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  • 1995-1999  (115)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deoxyspergualin delays xenograft rejection in the guinea pig-to-C6-deficient rat heart transplantation model (1999)
    Springer
    Transplant international 12 (1999), S. 415-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Xenotransplantation ; 15-deoxyspergualin ; Guinea pig ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG), tacrolimus (FK 506) and cyclosporin A (CyA), alone or in combination, on delayed xenograft rejection (DXR). We used the guinea-pig-to-C6-deficient (C6–)-PVG-rat heart transplantation model, since in this strain combination, hyperacute rejection is avoided. In C6- control rats, the guinea pig xenografts survived for 39.2 ± 6.3 h (mean ± SD). Splenectomy alone resulted in a xenograft survival of 71.8 ± 7.8 h, but the addition of CyA or FK 506 did not further improve graft survival (73.6 ± 3.0 h and 72.0 ± 17.6 h, respectively). In contrast, DSG treatment increased graft survival to a mean of 99.8 ± 9.2 h. When CyA or FK 506 was combined with DSG, no additional effects were observed (105 ± 24.3 h and 95.1 ± 5.6 h, respectively). DSG alone or in combination with FK 506 or CyA resulted in a significant reduction in the serum IgM levels and reduced the deposits of IgM and IgG in rejected grafts. However, all xenografts were still heavily infiltrated by ED1 + macrophages, regardless of the treatment used. Thus, DSG treatment resulted in moderate prolongation of xenograft survival in C6– rats. The effect seems to be related to suppression of xenoreactive antibody production. To prolong xenograft survival further, strategies that inhibit macrophage infiltration seem required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001470050251
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytokine-induced conversion of mesencephalic-derived progenitor cells into dopamine neurons (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 235-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Transplantation ; Parkinson’s disease ; CNS fetal development ; CNS differentiation ; Neurotrophic factors ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have previously shown that a combination of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) can convert rat fetal (E14.5) mesencephalic progenitor cells into tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in vitro. The experiments described here characterize the mesencephalic progenitor cells and their cytokine-induced conversion into dopamine (DA) neurons. For all experiments, we used bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-ir cultures of (E14.5) mesencephalic progenitor cells that had been expanded at least 21 days. We first demonstrated that IL-1 induced DA neuron conversion in mesencephalic progenitors, but not in striatal progenitors (P〈0.001). Thus, these cells should be classified as lineage-restricted progenitors, and not omnipotent stem cells. To further characterize cell populations in these cultures, we used monoclonal antibodies against Hu (an early marker for neurons), growth-associated protein (GAP)-43 (a marker for neuronal process extension), TH (a marker for DA neurons), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker for astrocytes). We assessed (E14.5) mesencephalic progenitor cell cultures (plated at 125,000 cells/cm2) incubated in the cytokine mixture (described above) or in complete media (CM, negative control). Following 7 days incubation, GFAP-positive cells formed a nearly confluent carpet in both types of cultures. However, numbers of Hu-ir and GAP-43-ir cells in the cytokine-incubated cultures far exceeded those in CM-incubated controls (P=0.0003, P=0.0001, respectively), while numbers of TH-ir cells were 58-fold greater in the cytokine-incubated cultures versus CM-incubated controls. The TH phenotype persisted for 7 days following withdrawal of the differentiation media. Numerous double-labeled cells that were BrdU-ir and also TH-ir, or Hu-ir and also TH-ir, were observed in the cytokine-incubated cultures. These data suggest that cytokines ”drive” the conversion of progenitor cells into DA neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051285
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isograft and xenograft of the subcommissural organ into the lateral ventricle of the rat and the formation of Reissner’s fiber (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 457-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Subcommissural organ ; Isograft ; Xenograft ; Reissner’s fiber ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Rat ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The subcommissural organ (SCO) secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that aggregate and form Reissner’s fiber (RF). The factors involved in this aggregation are not known. One factor may be the hydrodynamics of the CSF when flowing through the aqueduct. This hypothesis was tested by isografting rat SCO and xenografting bovine SCO into the lateral ventricle of rats. Xenografts were either fresh bovine SCO or explants cultured for 30 days before transplantation. The grafts