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  • 1970-1974  (454)
  • 1971  (454)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (405)
  • Rat  (49)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 269 (1971), S. 48-56 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Colloidal Ferrihexacyanoferrate(II) ; Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(II) ; Metabolism ; Toxicity ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Intestinal absorption, distribution, and excretion of ferrihexacyanoferrate(II), labeled by59Fe at the Fe(III)- and Fe(II)-atoms, respectively, was studied in rats. Following i.v. injection, the compound is separated at ∼60% into Fe3+ and [Fe(CN)6]4−, the residual fraction being retained by the reticuloendothelial system. [Fe(CN)6]4− is excreted rapidly and virtually completely by the kidneys. With oral administration the disintegration amounts to ∼7%, and ∼2% of [Fe(CN)6]4− is absorbed from the gut. No evidence was obtained for decomposition of [Fe(CN)6]4−. No toxic side-effects were observed after chronic administration of ferrihexacyanoferrate(II).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 135 (1971), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Uterus ; Luminal epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Implantation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the rat uterine luminal epithelium has been examined during normal pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, lactation and lactation-pregnancy, all being conditions when a blastocyst is known to be able to implant. In all four groups of animals the epithelium passes through three characteristic and structurally similar states, namely a pre-attachment state, an attachment state and a postattachment state. The attachment state is characterized by a close contact between apposing luminal surfaces of the epithelium. It is concluded that implantation in an undamaged uterus claims a sequence of certain changes in the uterine luminal epithelium, and that the blastocyst attachment occurs within the early part of that period when the luminal epithelium is in the attachment state.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 134 (1971), S. 278-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Rat ; Ferro-dextran ; Blood brain barrier ; Circumventricular organs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Nach Vorbehandlung mit Myofer (Eisen III-Dextran) wurde die Aufnahme der Testsubstanz in den circumventriculären Organen von Rattengehirnen mit dem Licht-und Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß ein partieller Schrankeneffekt zwischen Gefäß und Gehirn auch in diesen Regionen besteht. Im allgemeinen ist der Schrankeneffekt die Folge hintereinandergeschalteter Barrieren, deren morphologisches Substrat 1. das Gefäßendothel und 2. die Gliagrenzschicht sind. Im Parenchym der verschiedenen Gehirnteile ist die Endothelzelle für diese gegebene Substanz undurchlässig. Dabei wird Myofer zwar in die Zelle aufgenommen, aber total zurückgehalten. In den circumventriculären Organen des Rattengehirns (Area postrema, Epiphyse, Subfornikalorgan, Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, Neurohypophyse, Plexus chorioidei) ist die Endothelzelle durchlässig. Daher findet man Myoferpartikel im perivasculären Raum. Der. „Hemmeffekt” der zweiten Barriere ist abhängig 1. von der Konzentration des Myofers in dem perivasculären Raum und 2. von der Zeitdauer, während der die Gliagrenzschicht beeinflußt wird. Die perivasculären Gliafortsätze nehmen als einzige Zellelemente Myofer auf. Da der Anteil von Zellen mit Gliacharakter in den circumventriculären Organen wechselt, ist in den einzelen Regionen Myofer in unterschiedlicher Menge nachweisbar. Neuronale Elemente enthalten niemals Myofer.
    Notizen: Summary After pretreatment of rats with Myofer (ferro-dextran complex) the uptake of this substance into circumventricular organs of the brain has been studied by means of light and electronmicroscopy. The results show that in these regions a partial barrier effect exists between blood and brain parenchyma. Generally the barrier effect is the result of impediments, which are connected in series. The morphological substratum of them is (1) the endothelium of the capillaries and (2) the limiting layer of the glial processes. In the parenchyma of the brain (cerebellum) the endothelial cell is sealed for this substance: the Myofer is taken up by the endothelium, but retained in the cells. In the circumventricular organs of the rat's brain (area postrema, epiphysis cerebri, subfornical organ, Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, neurohypophysis, choroid plexus) the endothelial cells are leaky. Consequently one finds particles of Myofer inside the perivascular space. The inhibitory effect of the second barrier depends (1) on the concentration of Myofer in the perivascular space and (2) on the period, during which the limiting layer of the glial processes has been affected. The perivascular glial processes are the only cell elements which take up Myofer. Since the proportion of cells characterized as glial elements changes between the circumventricular organs, Myofer is detectable in different amounts within the various regions. Neuronal elements never contain Myofer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 134 (1971), S. 311-327 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Median eminence ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary This paper reports details of the development of the external layer of the median eminence with special reference to the appearance of the nerve terminals, containing electron dense core and electron lucent vesicles, in the outermost layer of a palisade structure (2–3 μ thick). Observations were made on perinatal rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain (16, 18, 20 day fetuses and rats 5 hours, one 4, and 8 days after birth). The palisade structure of the outermost layer of the median eminence was first clearly detectable 5 hours after birth. Concomitantly, there was a marked increase in the number of nerve terminals in this layer. The nerve terminals containing electron dense core and electron lucent vesicles were seen in 18 day fetuses in the outermost layer of the median eminence. These nerve terminals increased in number during development, especially from the 20th day of fetal life to the 4th day after birth. The size range of the majority of the electron lucent vesicles did not change during development, but that of the core vesicles increased from 600–800 Å from the 18th to 20th day of fetal life. The initiation of neurohemal control of the adenohypophysial function by the hypothalamus is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 318-322 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Co-Radiation ; Spinal Cord ; Rat ; Cell Proliferation ; p-Bromophenylacetylurea
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Rats were irradiated with doses of 1 000–3 000 rads to the cervical spinal cord and subsequently given a paralytic dose of p-Bromophenylacetylurea. The nuclear populations in the degenerating dorsal columns were determined and it was found that a significant suppression of cell proliferation occurred after all three dose levels. The cell populations in the shielded parts of the tracts rostral to the irradiated zone were not affected.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 19 (1971), S. 249-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Brain Edema ; Stab Wound ; Neocortex ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The parietal cortex of rats was examined by light and electron microscopy 1–120 min after a standardized stab wound (250×450×1800μm, constant stab velocity). The changes in the tissue are already visible qualitatively after 1 min. After about 4 min the expansion of tissue changes stops. 4 zones may be separated. Surrounding the stab canal concentrically they are relatively sharply defined. Zone I. Stab canal, haemorrhagical or “debris zone”, primary traumatic destroyed zone. The tissue units are here completely destroyed. Zone II. “Squashed” or “indirectly but irreversibly damaged” zone. It is ca. 80μm wide and contains apart from a protein-rich extracellular fluid almost exclusively swollen cells and cell fragments. Zone III. Swelling brain or “intracellular peritraumatic edema”. It is ca. 150μm wide and contains mainly dark neurones and swollen astroglia. Zone IV. Transitional zone of variable width. Here only the perivascular and perineural processes are swollen without changed neurone structure. In all swollen astrocytes mitochondria are altered typically (denser matrix, dilated cristae). Discussed are: The short latency period, Zone IV, causes of astroglial swelling, origin of extracellular fluid as well as mechanisms which limit the spread of extracellular fluid into Zone II.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Thalamic reticular nucleus ; Ascending reticular system ; Topo graphical arrangement ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A neuro-anatomical investigation into the thalamic reticular nucleus and its connections was made in the albino rat, using the method of retrograde degeneration and the Nauta-Gygax method. The results correspond to the description given by Scheibel and Scheibel and indicate connections of the neurons of the reticular which the principal thalamic nuclei and the rostral part of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei. A topographical arrangement of the efferent connections of the reticular nucleus is demonstrated. The projection of the reticular nucleus upon the thalamus duplicates the cortico-thalamic connections.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 271 (1971), S. 211-233 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Amphetamine ; Synthesis of Catecholamines ; Brain Catecholamines ; Release of Catecholamines ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Accumulation of labelled noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) and endogenous levels of NA and DA in brain and heart were measured after infusion of tyrosine-14C and dopa-3H in rats. After a single dose of 20 mg/kg i.p. of dl-amphetamine sulphate a 50–65% decrease in the NA accumulation in the brain and heart was observed. The accumulation of DA was not changed. In rats treated chronically with amphetamine sulphate, 16−32 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 4 weeks, both the brain and heart NA and brain DA levels were depleted by 40–70% at 20–24 h after amphetamine withdrawal. The accumulation of labelled NA and DA in these animals was not different from that of saline treated controls. When amphetamine sulphate, 20 mg/kg i.p., was given to chronically amphetamine treated rats there was a 45–60% decrease in the accumulation of labelled NA; labelled DA remained unchanged. It is concluded that the decrease in NA accumulation under acute and chronic amphetamine intoxication is most likely due to a preferential release of newly synthesized NA.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 22 (1971), S. 144-150 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Avoidance ; Chlorpromazine ; CS-US Interval ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Three groups of four rats learned to avoid electric shock (US) by turning a wheel in response to a buzzer stimulus (CS). The CS-US intervals for each group were 5, 10, and 20 sec, respectively. After each animal had learned the avoidance procedure and had achieved a stable level of performance, the effect of several doses of chlorpromazine on percent avoidance, on latency time from CS onset to termination by a response, and on response rate was determined as a function of CS-US interval length. No consistent relationship between increasing interval length and response rate was observed. Neither lengthening the CS-US interval nor the interaction of this lengthening with chlorpromazine dose was found to exert a statistically significant effect on percent avoidance. Furthermore, although a statistically significant increase in response latency was found to be associated with increasing CS-US interval length, the increases in latency noted were not of sufficient magnitude to corroborate the hypothesis that lengthening the CS-US interval contributes importantly to increased avoidance responding in animals tested with chlorpromazine. Further, the results of this study do not support induction of a locomotor deficit as the mechanism by which chlorpromazine suppresses the avoidance response.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 19 (1971), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Ethanol ; Tolerance ; Dependence ; Withdrawal Reaction ; Startle Threshold ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The thresholds for startle responses to electric shock were measured in adult male Wistar strain rats given ethanol daily in doses rising from 3 to 7 g/kg over a 30-day period, and in controls receiving equicaloric doses of sucrose. Tests made 23, 36, or 47 h after ethanol (i.e., during partial or complete ethanol withdrawal) gave threshold values significantly lower than those obtained with sucrose-treated controls. The difference became greater after longer ethanol treatment and larger doses. However, when threshold measurements were made under the acute influence of ethanol in the experimental group, the mean values were virtually equal to those of the sucrose controls. This normalization, by ethanol, of a disturbance produced by absence of ethanol in a chronically treated animal is indicative of physical dependence. Following termination of ethanol treatment there was a gradual return of startle thresholds almost to control values over a relatively short period, indicating that the changes underlying the hyperexcitability are readily reversible.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 212-228 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Amphetamine ; Apomorphine ; Stereotypy ; Behaviour ; Rat ; Mouse ; Neuroleptics ; Thymoleptics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The behaviour of mice after various doses of amphetamine or apomorphine which induce stereotypies is described in details. The induced stereotyped behaviour in mice appears more differentiated than that in rats. The amphetamine-syndrome in rats consists of an excitement phase followed by the stereotypy, whereas apomorphine elicits stereotyped behaviour directly after administration. Amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour is different from the apomorphine-induced stereotypy in several respects. Neuroleptics inhibit the amphetamine (12.5 mg/kg s.c.) and apomorphine-(10 mg/kg s.c.) syndrome, while thymoleptics potentiate subeffective doses of amphetamine (5 mg/kg s.c.) and apomorphine (2 mg/kg s.c.). This is demonstrated with some neuroleptics of the phenothiazine-type, haloperidol, reserpine, and a group of thymoleptics. The method opens the possibility of differentiating within several groups of neuroleptics and within several groups of thymoleptics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Acquisition ; CAR ; Tetrahydrocannabinols ; Transfer ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Rats trained in conditioned avoidance responding (CAR) after injections of either 7.5 mg/kg Δ 9-THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) or 15 mg/kg Δ 8-THC, showed no transfer when tested in the non-drugged state. Furthermore, these doses of the isomeric tetrahydrocannabinols exerted a disruptive effect on previously established CAR in rats, trained under normal conditions. Only the Δ 9-THC-group showed an impairment of acquisition which was statistically significant compared to the control group.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 147-156 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Scopolamine ; Pilocarpine ; Lashley Jumping Stand ; Fixated Behavior ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract A group of male albino rats were subjected to the Maier paradigm (insoluble problem followed by a soluble problem) using the Lashley jumping stand. Forty-two animals which failed the soluble problem by adopting a position stereotype were then randomly assigned to eight drug groups in a 2×2 design. Animals were guided to the correct window on odd days but received no guidance on even days. Animals received either pilocarpine nitrate (5.0 mg/kg) or scopolamine hydrobromide (1.0 mg/kg) in one of three different sequences. These sequences included drug on both odd and even days (drug-drug), only on the odd day (drug-no drug), or only on the even day (no drug-drug). One other drug group received scopolamine methylbromide (1.0 mg/kg) in a drug-no drug sequence, while the control group received saline on both days. Results indicated that animals receiving pilocarpine in the drug-drug and no drug-drug sequence solved significantly faster than the controls, while all the drugno drug groups showed significantly poorer solution rates. It was concluded that pilocarpine may enable animals to inhibit punished behavior patterns and thus hasten the extinction of fixated responses, but that due to the inconclusive scopolamine data this pilocarpine effect may not be due to its cholinomimetic properties.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 238-246 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): NE ; Intraventricular ; Cholinergic Function ; Eating Behaviour ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of centrally administered norepinephrine (NE) into the lateral ventricle on choline acetylase activity (ChAc), endogenous levels of NE, dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) was studied in different regions of the rat brain. In normal rats, the highest activity of choline acetylase was found in the cerebral cortex, followed by the brain stem, the diencephalon, the hypothalamus and least in the cerebellum. Chronic administration of NE significantly increased the choline acetylase activity in all regions studied, whereas both the acute and the in vitro studies showed no significant change except in the brain stem. Serotonin level was increased in the cerebellum, but decreased in the diencephalon and the brain stem. There was no significant alteration in the level of NE in all areas studied except in the hypothalamus where there was an increase in the mean concentration. Tissue level of DA showed a significant increase in the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus. Behaviourally, there was a significant increase in food intake on the first day of treatment with no significant change in water intake. The data suggests that NE may be involved in the regulation of acetylcholine synthesis. The significance of interaction between different monoamines and acetylcholine may be important in the study of drug tolerance phenomena.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): GABA-Regional distribution ; Rabbit ; Rat ; Guinea pig ; Baboon ; CNS ; Substantia nigra
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The regional distribution of GABA in the CNS of rabbit (17 regions), rat (14 regions), guinea pig (12 regions) and baboon (11 regions) was determined by sensitive enzymatic and fluorometric assay. In all species studied a high concentration of GABA was found in substantia nigra (8.5–10.1 mmoles/kg) and pallidum (6.5–8.2 mmoles/kg). Fairly high amounts were found in hypothalamus, superior and inferior colliculi, nucleus oculomotorius and dentate nucleus. The GABA concentration in spinal cord (white matter) had the lowest value.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): NaKATPase ; Intracellular Localisation ; Proximal Tubule ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary With refinements of quantitative histochemistry, i.e. oilwell technique, enzymaticP ianalysis and NADP/NADPH cycling an enzymatic polarization of the tubular epithelial cell from the rat nephron to NaKATPase can be established. NaKATPase activity is limited to the basal area of the epithelial cell. Brush border fragments lack NaKATPase activity.
