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  • Euro-Collins-solution  (3)
  • peripheral plasma renin activity  (2)
  • Angiotensinogen  (1)
  • Blutdruck  (1)
  • Chronic glomerulonephritis  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 63 (1985), S. 967-977 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Drug treatment ; Chronic glomerulonephritis ; Prospective controlled therapeutic trials ; Medikamentöse Behandlung ; Chronische Glomerulonephritis ; Prospektive kontrollierte Therapiestudien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Pathogenese und Mechanismen der Progression chronischer Glomerulonephritiden (GN) sind bisher nicht geklärt. Dennoch gibt es erfolgversprechende, prospektive, kontrollierte Therapie-Studien sowie neue Therapie-Ansätze. So wurden beispielsweise Patienten mit idiopathischermembranöser GN monatlich mit Chlorambucil (0,2 mg/kg/Tag) oder Prednison (0,6 mg/kg/Tag) im Wechsel über sechs Monate behandelt. Im Vergleich zu den unbehandelten zeigte sich bei den behandelten Patienten innerhalb von drei Jahren ein günstiger Verlauf der Nierenfunktionsparameter. In einer anderen Studie erhielten Patienten mitmembrano-proliferativer GN Typ I über ein Jahr täglich 975 mg Aspirin und 225 mg Dipyridamol. Bei den behandelten trat im Gegensatz zu den nichtbehandelten Patienten eine Stabilisierung der Nierenfunktion und eine Normalisierung der vorher beschleunigten Thrombozyten-Überlebensrate ein. In einer weiteren kontrollierten Therapie-Studie wurde gezeigt, daß die Langzeit-Prognose derdiffus-proliferativen Lupus-Nephritis (Typ IV WHO) besser ist, wenn eine kombinierte Behandlung mit Cyclophosphamid (100 mg/Tag) und Prednison (30 mg/Tag) über mehrere Monate erfolgt als eine alleinige Prednison-Behandlung (40 mg/Tag). Dagegen gibt es bisher bei einigen Formen der chronischen GN, z.B. derIgA-Nephritis, noch keine Evidenz für eine Therapie, die den Verlauf der Nephritis entscheidend beeinflussen kann. Neuere Therapie-Ansätze, wie die Gabe von Cyclophosphamid (über drei Monate) oder von Cyclosporin A beiglomerulärer Minimal-Läsion mit steroid-abhängigem nephrotischen Syndrom, werden in Therapie-Studien überprüft. Einige kontrolliert durchgeführte Untersuchungen weisen darauf hin, daß die Progression der chronischen GN durch eine Diät mit geringem Proteingehalt günstig beeinflußt werden kann. Der Einfluß von Eicosanoiden und deren Inhibitoren auf den Verlauf chronischer GN, speziell der glomerulären Sklerosierung, ist bisher noch nicht ausreichend untersucht worden. Insgesamt ist eine Entwicklung zu einer zunehmend differenzierten medikamentösen Behandlung der chronischen GN festzustellen, die generell durch die Bereitschaft zu einem aktiven therapeutischen Vorgehen unterstützt werden sollte.