were investigated by electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry using antibodies against RF glycoproteins, serotonin and the glucose transporter I. Maximal time of transplantation was 43 days for isografts and 14 days for xenografts. The isografts were not reinnervated but were revascularized; they secreted into the ventricle RF glycoproteins that became progressively packed into pre-RF and RF structures identical to those formed by the SCO in situ. RF was confined to the host ventricle and at its distal end the constituent proteins disassembled. Xenografts were neither reinnervated nor revascularized and secreted into the host ventricle a material that never formed an RF. These findings indicate that the CSF factor responsible for the formation of RF is species specific, and that this process does not depend on the hydrodynamics of the CSF. The blood vessels revascularizing the isografted SCO acquired the characteristics of the vessels irrigating the SCO in situ, namely, a tight endothelium displaying glucose transporter I, and a perivascular space containing long-spacing collagen, thus indicating that basal release of glycoproteins may also occur in the grafted SCO.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051306
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axonal and dendritic transport in Purkinje cells of cerebellar slice cultures studied by microinjection of horseradish peroxidase (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Axonal transport ; Purkinje cell ; Organotypic culture ; Microinjection ; Antimitotic drugs ; Cytoskeleton ; Dendritic transport ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Axonal and dendritic transport in single Purkinje neurons of cerebellar slice cultures was quantified as single transport distances. Examination of the cells within a vital tissue was regarded as being an approach to the in situ condition. The Purkinje cells were organotypically integrated in the in vitro tissues and extended long axonal projections connecting synapses to the target neurons. The tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied via microinjection to the somata of the Purkinje cells and the injected neurons were incubated thereafter for defined time-intervals. The tracer was transported anterogradely into the neuron processes. The measurements on both the axonal and the dendritic transport of microinjected HRP revealed continuous transportation with increasing times of postincubation. This transport was reduced by the use of microtubule-depolymerizing drugs. The axonal transport of the tracer was either retarded in colchicine-treated cells or continuously reduced for up to 50% in vinblastine-treated neurons. Thus, a correlation of axonal transport to the microtubules was demonstrated. The dendrites were filled with the tracer after 60 min of postincubation. Dendritic transport was reduced by the use of vinblastine, and not significantly by colchicine. The results strongly support the dependence of neuronal transport on microtubules as a component of the cytoskeleton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051212
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular and subcellular distribution of the calcium-binding protein NCS-1 in the central nervous system of the rat (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 395-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Neurofilament ; Basket cell ; Pinceau ; Golgi apparatus ; Calcium binding protein ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract NCS-1 (neuronal calcium sensor) is a recently characterized member of a highly conserved neuron-specific family of calcium-binding proteins, which also includes frequenin and recoverin. The cellular and subcellular distributions of NCS-1 in the rat nervous system were investigated using light- and electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry. NCS-1 immunoreactivity was localized to neuronal cell bodies and axons throughout the brain and spinal cord but not to glial cells. The most intense labeling was observed in myelinated axons, the axonal ramifications of the basket cell in the cerebellar cortex, and large neurons in the brainstem and pons. These same structures were also characterized by heavy labeling for neurofilament protein, as determined by double-labeling experiments. Most axon terminals were unlabeled or only lightly labeled. The most remarkable subcellular staining occurred in the perikarya where intense labeling was associated with the membranes of the trans saccules of the Golgi apparatus. The widespread distribution of NCS-1 indicates that it may be active in a variety of calcium-dependent neuronal functions, whereas the specific subcellular localization to the Golgi apparatus and neurofilament-rich structures suggests a specialized role in calcium regulated protein trafficking and cytoskeletal interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051246