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 20 (1971), S. 389-394 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Aggressive Behaviour ; Apomorphine ; Isolation ; Psycho pharmacology ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The apomorphine-induced aggression response of isolated rats was examined. The development of aggressive behaviour in adult rats was enhanced after isolation in cages with wire-netting and especially in cages isolated in opacified Makrolon boxes compared with aggregated rats. Young rats kept isolated for 2 months immediately after weaning showed an enhancement only if isolated in wire-netting cages. Rats kept in groups for one month after their isolation still showed an enhancement of aggression, although it was somewhat reduced.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 20 (1971), S. 348-354 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Phentolamine ; Noradrenaline ; Amphetamine ; Rat ; Locomotor Activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Phentolamine injected intraventricularly in unanaesthetized rats decreased their locomotor activity and antagonized the excitatory effect of intraventricularly injected noradrenaline, or amphetamine injected s.c. Phentolamine did not influence the level of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the rat brain. The mechanism of observed action of phentolamine is discussed.
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Anorexic Effect ; Fenfluramine ; Activity Analysis ; Time Sampling Technique ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Three experiments are reported investigating the effects of acute administration of fenfluramine over 3 doses on activity, eating and drinking behaviour. A time sampling procedure of activity analysis was used, employing six behaviour categories. Fenfluramine produced a dose related decrease in rearing behaviours, with some evidence of an increase in walking categories at the lower dose levels. Eating and drinking behaviours showed clear dose related decreases. Sniffing categories showed a clear dose related increase. Attention is drawn to some of the difficulties of interpretation and assessment of anorexic effect.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Alperenolol ; Amphetamine ; Brain Amines ; Behaviour ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of alprenolol and amphetamine alone or combined on the content of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in seven discrete areas of the brain and on rat behaviour was studied. Animals were treated with drugs for 6 months. Alprenolol caused mainly a decrease of the estimated endogenous amines in different brain areas. Amphetamine caused a decrease of all three amines in some parts of the brain, and reversed some of the changes caused by alprenolol. Alprenolol had no effect on the locomotor activity of rats, but increased the activity of rats treated with amphetamine after the first week of treatment, and antagonized the excitatory effect caused by amphetamine during the following weeks of the experiment.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 270 (1971), S. 22-40 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Intestinal Blood Flow ; Intestinal Absorption ; Polyalcohols ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. Jejunal loops of anaesthetized rats were perfused with14C-labelled polyalcohols in buffered saline solutions at pH 7. The blood flow, the disappearance rate (from the intestinal lumen), and the appearance rate (in the intestinal venous blood) were determined simultaneously. 2. A decrease of the blood flow from about 1.8 to 0.25 ml min−1g−1 wet tissue diminished the disappearance and appearance rate of the substances and their possible metabolites. An increase of the blood flow caused the reversed results. The two transfer rates and their dependence on blood flow decreased with increasing molecular weight of the polyalcohols. 3. The appearance rate of glycerol showed a different dependence on blood flow in experiments with increasing and decreasing blood flow. This phenomenon can be explained by a decreasing permeability of the epithelium for glycerol with time. The cause for it is unknown. 4. By means of a three-compartment-model blood flow independent permeability coefficients of the polyalcohols are derived for the intestinal epithelium. They are consistent with an equivalent pore radius of 3.9±0.1 Å.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal cortex ; Innervation ; Receptors ; Rat ; Pig
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The innervation of the adrenal cortex of the rat and the pig is investigated with the electron microscope. Nerve fibers containing synaptic and two types of dense-cored vesicles come into contact with endocrine cells. There are no specialized pre- and postsynaptic membranes. The synaptic cleft is about 200 Å wide. Generally the basement membrane between nerve and cell is absent. These observations are discussed on the base of more recent experimental findings. Small fibers having an average diameter of about 0.2 to 0.5 μ and containing only tubules and filaments are considered to represent parts of an afferent nervous system.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenergic neurons ; “Short” and “long” systems ; Pre- and postnatal development ; Peripheral organs ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The adrenergic innervation in the submaxillary gland, heart, kidney, small intestine, and accessory male genital organs and the development of the adrenal chromaffin cells and the sympathetic ganglia were studied in the rat from 15 days post coitum to 16 days post partum using the fluorescence histochemical method of Falck and Hillarp. The postnatal development of the noradrenaline concentrations in the heart and vas deferens was followed by fluorometric determinations. At about 15 days post coitum, the anlagen of the sympathetic chains were well visible in the form of two dorsal segmented columns of small branching sympathicoblasts exhibiting an intense catecholamine fluorescence. In the midline, ventrally to these two anlagen, another column of sympathicoblasts developed; this seemed to give rise to the prevertebral ganglia and to the short adrenergic neurons supplying the internal genital organs. At the level of the adrenal anlagen, small intensely fluorescent chromaffin cells were collected in two bilateral groups which became enclosed by adreno-cortical cells. This enclosure was, however, not complete even at two weeks post partum. Bundles of growing sympathetic nerves were visible in the periphery of the various organs studied at 19–21 days post coitum. A terminal innervation of the organs suggestive of a functional transmitter mechanism did not start to establish until at or immediately after birth. The final pattern of innervation was usually reached at about one week post partum, and the following development proceeded largely in the form of a quantitative increase in the number of nerves participating in the innervation apparatus. The adult level of noradrenaline in the heart and vas deferens was reached three to five weeks after birth. The small intestine was an exception in that the final pattern of innervation in the wall was attained immediately after birth. There was no overt difference in the rate of development of the terminal sympathetic innervation in organs supplied by short adrenergic neurons (accessory male genital organs) compared to the innervation of the submaxillary gland, heart and kidney, which receive classical long adrenergic neurons.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 58-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ovary ; Rat ; Fowl ; Granulosa cells ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle of the rat and the domestic fowl have been studied with the light and electron microscope. The nuclei of the granulosa cells were irregular with indentations and large in proportion to the cytoplasm of the cell. The mitochondria had a dense, dark matrix with only few cristac. The Golgi apparatus was moderately developed, located towards the oocyte in a juxtanuclear position. The endoplasmic reticulum was rather sparse. Lipid droplets were only occasionally encountered. Microtubules were regularly observed. The functions of the granulosa cells are discussed. Compared with the steroid-producing cells of the theca interna of the same follicles, the granulosa cells primarily are the nursing cells for the growing oocyte and mainly have the characteristics of protein forming cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 283-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat ; Synthesis of hormones ; Acid phosphatase ; Osmium impregnation ; Neurosecretion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural features of the paraventricular neurones of the non-treated rat are presented comparing them with those of the supraoptic neurones. No striking differences are seen between the general electron microscopic characteristics of the paraventricular and supraoptic neurones. The importance of adequate fixation to obtain good preservation of the neurones is emphasized, since inadequate fixation can cause e.g. artefactual appearance of “dark neurones”. The previously presented classification of the neurosecretory neurones into two categories (e.g. “light and dark neurones”) on the basis of the number of ribosomes is not considered justifiable, since their number can vary to a very great extent even within a single cell. The synthesis of neurosecretory products in the paraventricular neurones obviously follows the general mode of the synthesis of secretory proteins: ribosomes—RER—Golgi complex—secretory vesicles. On the basis of the localization of heavy metal deposits after osmium impregnation and demonstration of acid phosphatase the Golgi complex of the paraventricular neurones is found to be polarized. The direction of the polarity is discussed. The substructures of the dense cores of the neurosecretory granules and of the contents of the lysosomal dense bodies are nearly identical. Therefore it is considered impossible to determine positively the nature of the dark condensed material within the Golgi complex. The characteristics of the immature neurosecretory granules and the possibility of releasing neurosecretory products into the cytoplasm already within the perikarya are speculated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 350-356 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Smooth muscle ; Two-filament system ; Small intestine ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The structure of glycerinated smooth muscle from small intestine of adult rat was investigated by electron microscopy. In the central parts of the tissue blocks a two-filament system was found, consisting of parallel thick and thin filaments with regularly spaced interconnections, closely resembling that of striated muscle. In the peripheral parts of the blocks only thin filaments were found. The thin filaments were identified as actin by the formation of arrowhead complexes after incubation with heavy meromyosin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 531-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Helical polyribosomes ; Skeletal muscle ; Polysomes ; Levator ani ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The localization and configurations of ribosomes in mature white skeletal muscle fibers of the rat were investigated. Differential visualization of ribosomes and glycogen granules was obtained by fixation with glutaraldehyde only and staining of the sections with uranyl acetate. Ribosomes are then electron dense and glycogen granules electron transparent. Their identity was ascertained by selective extractions of ribonucleic acid and polysaccharide. The vast majority of the ribosomes is not membrane-bound. They are located intermyofibrillarly (predominantly at the level of the I-bands), beneath the sarcolemma, and in the paranuclear cones of sarcoplasm. Occasionally short stretches of granular reticulum occur, often as characteristic double walled vesicles with ribosomes on the inner membrane only. Three main types of polysomal configurations are observed: rosettes of 4 to 6 ribosomes, helical arrays, and whorls of up to about 25 probably membrane-bound ribosomes. The average number of ribosomes in the extended helical configurations is estimated to be about 60. It is argued that these helices represent the polysomes instrumental in the synthesis of the large subunits of myosin. It is emphasized that helical polyribosomes are by no means typical of striated muscle, but probably represent a common configuration of large free polysomes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Ependyma ; Thiobarbiturate narcosis ; Cell nucleus shrinkage ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Im Ependym des Hypothalamus wurde das Verhalten der Zellkern-Membran nach ausgedehnter intraperitonealer Thiobarbiturat-Narkose untersucht. Die Kernmembran ist gefaltet, der Zellkern zeigt Zeichen von Schrumpfung. Diese Veränderung ist reversibel und wird nicht von der mit der Narkose verbundenen Entwässerung verursacht. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen lassen einen normalen Stoffwechsel vermuten, Zeichen von Pyknose fehlen.