    Notes: Summary This paper sets out the arguments for drug treatment of chronic glomerulonephritides (GN). Although the pathogenesis and mechanism of progression of chronic GN remained to be clarified, on the basis of controlled studies performed to date, there is a strong case to be made for an aggressive treatment approach to this disease spectrum. For instance, in patients with idiopathicmembranous glomerulonephritis a six months treatment with chlorambucil (0.2 mg/KG/day) or prednisone (0.6 mg/KG/day) each given once a day over a period of three months has recently been shown to improve the outcome of the renal functional parameters after three years follow up. In another controlled trial a daily dose of 225 mg dipyridamole and 975 mg aspirin given over 12 months in patients withmembrano-proliferative GN type I has been reported to normalize the increased platelet consumption rate and to stabilize the glomerular filtration rate. A third trial has demonstrated that the combined use of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/day) and prednisone (30 mg/day) over several months was superior to the use of prednisone alone (40 mg/day) in improving the long-term prognosis ofdiffuse-proliferative lupus nephritis (type IV, WHO). In some entities, however, as in IgA-nephritis there is still no evidence for a specific treatment improving the course of the chronic glomerular disease. Other therapeutic problems have to be solved: thus, in patients withminimal change nephropathy with a steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome the benefit of cyclophosphamide (given over three months) or of cyclosporin A is still being investigated. Furthermore, there is some evidence that progression of chronic GN, particularly that of glomerular sclerosing, can be prevented by a low protein diet. The role of eicosanoides and their inhibitors in this context has not yet been fully investigated. The different drug trials and new therapeutic concepts indicate a rapid development of chronic GN treatment. Therefore, a failure to treat actively is difficult to understand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Volume depletion ; Renovascular hypertension ; Renin-angiotensin-system ; Blood pressure ; Prostaglandins ; Extrazelluläre Volumenrestriktion ; Renovasculäre Hypertonie ; Renin-Angiotensin-System ; Blutdruck ; Prostaglandine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei normotensiven und renal hypertensiven Ratten, die kochsalzarm oder kochsalznormal ernährt wurden, wurde der Effekt des Cyclooxygenasehemmers Indomethacin (3,4 mg/kg/24 h) auf den systolischen Blutdruck und die Plasma-Renin-Aktivität untersucht. Indometacin reduzierte die Plasma-Renin-Aktivität in kochsalzarm und kochsalznormal ernährten, normotensiven und hypertensiven Tieren. Darüberhinaus erniedrigte Indomethacin den systolischen Blutdruck in salz-arm ernährten Ratten, erhöhte jedoch den Blutdruck in salz-normal ernährten Tieren. Diese Befunde lassen vermuten, daß der Effekt von Indomethacin auf den Blutdruck von Ratten vom Extrazellulärvolumen und der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität abhängt.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (3.4 mg/kg/24 hr) on systolic blood pressure (PB) and plasma-renin-activity (PRA) was evaluated in normotensive and renovascular hypertensive rats receiving either a normal or low salt diet. Indomethacin reduced PRA in normal and hypertensive animals on both low and normal salt intake. Indomethacin furthermore, decreased BP in animals on low sodium diet but increased PB in sodium repleted rats. These data suggest that the effect of indomethacin on rat BP may depend on the state of extracellular volume and PRA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Kidney perfusion ; Equilibration ; HTK-solution ; Euro-Collins-solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Kidneys were perfused either with Euro-Collinssolution or with HTK-solution of Bretschneider. The perfusion pressure as well as the perfusion flow were measured during a six-minute perfusion. The perfusion resistance was higher in Euro-Collins-kidneys than during HTK-perfusion. The venous outflow of the kidney as well as the ureteral outflow was measured during each minute of the perfusion and has analysed for osmolality, and for sodium and potassium concentrations. In Euro-Collins-kidneys a complete “equilibration” of the extracellular space was not achieved, while during HTK-perfusion concentrations in the venous as in the tubular outflow, similar to those in the HTK-solution itself, could be reached. At the end of the different perfusions, tissue was analysed for biochemical parameters such as ATP, ADP, AMP and lactate as well as for morphological features. Lactate had increased and ATP had decreased during perfusion with Euro-Collins-solution, while ATP had not changed and lactate had decreased during perfusion with HTK-solution. Normal glomerular, tubular and dilated vascular structures can be seen after HTK-perfusion, while a glomerular and vascular contraction takes place during Euro-Collins-perfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Euro-Collins-solution ; Glucose ; HTK-solution ; Intrarenal pH ; Lactate ; Renal ischemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Energy reserves (TAN) and anaerobic substrates (glucose, glycogen) are lower in renal than in myocardial tissue. Euro-Collins-solution contains nearly 200 mmol/l glucose, while the HTK-solution of Bretschneider contains none. Therefore the influence of glucose on kidney lactate production, on energy reserves (TAN), intrarenal pH and on morphology during the protection of ischemic kidneys was analysed using either Euro-Collins-solution, or modified “Euro-Collins-solution”, containing mannitol instead of glucose, or HTK-solution with and without the addition of 5, 10 and 20 mmol/l glucose. Glucose content changed during kidney perfusion with Euro-Collins-solution from about 60 to 800 μmol/gdw. While intrarenal pH decreased from 7.1 to 5.1 in Euro-Collins-kidneys during 420 min of ischemia at 25°C, pH decreased to 6.7 with the modified, mannitol containing “Euro-Collins-solution”. In HTK-protected kidneys intrarenal pH decreased with increasing glucose addition to the solution. Although Total Adenine Nucleotides are highest at the end of ischemia with Euro-Collins-solution, structural protection after the same ischemic stress was best in HTK-protected kidneys without glucose addition. We conclude that glucose stimulated lactate production, reduced interstitial pH in the kidney even in combination with a highly buffered solution and that it might cause greater membrane permeability leading to a structural detoriation. Mannitol seemed more appropriate than glucose in this respect, although other substances, which provide energy substrate and prevent structural damage, may exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Energy metabolism ; Euro-Collins-solution ; HTK-solution ; Kidney preservation ; Intrarenal pH ; Renal ischemia ; Structural preservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 110 canine kidneys, we examined the time course of energy rich phosphates, lactate, intrarenal ph and renal morphology with Euro-Collins-or with HTK-protection of Bretschneider and compared these findings with unprotected kidneys during complete ischemia at 1 °C and at 25 °C. Both kidney protective solutions prolonged energyrich phosphate-decline by a factor of 3–4 compared with that of unprotected kidneys. The lactate increase was greater in Euro-Collins-protected kidneys than in HTK-protected and in unprotected kidneys, leading to pH values of 6.5 in Euro-Collins and to 6.4 in unprotected kidneys after 24 hours, in contrast to a pH-value of 7.3 with HTK-protection. This may be the reason for structural deterioration seen in unprotected and in Euro-Collins-protected kidneys after 12, and 48 h of ischemia at 1 °C, whereas in HTK-protected kidneys a sufficient preservation of structure can be seen. In one human kidney, protected with Euro-Collins-solution, we were able to show that at 1 °C intrarenal pH and lactate accumulation is similiar to the levels in canine kidneys. In Euro-Collins preserved kidneys lactate accumulation at 25 °C is even greater than at 1 °C, leading to inhibition of energy metabolism and to structural deterioration, whereas HTK-solution, because of its high buffer concentration, is able to maintain ischemic metabolism leading to sufficient protection of intrarenal pH and of adenine nucleotides as well as structural protection at 1 °C and at 25 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Renin ; Angiotensin ; Angiotensinogen ; Converting enzyme ; Immunzytochemie ; Juxtaglomerulärer Apparat ; Renin ; Angiotensin ; Angiotensinogen ; Converting enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die intrarenale Verteilung von Renin, Converting enzyme (CE) und Angiotensin II (ANG II) wurde mit immunzytochemischen Methoden an Ratten und Mäusen untersucht. Die hier aufgezeigten spezifischen Verteilungsmuster dieser Komponenten des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems (RAS) legen die Annahme nahe, daß es neben den bekannten systemischen, durch ANG II vermittelten Effekten des RAS auch lokale Interaktionen von RAS-Bestandteilen innerhalb der Niere gibt. — Eine erste Folge dieser Interaktionen dürfte die intrarenale Generation einer zusätzlichen Portion von ANG II im Nierenblutstrom sein, deren Zielgebiet durch die spezifische Lokalisation von CE in bestimmten Endothelbereichen der Nierenstrombahn bestimmt wird. Solche intrarenal-intravasalen Reaktionen können für sich wirksam werden, aber auch den Effekt von „systemisch“, d.h. prärenal generiertem ANG II verstärken. — Unsere Ergebnisse sprechen weiter dafür, daß es neben diesen intrarenal-intravasalen auch echte intrarenal-interstitielle Interaktionen der RAS-Komponenten gibt, deren Wirkung sich über das im Interstitium der Nierenrinde generierte ANG II allein auf die Niere beschränkt. Für das Vorhandensein eines solchen lokal-intrarenalen RAS spricht vor allem der Nachweis von ANG II in den epitheloiden Zellen des JGA und die Dissoziation des systemischen — an der Plasmakonzentration abzulesenden — Renin und ANG II von deren lokal-intrarenalen Konzentrationen bei renal hypertensiven Ratten.