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of neurotrophins, GDNF, and their receptors in rat thyroid tissue (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 467-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor ; GDNF ; Ret ; GDNFR-α ; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ; BDNF ; NT-3 ; NT-4 ; trk receptors ; Thyroid tissue ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Levels of mRNA for neurotrophins (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF; neurotrophin 3, NT-3; neurotrophin 4, NT-4) and their receptors (trkA, trkB, trkC) and for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptors (ret, GDNFR-α) were measured in rat thyroid tissue by ribonuclease protection assays. In thyroid tissue the NT-3 mRNA level was threefold lower and the NT-4 mRNA level sixfold higher than those detected in adult rat hippocampus, while BDNF mRNA was undetectable. Very low levels of mRNA for truncated trkB and trkC receptors and no catalytic trkA, trkB or trkC were found. In conclusion NT-3 and NT-4, but not the corresponding functional receptors, are expressed in the thyroid tissue. Therefore, it is unlikely that these factors serve a direct local autocrine or paracrine function in thyroid cell types, and a target-derived mode of action on neurons innervating the thyroid tissue is suggested. An opposite result has been found for the neurotrophic factor GDNF: thyroid tissue showed a high level of transcripts for the GDNF receptor subunits (GDNFR-α and Ret), while GDNF mRNA was undetectable. The in situ hybridization analysis of GDNFR-α and ret mRNA revealed an interesting difference in the cell distribution of these transcripts: ret mRNA is selectively expressed in a subpopulation of cells scattered in the follicular epithelium and in the interfollicular spaces, while GDNFR-α expression is more homogeneous and widespread, including the more abundant cell type of the thyroid gland: the follicular cell. Double-labeling in situ hybridization/immunocytochemistry experiments, with a specific marker (calcitonin), showed that parafollicular cells express ret but not GDNFR-α. This differential distribution of the GDNF receptor components (GDNFR-α and ret) may reflect a peculiar biological role in intercellular communication in the thyroid gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051252
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aquaporin-5 (AQP5), a water channel protein, in the rat salivary and lacrimal glands: immunolocalization and effect of secretory stimulation (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 513-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Water channel protein ; Aquaporin ; AQP5 ; Rat ; Salivary glands ; Immunolocalization ; Secretory stimulation ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) is a water channel protein and is considered to play an important role in water movement across the plasma membrane. We raised anti-AQP5 antibody and examined the localization of AQP5 protein in rat salivary and lacrimal glands by immunofluorescence microscopy. AQP5 was found in secretory acinar cells of submandibular, parotid, and sublingual glands, where it was restricted to apical membranes including intercellular secretory canaliculi. In the submandibular gland, abundant AQP5 was also found additionally at the apical membrane of intercalated duct cells. Upon stimulation by isoproterenol, apical staining for AQP5 in parotid acinar cells tended to appear as clusters of dots. These results suggest that AQP5 is one of the candidate molecules responsible for the water movement in the salivary glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051257
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of age-related changes in cerebellar β-adrenergic function and associated motor learning (1999)
    Springer
    Age 22 (1999), S. 19-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-4647
    Keywords: Norepinephrine ; Aging ; Free Radicals ; Antioxidants ; Cerebellum ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present review provides an overview of age-related changes in cerebellar β-adrenergic function, associated motor learning, causal agents and possible treatments. Norepinephrine acts as a neuromodulator of Purkinje cell activity. With aging, however, the ability of norepinephrine to modulate Purkinje cell activity and specifically GABAergic inhibition of Purkinje cell activity is decreased. This age-associated deficit in cerebellar noradrenergic function correlates with deficits in acquisition of a motor learning task. Aged rats are delayed in acquiring a motor learning task that requires rats to adjust footfalls in order to cross a runway. The degree of deficit in cerebellar β-adrenergic activity correlated positively with the degree of impairment in task acquisition. One possible causal agent for the β-adrenergic deficit is free radical damage. Hyperoxia, which may generate free radical damage, induces cerebellar β-adrenergic deficits in young rats but diet restriction and treatment with antioxidants can delay or reverse age-related deficits in cerebellar β-adrenergic function in old rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11357-999-0003-6
