity-purified anti-talin an-tibody, a one-to-one correspondence of adhesion plaque staining was seen. Living epithelial cells (PtK2) were microinjected during interphase with fluorescent talin. Computer-enhanced video microscopy was used to document adhesion plaque dynamics such as (1) changes in plaque shape, (2) alterations in plaque positions, and (3) the appearance, growth, and dissolution of plaques. In cells that were followed during mitosis, the adhesion plaques disappeared during cell rounding and then subsequently reappeared upon spreading of the two daughter cells. Treatment of microinjected cells with DMSO in order to disassemble stress fibers resulted in an altered localization of the fluorescent talin. Upon recovery of the cell from the drug, the talin was visualized in its characteristic submembraneous position. These results are the first to document the role and distribution of talin in dynamic processes occurring in living microinjected nonmuscle cells.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140213
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  • 95
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    Announcements (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 302-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140215
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  • 96
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    Structure and function of the cytoskeleton in heliozoa: I. Mechanism of rapid axopodial contraction in Echinosphaerium (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 288-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axopodium ; microtubules ; X-body ; receptor site ; contraction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the heliozoan Echinosphaerium, rapid axopodial contraction often occurs during food capturing. In morphological studies, it has been considered that rapid contraction is caused by conformation is change of the X-body. We determined that reaction sites or receptors for anion exchange resin, which can induce rapid contraction, were located in every region of the axopodium. However, the probability of locating sites where contraction was induced was lower in the middle region than in the distal region of the axopodium. In cases in which contraction was not induced by resin placed in the middle region of the axopodium, so-called bead formation was induced instead. At the fine structural level, only granulated forms of the X-body were observed in this beading region. These results suggest that rapid contraction results from disassembly of axonemal microtubules and the simultaneous contraction of the X-body and that bead formation represents a stage when only the X-body contracts. Furthermore, effects of metabolic inhibitors and Ca2+ channel blockers revealed that contraction of the X-body did not depend on the supply of adenosine triphosphate, but on Ca2+ influx. Ultrastructural observations revealed that the mass of the granulated X-body was aggregated into the proximal region of the axopodium, suggesting that the X-body might be associated with the undercoat of axopodial membrane or the axonemal microtubules themselves.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140214
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    Masthead (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140301
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  • 98
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    Functions of intermediate filaments (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 309-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140302
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein phosphorylation: The second messenger signal transducer of flagellar motility (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 332-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140303
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gliding motility: Can regulated protein movements in the plasma membrane drive whole cell locomotion? (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 14 (1989), S. 340-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970140304
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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