    Notes: Summary The localization of renin, converting enzyme (CE) and angiotensin II (ANG II) in the kidneys of rats and mice was investigated with immunocytochemical methods. According to the presence and specific intrarenal localization of these components of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) our results suggest that in addition to the well known systemic effects of the RAS, there are interactions of its components inside the kidney. These interactions may lead to the generation of an extra portion of ANG II in the renal blood stream with its target cells determined by the localization of CE at the luminal side of well defined endothelial areas. These intrarenal-intravasal reactions may or may not reinforce the action of “systemic” ANG II, generated prerenally. In addition, the existence of true intrarenal-interstitial interactions, with the different components and actions of this intrarenal RAS restricted entirely to the kidney is suggested by our results, particularly the demonstration of ANG II within epitheloid cells and the dissociation of systemic renin and ANG II from their local concentrations in renal hypertensive rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 50 (1972), S. 797-798 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Folic acid ; acute renal failure ; macula densa ; peripheral plasma renin activity ; hemorrhage ; Folsäure ; akutes Nierenversagen ; Macula densa ; periphere Plasma-Reninaktivität ; Hämorrhagie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die periphere Plasma-Reninaktivität war bei Ratten mit akutem Nierenversagen, das durch eine einmalige i.v. Injektion von Folsäure (250 mg/kg KG, gelöst in 0,3 M NaHCO3) erzeugt worden war, während der ersten 6 Std normal und nach 24 Std und 4 Tagen harabgesetzt. Hämorrhagie verursachte jedoch am 4. Tag nach Folsäuregabe einen starken Anstieg der Plasma-Reninaktivität. Für eine Beteiligung des Renins an der Entwicklung des folsäurebedingten funktionellen und morphologischen Nierenschadens ergab sich kein Anhalt.
    Notes: Summary Peripheral plasma renin activity in acute renal failure induced in rats by a single i.v. injection of folic acid (250 mg/kg b. w., dissolved in 0.3 M NaHCO3) remained normal during the first 6 hours and fell to low levels 24 hours and 4 days following the injection. Bleeding, however, induced a considerable increase of plasma renin activity on the 4th day after folate injection. There was no evidence of a participation of renin in the development of the functional and morphological renal disturbances produced by folic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 50 (1972), S. 841-844 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Early experimental renal hypertension ; renal artery constriction ; unilateral nephrectomy ; renal venous plasma renin activity ; peripheral plasma renin activity ; Frühe experimentelle renale Hypertonie ; Nierenarteriendrosselung ; einseitige Nephrektomie ; Plasma-Reninaktivität im Nierenvenenblut ; periphere Plasma-Reninaktivität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einseitige Nephrektomie und gleichzeitige Drosselung der verbliebenen kontralateralen Nierenarterie führten bei der Ratte nach 90 min zu einer signifikanten, bis zum Versuchsende (24 Std) anhaltenden Erhöhung des systolischen arteriellen Blutdruckes und zu einer vorübergehenden Zunahme der Plasma-Reninaktivität, die nach 3 Std wieder zur Norm abfiel. Einseitige Nephrektomie allein verursachte nach 90 und 180 min einen signifikanten Blutdruckabfall, nach 20 und 45 min eine geringe Steigerung der Reninaktivität im Nierenvenenblut und nach 3 Std eine bis zur 24. Std signifikant erniedrigte periphere Plasma-Reninaktivität. Eine Steigerung der Reninsekretion der „geklammerten“ Niere könnte daher für den initialen Blutdruckanstieg bei Ratten mit einer Hypertonie vom Goldblatt-Typ von Bedeutung sein.
    Notes: Summary Unilateral nephrectomy and constriction of the remaining renal artery in the rat induced a sustained increase of systolic blood pressure, which becomes significant as soon as 90 minutes after operation, and a transient rise in renal venous as well as in peripheral plasma renin activity between 20 and 180 minutes after operation. Unilateral nephrectomyper se, after 90 and 180 minutes, caused a significant fall of the systolic blood pressure, a slight increase of renal venous renin activity after 20 and 45 minutes, and between 3 and 24 hours after operation it was followed by a significant decrease of peripheral plasma renin activity. An increased secretion of renin from the “clamped” kidney may thus contribute to the initial rise of blood pressure in rats with Goldblatt-type hypertension.
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