    Notizen: Summary Effects on the nuclear membrane were investigated in hypothalamic ependymal cells of the rat during prolonged intraperitoneal thiobarbiturate narcosis. The nuclear membrane of the nucleus was folded and the nucleus showed signs of shrinkage. These alterations were reversible and did not depend on the dehydration which developed during the narcosis. Ultrastructural signs and the absence of pyknosis suggested that metabolism during nuclear shrinkage may be normal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 157-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Prostate ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The postnatal development of the rat prostate has been studied with the electron microscope. Major developmental changes begin during the second week after birth and involve organelles associated with the formation of secretions. The amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum and the size of the Golgi complex increase greatly. Large vacuoles that probably contain secretory material are formed, and the lumen of the prostatic acini appears to contain secreted material. Large lysosomes with polymorphic interiors are present as early as 10 days after birth, and they become numerous by the end of the third week. Differences in fine structure between the different lobes of the prostate are detectable in 10–14 day old rats. The subsequent differentiation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum into the forms characteristic of the different prostatic lobes is described. The initial changes in the prostate occur in advance of sexual maturity of the animal, and the adult appearance of the gland is attained by 4–5 weeks after birth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neurosecretory cells ; Rat ; Cytoplasmic bodies resembling nucleoli ; Paranucleolar and coiled bodies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A distinctive cytoplasmic inclusion, termed nucleolus-resembling body, was identified in the neurons, but not in the glial cells, of the medial vascular prechiasmatic gland, the preoptic recess and the anterior part of the suprachiasmatic area in the rat. This ultrastructure which lacks a limiting membrane is made of an entanglement of tightly packed filaments, 60–70 Å in diameter. Each filament consists of smaller units, 15–20 Å thick. Usually, only one such ultrastructure is present in a cell, but at time two were identified. It is present in most neurosecretory cells. It is surrounded by polyribosomes in the perikaryon of the nerve cells. Furthermore, it is linked to peripherally located ribosomes by means of filaments, 70 Å in diameter. A possible function in protein synthesis of structural components, such as neurofilaments, is hypothesized. Two distinctive fibrillar areas were identified in the nucleolus according to the tightness with which fibrils were packed together. Their significance is discussed. Nucleolar extrusions were never observed in our studies. Paranucleolar and coiled bodies were identified in the nuclear sap. The mechanism of formation and the significance of these bodies are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 30-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal Cortex ; ACTH ; Autoradiography ; Stereology ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The changes occurring in rat adrenocortical cells (zona fasciculata) during an 8 day period of treatment with ACTH, were investigated by morphometric and autoradiographic methods. The most important ultrastructural change consists in a conspicuous increase in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, that accounts for about 50% of the total increase of cellular volume. Also the mitochondrial fraction shows a significant increase, which is found to be due both to the increment in the number of mitochondria per cell and to the increase in the mean volume of organelles themselves. The quantitative autoradiographic data, indicating an increment in the incorporation of 3H-orotate and 3H-leucine into adrenocortical cells of the treated animals, allow us to conclude that the ACTH-induced ultrastructural changes are the morphological expression of a stimulation of the cellular protein synthesis. Since mitochondria are largely autonomous in the synthesis of their enzymes and structural proteins, it is possible to hypothesize that ACTH also intervenes in the regulation of the mitochondrial protein synthesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 60-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adenohypophysis ; Pars intermedia ; Corticotrophic cells ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Nos observations démontrent l'existence de deux types de cellules glandulaires dans la pars intermedia de l'hypophyse du rat: des cellules propres, à M.S.H., dont les grains de sécrétion sont détruits par la fixation osmiée et relativement bien conservés par la fixation au glutaraldéhyde; des cellules à petits grains denses, osmio-résistants, qui s'apparentent morphologiquement aux éléments corticotropes de l'antéhypophyse. L'existence bien connue d'A.C.T.H. ou, plus précisément, d'un facteur ≪A.C.T.H.-like≫ dans le lobe neuro-intermédiaire nous fait considérer comme très vraisemblable la nature corticotrope de ce deuxième type cellulaire de la pars intermedia.
    Notizen: Summary Two types of glandular cells have been shown to occur in the intermediate lobe of the rat hypophysis: 1) M.S.H. producing cells whose secretory granules are destroyed by osmium fixation and relatively well preserved by glutaraldehyde fixation, 2) cells with small dense osmium resistant granules being morphologically similar to the corticotrophic cells of the anterior lobe. The well known occurrence of A.C.T.H. or, more precisely, of an “A.C.T.H.-like” factor in the neuro-intermediate lobe makes the corticotrophic nature of this second cell type very likely.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 191-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Sensory neurons ; Rat ; Nerve section ; Neurofilaments ; Neurofibrils
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Sensory neurons were examined in spinal ganglia of the rat 1 to 55 days after section of the plexus brachialis nerves. Only “light” neurons of the type A were investigated. Maximal reaction to axotomy was found 7 to 14 days after the operation. The majority of the axotomized perikarya developed central chromatolysis. In such neurons, Nissl bodies virtually disappeared from the central area of the neuron and formed a more or less continuous zone at the cell circumference. The cytocentrum became filled with large numbers of mitochondria, dense bodies and other organelles. Neurofilaments and microtubules were disarranged and ran at random among the accumulated particles. Microtubules were often more prominent in chromatolytic areas than neurofilaments. Both these organelles were rare in the peripheral areas filled with massed Nissl substance. Part of the neurons that did not show typical chromatolysis contained increased numbers of neurofilaments among Nissl bodies dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Neurofilaments were roughly arrayed in bundles up to several microns wide; they were linked by cross-bridges and separated by distances of about 500 Å. Microtubules were rarely found in the filamentous areas. However, they were numerous in the axon hillock and in the initial segment where they formed fascicles similar to those described in normal neurons of other types. During the period from 14 to 55 days after axotomy, many perikarya recovering from chromatolysis contained enlarged bundles of neurofilaments with occasional microtubules among the restored Nissl bodies. Mean diameters of sensory neurons, measured 7 to 55 days after axotomy, in no instance exceeded those of contralateral control neurons. It thus appears that sensory perikarya do not increase in size either during the chromatolytic process or during the period of recovery.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 136-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; ACTH ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Nebennierenrinde von 178 Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurde elektronenmikroskopisch von der 1.–12. Lebenswoche unter Normalbedingungen sowie nach s.c. Injektion von 3 IE ACTH/100 g Körpergewicht innerhalb von 2 min — 24 Std untersucht. Ab der 5. Lebenswoche unterscheiden sich die Nebennieren von Weibchen im Bereich der äußeren Zona fasciculata durch Kernvergrößerung, größere Mitochondrien und kleindisperse Liposomen von denen der Männchen. Zyklusbedingte Schwankungen in der Ultrastruktur der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde bestehen nicht. Nach ACTH-Applikation nähert sich das Nebennierenbild des Männchen innerhalb von 30 min dem des unbehandelten Weibchens. Außerdem kommt es bei beiden Geschlechtern durch ACTH zu einer Dispersion und Reduktion der Liposomen, Vergrößerung des Golgiapparates und der Zellkerne, Ausweitung des endoplasmatischen Retikulums und Vermehrung der Mikrovilli. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus wird funktionell erklärt.
    Notizen: Summary 178 Sprague-Dawley-rats were studied by electron microscopy from the 1st to the 12th week of life under normal conditions and after s. c. injection of 3 I. U. ACTH/100 gbodyweight from 2 min to 24 hours. Beginning with the 5th week of life females differ from males by small dispersed liposomes and enlarged nuclei and mitochondria in the outer z. fasciculata. There is no change in the ultrastructure of the female adrenal cortex depending on the sexual cycle. After application of ACTH the adrenal cortex of males assimilates to the untreated females within 30 min. After ACTH-application both sexes show dispersion and reduction of liposomes, dilation of endoplasmatic reticulum, increasement of microvilli and enlargement of the Golgi apparatus. The sex-dimorphism is interpreted by functional differences.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 378-383 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Seminal vesicles ; Rat ; Epithelium ; Proliferation activity ; Autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung An 12 männlichen weißen Wistarratten unterschiedlichen Alters wurde autoradiographisch die Proliferation des Samenblasenepithels zur Zeit der Pubertät geprüft. Die Tiere waren 21, 29, 40, 50, 60 und 180 Tage alt und erhielten 1 Std vor der Tötung durch Dekapitation 2,5 μC 3H-Thymidin/g Körpergewicht i. p. appliziert. Ausgewertet wurden Autoradiogramme nach einer Expositionszeit von 18 Tagen; bestimmt wurde der Prozentsatz der markierten Zellkerne (3H-Index). Im Gegensatz zu dem bekannten exponentiellen Abfall des 3H-Indexes bei nicht-hormonabhängigen Leberepithelien jugendlicher Ratten kommt es beim Epithel der Samenblasen um den 40. Lebenstag zu einem erneuten, starken Proliferationsschub. Diese starke Wachstumszunahme ist wahrscheinlich der proliferationskinetische Ausdruck der nach Steinberger (1970) zur gleichen Zeit stattfindenden hormonellen Umschaltung in den Testes. Anschließend geht das Vermehrungswachstum des jugendlichen Tieres, durch das die Zellzahl erhöht wird, in das Erhaltungswachstum über; der 3H-Index des Samenblasenepithels erreicht den Wert des erwachsenen Tieres.
    Notizen: Summary In 12 male white rats (Wistar) the proliferative activity of the epithelial cells in the seminal vesicles was studied by autoradiography. The animals were 21, 29, 40, 50, 60 and 180 days old. Each animal was given 2.5 μC/g 3H-thymidine and was killed 1 hour thereafter. We analysed the autoradiograms recording the percentage of labelled nuclei (3H-index). While the 3H-index of the non hormone-dependent epithelial cells in the liver of young rats declines continously with growing age (Stocker et al., 1964), the epithelial cells in the seminal vesicles of 40 days old rats show a remarkable rise in their proliferative activity. It is quite possible that this new peak in the proliferation is the morphological result of a preceeding switch in hormonal production of the testes as reported by Steinberger (1970). Thereafter the growth proliferation of the young rats declines into the steady state of the grown up.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 334-354 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Fat absorption ; Small intestine ; Rat ; Micropinocytosis ; Circadian rhythm
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung will klären, welche Rolle die Mikropinocytose bei der Fettresorption spielt und ob die Fettresorption tagesrhythmische Schwankungen aufweist. Zu diesem Zweck wurde Fett zu verschiedenen Tages- und Nachtzeiten in abgebundene Jejunumabschnitte von Ratten injiziert, das Darmgewebe in verschiedenen Abständen licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und die Zahl der mikropinocytotischen Invaginationen der Enterocyten bestimmt. Folgende Resultate wurden erzielt: Die Häufigkeit der Mikropinocytose (mikropinocytotische Invaginationen/100 Mikrovilli) beträgt bei Hungertieren 4,78, bei Normaltieren 5,06, 1 min nach Gabe von Mazolachymus 3,55, 1/16 m NaCl-Lösung 4,37, Butterschmalz 5,50, Rindertalg 7,16, Schweineschmalz 7,66 und Mazola 9,25; 2 1/2 min nach Mazolagabe 8,23, nach 5 min 7,67, nach 10 min 6,76. Zwischen 10 und 15 min wird der Ausgangswert erreicht. Aufgrund statistischer Auswertung der Befunde wird geschlossen, daß Fett vor allem in den Frühstadien der Fettresorption durch Mikropinocytose aufgenommen werden könnte. Ferner zeigt sich, daß die Mikropinocytosehäufigkeit entscheidend von der chemischen Zusammensetzung und dem physikalischchemischen Zustand der verabreichten Fette beeinflußt werden dürfte. — Lichtmikroskopisch wurde nachgewiesen, daß die Fettresorption charakteristische, tagesrhythmische Schwankungen aufweist. Um 2.00 Uhr ist sie am stärksten, um 14.00 Uhr am geringsten. Es wird diskutiert, worauf die tagesrhythmischen Unterschiede zurückzuführen sind.
