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  • 2000-2004  (158)
  • 1890-1899
  • Magnetic resonance imaging  (158)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 199-202 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Dural tail sign ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report two cases in which the MRI appearances mimicked the dural tail sign; a glioma extending into the subarachnoid space, and a meningioma extending to the subdural space. They indicate that tumour invasion into the subarachnoid or subdural space, should be considered when prominent linear enhancement is observed along the dura mater adjacent to tumours.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 505-508 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Meninges ; Adenoma ; pituitary ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe the normal dural enhancement patterns of the sellar region and determine whether the duramater is affected by pituitary macroadenomas. Dural enhancement appeared to be usually abnormal in 20 patients with pituitary macroadenoma compared with 20 control patients, mainly at the planum sphenoidale and carotid sulcus. However dural changes are subtle and their recognition requires knowledge of the normal enhancement patterns. Dural changes, reported in a variety of inflammatory and infectious dural diseases and after surgery, are not specific and may be also seen in pituitary macroadenomas.
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  • 103
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    Springer
    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 51-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Sinus dermal ; Cyst dermoid ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a 5 year-old girl who had a skin dimple of the back of her upper neck. MRI showed a dermal sinus tract in the upper cervical spine, associated with an intramedullary dermoid cyst at C 2–3, and spina bifida. A laminectomy was performed, the dermoid cyst and the sinus tract were completely removed. This congenital complex is very rare.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Larynx, tumours ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Contrast medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to evaluate the relative diagnostic accuracy of MRI without contrast medium and MRI before and after contrast medium in the assessment of T-staging of laryngeal tumours. We studied 25 men (mean age 51.8, range 41–61) with laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas, using Spin-echo (SE) T1-weighted and fast SE T2-weighted sequences. The T1-weighted sequences were then repeated after gadolinium-diethylene-triaminepenta-acetic acid (Gd DTPA) 0.1 ml/kg. All patients then underwent biopsy and surgery. Two radiologists independently assessed the anonymised images by filling-out two multiple-choice forms, one for each technique, at a 2 week interval. The forms included a judgement concerning tumour identification and infiltration of the anterior commissure, supraglottic region, arytenoid cartilage, Morgagni's ventricle, paraglottic space, thyroid and cricoid cartilages, thyro-hyo-epiglottic space, vocal cords, subglottic region, and epiglottis. Similar forms were filled out by the surgeon and the pathologist after surgery. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of MRI were unaffected by the use of contrast medium. Since it did not provide additional staging information, its continued routine use in these cases is not justified.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 732-734 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Glioma, thalamic, bilateral ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a 63-year-old man who had a rare bilateral thalamic glioma. He complained of difficulty with calculations and had mental deterioration. T1-weighted images revealed bilateral thalamic swelling with homogeneous low signal and no contrast enhancement. The tumour, showing decrease of N-acetylaspartate and the presence of lactate on magnetic resonance spectroscopy, was diagnosed as an astrocytoma by stereotactic biopsy.
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  • 106
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 778-780 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cavernous angioma ; Empyema, subdural ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cavernomas fall within the group of angiographically occult lesions and may be found in up to 4 % of the population [1]. They may occur at any age, and with the advent of MRI incidental cavernomas are increasingly identified. The pathogenesis is uncertain. Familial cases are well recognised with a reported prevalence of 10–15 % [2–3]. The incidence of new lesions has been reported at 0.4 lesions per patient per year in cases with familial cavernomas [4]. Presumed cavernomas have been documented following radiation for malignancy [5–6], and sterotactic cerebral biopsy [7]. There have been no previously documented cases of de novo genesis of cavernomas following bacterial meningitis and subdural empyemas.
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  • 107
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord ; neoplasms ; Ependymoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We retrospectively reviewed the MRI findings in 28 patients with an intramedullary spinal cord ependymoma who underwent surgical treatment. There were 26 tumours in the cervical and two in the thoracic spine. T1- and T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced images at 1.5 T were obtained in all cases. T1-weighted imaging showed solid tumour as isointense in 13 patients, high-signal in ten and low signal in five. In contrast, T2-weighted imaging showed all tumours as high signal. Contrast enhancement was heterogeneous 13 patients, homogeneous 10, heterogeneous with cyst wall enhancement in three, and a nodule on a cyst wall was seen in two. Cases with these latter patterns require careful differential diagnosis from astrocytoma or haemangioblastoma.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Traumatic brain injury ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pulse sequences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our aim was to relate MRI findings in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to clinical severity and long-term outcome. We studied 37 patients with severe TBI, who were submitted to clinical assessment for disability and cognition and to MRI 60–90 days after trauma. Clinical assessment was also performed 3, 6 and 12 months later. The number and volume of lesions in various cerebral structures were calculated semiautomatically from FLAIR and fast field-echo images. Possible correlations between total and regional lesion volume and clinical deficits were then investigated. The frontal and temporal lobes were most frequently involved. Total lesion volume on FLAIR images correlated significantly with clinical outcome, whereas that on FFE images did not. Regional analysis showed that FLAIR lesion volume in the corpus callosum correlated significantly with scores on disability and cognition scales at the first clinical assessment. FLAIR lesion volume in the frontal lobes correlated significantly with clinical scores 1 year later.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Degeneration, subacute combined ; Spinal cord ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a case of vitamin B12 deficiency and subacute combined degeneration in a patient with a gastrectomy. MRI showed high-signal lesions on T2-weighted images in both the posterior and anterior columns, associated with minor thoracic spinal cord expansion. The patient was treated with B12 supplements and clinical improvement was associated with reduction of the size of the lesions on MRI.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Brain, development ; Hippocampus ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Epilepsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among 527 MRI examinations of patients with a suspicion of epilepsy in 5 years, we found 32 cases of hippocampal malrotation (HIMAL). The characteristic features are: incomplete inversion of the hippocampus with and abnormally round shape; unilateral involvement of the whole hippocampus; normal signal intensity and size; blurred internal structure; an abnormal angle of collateral sulcus; abnormal position and size of the fornix; normal size of the temporal lobe; enlargement and particular configuration of the temporal horn, typical of corpus callosum agenesis; and a normal corpus callosum. In 7 cases (22 %) HIMAL occurred together with developmental disorders. It was predominantly seen in men. The clinical features were varied. Based on some MRI features, the presence of developmental disorders, the male predominance, the frequently positive family history, and a review of the literature, we think HIMAL may be the consequence of a mild hemisphere developmental disorder. It is probably not the basic cause of epilepsy in such varied clinical setting, but may be a sign of a developmental disorder and can help in selecting patients for more meticulous investigation. It also may give some new understanding of brain development.
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  • 111
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 357-359 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Stalk, pituitary ; Cyst, infundibular ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 74-year-old man reported headaches and blurring of vision for 1 month. MRI showed a nonenhancing infundibular cyst. Neurologic findings, blood and cerebrospinal fluid examinations, and chest and abdominal CT were all normal. MRI 4 months later showed no change. The patient was without any medication other than simple analgesics. One year later, the stalk had returned to its normal size and configuration on MRI.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Dysplasia, focal cortical ; Hamartomas ; Epilepsy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a pathological entity first described in 1971. Other more subtle cortical malformations found in patients with epilepsy include microdysgenesis (MD), and glioneuronal hamartias. Although these glial and neuronoglial malformations have distinct histological features, there is terminological confusion in the radiological literature. Few cases have been reported in adults with both imaging and histology. We address these issues, giving a radiological-pathological correlation of histologically proven cortical malformations in adults. We describe clinical, radiological and histological features of 12 cases (five FCD, five MD with glioneuronal hamartias, and two hamartomas), unassociated with other conditions, and discuss them in the light of the literature. FCD is usually seen on MRI as cortical thickening, with or without signal change, which may extend into the adjacent white matter. On histology, abnormal neurons and/or glial cells, blurring of the grey-white matter interface, myelin pallor, demyelination, and gliosis may be found. Glioneuronal hamartias and hamartomas usually appear as complex masses on MRI. FCD and hamartias may be associated, and a combination of imaging findings may be seen on MRI. Atrophy of the ipsilateral hippocampus may be present on MRI in patients with hamartias, and minor cell loss on histology, but not definitive hippocampal sclerosis. Although the imaging findings of cortical malformations are protean, some characteristic MRI features, with histological correlates, may be found. The relevance of most of these observations remains unclear.
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  • 113
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 666-668 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words White matter ; White matter ; Immunosuppressive therapy, complications ; Bone-marrow transplant ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case of transient neurologic toxicity secondary to tacrolimus. The clinical and imaging findings are reported and their subsequent regression after interruption of therapy in the patient following a bone-marrow transplant is also described. The etiology of the neurotoxicity and its analogy with other immunosuppressant agents are discussed.