    Notizen: Summary The present study attempts to elucidate (a) to what extent micropinocytosis is involved in the process of fat absorption and (b) whether fat absorption shows a circadian rhythm. For this purpose rats were given 0.1 to 0.15 ml of fat directly into the upper jejunum at various times of the day and night. 20 sec to 20 min after administration of fat small pieces of the jejunum were rapidly dissected out, the tissue examined by means of light- and electron microscopy, and the number of micropinocytotic pits occurring in the enterocytes during fat absorption was determined. The following results were obtained: The frequency of micropinocytosis (micropinocytotic pits/100 microvilli) is as follows: in starved rats 4.78, in normal rats 5.06, 1 min after administration of corn oil chyme 3.55, 1/16 m NaCl-solution 4.37, clarified butter 5.50, ox tallow 7.16, lard 7.66, corn oil 9.25; 2 1/2 min after administration of corn oil 8.23, after 5 min 7.67, and after 10 min 6.76. Between 10 and 15 min the number of micropinocytotic pits reverses to normal. From statistical analysis of the results it is concluded that micropinocytosis can play a significant role in the early stages of fat absorption. The experiments show in addition that micropinocytosis is greatly influenced by the chemical composition and the physico-chemical state of the administered fat.—Light microscopic studies indicate that fat absorption varies considerably during the 24 hr period. The highest absorption was found at 2 a.m., the lowest at 2 p.m.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Substantia nigra ; Rat ; Incorparation of 3H-Dopamine, 3H-Serotonin and 3H-Norepinephrine ; Axo-dendritic Synapses ; Autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In autoradiographies of substantia nigra in rat, it has been observed that after intraventricular injections of 3H-dopamine and 3H-norepinephrine respectively the silvergrains are accumulated in nigra neurons and their dendritic branches. The incorporation was more pronounced in the case of 3H-norepinephrine than 3H-dopamine. This seems to indicate that exogenous norepinephrine may have stronger affinity to nigra neurons and their dendrites than exogenous dopamine. In addition, some 3H-dopamine and 3H-norepinephrine labelled nerve terminals were observed in axo-dendritic synapses. In contrast to these data, 3H-5HTP and 3H-5HT administration showed almost all silver grains accumulated in the neuropil when observed in light microscopic autoradiography. Electron micrographs further reveal that the incorporation of 3H-5HTP and 3H-5HT was mostly within axo-dendritic boutons with more frequent dense core vesicles. These data again strongly suggest that substantia nigra receives a large number of serotoninergic fibres forming axo-dendritic synapses which may play an important role in modulation of substantia nigra function.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Reticulum-Cells ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 1. Entodermale Thymus-Retikulumzellen neugeborener Wistar-Ratten enthalten häufig helle Vesikel mit enger räumlicher Beziehung zum Golgi-Apparat. Bei 13 Monate alten Ratten fehlen diese Vesikel. 2. Die Tatsache, daß die Häufigkeit heller Vesikel mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter abnimmt, findet ihre Parallele in der von anderer Seite getroffenen Feststellung, daß die Bildung eines humoralen Faktors im Thymus im Laufe der Zeit eingeschränkt wird. 3. Diese Koinzidenz läßt an die Möglichkeit denken, die hellen Vesikel könnten ein morphologisches Äquivalent der Bildung eines Thymuswirkstoffes sein. 4. In entodermalen Thymus-Retikulumzellen 13 Monate alter Ratten finden sich große Vakuolen mit granulärem Inhalt. Ihre Bildung beginnt schon vor der Thymusinvolution. Sie entstehen wahrscheinlich durch Phagozytose oder Aufnahme zelleigenen Materials, das nicht weiter abbaufähig ist. 5. Da diese Einschlüsse mit fortgesetzem Alter an Zahl und Größe zunehmen, scheinen sie als Ausdruck einer Beeinträchtigung der Stoffwechselvorgänge im Zytoplasma ein erstes morphologisch faßbares Symptom der frühzeitigen physiologischen Involution des Thymus zu sein.
    Notizen: Summary 1. Entodermal reticulum cells of new born Wistar rats frequently contain clear vesicles with close connection to the Golgifield. These vesicles do not occur in reticulum cells of 13 months old rats. 2. The frequency of these clear vesicles decreases with advancing age obviously in the same way as the production of a humoral thymic factor reported by several investigators. 3. This observation agrees with the hypothesis that the clear vesicles are the morphological equivalent of the production of a humoral thymus factor. 4. Entodermal reticulum cells of 13 months old Wistar rats contain large vacuoles filled with electron dense, granulated materials. The formation of these vacuoles starts already before the beginning of the thymus involution. Possibly they are produced by phagocytosis or necrobiosis and contain deposits of material that cannot undergo further degradation. 5. The increase of these vacuoles in number and size with advancing age may be considered as equivalent of the deterioration of metabolism responsible for early involution of the thymus.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 61-69 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat ; Types of neurons ; TRF-synthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructural aspects of the paraventricular nucleus and its neuropil are described in the normal rat. Two types of neurons can be distinguished morphologically. The first type contains numerous dense-core vesicles (mean diameter: 140 nm). The cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum are arranged parallely at the periphery of the cell body. The second type of neuron contains a few dense-core vesicles (mean diameter: 75 nm) and the endoplasmic reticulum is randomly distributed in the cytoplasm. In the neuropil, two types of dense-core vesicles are observed in separated axons. The histogram of the distribution of their mean diameter clearly indicates a double population of vesicles. The signification of the second type of neuron in the paraventricular nucleus is discussed and its possible relation to TRF synthesis is evoked.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 119-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; Light microscopy ; Histometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung An 260 männlichen und weiblichen Sprague-Daweley-Ratten vom 0. Lebenstag bis zur 12. Lebenswoche wird die geschlechtsdifferente Entwicklung der Nebennierenrinde histologisch und histometrisch verfolgt. Von der 4. Lebenswoche an ist die weibliche Fasciculatazelle durch ein helles, fein-granuläres Cytoplasma ohne distinkt abgrenzbare Fettvakuolen ausgezeichnet, während beim Männchen in einem kompakten Cytoplasma zunehmend größere, deutlich begrenzte Vakuolen auftreten. Im Blindversuch gelingt aufgrund dieser Kriterien die Geschlechtsdiagnose mit großer Treffsicherheit. Nach histometrischen Untersuchungen sind die weiblichen Fasciculatakerne größer als die männlichen. Bei größerem Zellvolumen ist die Kernzahl/Flächeneinheit beim Weibchen von der Pubertät an kleiner. Die Glomerulosa und die inneren Rindenschichten zeigen keine Geschlechtsdifferenzen. Fermenthistochemisch ist eine Geschlechtsdifferenz nicht nachweisbar. Die relative Zellhypertrophie in der Fasciculata der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde ist das morphologische Äquivalent eines geschlechtsdifferenten Steroidmetabolismus bei der Ratte.
    Notizen: Summary In 260 male and female Sprague-Dawley CD rats the sex dependent development of the adrenal cortex was studied histologically and by histometric procedures. Beginning in the 4th week of life the parenchymal cells in the fasciculata of the female animals are characterized by a light, finely granular cytoplasm without distinct lipid vacuoles. In the males, however, the cells show a dense, compact cytoplasm with clearly visible vacuoles increasing in size. In a blind test the sex diagnosis can be established with great accuracy. Histometrically the nuclei in the female fasciculata cells are larger than in the males. Furthermore, caused by a larger cell volume the number of nuclei per square unit is smaller in postpuberal females. The glomerulosa and the inner parts of the cortex do not show any sex differences, nor does enzyme histochemistry. The relative cellular hypertrophy in the fasciculata of the female adrenal cortex represents the morphologic equivalent of the sexual differences in the rats steroid metabolism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Nematosomes ; Subsynaptic web ; Microfilamentous cytoplasmic network ; Neurosecretory cells ; Rat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary An electron microscope study of the rat supraoptic nucleus, substantia nigra, neostriatum and periventricular preoptic area demonstrates that nematosomes are present within the perikaryon of neurons located in these structures. The latter structure may be found in close association with the subsynaptic web of axosomatic synapses. Numerous micro-filaments fan out from the nematosome and link the latter organelle to the ribosomes, the cytoplasmic membranes and the plasma membrane thus establishing an interwoven filamentous cytoplasmic network. A possible close relationship between the nematosomes and the neurofilaments and neurotubules is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Valve mechanism ; Rat ; Skin of the paw
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In der dorsalen Haut der Hinterpfoten von Ratten wurden Klappen am Abgang kleinerer Gefäße von großen Arterien beobachtet. Diese Arterien verlaufen in einer subkutanen, größere Gefäße und Nerven führenden Bindegewebsschichte über den Streckersehnen. Die kleineren Gefäße haben den Wandbau einer Vene und zweigen etwa im rechten Winkel von der Arterie ab. An ihrer Abgangsstelle ist neben den Klappen manchmal ein sphinkterartiger Muskelring ausgebildet. Diese Gefäßabschnitte werden für arterio-venöse Anastomosen gehalten und auf die Bedeutung solcher an dieser Stelle bisher nicht beschriebenen Verschlußeinrichtungen für die Regulation der Kurzschlüsse wird hingewiesen.
    Notizen: Summary In the dorsal skin of the hindpaws of rats valves were observed at those sites where smaller vessels branched from larger arteries. These arteries run in a subcutaneous layer of connective tissue, which lies above the extensor tendons and in which the larger vessels and nerves are found. These smaller vessels, the walls of which resemble those of veins, were seen branching off at approximate right angles to their artery of origin. Besides the valves a sphincterlike muscle ring was observed in some cases at the point of branching. These vascular segments are held to be arteriovenous anastomoses. Such “locking devices” at these points have not been described until now and seem to be important in the regulation of arteriovenous shunts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Nerve endings ; Epithelium ; Rat ; Electronmicroscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Im Anschluß an frühere lichtmikroskopisch erhobene Befunde (Silberimprägnation; 1924, 1928) weist der Verfasser durch elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen nach, daß durch die Interzellularspalten des Epithels (Schnauze der weißen Ratte) Nervenfasern hindurchziehen. Diese Nervenfäserchen, ihre Varikositäten und ihre Endknöpfchen liegen in den Spalten zwischen den Epithelzellen. Die Ultrastruktur der nackten, d.h. von Schwannschen Zellen nicht umhüllten terminalen Nervenfasern und ihrer Endigungen im Epithel wird beschrieben.
    Notizen: Summary In addition to former light microscopical observations the author demonstrates electronmicroscopically that nerve fibers pass through the intercellular spaces of the epithelium. The nerve fibers, their varicosities and terminal bulbs lie within the spaces between the epithelial cells. The ultrastructure of the terminal nerve fibers in the epithelium is described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 292-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Tissue Mast Cells ; Rat ; Regeneration ; Monocytes ; Peritoneal Exudates ; Cytochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Regeneration von Gewebsmastzellen wurde durch Untersuchungen von Peritonealexsudat erwachsener Ratten verfolgt, die häufigen Spülungen der Bauchhöhle unterworfen wurden. Innerhalb von 4–6 Tagen kommt es zu einer starken Vermehrung unreifer Gewebszellen. Die Ausbildung von Alcianblau-positiven unreifen Granula in ungranulierten Vorstufen benötigt etwa 6 Std. Die Ausbildung von Safranin-positiven reifen Granula vollzieht sich in 48 Std. Die Ergebnisse der zytochemischen Untersuchungen unreifer Mastzellvorstufen sprechen für eine monozytogene Entstehung der Gewebsmastzellen.