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  • 114
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    Neuroradiology 42 (2000), S. 676-678 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words. Syringomyelia, spontaneous drainage ; Cerebrospinal fluid, hydrodynamics ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We present five cases of syringomyelia associated with Chiari I or other causes of partial obstructions at the cervicomedullary junction, with spontaneous disruption of the wall of a cervical syrinx and formation of a communication between the cavity and the subarachnoid space, shown on axial MRI. MRI can be used to investigate the hydrodynamics, showing the liquid inside the disrupted syrinx wall and the pathway of drainage. The finding of spontaneous drainage may be important for understanding the pathogenesis of syringomyelia and may be helpful for choosing a surgical approach.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Spinal cord, demyelinating lesions ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Small spinal cord lesions, even if clinically significant, can be due to the low sensitivity of some pulse sequences. We compared T2-weighted fast (FSE), and conventional (CSE) spin-echo and short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR)-FSE overlooked on MRI sequences to evaluate their sensitivity to and specificity for lesions of different types. We compared the three sequences in MRI of 57 patients with cervical spinal symptoms. The image sets were assessed by two of us individually for final diagnosis, lesion detectability and image quality. Both readers arrived at the same final diagnoses with all sequences, differentiating four groups of patients. Group 1 (30 patients, 53 %), with a final diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Demyelinating lesions were better seen on STIR-FSE images, on which the number of lesions was significantly higher than on FSE, while the FSE and CSE images showed approximately equal numbers of lesions; additional lesions were found in 9 patients. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 17 demyelinating lesions was significantly higher on STIR-FSE images than with the other sequences. Group 2, 19 patients (33 %) with cervical pain, 15 of whom had disc protrusion or herniation: herniated discs were equally well delineated with all sequences, with better myelographic effect on FSE. In five patients with intrinsic spinal cord abnormalities, the conspicuity and demarcation of the lesions were similar with STIR-FSE and FSE. Group 3, 4 patients (7 %) with acute myelopathy of unknown aetiology. In two patients, STIR-FSE gave better demarcation of lesions and in one a questionable additional lesions. Group 4, 4 patients (7 %) with miscellaneous final diagnoses. STIR-FSE had high sensitivity to demyelinating lesions, can be considered quite specific and should be included in spinal MRI for assessment of suspected demyelinating disease.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Henoch-Schönlein purpura ; Methylprednisolone ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Neurological complications are rare during the course of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). We report a 7-year-old girl with HSP who presented with seizures, loss of vision and disturbance of consciousness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed high signal intensity in the gray and white matter over the left parietal and both occipital lobes, compatible with MRI findings of cerebral vasculitis. The eye fundi revealed multiple branches of retinal artery occlusion. Intravenous pulse methylprednisolone (MTP) followed by oral steroid therapy was initially administered for HSP nephritis. Cerebral vasculitis developed 10 days post-MTP treatment, with progressive worsening of consciousness. Oral steroid was discontinued and plasmapheresis was performed alone. Her level of consciousness dramatically improved after plasmapheresis. The brain MRI and eye fundi findings were consistent with her clinical improvement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of MRI abnormalities and multiple retinal artery branch occlusion of cerebral vasculitis in a patient with HSP that was successfully treated by plasmapheresis alone. In conclusion, we propose that plasmapheresis may be used as a first-line therapy or rescue therapy for cerebral vasculitis in HSP.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words Hemolytic uremic syndrome ; Cerebral hypoxia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Central nervous system lesions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a 20-month-old girl with post- diarrheal (Shiga toxin) hemolytic uremic syndrome and severe encephalopathy. Magnetic resonance (MR) images were obtained in the acute phase of the disease and after 10 months. The first MR images showed widespread high signal intensity on T2-weighted and low signal intensity on T1-weighted images, in deep and subcortical white matter; the splenium of the corpus callosum was also involved, as well as cerebellar hemispheres. Neurological symptoms and signs gradually disappeared within 35 days. Follow-up MR imaging showed almost complete resolution of the previous findings, and the patient recovered without central nervous system impairment. The neurological lesions were probably due to hypoxia, although several other mechanisms could be involved, such as metabolic derangements and the action of Shiga toxin. In spite of the dramatic clinical manifestations, we observed a good outcome, indicating that patients with similar lesions do not necessarily have a poor prognosis.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Keywords: Key words Spondylodiscitis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography ; Diagnostic algorithm ; Therapeutic algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-nine patients with spondylodiscitis (SD) of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine were followed-up clinically and radiologically [X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] over a mean time of 2.2 years (1–6.5 years). All patients without abscess formation (n = 35) were treated conservatively. Out of the group with abscess formation (n = 24) 6 patients were also treated conservatively, 11 were drained under CT control and 7 were operated. At time of diagnosis, “signs of florid inflammation” were seen in 60% of the roentgenograms, in 93% of the CTs and in all of the MRIs. The sensitivity to differentiate between SD with and without abscess formation was 85% by MRI and 69% by CT. “Signs of regressive inflammation” and “signs of increasing osseous consolidation”, essential facts for starting remobilization, could first be seen using CT 6 weeks after onset of therapy. Using MRI these signs were seen with a considerable delay at 12 weeks. Clinically, only 3 of the 59 analyzed patients developed recurrent SD. In conclusion, MRI is the radiological method of choice for establishing the diagnosis of SD, in particular with regard to differentiating between cases with and without abscess formations. In contrast, CT is superior for performing success control after treatment. Therapeutically, conservative, minimal-invasive and operative procedures are not rival but rather complementary.
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  • 119
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    Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 120 (2000), S. 349-351 
    ISSN: 1434-3916
    Keywords: Key words Glenoid dysplasia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Multidirectional shoulder dislocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Glenoid dysplasia is a rare abnormality of the shoulder. We report glenoid dysplasia in two consecutive generations: a boy and his father. Both suffered recurrent shoulder dislocations, and radiological examination revealed bilateral glenoid dysplasia. Our cases confirm dominant inheritance of this osseous malformation.
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  • 120
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 4 (2000), S. S270 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Röntgendiagnostik ; Panoramaschichtaufnahme ; Strahlenexposition ; Computertomographie ; Kernspintomographie ; Key words ; X-ray diagnostics ; Panoramic X-ray ; Radiation exposure ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A vital X-ray imaging technique in oral and craniomaxillofacial surgery is the panoramic X-ray. Due to its variety of special projections, including imaging of the transversal level and low exposure to radiation, it is suitable for answering many clinical questions and for diagnostics of various findings. It has become possible to minimize the necessary doses by further development of technology and devices, as well as of X-ray films and by new detection systems, such as sensors or screens. In some clinical cases, the diagnostic deficiencies of conventional imaging techniques make computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging indispensable. Although MR is particularly suitable for soft tissue imaging, it has also become helpful in finding cortical changes by shorter measuring times. In certain cases, e. g., changes to bone metabolism, differentiated methods of nuclear medicine make image-aided analysis of function possible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zentrale Aufnahmeart in der Röntgendiagnostik der Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie ist die Panoramaschichtaufnahme. Mit ihren zahlreichen Spezialprojektionen einschließlich der Abbildung der Transversalebene ist sie für die Abklärung zahlreicher Fragestellungen mit geringer Strahlenexposition geeignet. Die Verringerung des Dosisbedarfs ist weiterhin durch Fortentwicklungen der Gerätetechnik, der Röntgenfilme und durch neue Detektionssysteme wie z. B. Sensoren oder Speicherfolien möglich geworden. Diagnostische Unzulänglichkeiten der konventionellen Aufnahmearten machen bei zahlreichen klinischen Fragestellungen der Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie eine Bildgebung mittels Computertomographie und Kernspintomographie unumgänglich. Obgleich die Kernspintomographie v. a. für die Weichteildiagnostik vorrangig geeignet ist, erlaubt sie mittlerweile, aufgrund der Verkürzung der Messzeiten, auch Veränderungen der Kortikalis abzubilden. Bei bestimmten Fragestellungen, wie z. B. Veränderungen des Knochenmetabolismus, ermöglichen differenzierte nuklearmedizinische Verfahren eine abbildungsunterstützte Funktionsanalyse.
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  • 121
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    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 829-831 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Keywords Intraoperative imaging ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Anatomical and functional neuronavigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The Erlangen-concept of image-guided-surgery is based on the installation of an open magnetic resonance (MR) scanner (Magnetom Open, 0.2 T, Siemens AG) in a twin operating room in combination with two neuronavigation systems (Stealth NeuroStation, Sofamor Danek, MKM Zeiss). Since March 1996 this method has been used for a total of 402 patients, among them 44 children. In 214 patients, mainly with gliomas or pituitary adenomas or who needed surgery for epilepsy, we performed intraoperative MR imaging to monitor the extent of resection, allowing a second look for possible tumor remnants and also compensating for brain shift by an intraoperative update of neuronavigation. Functional neuronavigation, i.e. the combination of anatomical neuronavigation with functional imaging [e.g. magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)] was used in patients with lesions in brain areas such as the motor and speech areas. For MEG we used a MAGNES II biomagnetometer (Biomagnetic Technologies, San Diego, Calif.) and for fMRI a 1.5 T Siemens Symphony MR scanner. So far we have treated 89 patients with functional neuronavigation. Our preliminary experience indicates that intraoperative MR imaging, especially in combination with functional neuronavigation, allows more radical resections with lower morbidity.