    Notizen: Summary In adult rats, the regeneration of tissue mast cells in peritoneal exudates was studied by repeated peritoneal lavages. After 4–6 days, tissue mast cells appeared in great numbers in peritoneal exudates. Alcian blue positive granules were first noted at 6 hrs in agranular mast cell precursors. Maturation with accumulation of safraninpositive granules was complete after 48 hrs. The cytochemical reactions of the earliest tissue mast cell precursors suggest a monocytogenic origin of tissue mast cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 133 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 133 (1971), S. 93-103 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Within the supraesophageal ganglion of polynoids is a vertical fiber tract which has the appearance of a “Y” in transverse sections of the brain, and contains the axons of many neurosecretory cells. The granule-filled terminals of these neurosecretory fibers are found at the base of the tract where they are in contact with the inner surface of the sheath covering the ventral surface of the brain. This sheath separates these neurosecretory endings from an underlying pericapsular epithelium which is thicker in this region. Beneath this pericapsular epithelium is a coelomic sinus. The dorsal blood vessel is located within this sinus and is “innervated” by a pair of fiber bundles that pass out of the brain at the base of the vertical fiber tract. The outer surface of the vessel is covered by epithelioid cells which contact these fiber bundles and the thickened pericapsular epithelium, and sometimes contain granular cytoplasmic inclusions. The lumen of the vessel is continuous with the lumina of a pair of cellular, thickwalled structures of unknown function which are attached to the ventro-lateral margins of the brain. The relationship between neurosecretory endings, enlarged pericapsular cells, coelomic sinus and blood vessel provides morphological evidence for the hypothesis that these structures are elements of a neuroendocrine system, similar in some respects to the brain-infracerebral gland complex of nereid and nephtyid polychaetes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 133 (1971), S. 139-165 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Gross details of the reproductive cycle and the cytology of oogenesis were studied in 155 egg clutches produced by 69 captive individuals of the triploid parthenogenetic lizard Cnemidophorus uniparens. The mean clutch cycle lasted 23 days. The mean number of ova per clutch was 3.3, and the mean number of oocytes per right and left ovaries was 1.65 and 1.70, respectively. Comparison of the size of the oocytes at ovulation (9-10 mm) with the estimated mean duration of vitellogenesis (8.8 days) gave an average of approximately 1 mm yolk deposition per day. The mean time for the retention of eggs in the oviducts was 9.3 days. The germinal disc of the oocyte consists of a series of layers formed by the arrangement of various cytoplasmic and yolk particles in the polar region. In a mature oocyte the germinal vesicle is located immediately below the vitelline membrane and lies at the center of the germinal disc. The germinal vesicle is characterized by a dense disc-like cluster of diplotene chromosomes. Diplonema extends until near ovulation when the oocytes have attained a size of about 9 mm. Diakinesis and metaphase I occur rapidly and immediately prior to ovulation. Counts of approximately as many bivalents as there are somatic chromosomes were obtained from oocytes at diakinesis and metaphase I.The second division occurs almost immediately before or at the precise moment of ovulation. The chromosomes of the first polar body consist of dyads, of which there are as many as the triploid number of 69. A metaphase II plate obtained in polar view also revealed dyad chromosomes, of which there were approximately as many as the triploid somatic number. The second telophase is normal as evidenced by formation of the second polar body. Chromosomes from the opposing telophase plates show a monad structure. The presence of as many bivalents in the first division as the triploid somatic number of 69 indicates that the 3N condition of C. uniparens was doubled prior to meiosis. This is further supported by the occurrence of two maturation divisions each giving rise to a polar body, by the dyad structure of the chromosomes in the first polar body and the second metaphase, and by the presence of monochromosomes at telophase II. Thus, parthenogenesis in these lizards is of the meiotic type. The somatic number of chromosomes is doubled early in oogenesis presumably by a premeiotic endoduplication, and the 3N level is restored by two subsequent maturation divisions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 133 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 133 (1971), S. 17-40 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Two specimens of a group of five foetuses, 35-37 mm in total length, of Squalus acanthias were serially sectioned and stained. These specimens were studied for the purpose of testing statements made in the literature, especially by Holmgren ('40), regarding cell sources and skeletal development. Many of Holmgren's results were confirmed with some important differences in detail. Limited blastemas of dermal bones were not evident although a diffuse subepidermal blastema was present in certain areas. There is evidence of delamination addition to the jaws and many parts of the endocranium. Although the trabecula is in part of visceral origin, the visceral material does not represent an infrapharyngohyal since it always has been an integral part of the endocranium, never a formed element of the arch. The same applies to the pharyngo region of the hyoid arch. The pharyngohyal tissue forms the area of articulation of the hyomandibula and the lamina hypotica. Thus a typical lateral commissure is not formed and the resulting otic capsule-basicranial association is unique to the elasmobranchs. The hyomandibula is the epihyal and there is no evidence of a symplectic in this group. The jaws appear to incorporate delamination tissue, associated in teleostomes with dermal bone, in addition to the neural crest proper.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The ontogeny of amphicoelous vertebrae was studied in Ptyodactylus hasselquistii and Hemidactylus turcicus, and that of procoelous vertebrae, in Sphaerodactylus argus. The embryos were assigned arbitrary stages, drawn to scale, and mostly studied in serial sections.Resegmentation occurs as in all amniotes. A sclerocoel divides each sclerotome into an anterior “presclerotomite” and a denser posterior “postsclerotomite.” Tissue surrounding the intersegmental boundary forms the centrum, which is intersegmental. Tissue around the sclerocoel builds the intervertebral structures, which are midsegmental. In the trunk and neck, postsclerotomites form neural arches, and presclerotomites build zygapophyses.The adult centrum consists of the perichordal primary centrum, plus neural arch bases (= secondary centrum). Between the latter and the arch proper, a neurocentral suture persists until obliterated in maturity. A dorso-ventral central canal persists on either side of the primary centrum, between the latter and the secondary centrum.The notochord becomes true cartilage midvertebrally in all vertebrae, and elastic cartilage intervertebrally in the posterior caudal region. Elsewhere its characteristic tissue persists.Intervertebrally, cervical hypapophyses, caudal chevrons and chevron-bases in the trunk are preformed early in cartilage. Directly ossifying median intercentra are added later in all regions.The first cervical presclerotomite is absent: the hypapophysis (= corpus) of the atlas consists exclusively of postsclerotomitic tissue, there is no proatlas, and the odontoid lacks the apical half-centrum present in other lepidosaurians.In the autotomous caudal region presclerotomites are as prominent as postsclerotomites. Both build neural arches, the two arches of each vertebra remaining distinct and ossifying separately, so that the intersegmental autotomy split persists between them.The last sclerotome is complete, its postsclerotomite forming a half centrum which ossifies.In Sphaerodactylus, while the vertebrae ossify, each intervertebral ring becomes concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly; it remains as a cushion between the condyle and a facet formed by differential growth of the centra. Thus these procoelous centra resemble the amphicoelous centra of Ptyodactylus and Hemidactylus, rather than the procoelus centra of other squamates.The vertebral column of Gekkonoidea closely resembles in its development and microscopical structure that of Sphenodon.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 133 (1971), S. 125-138 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The bodies of adult and fifth instar Notonecta possess external air stores which are periodically renewed at the surface of the water. Both nymphs and adults have large ventral air stores on the thorax and abdomen and obtain atmospheric air at the posterior end of the latter; the adult also has dorsal subalar and supra-alar air stores on both these regions. Ten pairs of spiracles open onto the air stores. Although the seven small, ventrally placed abdominal spiracles are probably both exhalant and inhalant in nymphs and adults, the three large anterior spiracles (mesothoracic, metathoracic, and first abdominal), which play a more important respiratory role, appear to function differently in mature and immature Notonecta. In the nymph they are probably both inhalant and exhalant, and communicate broadly with each other and with the ventral air stores. In the adult, however, they open onto separate, air-filled chambers, each of which communicates differently with various parts of the air stores. Although all three probably function in exhalation, only the first abdominal spiracle, whose spiracular chamber is widely continuous with the dorsal and ventral air stores, appears to be well suited for inhalation.Several morphological features, most notably the development of long prothoracic lobes, separate spiracular chambers, and long, movable forewings, allow the adult a greater variety of respiratory modes than are available to the nymph. Some of the respiratory advantages of the adult are: (1) a larger amount of stored air; (2) a longer subalar air store, which can serve as an alternate pathway between the air stores and the atmosphere; (3) a greater capacity to utilize dissolved as well as atmospheric oxygen; (4) greater separation and functional specialization of the three anterior spiracles, thus allowing more separation of exhaled air from oxygen-rich air on the external surface of the thorax; (5) the probable ability to regulate the continuity between various parts of the air stores, thus utilizing alternate pathways of air circulation and/or changing the functions of the three anterior spiracles; and (6) better protection of the latter against the entry of water during prolonged submergence.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 133 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Growth of the skeleton of regenerating spines of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, was studied with the light and scanning electron microscopes during the formation of a growth ring or cycle.Growth was initiated about three days after fracture and was linear between 5 and about 40 days after fracture, with a mean rate of 0.16 mm/day. There-after, a decline in growth rate was observed, being attributed to abrasion.The new skeleton first appeared as minute, conical „micro-spines“ on the fractured surface of the spine shaft initiating regeneration of the inner zone of meshwork. Subsequent growth of micro-spines of both the developing inner zone of meshwork, and an outer zone of radiating wedges, formed a conical fenestrated skeleton on the fractured surface of the shaft. Further deposition of micro-spines along the shaft, initially at the level of fracture, formed meshwork which gradually became solidified externally resulting in a new cycle about 60 days after fracture. In contrast, a new cycle was initiated at the milled ring in non-fractured spines during total regeneration on bare tubercles, demonstrating that growth of spines also takes place in the absence of fracture.Experiments conducted in vitro demonstrate that spine regeneration is not a polar phenomenon.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: In the telotrophic ovarioles of Dysdercus fasciatus, mononucleate, binucleate and multinucleate trophocytes are seen in the germarium. Cellular breakdown of the multinucleate cells is seen in the posterior part of this tissue. The nutritive cords, which are continuous with the trophic core at the one end and the oocytes of the vitellarium at the other, contain material of fibrous appearance which continues into the trophic core. The ovariole is enclosed in two sheaths throughout its length. Prefollicular tissue in the germarium appears to give rise to the follicle cells. Mitosis is common in this zone. Oocytes are at first surrounded by a multilayered epithelium. This is later reduced progressively to one layer. This one layered follicular epithelium is at first columnar but then changes to cuboidal mononucleate, cuboidal binucleate and finally to a squamous binucleate condition This epithelium thus seems to accommodate the increased volume of the oocyte by growth and a change of shape. The oocyte grows fastest at those times when it is surrounded by cuboidal and squamous epithelial cells.