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  • 122
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    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 138-142 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Craniopharyngioma ; Posterior fossa tumors ; Microsurgery ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computerized tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Between 1991 and 1998, 24 patients underwent surgery for a craniopharyngioma in our department. This group included two patients who had tumors with extensive growth along the midline, and along the posterior fossa in particular. In both cases suprasellar calcifications were typical features on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). A 7-year-old boy presented with a 6-month history of headache, nausea, and progressive unilateral hearing loss. With a suboccipital approach it was possible to remove the main part of the tumor. In a 13-year-old boy headache and visual deterioration led to the diagnosis of a craniopharyngioma, which was removed with a pterional approach. For the neuroimaging work-up in such cases of atypically growing craniopharyngiomas MRI is the method of choice. Additional CT scanning is recommended, which provides valuable information about bony changes at the skull base due to space-occupying growth. CT substantiates the differential diagnosis if typical calcifications are seen.
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  • 123
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 257 (2000), S. 24-26 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Pharyngeal neoplasms ; Rhabdomyoma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult rhabdomyomas of the head and neck are uncommon benign skeletal muscle tumors. Only a few cases occurring in the pharyngeal wall have been described in the world literature. We present a case of recurrent bilateral rhabdomyomas in the pharynx and discuss the clinicopathological features of this lesion, comparing it to those of other neoplasms from which it must be differentiated. To our knowledge, bilaterality of this type of lesion has not been described previously. Although adult rhabdomyomas have a distinct histology, they often are mistaken for a variety of other lesions, particularly granular cell tumor.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Diffusion ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Encephalitis disseminata ; Keywords Diffusion ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Multiple sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is one of the best methods in diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, particularly in disclosure of active demyelinating lesions. Aim of this study was to compare diffusion weighted imaging and contrast enhancement in the detection of active lesions. A MR study with a contrast enhanced T1-weighted pulse sequence with magnetization transfer presaturation and a diffusion weighted echoplanar pulse sequence (b=1000 s/mm2) was performed in 17 patients (11 women, 6 men) with multiple sclerosis. 29 of 239 lesions showed an increased signal intensity in diffusion weighted imaging, 24 lesions a contrast enhancement, but only 16 lesions were visible in both pulse sequences. In patients with short clinical symptomatology significant more lesions could be detected with diffusion-weighted pulse sequence in comparison to patients with long standing symptomatology showing more lesions with contrast enhancement. Hence it is likely, that both pulse sequences detect different histopathologic changes. The early detection of demyelinating lesions in diffusion weighted imaging is attributed to the extracellular edema, however the contrast enhancement is caused by a blood brain barrier abnormality. It can be expected that diffusion weighted imaging will have a high impact on imaging of multiple sclerosis not only in therapeutic trials, but also in clinical routine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Magnetresonanztomograpie ist eine der wichtigsten Untersuchungsmethoden in der Diagnostik der Encephalitis disseminata, insbesondere im Nachweis aktiver Entmarkungsherde. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, diffusionsgewichtete und kontrastverstärkte Untersuchungen bezüglich der Erkennung aktiver Läsionen zu vergleichen. Bei 17 Patienten (11 Frauen, 6 Männer) mit bekannter Encephalitis disseminata wurden sowohl eine kontrastverstärkte T1-gewichtete Sequenz mit Magnetization-Transfer-Sättigung als auch eine diffusionsgewichtete Echoplanar-Sequenz (b=1000 s/mm2) durchgeführt. 29 der 239 Läsionen zeigten eine Signalsteigerung in der diffusionsgewichteten Sequenz, 24 eine Kontrastmittelaufnahme, jedoch waren nur 16 Läsionen in beiden Techniken nachweisbar. Bei Patienten mit kurzzeitig bestehender Symptomatik zeigten sich signifikant mehr Entmarkungsherde mit Signalsteigerung in der Diffusionswichtung im Vergleich zu Patienten mit länger bestehender neurologischer Symptomatik, die mehr kontrastmittelaffine Läsionen aufwiesen. Dies lässt darauf schließen, dass mit beiden Verfahren unterschiedliche histopathologische Veränderungen beobachtet werden. Das sehr frühe Auftreten der Diffusionsänderung in den Entmarkungsherden wird auf das Ödem zurückgeführt, während die Kontrastmittelaufnahme durch eine Blut-Hirnschranken-Störung verursacht wird. Es ist zu erwarten, dass die diffusionsgewichtete Magnetresonanztomographie einen hohen Stellenwert in der Bildgebung der Encephalitis disseminata nicht nur in Therapiestudien, sondern auch in der klinischen Routinediagnostik erlangen wird.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Koronare Herzkrankheit ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Myokardperfusion ; SPECT ; Key words ; Coronary artery disease ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Myocardial perfusion ; SPECT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aim: Performance of combined rest/stress MR perfusion studies and the analysis of qualitative signal intensity parameters in comparison with 99mTc-SestaMIBI SPECT in patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: Sixteen patients with CAD underwent MR myocardial perfusion assessment at rest and after dipyridamole-induced hyperemia. Qualitative parameters (SI increase, SI upslope) of the SI time-curves were evaluated and characteristics of normal, reversible and persistent hypoperfused myocardium as assessed by 99mTc-SestaMIBI SPECT were compared. Results: Compared with the rest values, normal myocardium showed a significant increase of the SI upslope during hyperemia (P〈0.001), whereas persistent (P=0.07) and reversible (P=0.15) hypoperfusions showed only minor changes. SI increase over baseline also showed a significant increase only in normal myocardium (P〈0.001). At rest, reversible ischemic areas showed no significant differences from normal myocardium, whereas during hyperemia SI increase was significantly lower (P=0.02). Conclusions: Qualitative SI parameters of a combined rest/stress MR myocardial perfusion study allow to differentiate normal from reversibly or persistently hypoperfused myocardium.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Die kombinierte Ruhe- und Belastungsuntersuchung der myokardialen Durchblutung in der MRT sowie die Analyse qualitativer SI-Parameter der MR-Myokardperfusion bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit wurden mit der 99mTc-SestaMIBI SPECT verglichen. Methode: Bei 16 Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit (KHK) wurde in der MRT mit einer Mehrschichtgradientenechotechnik die Myokardperfusion unter Ruhe- und Belastungsbedingungen untersucht. Qualitative Signalintensitätsparameter der Kontrastmittelanflutung wurden berechnet und die Parameter in normalen, reversibel und persistierend minderperfundierten Myokardarealen miteinander verglichen. Ergebnisse: Normales Myokard zeigte im Gegensatz zu reversiblen (P=0,15) und persistierenden (P=0,07) Ischämien eine signifikante Zunahme der SI-Anstiegssteilheit unter Belastung (P〈0,001). Die SI-Zunahme zeigte ebenfalls nur in normal perfundierten Arealen eine signifikante Zunahme (P〈0,001) nach Belastung. Unter Belastung zeigte sich bei reversiblen Ischämien eine signifikant niedrigere SI-Zunahme als in normalem Myokard (P=0,02), während sich in Ruhe kein Unterschied zeigte. Schlussfolgerung: Qualitative SI-Parameter der kombinierten MR-Perfusionsuntersuchung des Myokards in Ruhe und unter Belastung erlauben die Differenzierung zwischen normalem sowie reversibel oder persistierend minderperfundiertem Myokard.
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  • 126
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 625-631 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Computertomographie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Pharynx ; Tumoren ; Key words Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Pharynx ; Tumors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background. Malignant tumors of the head and neck region are amongst the six most often occurring tumors of the body. They can be associated with the different anatomical compartments as well as different histologic types. The way of tumor spread of these malignancies depends on their histologic type and on the region. These compartments can be separated into the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the hypopharynx. Most of the malignant tumors belong to the squamous cell carcinomas, other histologic types are depicted less frequently. The histologic types of the other groups which are seen more often comprise of lymphomas and adenoidcystic carcinomas. The undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx is supposed to be a special type of tumor. The malignant tumors of the pharynx can also involve all three compartments. Beside these tumors, malignancies of mesenchymal origin can also be delineated. Imaging modalities. The imaging modalities most frequently used to detect these tumors and to clarify their extension are contrast enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclearmedicine imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography. Other scintigraphic imaging methods play a less important role. Conclusion. The different imaging modalities of malignant pharyngeal tumors and of potentially infiltrated lymphnodes with the weightness on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and their appearance in these imaging techniques shall be enhanced in this paper.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund. Der Kopf-Hals-Bereich zählt weltweit zu den 6 am häufigsten von malignen Tumoren befallenen Körperregionen. Maligne Tumoren des Pharynx können dabei entsprechend der anatomischen Unterteilung – d. h. Nasopharynx, Oropharynx und Hypopharynx – diesen Regionen zugeordnet werden. Neben der grundsätzlich heterogenen Wachstumstendenz weisen diese Tumoren je nach histologischer Herkunft ein recht unterschiedliches Ausbreitungsmuster auf. Bei der überwiegenden Mehrzahl handelt es sich um Plattenepithelkarzinome, die anderen histologischen Typen – wie adenoidzystische Karzinome oder Lymphome – sind weitaus seltener vertreten. Daneben kommen sehr selten auch noch maligne Tumoren mesenchymalen Ursprungs wie z. B. die Rhabdomyosarkome vor. Bildgebung. Die bildgebende Abklärung erfolgt mit der kontrastmittelverstärkten CT, der MRT und in jüngster Zeit mit nuklearmedizinischen Methoden, z. B. PET. Andere szintigraphische Untersuchungsmethoden spielen eine untergeordnete Rolle. Resümee. Verschiedene bildgebende Methoden (schwerpunktmäßig CT und MRT) und die entsprechenden Erscheinungsbilder sowie Lokalisations- bzw. Ausbreitungsdiagnostik der malignen Tumoren und evtl. befallener Lymphknoten dieser Regionen werden vorgestellt.
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Diffusionsgewichtete Kernspintomographie ; Wirbelkörpermetastasen ; Diffusionskoeffizient ; Keywords Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Vertebral metastases ; Diffusion coefficient ; ADC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Aim of the study. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the diffusion coefficient (ADC) of vertebral metastasis and regular vertebral bodies with diffusion weighted MRI (DWI). DWI evaluates the tissue-specific molecular diffusion of protons. In tissues with high cell densities (neoplasm) a decreased ADC can be expected due to restricted diffusion according to an exaggerated amount of intra- and intercellular membranes (i. e. diffusion barriers). Methods. In 5 breast cancer patients the ADC of both known vertebral metastases and of adjacent regular vertebral bodies were measured with DWI (1.0 T; Phased-Array-Body-Coil; b: 880 and 440 s/mm2). Results. The ADC of regular vertebral bodies (1.3±0.23×10–,3s/mm2) was significantly (p≤0.0002) higher than in vertebral metastases (0.39±0.11×10–3s/mm2). Conclusions. These data demonstrate that the ADC can be reliably measured in vertebral bodies. The quantitative evaluation of the ADC in vertebral bodies seems to be an objective and comparable parameter for differentiating malign from benign vertebral tissue.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel. Ziel der Arbeit war die Messung des Diffusionskoeffizienten (ADC) mittels diffusionsgewichteter (DW) MRT in Wirbelkörpermetastasen und in MR-morphologisch unauffälligen Wirbelkörpern. Die DW-MRT misst den für ein Gewebe spezifischen ADC, welcher der Eigendiffusion von Wasserstoffmolekülen entspricht. In zellreichem Tumorgewebe mit zahlreichen intra- und interzellulären Membranen (d. h. Diffusionsbarrieren) ist ein niedriger, in zellarmen oder nekrotischem Gewebe, ein hoher ADC zu erwarten. Methode. Bei 5 Patientinnen mit Mammakarzinom wurde der ADC von Lendenwirbelkörpermetastasen sowie von angrenzenden, MR-morphologisch unauffälligen Wirbelkörpern ermittelt (1,0 T; Phased-Array-Body-Coil; b: 880 und 440 s/mm2). Ergebnisse. Der ADC in MR-morphologisch unauffälligen Wirbelkörpern (1,3±0,23×10–3s/mm2) war signifikant (p≤0,0002) höher als in Wirbelkörpermetastasen (0,39±0,11×10–3s/mm2). Schlussfolgerung. Anhand dieser Daten konnte gezeigt werden, dass der ADC von Wirbelkörpern verlässlich gemessen werden kann, und dass durch die quantitative Bestimmung des ADC ein objektiv vergleichbarer Parameter zur Verfügung steht, der zur Differenzierung von malignem und benignem Gewebe gut geeignet erscheint.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Zerebrovaskuläre Erkrankung ; Arteriosklerose ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Magnetresonanzangiographie ; Digitale Subtraktionsangiographie ; A. carotis ; Keywords Cerebrovascular disease ; Arteriosclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetic resonance angiography ; Digital subtraction angiography ; Carotid artery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Purpose. To compare high resolution contrast-enhanced MR angiography (MRA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the assessment of supraaortic vessel stenosis. Methods. 14 patients with suspicion of cerebrovascular disease or upper limb ischemia underwent selective DSA and high resolution contrast enhanced MRA employing a new Panoramic-Array coil. Stenosis assessment in comparison to DSA followed NASCET criteria. Additionally signal-/noise ratios (SNR) were evaluated to assess contrast enhancement. Results. Diagnostic image quality was achieved in all patients. Sensitivity and specificity for assessing high-grade stenosis of the supraaortic vessels were 100% and 96% respectively. In the assessment of high-grade common or internal carotid artery stenosis sensitivity and specificity was 100%. Conclusion. High resolution contrast enhanced supraaortic MRA combined with new coil sytems allow for a reliable assessment of stenoses along the whole vessel course including the aortic arch. Previous stent procedures limit its use in post-interventional follow-up.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung. Ziel der Studie war ein Vergleich zwischen hochauflösender kontrastverstärkter MR-Angiographie (MRA) und digitaler Subtraktionsangiographie (DSA) in der Diagnostik von Stenosen der supraaortalen Gefäße. Methoden. 14 Patienten mit Verdacht auf eine zerebrovaskuläre Erkrankung oder Durchblutungsstörung der oberen Extremität wurden mit DSA und hochaufgelöster, kontrastverstärkter MR-Angiographie mit Verwendung einer Panoramic-Array-Spule untersucht. Neben der Beurteilung der Kontrastierung erfolgte die Bestimmung der Stenosegrade im Vergleich zur selektiven DSA nach den NASCET-Kriterien. Ergebnisse. Bei allen Patienten konnte mit der MRA eine diagnostisch ausreichende Bildqualität erzielt werden. In der Diagnostik hochgradiger Stenosen der supraaortalen Gefäße ergab sich eine Sensitivität von 100% und eine Spezifität von 96%. In der Erkennung hochgradiger Stenosen der A. carotis communis oder interna lagen Sensitivität und Spezifität bei 100%. Schlussfolgerung. Die ultraschnelle MRA der supraaortalen Gefäße in Kombination mit einer geeigneten Spulenkombination ermöglicht die zuverlässige Erkennung stenotischer Veränderungen im gesamten Gefäßverlauf einschließlich des Aortenbogens. Stentimplanationen limitieren derzeit den Einsatz in der postinterventionellen Kontrolle.
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  • 129
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 726-728 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Developmental dysplasia ; Hip ; Membrane ; Interposition ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Intra-articular membranous interposition was detected by MRI in the hip joint with residual subluxation of a girl aged 5 years 10 months. This structure, which had low signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images, separated the femoral head from the acetabulum. Histological examination revealed chondrometaplasia, which suggested that this interposition might be transformed to a surface cartilaginous tissue of the secondary acetabulum often observed in residual subluxation of the hip.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Soft tissue ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Sparganosis ; Sparganosis ; magnetic resonance imaging ; Sparganosis ; ultrasonography ; Parasitic infection ; Sparganum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To document the imaging characteristics of subcutaneous and musculoskeletal sparganosis. Design and patients. Ten patients with musculoskeletal sparganosis were examined, with a variety of imaging modalities including MRI (n=6), ultrasonography (n=8), plain radiography (n=7) and CT (n=1). Pathologic correlation was carried out in all cases. Results. Nine lesions involved soft tissues, of which seven were in the thigh, two in the trunk and one involved a vertebral body. The majority of the lesions in soft tissue were confined to the subcutaneous layer but two extended deep into underlying muscles. Sonography revealed low-echoic serpiginous tubular tracts (8/8), and an intraluminal echogenic structure (4/8). MRI revealed multiple serpiginous tubular tracts and peripheral rim enhancement. Two patients showed perilesional soft tissue edema. Pathologically, the lesion consisted of a larva surrounded by three layers of inflammation: an inner epithelioid granulomatous cell layer, middle chronic inflammatory cell layers, and an outer fibrous layer. Conclusion. The study suggests that if serpiginous tubular tracts are seen at imaging studies, musculoskeletal sparganosis should be included in the differential diagnosis.
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  • 131
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 1064-1076 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Sarkoidose ; Neurosarkoidose ; Granulom ; MRT ; Keywords Sarcoidosis ; Sarcoidosis complications ; Neurosarcoidosis ; Granuloma ; Brain diseases complications ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The central nervous system is frequently affected during the course of sarcoidosis. Many of these lesions remain without clinical correlates. Unenhanced and contrast enhanced CT and MRI play an important role during the diagnostic work-up of patients with sarcoidosis and suspected or proved CNS involvement. This article summarizes the most frequent manifestations of neurosarcoidosis and provides illustrative examples of MRI findings.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Nervensystem ist bei der Sarkoidose häufiger mitbeteiligt als nach klinischen Gesichtspunkten zu vermuten wäre. Den bildgebenden Untersuchungsverfahren kommt eine große Bedeutung beim Nachweis der pathologischen Veränderungen zu. Insbesondere die Kernspintomographie sichert die Diagnosestellung und dient der Verlaufsbeurteilung. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die typischen klinischen und bildgebenden Befunde bei der Neurosarkoidose vorgestellt.