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 195-213 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Walking of Chrysemys has been studied by cinephotography and x-rays. The lateral sequence, diagonal couplet gait, limb support sequence, and wide track provide great stability, yet a slight pitch and roll cause some plastral drag. Velocity ranges from 28 mm to 51 mm/second, and fluctuates within a stride. Limb movements and structure resemble those of other ectotherms, but incorporate modifications reflecting the animal's short, broad trunk encased in a shell and carried close to the ground. The triradiate pectoral girdle so articulates with the shell as to act as a truss for weight transfer to the ground. Girdle rotation increases the efficiency of the girdle as a truss, and contributes to locomotor efficiency. The glenoid cavities are more than twice as far apart as the acetabula, so a thrust from the pectoral girdle has less propulsive efficiency on the center of gravity than one from the acetabulum. The humerus and femur are protracted to a greater extent than in other ectotherms and their horizontal arcs of retraction are less. Rotation of these elements about their longitudinal axes contributes to the length of a stride and to foot placement and withdrawal. Differences in the movements of comparable segments of front and hind limbs correlate with differences in the width of the girdles, a crus longer than the antebrachium, and different capacities for joint rotation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The developmental cycle of the teeth in Plethodon cinereus is analyzed on morphological grounds using alizarin preparations. All the stages in development do not occupy the same proportion of the life cycle time. Functional teeth and germs at an early stage in development occupy a large proportion of the life cycle time, whereas the processes of tooth shedding and ankylosis occur very quickly. The time during which any locus does not bear a functional tooth, and is therefore a non-functional locus, is reduced to a minimum. P. cinereus has a basic pattern of tooth replacement which is consistent with Zahnreihen which are 2.0 tooth spaces apart. Variations in the replacement pattern are common and these are produced by relatively small fluctuations in the spacing of the Zahnreihen around the „mean„ of 2.0. Localized disturbances which produce breaks in the replacement pattern and cause waves to cross also occur. These may be due to the failure of tooth germs to develop, the fusion of tooth germs, or may be the result of the inherent variability in a complex biological system. This variability causes individual tooth germs to develop too slowly or too quickly and hence assume an „abnormal“ position thus causing breaks in the replacement pattern. Tooth replacement may be controlled by an intra-local mechanism(s) rather than by stimuli which travel along the jaw.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 399-423 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The llama and guanaco stomach consisted of three compartments. A transverse pillar divided the large, first compartment into cranial and caudal sacs. Both sacs contained recessed glandular saccules. The saccules in the caudal sac were everted during the gastric contraction cycle. The non-recessed surfaces of this compartment were covered by stratified squamous epithelium.The first compartment communicated on the right with a smaller, reniform second compartment. Except on the lesser curvature, this compartment contained deep cells which were lined by a papillated glandular mucosa.The ventricular groove, defined by a single muscular lip, coursed along the cranial sac of the first compartment, over the lesser curvature of the second compartment, and terminated at the tubular passage to the third compartment.The initial four-fifths of the elongate third compartment contained mucigenous glands like those found in the saccules and cells of the first and second compartment Proper gastric glands and pyloric glands were confined to the terminal one-fifth of the third compartment.Attempts to homologize the compartments of the camelid stomach with those of the Pecora or so-called advanced ruminants were unsuccessful. The results of this study and concurrent physiologic investigations indicated that the processes of ruminant digestion can operate within wide anatomic boundaries, and that the camelid stomach with its extensive glandular mucosa is adapted for greater digestive efficiency than the advanced ruminant stomach.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 467-477 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The epidermal covering of the tail scales of the gekkonid lizard Lygodactylus bears three distinct types of specialization: sense organs, pilose pads whose function is either sensory or scansorial or both, and holocrine secretory organs (β-glands) which are only found in males. The same specializations are found on regenerated tails, and although the morphological form and patterning of the scales do not resemble the original, the structure, distribution and sexual specificity of the specialized units is perfectly restored. These structures, and similar units in other lacertilian genera have certain resemblances to mammalian and avian epidermal specializations. Perfection of replacement of integumentary specializations can be correlated with functional demands, although the developmental mechanism underlying the phenomenon is unknown.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Observations on fine structure at the basal end of the intestinal epithelium in the midgut region of Balanus balanoides and Balanus improvisus reveal complex interrelationships among several tissues. Numerous elongate cell processes extend towards the intestinal epithelium penetrating between layers of intestinal muscle through blood spaces and into the basal lamina underlying the epithelium.Two types of morphological relationships occur between cell processes and the basal end of the intestinal epithelial cell: 1. The cell process may penetrate the basal lamina and lie closely apposed to the epithelium. 2. The cell process may give rise to narrow, medially-directed, finger-like extensions (projections). The narrow projections penetrate the basal lamina and, in addition, terminate as dilated bulbs within inpocketings of the epithelium. In some respects the cell processes are suggestive of neural tissue.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The male reproductive system of Artemia was studied by routine histological and histochemical techniques to demonstrate the general histology and distribution of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and alkaline and acid phosphatases.The System Consists Of Paired Testes, Vasa Deferentia, Accessory Glands, And Penes. The Testes Contain Germ Cells And Supporting Cells Throughout Their Entire Length. The Former Cells Are Located In Clusters And Undergo A Spermatogenic Maturation Which Is Similar To That Described For OtherAnimals. The Supporting Cells Seem Implicated In The Nourishment Of The Germ Cells. The Vas Deferens, Which Consists Of Secretory Epithelium Surrounded By Circular And Longitudinal Muscles, Secretes The Seminal Fluid, Containing A Neutral Mucopolysaccharide Or Mucoprotein, And Stores The Mature Sperm. The Accessory Gland Consists Of Approximately 20 Pairs Of Gland Cells, Each Pair Drained By A Neck Cell And Duct Cell Into The Collecting Duct. The Glandular Secretion, Mainly A Neutral Mucopolysaccharide Or Mucoprotein, Might Function As A Lubricant, A Copulatory Plug, Or An “Activator Substance” For The Sperm Or For Fertilization. Each Penis Consists Of A Non-Eversible Part And An Eversible Part Which Is A Tortuous Muscular Tube That Connects The Vas Deferens To The Outside.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971), S. 99-129 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The gross anatomy and histology of the gonads and accessory sex organs are described for male and female Presbytis e. entellus. The langur differs from other catarrhine monkeys in certain specialised characters. The “sexual skin” is not comparable to the true sexual skin of the Cercopithecinae which exhibits cyclical change during the various phases of reproduction; it is nevertheless fully developed in the adult male and serves as one of the secondary sexual characters.Certain aspects of the reproductive system strikingly resemble those of man. The combined testicular weight (0.07% body weight) is similar to the human (0.08%), and the male has ampullary glands. The cervical canal is straight like that of a baboon or man. The corpus luteum (except in the lactating female) is a hollow glandular structure. Extensive hemorrhage which always accompanies ovulation in the langur, does not appear to be a common phenomenon in any other catarrhine for which ovulation and the development of corpus luteum have been studied. The hemorrhagic remains are retained for a long time in the ovulated follicle.The ovary is characteristically large and averages 0.74 gm without corpus luteum and 1.57 gm with corpus luteum, a feature never reported in any other catarrhine monkeys. The pre-ovulatory follicle may attain a size of 14 × 14 mm.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971), S. 351-372 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Electron microscope examination of the myofibrillar material in the avian latissimus dorsi anterior (tonic) and posterior (phasic) muscles revealed that the characteristic felderstruktur arrangement of the tonic muscle fibers develops during growth. Fibers of embryonic and young latissimus dorsi anterior muscles up to 87 days after hatching exhibited a fibrillenstruktur arrangement. Unlike the phasic muscle fibers in which the myofibril mass splits into discrete and regularly shaped myofibrils, the myofibrils in the tonic muscle become felderstruktur in appearance because of incomplete splitting of the myofibrils. The incomplete splitting of the myofibrils and the less extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum in the tonic muscle were related to its slower rate of tension development. The isometric contractile tension of the muscles was measured and it was found to increase considerably during growth. The tension increase was directly related to the increase in the fiber size, and the myofibril content. The rate of contraction of both the latissimus dorsi anterior and posterior muscles was found to increase very rapidly just prior to hatching. After hatching, the rate of contraction of the anterior muscle decreases differentiating into a tonic muscle at one month. The latissimus dorsi posterior muscle remains fast throughout development.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971), S. 433-455 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The antenna of fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti has one peg organ of a basiconic type innervated by four neurons. The dendrites are ensheathed to near their terminations at the peg tip by an electron-dense dendritic sheath and by a cuticular sheath. They have easy communication by diffusion with the external environment only at the tip through a peripheral ensheathing membrane and six slit-channels. One of the dendrites resembles a tubular body proximally and may be mechanoreceptive. The peg generally appears to be a contact chemoreceptor. There are three antennal hairs of a typical sensillum trichodeum type innervated at the base by one neuron each. An intricate terminal mechanism at the insertion of the dendrite in the hair is described. These are believed to be tactile hairs. There are also three antennal hairs each innervated by two neurons. The dendrite from one terminates at the base similar to that of a tactile hair, and is believed to function in a similar mechanoreceptive manner. The dendrite from the second neuron extends naked along the length of the hair lumen. It is believed to be primarily chemoreceptive, in a slow-acting general sensory function. In all the sensilla there appear to be secretions produced in the junction body regions of the dendrites, and there is evidence for accumulation of secretory materials in the dendritic tips in some of the sensilla.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 447-465 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The fine structural morphology of the male squirrel monkey adrenal cortex has been examined. When compared to other laboratory animals, the squirrel monkey adrenal cortex secretes large amounts of cortisol and maintains extraordinarily high plasma cortisol levels for prolonged periods of time. The normal cortical cells have numerous mitochondria with either a tubulo-vesicular or lamellar internal membrane arrangement, a well-developed agranular endoplasmic reticulum which is arranged in juxtaposition to mitochondria and lipid droplets, several lysosomes, and numerous thin-walled blood vessels of large caliber, suggestive of a rich blood flow through the gland. These characteristics have heretofore been associated with hypersecretion. Their presence in the squirrel monkey cortex, known to have high secretory activity, lends credence to the correlation of hyperdevelopment of the agranular reticulum with increased rates of secretion of corticoids.During chair restraint, the plasma cortisol levels rise two to three fold. Adrenocortical cells thus stressed exhibit a depletion and disorientation of membranes both of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and a loss of ribosomes, lysosomes and, to some degree, intracellular lipid. The animal appears to be responding maximally to the stress of chair restraint. These fine structural characteristics are interpreted as an example of an adrenal cortex in the process of becoming functionally exhausted, since these animals sometimes do not survive the stress of chair restraint.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The ice worm is adapted for life at O°C. A survey of the ultrastructure of the cuticle, epidermal epithelium and basement membrane does not reveal any features which self-evidently correlate with such metabolic specialization; instead, these tissues are much like those of the earthworm and some freshwater oligochaetes. The cuticular fibers are unstriated. Epithelial cells aresuggested as the source of cuticular material. Epithelial microvilli penetrate the cuticle. There is an array of membrane bound bodies on the cuticle surface. The basement membrane fibers are transversely striated and are oriented in crossed lamellae. The junctional complex is represented by azonula adhaerens and septate desmosome.