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  • 132
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 104-108 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Adult teratoma ; Dumb-bell type tumor ; Lumbar spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of a lumbar teratoma in a 50-year-old woman. The teratoma showed a dumb-bell-type expansion at the level of the left L3/4 foramen with massive erosion of the L3 vertebral body. MRI revealed inhomogeneous signal changes in the tumor, which were histologically compatible with a mixture of bone, muscle, fat, and cyst containing sebaceous material. Complete resection of the tumor and spinal arthrodesis with pedicle screw fixation was necessary to obtain stability of the affected spinal segment.
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  • 133
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Rheumatoid arthritis ; Cervical spine ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Dynamic imaging ; Flexion views
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To determine whether MR imaging in flexion adds value relative to imaging in the neutral position with respect to displaying involvement of the subarachnoid space, brainstem and spinal cord. Design and patients. T1-weighted MR images of the cervical spine in 42 rheumatoid arthritis patients with cervical spine involvement were obtained and analyzed prospectively. We assessed changes between images obtained in the neutral position and following active flexion, especially horizontal atlantoaxial and subaxial motion, presence or absence of brainstem compression, subarachnoid space involvement at the atlantoaxial and subaxial level and the cervicomedullary angle. Vertical atlantoaxial subluxation and the amount of pannus were correlated with motion and change in subarachnoid space. Results. The flexion images showed horizontal atlantoaxial motion in 21 patients and subaxial motion in one patient. The flexion view displayed brainstem compression in only one patient. Involvement of the subarachnoid space increased at the atlantoaxial level in eight (19%) patients (P=0.004) and at the level below C2 in five (12%) patients (P=0.03). There were no patients with a normal subarachnoid space in neutral position and compression in the flexed position. The cervicomedullary angle changed significantly with flexion. Vertical atlantoaxial subluxation and the amount of pannus did not show a significant correlation with motion or subarachnoid space involvement. Conclusion. MR imaging in the flexed position shows a statistically significant narrowing of the subarachnoid space at the atlantoaxial level and below C2. Cord compression is only observed on flexion views if the subarachnoid space in neutral position is already decreased. MR imaging in the flexed position might be useful, since subarachnoid space involvement may be an indicator for the development of neurologic dysfunction.
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 466-469 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Bone neoplasm ; Chondromyxoid fibroma ; Femur ; Apophysis ; Radiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We present a rare case of juxtacortical chondromyxoid fibroma arising in the lesser trochanter of the right femur which corresponds to an apophysis. Radiography showed a well-defined expansive lesion with a sclerotic margin measuring 5×3.5 cm in diameter in the lesser trochanter. On spin echo T1-weighted images, the lesion revealed low signal intensity similar to muscle. On spin echo T2-weighted images, the lesion revealed high heterogeneous signal intensity, which after gadolinium injection showed heterogeneous enhancement. The inner margin of the cortex was intact and adjacent bone marrow was of normal signal intensity. The outer margin of the lesion was also clearly defined and extension into adjacent soft tissue beyond the exophytic cortical outgrowth was not evident.
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  • 135
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 470-473 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Aneurysmal bone cyst ; Humerus ; Giant cell reparative granuloma ; Pathological fracture ; Radiography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report on a 69-year-old woman with a solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (solid ABC) in the left humerus with a pathological fracture. Radiographically, the lesion exhibited a relatively well-defined osteolytic lesion in the diaphysis of the left humerus. On magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the medullary lesion exhibited a homogeneous signal intensity isointense with surrounding normal muscles on the T1-weighted images and a mixture of low and high signal intensity on the T2-weighted images. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images revealed diffuse enhancement of the entire lesion. The pathological study showed a proliferation of fibroblasts, histiocytes, chronic inflammatory cells and numerous multinucleated giant cells in a collagenous matrix. Abundant osteoid formation in the matrix was observed, but the cells were devoid of nuclear atypia. Aneurysmal cystic cavities were absent. A review of the English literature found 22 cases of solid ABC of the long bones.
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  • 136
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 465-468 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Fäkale Inkontinenz ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Endoanalspule ; Key words Faecal incontinence ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Endoanal coil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Purpose. Within the recent years several studies have been performed to determine the value of endoanal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in faecal incontinence. Methods. MRI is performed using a 0.5 – 1.5T unit. A surface coil with a maximum diameter of 19 mm is placed in the anal canal. T2* 3D gradient-echo-sequences and T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo-sequences in coronal, axial und sagittal orientation are acquired. Results. Compared to endoanal ultrasound (EUS), which is the gold standard for diagnosis in faecal incontinence, endoanal MRI is better in visualization of the external sphincter. The accurate delineation of the external sphincter has led to the possibility to evaluate sphincter atrophy. Preliminary results have shown, that endoanal MRI has an accuracy of 90–95% in the demonstration of lesions in the external sphincter. In detection of lesions of the internal sphincter EUS is still superior to endoanal MRI. Conclusion. EUS and endoanal MRI are currently the optimal imaging techniques for faecal incontinenc, with the advantage of detecting external sphincter atrophy with endoanal MRI.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung. In den letzten Jahren wurden mehrere Studien durchgeführt, deren Ziel es war, den Stellenwert von Endoanalspulen in der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) zur Abklärung von Sphinkterdefekten bei fäkaler Inkontinenz (FI) zu bestimmen. Methode. Die endoanale MRT wird an 0,5–1,5-Tesla-Geräten durchgeführt. Zur Darstellung der Sphinkteren werden Oberflächenspulen mit einem maximalen Querdurchmesser von 19 mm endoanal appliziert. T2*-gewichtet 3D-Gradientenechosequenzen und T2-gewichtete Turbospinechosequenzen in koronaler, axialer und sagittaler Schnittführung werden zur Darstellung des Analkanals angefertigt. Ergebnisse. Im Vergleich zum endoanalen Ultraschall (EUS), der den Goldstandard bei der Abklärung einer FI darstellt, kann mit der endoanalen MRT v. a. der M. sphincter externus besser abgegrenzt werden. Die exakte Differenzierung des M. sphincter externus vom ischiorektalem Fettgewebe ermöglicht die Diagnose einer Atrophie des äußeren Schließmuskels. Erste Studienergebnisse haben gezeigt, daß die endoanale MRT eine Treffsicherheit von 90–95% bei der Detektion von Defekten im M. sphincter externus erreicht. Die Abklärung einer Kontinuitätsunterbrechung im M. sphincter internus ist nach wie vor eine Domäne des EUS. Schlussfolgerung. Die endoanale MRT stellt eine ergänzende Methode zum EUS dar und ist diesem in der Beurteilung der Morphologie des M. sphincter externus überlegen.
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 605-608 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Keywords Plant-thorn synovitis ; Monoarticular arthritis ; Elbow ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Ultrasound ; Power Doppler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We describe a case of plant-thorn synovitis of the elbow resulting from a thorn injury. This caused recurrent pain and swelling of the elbow over a 3-month period. A magnetic resonance imaging examination was initially requested to exclude septic arthritis, and demonstrated a joint effusion, synovitis, and a 2-cm linear opacity embedded in the synovium. Ultrasound was performed prior to surgery to confirm these findings and provide accurate localization of the thorn fragment, later removed at surgery. To our knowledge this is the first example of this condition that has been confirmed by radiological imaging prior to surgery.
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Spinal canal ; Low back posture ; Morphologic change ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To define the possible mechanism of posture-dependent symptoms of spinal stenosis by measuring the effect of low back posture on morphologic changes of the intervertebral discs and spinal canal in healthy young people. Design.Twenty healthy young volunteers underwent magnetic resonance imaging while supine with their spine in neutral, flexed, extended, and right and left rotational positions. The axial MR images at the middle of the intervertebral discs of L3–4 and L4–5 were analyzed to measure the difference in the size and shape of the intervertebral discs and spinal canal in each posture. Results.  Extension or rotation decreased the sagittal diameters and cross-sectional areas of the dural sac and spinal canal and increased the thickness of the ligamentum flavum, whereas flexion had the opposite effects. The gap between the convex posterior disc margin and the anterior margin of the facet joint on each side, represented as the subarticular sagittal diameter, increased with flexion and decreased with extension or rotation. The direction of rotation did not result in asymmetry of the subarticular sagittal diameter, but right rotation caused thickening of the right ligamentum flavum, and vice versa. The shape and dimensions of the disc did not change significantly according to the positions of the low back. Conclusions.With extension or rotation, the thickness of the ligamentum flavum increased and the posterior margin of the intervertebral disc was approximated to the facet joint without any change in shape and size of the disc. These phenomena result in a decrease in the size of the spinal canal and dural sac in extension or rotation postures in young healthy people without disc degeneration, and may explain the posture-dependent symptom of spinal stenosis.
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    Skeletal radiology 29 (2000), S. 535-537 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Computed tomography ; Intraosseous hemangioma ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Epiphysis equivalent ; Tibia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report on a rare case of an intraosseous hemangioma involving the proximal tibia in a 70-year-old man. Radiographically, the lesion was a well-defined osteolytic lesion with marginal sclerosis. The CT images demonstrated a well-defined osteolytic lesion with partial cortical breakthrough. T1-weighted MR images showed a hypointense lesion, while T2-weighted images revealed hyperintense areas, with internal, hypointense septa. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images showed lattice-like enhancement of the lesion.
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 870-877 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lunge ; Perfusion ; Ventilation ; Computertomographie (CT) ; Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) ; Keywords Lung ; Perfusion ; Ventilation ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Radiological cross-sectional imaging modalities, particularly computed tomography (CT) have become the mainstays for diagnosing lung disease in recent years. These enable morphological visualization of pathological processes with the greatest possible spatial resolution. Modern technical developments and complementary strategies have led to new applications and new functional assessments which need to be reviewed together with state-of-the-art techniques in nuclear imaging. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism using spiral CT angiography and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography certainly belongs in this category. CT has become the an alternative modality of first choice, and it is also challenging pulmonary angiography as the gold standard. Direct visualization of patent pulmonary arteries and thromboembolic material is complemented by that of effects on the pulmonary parenchyma and right heart function; it also provides perfusion studies and MR-based flow measurement to assess hemodynamic compromise. Ventilation studies have long been a domain of nuclear imaging, and new techniques for the direct visualization of ventilation are emerging from recent developments in the field of MR imaging, for example, using hyperpolarized inert gases. New functional parameters of ventilation can be derived from these studies. For the diagnosis of metabolically active disease, such as tumor and pneumonia, CT offers very high sensitivity, for example, in screening for intrapulmonary nodules using low-dose CT and in the early detection of pulmonary infiltrates in high-risk patients. Especially for characterizing pulmonary nodules there is a need to combine nuclear medicine techniques, such as in positron-emission tomography.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die radiologischen Schnittbildverfahren, insbesondere die CT, haben sich innerhalb kurzer Zeit einen herausragenden Stellenwert in der Diagnostik von Lungenerkrankungen erworben. Dies umfasst in erster Linie die morphologische Darstellung pathologischer Prozesse mit hoher räumlicher Auflösung. Moderne technische Entwicklungen und kombinierte Untersuchungsstrategien eröffnen neue Einsatzgebiete und auch funktionelle Aussagen, die nach einer aktuellen Standortbestimmung gemeinsam mit den nuklearmedizinischen Verfahren verlangen. Dazu gehört die Diagnostik der Lungenembolie mittels Spiral-CT-Angiographie und MR-Angiographie der Pulmonalarterien. Hier hat sich mittlerweile die CT als alternatives Verfahren der Wahl etabliert und die Rolle der Pulmonalisangiographie als Goldstandard infrage gestellt. Die reine direkte Darstellung der durchströmten Pulmonalarterien und des thromboembolischen Materials wird durch Diagnostik intrapulmonaler und kardialer Veränderungen, Perfusionsuntersuchungen sowie MR-basierte Flussmessungen zur hämodynamischen Beurteilung erweitert. Nachdem Untersuchungen der Ventilation lange Zeit eine Domäne der Nuklearmedizin waren, eröffnen aktuelle Entwicklungen in der MRT neue Verfahren zur direkten Visualisierung der Lungenbelüftung, z. B. mittels polarisierter Edelgase. Aus diesen Verfahren lassen sich auch neue funktionelle Parameter der Ventilation ableiten. In der Diagnostik von Tumoren und Entzündungen überzeugt die CT insbesondere durch ihre hohe Sensitivität, z. B. beim Screening auf intrapulmonale Rundherde mittels Niedrigdosis-CT oder bei der Früherkennung pneumonischer Infiltrate bei Risikopatienten. Insbesondere bei der Charakterisierung intrapulmonaler Rundherde ist eine Kombination mit nuklearmedizinischen Verfahren (PET) grundsätzlich anzustreben.
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  • 141
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    Der Radiologe 40 (2000), S. 904-915 
    ISSN: 1432-2102
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Leber ; Sonographie ; Computertomographie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Szintigraphie ; Positronenemissionstomographie ; Keywords Liver ; Ultrasonography ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Radionuclide imaging ; Positron emission tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Highly specific methods are required for the diagnostic workup of focal hepatic lesions, since benign circumscribed liver changes are very common. Although cross-sectional imaging techniques have a high diagnostic accuracy, radionuclide imaging techniques such as colloid, red blood cell, or hepatobiliary scan are commonly performed when a benign lesion is assumed since these permit a definite diagnosis with high specificity. The diagnosis of a primary or secondary malignant liver tumor, however, usually relies on radiological imaging techniques alone, supported by needle biopsy. Whether positron emission tomography as a primary or supplementary diagnostic tool will have a role in the routine staging of malignant tumors remains to be determined.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Abklärung umschriebener Leberveränderungen erfordert den Einsatz von Methoden hoher Spezifität, da die Prävalenz benigner, fokaler Läsionen sehr hoch ist. Hierfür sind radiologische Schnittbildtechniken grundsätzlich gut geeignet. Wenn aufgrund der sonographischen, computertomographischen oder magnetresonanztomographischen Befunde eine gutartige Läsion anzunehmen ist, werden jedoch häufig ergänzend die Kolloiderythrozyten- oder hepatobiliäre Szintigraphie – ggf. in Kombination – eingesetzt, da hiermit rasch eine abschließende Diagnose mit hoher Spezifität gestellt werden kann. Bei malignen primären oder sekundären Lebertumoren hingegen werden nuklearmedizinische Zusatzuntersuchungen seltener angefordert, da der radiologische Befund, ggf. gestützt durch eine Ultraschall- oder CT-gezielte Biopsie, eine Diagnose in den meisten Fällen erlaubt. Inwieweit sich der primäre oder ergänzende Einsatz der Positronenemissionstomographie im Vergleich zu radiologischen Schnittbildtechniken beim Staging bösartiger Tumoren bewährt, ist noch nicht abschließend geklärt.
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  • 142
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Pectoralis major muscle ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Tendons ; injuries ; Tendons ; magnetic resonance imaging ; Muscles ; injuries ; Muscles ; magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To assess the accuracy and utility of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the detection and grading of pectoralis major muscle and tendon tears. Design and patients. A retrospective review was carried out of 10 patients referred for MR imaging for suspected pectoralis muscle injury and possible operative therapy. The pectoralis muscle and tendon were imaged using thin (3–4 mm) axial sections with a variety of sequences combined for anatomical delineation (T1-weighted SE or PD SE) and fluid detection (T2-weighted SE, T2-weighted FSE with fat suppression, or STIR). Surgical correlation was available in six patients. Clinical follow-up was available in four patients treated by nonoperative therapy. Results. MR imaging identified five complete tears, four partial tears and one normal tendon. One complete and one partial tear were at the myotendinous junction. The remaining seven injuries were at the enthesis. Surgical correlation consisted of five complete tears and one partial tear. One complete and one partial tear were at the myotendinous junction with the remaining four complete tears at the enthesis. The MR interpretation and surgical findings were in agreement in all six cases. All four patients treated with nonoperative therapy demonstrated improvement at a clinical follow-up examination, with restoration of function and strength consistent with a healed prior partial injury. Conclusion. MR imaging is accurate and useful in detecting and grading tears involving the pectoralis major muscle and tendon, facilitating the identification of patients with complete tears who are candidates for operative therapy.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Hamstring muscles ; Semimenbranosus ; Tear ; mass ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Complete rupture of the hamstring muscles is a rare injury. The proximal musculo-tendinous junction is the most frequent site of rupture. We present two cases of complete rupture of the distal semimenbranosus tendon, which clinically presented as soft-tissue masses. MR imaging permitted the correct diagnosis. There has been only one other such case reported.