    Zusätzliches Material: 19 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The stolon of the colonial marine hydroid Podocoryne carnea differentiates sequentially as a function of age, forming four distinguishable regions characterized by epidermal cell differentiation: The Tip, New Stolon, Cnidogenic Masses, Old Stolon. Radioautographs of sections of colonies exposed to tritiated thymidine show that although cells of the epidermis and gastrodermis of the stolon incorporate the nucleoside into acid stable polynucleotide, cells of the stolon tips do not. Stolon extension is not, therefore, the result of a localized meristem-like growth zone.Stolon branching and new polyp formation are, similarly, not signaled by increased thymidine incorporation. The initial event heralding these morphogenetic activities appears to be the reorientation of epidermal cells along a new axis, and the acquisition of perisarc dissolving ability. This evidence is contraindicative of direct dependence of colony form on colony growth.The larger part of stolon epidermal cells are organized into cnidogenic masses where cnidocytes and possibly other amoebocytic cells are produced.Although no mitotic figures have been observed in gastroderm cells of the stolon, thymidine incorporation in this tissue occurs with the same frequency as it does in epidermis. Considerable numbers of gastroderm cells can be found in the gastric cavity. Frequently these and gastroderm cells in the stolon and polyps contain more than one nucleus.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971), S. 185-211 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The fine structure of the epidermis and cuticle has been described for the oligochaete Aeolosoma bengalense. The epidermis is a pseudostratified epithelium and consists of the following cell types: ciliated and nonciliated supportive cells, pigment cells and associated satellite cells, mucous cells, basal cells, and ciliated non-supportive columnar cells. Overlying and restricted to the supportive cells is a delicate cuticle composed of: (a) a discontinuous layer of membrane-bounded surface particles; (b) a thin filamentous layer of moderate electron density just under the surface particles; (c) a thicker inner filamentous layer of low electron density. Digestion with pronase effectively removes the cuticle. This, together with the fact that it stains with alcian blue and ruthenium red, indicates that the cuticle contains an acid mucopolysaccharide. Regeneration of the cuticle, following pronase treatment, is marked by the elaboration of numerous microvilli by the supportive cells. Most of the microvilli are transitory and evidence supports a microvillar origin for the cuticular surface particles. The presence of cuticular surface particles may be a characteristic shared in common by all oligochaetes and, perhaps, some polychaetes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A histochemical study of the mucus-secreting cells in the epithelial lining of the alimentary tract of the ampullariid snail Marisa cornuarietis permits description of six types of glandular cells secreting carbohydrate-rich substances. These mucous cells are designated on morphological grounds as fusiform, club-shaped, ovate, goblet, saccular and elongated conical and their histology together with their distribution and relative frequency in the different organs is described.Histochemical analysis using various fixatives and numerous recently-developed histochemical techniques shows that four main types of mucosubstances are produced by the six cell types. (1) The fusiform and club-shaped cells secrete neutral mucosubstances with moderate-to-weak PAS reactivity and variable amounts of basic protein. (2) The ovate cells secrete a strongly PAS-reactive, neutral mucosubstance lacking associated basic protein. (3) The goblet and saccular cells elaborate predominantly PAS-unreactive, strongly acidic, and highly sulfated mucosubstances or sulfomucins. (4) The elongated-conical cells secrete a highly PAS-reactive, weakly acidic sulfomucin whose vic-hydroxyls are presumably located in close proximity to sulfate esters.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971), S. 273-297 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The fine structure of the antenna and of the antennal sensory cone, the largest of the eight antennal sensilla, of fourth instar larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti are described and discussed. The antennal integument supports and encloses only sensillar elements. The antennal sensory cone seems to be a chemoreceptor of a modified composite basiconic type. It is innervated by about 12 neurons grouped into six units. Each neuronal unit has a trichogen and tormogen cell, but no neurilemma or other accessory cells, associated with it. Stimulating molecules may diffuse directly through the non-perforate conical cuticular covering to the dendritic branches, and through six vacuoles between the dendrites and the epicuticle at the base of the cone. Peripheral vesicles in the cone, their probable formation from secretions produced in the junction body region, and their possible function in the stimulating mechanism of the sense organ are described and discussed. Dendritic neurotubules originate from ciliary tubules in the junction body region, in the dendritic plasma, or by branching. Tight junctions provide possible electrotonic coupling between all the dendritic branches of the sensillum, and between dendrites in each unit. The neuronal perikaryons and portions of the axons and proximal dendrites are not ensheathed, but extend naked in close proximity through the antennal hemo-sinus into an ensheathed nerve at the base of the antenna.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971), S. 323-333 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Two trionychid turtles, Trionyx ferox and Lissemys punctata, have similar and distinctive nasal cavities. Most of the parts of the nasal cavities are similar to those in other turtles, but the intermediate regions have many more small ridges and shallow sulci than do those of other turtles; these form a highly complex and distinctive pattern that varies in minor details. In turtles generally, a relatively large intermediate region appears to be correlated with strongly aquatic habits, which supports the interpretation that the vomeronasal epithelium of that region functions in olfaction in an aquatic environment.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971), S. 483-505 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The salivary gland of Periplaneta americana (L.) is innervated from both the stomatogastric nervous system (SNS) and subesophageal ganglion (SEG). Methylene-blue preparations, histological sections and electron microscopy revealed a pair of nerves from the SEG, each of which contains two axons 5-7 μ in diameter, and these are accompanied by several smaller ones. The nerves going to the salivary glands from the SNS contain a dozen or more axons, each less than 2 μ thick. Axons from two sources innervate the efferent salivary ducts, the acini, the anterior ends of the salivary reservoirs, and the reservoir suspensory muscles. A nerve which has reached an acinus forms a plexus upon its surface. Electron micrographs disclose penetration of axons with or without glial wrappings, into the intercellular spaces between gland cells. Axons without glial wrappings have been observed in intimate contact with gland-cell membranes, and several areas which resemble synaptic junctions have been seen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The morphology of the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells has been studied in the common newt Triturus viridescens dorsalis by light, conventional transmission and scanning electron microscopy.The pigment epithelium is formed by a single layer of low rectangular cells, separated by a multilayered membrane (Bruch's membrane) from the vessels of the choriocapillaris. The scleral border of the pigment epithelium is highly infolded and each epithelial cell contains smooth endoplasmic reticulum, myeloid bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, phagosomes and an oval nucleus. Inner, pigment laden, epithelial processes surround the photoreceptor outer and inner segments.The three retinal photoreceptor types, rods, single cones and double cones, differ in both external and internal appearance. The newt, rod, outer segments appear denser than the cones in both light and electron micrographs, due to a greater number of rod lamellae per unit distance of outer segment and to the presence of electron dense intralamellar bands. The rod outer segments possess deep incisures in the lamellae while the cone lamellae lack incisures. Both rod and cone outer segments are supported by a peripheral array of dendritic processes containing longitudinal filaments which originate in the inner segment. The inner segment mitochondria, forming the rod ellipsoid, arelong and narrow while those in the cone are spherical to oval in shape. The inner segments of all three receptor cell types also contain a glycogen-filled paraboloid and a myoid region, just outside the nucleus, rich in both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The elongate, cylindrical nuclei differ in density. The rod nuclei are denser than those of the cones, contain clumped chromatin and usually extend further vitreally. Similarly, the cytoplasm of the rod synaptic terminal is denser than its cone counterpart and contains synaptic vesicles almost twice as large as those of the cones. Photoreceptor synapses in rods and cones are established by both superficial and invaginated contacts with bipolar or horizontal cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The ontogenetic sequence of cranial bony structure from initial ossifications through metamorphosis in Ambystoma texanum is described on the basis of 128 cleared and stained specimens. For convenience of discussion nine stages are recognized on the basis of conspicuous events. Cranial bones ossify and are modified in a definite sequence, and comparisons of complete sequences among groups of salamanders may prove useful in classification and in better understanding of relationships.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 133 (1971), S. 273-280 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The cloacal sacs of Leptotyphlops dulcis are nonglandular, posterior evaginations of the cloaca. The median cloacal gland is tubuloalveolar. Similar unpaired cloacal glands as well as paired sacs are noted in certain colubrid snakes. Terminology applied to these cloacal derivatives is discussed, and a standardization of names is provided.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The antennal flagellum of the male sorghum midge is about a millimeter long and may bear over 500 sense organs. These consist of (1) tactile hairs, (2) thin-walled pegs, (3) circumfila and (4) very small pegs of unknown function. Each of the 12 subsegments of the flagellum is divided into two globular nodes and each of these is encircled by a circumfilum of from 6 to 14 loops. The circumfila are attached to the antennal surface by short stalks. The loops of the circumfila have the basic structure of thin-walled chemoreceptors: (1) very small pores in their delicate wall and (2) a lumen filled with branches of dendrites from sensory neurons. The outer surface of the circumfilum is covered with a labyrinth of fine ridges between which the pores are located. Some evidence was obtained that the circumfila are produced in the pupa by bifurcate trichogen cells.The flagellum of the female is shorter than that of the male and composed of 12 cylindrical subsegments. The circumfila of the female lie close to the surface to which they are attached by short stalks. Each is composed of two parts that encircle the subsegment and of two others that run lengthwise between the circles. The surface is nearly smooth, perforated by fine openings and lacks the complex pattern of ridges seen in the male. It also has more dendrite branches but, otherwise, has the same basic structure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 133 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The adventitia of the crayfish heart is composed of cells that are separated from each other by an intercellular space about 280 Å wide. Desmosomes are present on apposing surfaces of adjacent cells. A basal lamina underlies the adventitia and consists of a dense, amorphous substance that contains numerous fine filaments.The myocardial cells are striated and an external lamina 0.1 μ thick is present on the surface of the plasma membrane. The nuclei and most of the cytoplasm, glycogen and mitochondria are located at the cell periphery. The myofibrils are composed of thick and thin filaments and confined to the core of the cell. A T system and a well-developed SR are present. Elements of these organelles form dyads at levels that correspond to the H bands, and triads at levels that correspond to the Z bands of the peripheral myofibrils. The relationship of the T tubules to the myofibrils is discussed.Locus cells exhibit a unique pattern of intracellular myofibrillar branching. They branch from a region which has a structure similar to the Z band material. The myofibrils radiate outwardly in various directions and form numerous cellular branches which form intercalated discs with adjacent myocardial cells. These discs are more complex than those observed in poikilothermic vertebrates but are simpler than those in mammals.An endocardium is lacking in the crayfish heart but interstitial cells are present in close association with the myocardial cells and neural elements. Terminal nerve processes deeply embedded in the myocardial cells are described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Electron microscopic observations on the mechanically undisturbed guinea pig bone marrow show that the sinusoidal lining is continuous. There are neither intercellular nor intracellular apertures allowing free communication between the extravascular and intravascular compartments. A transient migration pore is only formed during the diapedetic transit of blood cells. Serial sections show that this aperture is transcellular. A functional continuity of the sinusoidal lining appears to be maintained during the diapedesis of blood cells, which is evident from the absence of a significant extravascular leakage of plasma during this process.