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  • 144
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Sacral ; Tuberculosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To review imaging studies of isolated involvement of the sacrum due to tuberculosis and determine the role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of these patients. Design and patients. A retrospective analysis of 15 cases of isolated sacral tuberculosis imaged with MR imaging was performed. The CT images were also reviewed where available, and the various lesion characteristics were identified. We also reviewed the medical records in an attempt to determine the impact of the imaging studies on the management of these patients. Results. Fifteen patients (5 male, 10 female) presented with symptoms of 3–15 months’ duration. Chronic localized backache with muscle spasm was the commonest presenting symptom; discharging sinuses with abscess formation was found in six patients, five of whom were children. MR imaging of the sacrum revealed a hypointense marrow signal on T1-weighted images and hyperintense signal on T2-weighted images in 14 of 15 patients, the S2 vertebra being always involved. CT revealed osteolytic changes in the sacrum in all the five patients in whom CT was performed. All patients showed marked clinical improvement within 1 year of anti-tuberculous chemotherapy. Conclusion. Isolated tuberculosis of the sacrum is uncommon but should be suspected in patients presenting with chronic low backache or children with discharging sinuses/abscesses and showing sacral destruction on CT or MR imaging. MR imaging can identify cases and enables early institution of anti- tuberculous chemotherapy.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Acute myelofibrosis ; Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia ; Scintigraphy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Interferon gamma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Acute myelofibrosis is a rare, malignant hematological disorder of unknown etiology with an inevitably fatal outcome. Here we present the study of a 63-year-old Caucasian man with acute onset of pancytopenia. Repeated bone marrow biopsies showed dense fibrosis and hypoplastic hematopoiesis raising various differential diagnoses of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Bone marrow scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed areas suggesting neoplastic infiltration, mainly in both femurs and tibias. Histological examination of a surgical biopsy of the left tibia revealed acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. As the patient refused polychemotherapy, therapy with interferon gamma was initiated but discontinued prematurely because of intolerable side effects. The presented case therefore suggests that the combination of bone marrow scintigraphy and MRI is a valuable diagnostic tool in patients presenting with myelofibrosis of unknown origin.
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  • 146
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    Neurosurgical review 23 (2000), S. 98-103 
    ISSN: 1437-2320
    Keywords: Key words Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Lateral ventricle ; Subependymoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Four subependymomas of the lateral ventricle were reviewed with regard to clinical presentation, neuroimaging features, treatment, histopathological features, and long-term follow-up. There were two male and two female patients ranging in age from 27 to 60 years (mean 48.3 years). While two patients presented with symptoms and signs of raised intracranial pressure, two others were found incidentally during neuroimaging investigations to have intraventricular tumors. Neuroimaging characteristics of these tumors included no paraventricular extension, iso- or hypodensity with minimal enhancement on computerized tomography (CT), or iso- or hypointensity on T1-weighted and hyperintensity on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI). The usual finding on MRI was of no or scarce contrast enhancement, but one case showed heterogeneous enhancement. Three patients underwent total resection of the tumor and one underwent partial resection. No patients received postoperative radiation therapy. All patients have been doing well 4.8 to 15.4 years (mean 8.8 years), after surgery. Although there are no absolutely specific features to distinguish these tumors from other intraventricular tumors preoperatively, subependymoma should be kept in mind for differential diagnosis, as this tumor may safely be removed without sacrificing contiguous normal tissue and with good long-term results.
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  • 147
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Osteonecrosis ; Bone marrow edema ; Knee ; High tibial osteotomy ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract Symptoms in patients suffering from spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SONK) may be reduced by high tibial osteotomy (HTO). However, the fate of the necrotic lesion is unknown and needs further investigation. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes after operative and nonoperative treatment. Ten consecutive patients suffering from SONK of the medial compartment were given two treatment options: either HTO (n = 6) or conservative treatment with partial weight bearing for 3 months (n = 4). We measured the greatest extent of well-defined subchondral low signal intensity abnormality, considered to represent necrosis, and the surrounding area of intermediate signal intensity, considered to represent perifocal bone marrow edema, on T1-weighted coronal MRI images before and after treatment. The MRI follow-up period was 17.5 months (range 12–¶27) in the HTO group and 14.5 months (range 8–25) in the nonoperative group. At follow-up the MRI evaluation revealed a decrease in the low signal intense areas (necrosis) in five of the six patients in the HTO group. Only one of the four nonoperative patients showed a decrease in the low signal intense area. The intermediate intense areas (edema) decreased in all patients in the HTO group and in three of four in the nonoperative group. The mean decrease in the area of perifocal edema was significantly greater in the HTO group than in the nonoperative group (P = 0.019). No statistically significant difference was found for the area of necrosis between the two groups (P = 0.171). A clinical improvement was observed in all patients of the HTO group but in only two of the four patients of the nonoperative group. We conclude that the decrease in perifocal bone marrow edema seems to be associated with improved patient comfort. The MRI appearance of the necrotic lesion does not alter with either treatment mode.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1439-7609
    Keywords: Key words Extensibility ; Supraspinatus muscle ; Tendon fiber ; Rotator cuff tear ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An estimate of the extensibility of the supraspinatus muscle after a rotator cuff tear is useful in selecting the most appropriate operative procedure and the prognosis after surgery. We studied the relationship between the morphological findings of the supraspinatus muscle on magnetic resonance imaging and its elongation length. Twenty-one shoulders of 20 patients with massive rotator cuff tears were scanned parallel to the long axis of the supraspinatus muscle. The ratio of the largest width of the supraspinatus muscle belly to the distance from the greater tuberosity to the proximal end of the supraspinatus muscle was termed the supraspinatus muscle belly ratio. The appearance of linear bands and the degree of retraction of the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle were analyzed. The extensibility of the supraspinatus muscle decreased when the degree of retracted tendon was high, while no correlation was found with the length of the rotator cuff defect, the supraspinatus muscle belly ratio, or the appearance of linear bands.
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  • 149
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 934-944 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging ; Diffusion imaging ; Fiber orientation ; Ventricular geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An imaging method for the rapid reconstruction of fiber orientation throughout the cardiac ventricles is described. In this method, gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady-state (GRASS) imaging is used to measure ventricular geometry in formaldehyde-fixed hearts at high spatial resolution. Diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTMRI) is then used to estimate fiber orientation as the principle eigenvector of the diffusion tensor measured at each image voxel in these same hearts. DTMRI-based estimates of fiber orientation in formaldehyde-fixed tissue are shown to agree closely with those measured using histological techniques, and evidence is presented suggesting that diffusion tensor tertiary eigenvectors may specify the orientation of ventricular laminar sheets. Using a semiautomated software tool called HEARTWORKS, a set of smooth contours approximating the epicardial and endocardial boundaries in each GRASS short-axis section are estimated. These contours are then interconnected to form a volumetric model of the cardiac ventricles. DTMRI-based estimates of fiber orientation are interpolated into these volumetric models, yielding reconstructions of cardiac ventricular fiber orientation based on at least an order of magnitude more sampling points than can be obtained using manual reconstruction methods. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8761-c, 8757Gg
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Heart ; Left ventricle ; LV contractility ; ESPVR ; Pig ; Rat ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The end systolic pressure–volume relation (ESPVR) has been shown to be a relatively load independent measure of left ventricular (LV) contractility. Recently, several single-beat ESPVR computation methods have been developed, enabling the quantification of LV contractility without the need to alter vascular loading conditions on the heart. Using a single-beat ESPVR method, which has been validated previously in humans and assumes that normalized elastance is constant between individuals of a species, we studied the effects of myocardial infarction on LV contractility in two species, the rat and the pig. In our studies, LV pressure was acquired invasively and LV volume determined noninvasively with magnetic resonance imaging, at one week postinfarction in pigs and at 12 weeks postinfarction in rats. Normalized systolic elastance curves in both animal species were not statistically different from that of humans. Also, the slope of the ESPVR $$\left( {E_{es} } \right)$$ decreased significantly following infarction in both species, while the volume-axis intercept $$\left( {V_0 } \right)$$ was unaffected. These results indicate that a single-beat ESPVR method can be used to measure the inotropic response of the heart to myocardial infarction, and that the basis for this method (i.e., constant normalized elastance) is applicable to a variety of mammalian species. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Uv, 8761Lh, 8719Hh, 8719Rr, 8719Ff
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  • 151
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    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. S877 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Magnetization transfer imaging ; Diffusion-weighted imaging.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has markedly increased our ability to detect the macroscopic abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Magnetization transfer imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging have the potential to provide relevant and complementary information on the structural changes occurring within and outside these lesions and are contributing significantly to our understanding of the mechanisms leading to the accumulation of irreversible neurological disability in MS patients. These present review will summarize the major results achieved with the application of these two MR techniques to the assessment of the evolution of MS.