    Zusätzliches Material: 19 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The earliest visible changes that occur in the normal organization of the lens epithelium after a penetrating wound in the lens suggest that passage of an injury stimulus outward from the wound occurs within the first half day after injury: changes in normal tissue architecture appear near the wound at six hours and move outward to involve the proliferative zone by 12 hours. This is followed by migration of cells toward the wound. There is a slight increase in cell number in the proliferative zone within the first day, followed at later intervals by a decrease there and a concomitant increase in cell number adjacent to the wound. After a pre-injury injection of H3-TdR (or I125-UdR), labeled cells that had incorporated the precursor in the normal proliferative zone were found progressively closer to the wound with increasing time. Only the cells which incorporated the radioactive tracer could be followed, but it is likely that cells in the central areas also migrated toward the wound since they showed spindling and superimposition. Migration of cells into the wound margins is an important phase of wound closure which begins long before the major productions of new cells by mitosis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 133 (1971), S. 457-493 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The sexual apparatus was studied in 100 adult axolotls (Siredon mexicanum) for 13 different spawnings. The ages of the animals varied between two and six years. Additional material from Indiana University was also studied. Altogether there were 55 female and 52 male adult axolotls represented. The purpose of the study was to investigate the limits of the variations occurring in normal axolotls and to compare the incidences of variations and developmental abnormalities in adult animals of both sexes at various ages and belonging to different strains.Among the 13 spawnings examined, five strains were completely normal in 100% of the animals, but the remaining eight strains all included abnormal animals. The incidence of abnormal animals in some of these latter strains was 40% or even 50%. Since all of the animals were under the same conditions, the variability and the occurrence of developmental abnormalities most likely depended upon hereditary factors. Among 55 females, only seven (12.7%) were abnormal; only four of these had developmental abnormalities, and only one was hermaphrodite. Among 45 males from the author's axolotl colony, 16 (28%) were abnormal. Of these latter, six had no sex cells or very few; this variation must be regarded as a developmental abnormality. All of these malformations resulted from major degeneration processes and abnormal morphogenesis.Arrested development was also observed in many males. Spermatozoa were completely absent from the testes of eight animals. In the additional material from Indiana University (testes from 7 males), there was also one completely abnormal testis with major degeneration processes and complete absence of sex cells. It is evident that variability and the incidence of developmental abnormalities in the sexual apparatus in adult axolotls of some strains are very great.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 21-45 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The sensillum of the ear of Feltia subgothica contains two ciliated receptor cells, the A cells. The cilium of each is enclosed within a well developed scolops consisting of a cap, a set of scolopalial rods and a collar, an unusual structure contained within the dendrite. The tip of the cilium is inserted in a channel in the scolopalial cap.The cap is linked to the tympanic membrane by a series of three structures: a cap cell, a microtubular shaft and a microfibrillar plug. The two latter structures are heavily reinforced by cytoskeletal elements and the microfibrillar plug is actually continuous with the tympanic membrane. These three structures transmit the vibration of the tympanic membrane to the scolops.The simplicity and accessibility of the ear suggests that it might be a good system in which to investigate cellular events associated with transduction of sound in these receptors.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 181-194 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: In Bombyx mori the male is the homogametic sex, crossing over occurs only in males, and chiasmata are observed in spermatocytes, but not in oocyte nuclei. If the assembly of synaptonemal complexes is an essential prerequisite for genetic crossing over and chiasmata formation, then the nuclei of Bombyx spermatocytes should contain synaptonemal complexes. Synaptonemal complexes were found in spermatocytes from young four instar larvae. The structure of meiotic bivalents is described using micrographs taken with 100 and 1000 KV electron microscopes. These data together with that from the literature are used to construct a three-dimensional model of the synaptonemal complex and to suggest its method of origin and its function during crossing over.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 215-241 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Queen butterflies do not mate until the male has brushed the tufts of his scented, abdominal “hairpencils„ over the female's head and antennae. The trichogen cells located at the base of each hairpencil are secretory. Presumably, these cells produce the sex pheromone necessary for mating. The liquid secretion must move from a central, microvillus-lined vesicle through the cuticle of the hairs to coat numerous, free, cuticular „dust“ particles which adhere to the hairs' surface. The dust carries the secretion to or near the female's antennae. In the pupal stage the dust particles develop as outpocketings of the hair epicuticle. An amorphous matrix, probably protein epicuticle, is deposited in the outpocketings between the cuticulin layer and plasma membrane of the hair. Before the butterfly emerges from the pupa the matrix becomes enclosed by cuticulin, and the particles pinch off from the hair.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Light microscopy of serially sectioned nasopalatine duct remnants in ventral rostral integument of four adult (2 ♂, 2 ♀) fin whales reveals: (1) a common structure in all, (2) blindly ending nasopalatine pits 4 to 9 mm deep, (3) solid epithelial duct remnants 12 to 15 mm long, (4) lack of chemoreceptor endings, and (5) an abundance of presumed mechanoreceptors, mostly of the Pacinian category on the adoral sides, but also including some thinly encapsulated and perivascular ones that extend into the abundant connective tissue papillae of the duct remnants. Comparative and evolutionary relations of these structures are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 281-313 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A morphohistological study was carried out on the pineal organ in 15 species of teleosts belonging to 12 different families. In spite of a general similarity in pineal structure in different species, there is evident a systematic diversity. The majority of species possess saccular pineal organs containing photoreceptors as prominent parenchymal components. The close anatomical relationship of the pineal organs with the relatively thin cranial roof further supports the photosensory nature of this organ in most species. However, in certain species, particularly Corydoras aneus, apparent paucity of sensory cell outer segments, parenchymal proliferation, epithelial compactness and rich vascularization suggest specializations for a predominantly nonsensory and possibly secretory function. On the other hand, the preponderance of sensory cells in the pineal organ of Symphysodon aequifasciatus and Gyrinocheilus aymoneri indicates exceptional adaptitions for a predominantly photosensory role. The results are discussed in the light of existing electron microscopic and biochemical investigations which support a secretory function of fish pineal. The need for proper selection of species for future research on pineal function is emphasized.There is also evident a close anatomical relationship between the pineal organ, the dorsal sac and the third ventricle in various species. The possibility of intramural functional relationship of the pineal with these structures and the brain is suggested.The presence of intrapineal neurones and an afferent (pinealofugal) innervation in majority of species is described. The tractus pinealis enters the posterior commissure area. In rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, some branches, right and left, leave the posterior commissure and could be seen to move toward the habenular ganglia. Their destination remains unclear. In jack smelt, Atherinopsis californiensis, a major bundle of tract fibres follows the ventral aspect of the posterior commissure reaching what may be nuclei dorsomedialis-dorsolateralis. The possibility of direct connections with the fasciculus retroflexus is suggested. No evidence could be provided supporting existence of an efferent (pinealopetal) innervation of parenchymal cells in the pineal of species studied. It is pointed out that clarification of this aspect in future is important for a proper understanding of metabolic aspects of pineal organs in fishes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The structure, attachment and subsequent metamorphosis of larvae of the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina were studied by light and electron microscopy.Two points of larval anatomy are of special significance to proper interpretation of the metamorphosis: 1Two cytologically similar blastemal tissues, each laden with free ribosomes, occur as parts of the apical organ complex. The upper blastema directly contacts the larval surface, forming the non-ciliated rows of the apical organ. The lower blastema is internal and is oral to and contiguous with the upper blastema.2The epidermal tissues of the larva are joined in the following sequence, beginning at the aboral pole: a. apical organ complex; b. apical-connecting cell; c. infolded pallial sinus epithelium; d. vesicular-connecting cell; e. aboral vesicular epithelium; f. corona; g. oral vesicular epithelium; and i., j., and k. internal sac neck, wall and roof regions.The initial stages of metamorphosis involve a complex sequence of morphogenetic movements, including: 1eversion of the internal sac, permanently attaching the larva to the substrate;2inrolling of the aboral vesicular epithelium, corona, oral vesicular and ciliated epithelia, and neck region of the internal sac into the larval interior; concomitantly the pallial sinus epithelium evaginates;3loss of connection between the invaginated tissues and the surface;4fusion of the pallial sinus epithelium with the wall region of the internal sac, maintaining the integrity of the body surface;5retraction of the apical organ complex and invagination of the pallial sinus epithelium with the simultaneous elevation of the internal sac wall region to the aboral pole.At the conclusion of these events the preancestrular surface is covered by the wall and roof regions of the internal sac. Cells of the wall region form the epidermis of the body wall except for the attachment disc and secrete a cuticular exoskeleton that is secondarily calcified; the attachment disc is formed by the roof region of the internal sac.Internally, the ectodermal upper blastema differentiates into the lophophore and digestive tract of the ancestrular polypide, while the lower blastema forms the lining of the lophophoral coelom and the splanchnic (but not the somatic) lining of the visceral coelom. The visceral somatic peritoneum is formed from cells that may originate from the mesodermally derived pigmented cells of the larva to which they are similar in pigmentation and cytology. Such a composite derivation of a coelomic lining has not been described previously.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 479-487 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Smears of Orconectes virilis hemolymph were prepared by fixation in 10% formalin immediately upon withdrawal, and after an interval of 1, 5, or 15 minutes. These smears were then stained by a variety of histochemical means designed to identify a material which is released from both hyaline and granular cells during the coagulation process. Based upon reactions to various carbohydrate, lipid and protein tests, this material appears to consist of a glycoor muco-protein, and its localization and activity coincide with the „fibrin ferment“ described by Hardy (1892). Its release is probably initiated from the hyaline cells, followed shortly thereafter by a similar activity of the granulocytes. While it cannot be ascertained by the methods used in this study whether or not this material participates actively in clotting, its release is nevertheless coincidental with coagulation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971), S. 13-50 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The ectethmoid-mandibular articulation in Melithreptus and Manorina (Meliphagidae: Aves) consists of the dorsal mandibular process fitting into and abutting against the ventral ectethmoid fossa; it forms a brace for the mandible. This articulation in Melithreptus is a typical diarthrosis with long folded capsular walls. The mandible, thus, has two separate articulations, each with a different axis of rotation. No other genus of Meliphagidae (except Ptiloprora) or any other avian family possesses a similar feature.The jaw and tongue musculature of Melithreptus are described. The two muscles opening the jaws are well developed, while those closing the jaws are small. The tongue muscles show no special developments.A large maxillary gland, presumably muscus secreting, covers the ventral surface of the jaw muscles. Its duct opens into the oral cavity just behind the tip of the upper jaw. The frilled tip of the tongue rests against the duct opening.The ectethmoid-mandibular articulation braces the adducted mandible against dorsoposteriorly directed forces. The mandible can be held closed without a compression force exerted by the mandible on the quadrate, permitting the bird to raise its upper jaw with greater ease and less loss of force. The tongue can be protruded through the slight gap between the jaws, moving against the duct opening and thus be coated with mucus. Presumably, these birds capture insects with their sticky tongue. Hence, the ectethmoid-mandibular articulation is an adaptation for this feeding method; it evolved independently in three genera of the Meliphagidae.The ectethmoid-mandibular articulation demonstrates that a bone can have two articulations with different axes of rotation, that the two articular halves can separate widely, and that articular cartilages can be flat and remain in contact over a large area. Its function suggests that the basitemporal articulation of the mandible found in many other birds has a similar function. And it demonstrates that in the evolution of the mammalian dentary-squamosal articulation, the new hinge did not have to lie on the same rotational axis as the existing quadrate-articular hinge.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Spermatozoa in the head of the epididymis of the flying squirrel have large cup-shaped acrosomal heads with two ventral ridges. The cytoplasmic droplet contains an ovoid body and a group of large granules. These structures may be related to the chromatoid body of spermatids. The spermatozoa form polarized cylindrical bodies with centrally placed tails and peripheral heads. The tips of acrosomes protrude into concavities of acrosomal cups of neighboring spermatozoa. Peripheral portions of acrosomes are in contact with microvilli (stereocilia) of epididymal cells. Polarized cylindrical bodies are present in five species of Sciuridae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 135 (1971), S. 153-163 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Fine structure of the carp torus longitudinalis was studied by electron and light microscopy and compared with the granular layer of the carp cerebellum. There are three types of cells in the torus longitudinalis, that is, small, medium-sized and large cells. From the small cells to the medium-sized cells, there is gradual transition in size and in the amounts of cell organelles. These cell profiles and the closely packed cell pattern in a part of the torus longitudinalis are quite similar to those in the granular layer of the cerebellum. Moreover, peculiar synaptic configurations of so-called “synaptic glomeruli” are found both in the torus longitudinalis and in the granular layer of the cerebellum. In the torus longitudinalis, unmyelinated nerve fibers are seen to have bulbous swellings along their course, most of which contain a mitochondrion, as do they in the carp tectum opticum.It is speculated that the torus longitudinalis may be partly related to the granular layer of the cerebellum and partly to the tectum opticum.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: In muskellunge blastulae the yolk sac syncytium originally contains nuclei comparable in size to the blastomere nuclei from which the syncytial nuclei arose. By mitosis the originally diploid syncytial nuclei become numerous and crowded together. Continued synchronous mitosis of neighboring syncytial nuclei and the resultant crowding together of their spindles culminates in overlapping spindles, multipolar spindles, disorganized spindles, and the crowding together of large numbers of condensed chromosomes from contigous spindles. When such an aggregation of condensed chromosomes becomes enclosed within one nuclear membrane, a giant nucleus appears in the following interphase. It soon becomes postmitotic.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 383-397 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The typical eupyrene and atypical apyrene cycles of sperm differentiation in Bombyx mori were studied, with special attention to centriole number and behavior. Contrary to other reports, there is always only one centriole in the differentiating and in the mature sperm, thus confirming our previous findings that insect sperm has one centriole at the base of the flagellum, in contrast to two centrioles found in many other groups of animals. This numerical difference is discussed in an evolutionary context.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Examination of the cardiac anatomy of lizards of the family Varanidae revealed that much of the previous literature contained basic errors both in description and interpretation. These are corrected and terminology of various authors is standardized.The varanid ventricle is similar to that of most other lizards in not being elongated, in having the base at right angles to the longitudinal axis, and in having the vertical septum weakly developed. However, it is not a typical lacertilian heart in that it has a number of characteristic ophidian features such as a muscular cone surrounding the cavum latero-dorsale and a prominent twisting of the cava. It lacks a gubernaculum cordis and a cartilaginous rod in the septum aortico-pulmonale, both of which are present in many non-varanid lizards, but seldom occur in snakes. The location of the heart is more posterior in the body than is true of other lizards.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 134 (1971), S. 425-435 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Recent hypotheses about the mechanisms of adaptation of bone to impressed mechanical forces differ according to the extent to which tensile stresses are thought to be functionally important in bone. A pilot study of three anatomical regions by means of the photoelastic analogy suggests the possibility that net tension rarely exists in significantly large regions of bones during normal function.Thus the examination of two situations (opposite linear attachment of muscles to the lips of bony crests and opposite areal attachment of muscles to either side of thin bony plates) suggests that in rare cases where precise anatomical architecture is such that net tension may be present, then bone is not found; such regions consist of appropriate collagenous structures.In the third situation (opposite attachment of tendons to a sesamoid bone) where it would appear that net tension ought to exist, it is suggested that it is likely that it does not. Net tension probably occurs only in tendons running in tightly curved bony grooves: those very situations where sesamoid bones are not present.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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