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  • 152
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    Neurological sciences 21 (2000), S. S865 
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Key words Optic neuritis ; Multiple sclerosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; CSF examination ; Oligoclonal bands ; Evoked potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated the risk of developing clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) after acute isolated optic neuritis in 102 patients in a follow-up study (duration 6.5±2.0 years). The probability of CDMS was 13% after 2 years, 30% after 4 years, 38% after 6 years, and 49% after 8 and 10 years. CDMS occurred in 42 (59%) of 71 patients with brain lesions detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). No patient with normal MRI exam developed the disease. Patients with 3 or more MRI-detected lesions presented a shorter first interattack interval and a higher relapse rate compared to subjects with only 1 or 2 lesions. The predictive value of CSF examination and of evoked potentials was poor.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Human ; Muscle function ; Physiological cross-sectional area ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of recruitment on the relationship between peak torque and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) in human muscle. A group of 11 healthy men participated in this study. Isokinetic knee extension torques at seven (0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300° · s−1) velocities were determined. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to calculate PCSA of right quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle. Exercise-induced contrast shifts in spin-spin relaxation time (T2)-weighted MRI were taken at rest and immediately after repetitive knee-extension exercise and T2 of QF were calculated. The MRI pixels with T2 values more than 1 SD greater than the means at rest were considered to represent QF muscle that had contracted. The area of activated PCSA within the total in QF was expressed as percentage activated PCSA and used as an index of muscle recruitment. The PCSA correlated with peak torque at 0° · s−1 (r=0.615, P 〈 0.05); in contrast, activated PCSA correlated with peak torque at 120° · s−1 (r=0.603, P 〈 0.05) and 180° · s−1 (r=0.606, P 〈 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference in correlation coefficients between the activated PCSA-peak torque relationship and the PCSA-torque relationship (P 〈 0.05). These results suggested that muscle recruitment affects the PCSA-torque relationship.
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  • 154
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    European journal of applied physiology 82 (2000), S. 391-396 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words B-mode ultrasound ; Bioelectrical impedance ; Data acquisition system ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the validity of bioelectrical impedance and ultrasonographic methods for predicting the muscle volume of the upper arm. Bioelectrical impedance of the right upper arm and the thickness of elbow flexor and extensor muscles were measured from 26 healthy young adult men using a specially designed bioelectrical impedance data acquisition system and brightness-mode ultrasound apparatus, respectively. As reference data, the muscle volume (MVMRI) of the right upper arm was determined using a magnetic resonance imaging method. The impedance index was calculated as L 2/Z, where L is the upper arm length and Z is the impedance of the shoulder to the elbow. The muscle volume (MVULT) was calculated as π·(d/2)2·L, where d is muscle thickness. L 2/Z and MVULT were significantly correlated with MVMRI with correlation coefficients of 0.971 and 0.962, respectively. In these relationships, the standard errors of estimation were 44.2 cm3 (6.3%) for L 2/Z and 50.7 cm3 (7.2%) for MVULT. There was no significant difference between the absolute errors of muscle volumes estimated by L 2/Z and MVULT: 36.2 (4.8, SEM) cm3 for L 2/Z versus 40.3 (5.8) cm3 for MVULT. The present results suggest that both bioelectrical impedance and ultrasonographic methods may be useful for predicting the muscle volume of the upper arm.
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  • 155
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Right ventricle ; Arrhythmias ; Left bundle branch block ; Dysplasia ; Fatty infiltration ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Schlüsselwörter Rechter Ventrikel ; Arrhythmien ; Linksschenkelblock ; Dysplasie ; Fettige Degeneration ; Kernspintomographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die arrhythogene rechtsventrikuläre Dysplasie (ARVD), eine Herzmuskelerkrankung unlarer Ätiologie, ist pathologisch durch fettige Degeneration des rechtsventrikulären Myokards gekennzeichnet. Die klinischen Symptome umfassen strukturelle und funktionelle Malformationen des rechten Ventrikels, krankhafte elektrokardiographische Befunde und das Auftreten ventrikulärer Tachykardien mit Linksschenkelblock oder plötzlichem Herztod. Die Krankheit tritt familiär gehäft auf und wird autosomal vererbt. Neben der rechtsventrikulären Dilatation stellen rechtsventrikuläre Aneurysmen typische Fehlbildungen bei ARVD dar. Sie sind im so genannten “Dysplasiedreieck”, das heißt rechtem ventrikulärem Ausflusstrakt, Herzspitze und Infundibulum, verteilt. Dort lokalisierte ventrikuläre Aneurysmen können als pathognomonisch für die ARVD angesehen werden. Ein weiteres typisches Merkmal der ARVD ist die fettige Degeneration der freien rechten Ventrikelwand. Diese funktionellen und strukturellen Charakteristika sind bei der klinischen Untersuchung mit bildgebenden Verfahren wie Kontrastangiographie, Echokardiographie, Radionuklidangiographie, ultraschneller Computertomographie und Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) von Bedeutung. Unter diesen Verfahren erlaubt die MRT die deutlichste Darstellung des Herzens, insbesondere bei Beteiligung des rechten Ventrikels, der sich mit den anderen bildgebenden Methoden in der Regel schwerer untersuchen lässt. Darüber hinaus bietet die MRT den wesentlichen Vorteil der Darstellung der fettigen Degeneration als helles Signal im rechtsventrikulären Myokard. Die MRT liefert die wichtigsten anatomischen, funktionellen und morphologischen Kriterien zur Diagnose einer ARVD in einem einzigen Untersuchungsgang. Daher scheint sie das beste bildgebende Verfahren zur Identifizierung und Nachsorge von Patienten mit klinischem Verdacht auf ARVD zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a heart muscle disorder of unknown cause that is characterized pathologically by fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium. Clinical manifestations include structural and functional malformations of the right ventricle, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and presentation with ventricular tachycardias with left bundle branch pattern or sudden death. The disease is often familial with an autosomal inheritance. In addition to right ventricular dilatation, right ventricular aneurysms are typical deformities of ARVD and they are distributed in the so-called “triangle of dysplasia”, i. e., right ventricular outflow tract, apex, and infundibulum. Ventricular aneurysms at these sites can be considered pathognomonic of ARVD. Another typical hallmark of ARVD is fibrofatty infiltration of the right ventricular free wall. These functional and morphologic characteristics are relevant to clinical imaging investigations such as contrast angiography, echocardiography, radionuclide angiography, ultrafast computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Among these techniques, MRI allows the clearest visualization of the heart, in particular because the right ventricle is involved, which is usually more difficult to explore with the other imaging modalities. Furthermore, MRI offers the specific advantage of visualizing adipose infiltration as a bright signal of the right ventricular myocardium. MRI provides the most important anatomic, functional, and morphologic criteria for diagnosis of ARVD within one single study. As a result, MRI appears to be the optimal imaging technique for detecting and following patients with clinical suspicion of ARVD.
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    Herz 25 (2000), S. 384-391 
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Cardiomyopathy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Schlüsselwörter Kardiomyopathie ; Magnetresonanztomographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die kardiale Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) bietet als nichtinvasives Verfahren die Möglichkeit, innerhalb einer Untersuchung die für die verschiedenen Formen der Kardiomyopathien charakteristischen funktionellen und morphologischen Veränderungen darzustellen. In dieser Übersicht werden die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der MRT bei den verschiedenen Formen dieser Erkrankung diskutiert. Die geringe Variabilität der MRT-Messungen gestattet ge-naue Verlaufskontrollen im klinischen Alltag, eröffnet aber auch die Möglichkeit, Therapiestudien mit einer geringeren Anzahl von einzuschließenden Patienten zu sicheren Ergebnissen zu führen. Damit erweitert sich das Spektrum der Indikationen über die Präzisierung unklarer Befunde hinaus auf die Verlaufsbeobachtung während einer pharmakologischen Intervention und auf alle wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen. Der Vorzug der MRT, nichtinvasiv Gewebe charakterisieren zu können, verdeutlicht das Potential dieser Technik bei sekundären Kardiomyopathien sowie bei entzündlichen und infiltrativen Formen myokardialer Erkrankungen.
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive tool which is able to diagnose and differentiate cardiomyopathies in a single study. The assessment of essential information such as alterations of myocardial and ventricular geometry and function is possible with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility, based on a small inter- and intraobserver variability. Thus, very small morphological and functional changes in different types of cardiomyopathy are detectable, thereby enabling the cardiologist to increase the safety of therapeutic decisions. Furthermore, MRI bears the potential to characterize tissue transformation in the different types of myocardial affections including ischemic, toxic, infiltrative or inflammatory forms.
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    Heart and vessels 15 (2000), S. 44-45 
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Key words Pericardial hydatid cyst ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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    Brain tumor pathology 17 (2000), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Intracranial plasma cell granuloma ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plasma cell granulomas (PCGs) are benign, inflammatory masses of unknown etiology composed of polyclonal mature plasma and lymphoid cells. The lung is their most common location, and occurrence within the cranial cavity is extremely rare. We report the case of an 11-year-old girl who presented with seizures and was diagnosed as having a dural-based right frontal tumor that extended toward the sagittal sinus and the falx. The lesion was totally excised, together with the abnormal dura. A limited cortical excision was also performed using electrocorticographic guidance. Histopathologic diagnosis of intracranial plasma cell granuloma was reached after extensive immunohistochemical tests and electron microscopy. This is the third case of PCG with description of changes in the neighboring cerebral tissue. Although PCGs are well-circumscribed lesions, lymphoplasmocytic inflammation, neuronal loss, and reactive gliosis occur within the adjacent cortex. Disturbed cortical lamination, as we have observed, appears to be a histological finding that has not been described previously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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