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does endurance running before orchidectomy prevent osteopenia in rats? (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 80 (1999), S. 344-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Endurance running ; Bone density ; Deoxypyridinoline ; Osteocalcin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This experiment was performed to study the effects on femoral bone of endurance training performed during the 3 months before orchidectomy in rats which were then killed 90 days later. A total of 70 male Wistar rats were used at 8 weeks old. One day 0 of the experiment, 10 rats were killed by cervical dislocation and used as first controls. Among the 60 others, 30 were selected for treadmill running (60% maximal oxygen uptake, 1 h · day−1, 6 days · week−1 for 90 days). The 30 other rats remained at rest. On day 90, 10 exercised (IE) and resting (IR) rats were killed and used as intermediary controls. Among the 20 other animals of each group, 10 were surgically castrated (CXE, CXR) or 10 sham-operated (SHE, SHR) and killed on day 180. On day 90 femoral failure load (three-point bending test) was greater in IE than in IR. Simultaneously, the deoxypyridinolinuria was lower in IE than in IR. On day 180, femoral bones were thinner in CXR than in CXE. The lowest values for trabecular bone are in the distal femoral metaphysis were measured in CXE and CXR rats, but the value measured in CXE was no different from that measured in SHR. Simultaneously total femoral bone density was lower in CXR than in SHE, while no difference concerning femoral metaphyseal density was observed between CXE and SHR. These results confirmed that endurance running increased femoral bone growth and modelling and femoral trabecular area, and thereby peak bone mass, in 8-month-old male rats. In resting animals, castrated after the training period, androgen deficiency decreased femoral density, mineral content and trabecular area. This decrease was not observed in castrated but previously exercised rats. Thus, by increasing peak bone mass, it was considered that endurance training may have a preventive effect against orchidectomy-induced bone loss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050602
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treadmill running starting 3 months after orchidectomy restores femoral bone mass in rats (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 79 (1999), S. 251-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Bone ; Deoxypyridinoline ; Osteocalcin ; Rat ; Treadmill running
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study was designed to provide data on the effects on femoral bone of endurance training starting only 3 months after orchidectomy in rats. A total of 70 Wistar male rats were used at 8 weeks of age. On day 0 of the experiment, 10 rats were killed by cervical dislocation to be used as first controls. Among the 60 other animals, half was surgically castrated (CX) or sham operated (SH). On day 90, 10 CX and 10 SH were killed and used as intermediary controls (ICX and ISH). Among the other 20 CX and 20 SH, 10 within each group (CXE, SHE) were selected for treadmill running (60% maximal oxygen uptake, 1 h · day−1, 5 days · week−1 for 12 weeks). The 20 other rats were used as sedentary controls (CXR, SHR) and killed (as runners) on day 180. On day 90 femoral bone density (BMD) and mineral content (BMC) were lower in ICX than in ISH. On day 180 total femoral BMD was lower in CXR than in CXE. Simultaneously metaphyseal femoral BMD was lower in CXR than in CXE, SHR or SHE. Furthermore, at that time, no significant difference concerning BMD and BMC was observed between SHR and CXE. This would indicate that treadmill running starting only 3 months after orchidectomy is able to restore BMD and BMC to control values, mainly by inhibiting bone resorption (as shown by decreased urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion in CXE) without decreasing osteoblastic activity (evaluated by plasma osteocalcin concentration).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050503
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The bioavailability of magnesium from Wakame ( Undaria pinnatifida) and Hijiki (Hijikia fusiforme) and the effect of alginic acid on magnesium utilization of rats (1999)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 53 (1999), S. 265-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Bioavailability ; Magnesium ; Hijiki ; Sodium alginate ; Rat ; Wakame
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The bioavailability of magnesium from Wakame and Hijiki, and the effects of alginic acid on absorption of dietary magnesium were examined in five groups of rats fed either control, Wakame, Hijiki, AW (containing the same amount of alginate as in the Wakame) and AH (containing the same amount of alginate as in the Hijiki) diets, and animals fed a low magnesium diet (LMg) (twentieth amount of magnesium in the original mineral mixtures as the control). Food intake and body weight gain were decreased by adding sodium alginate to the diets. A large amount of calcium accumulated only in the kidneys of the rats fed the LMg diet. Serum magnesium concentration decreased only in the LMg group. The magnesium content in the defatted left femurs did not differ between the control and Wakame fed animals and also among the animals eating Wakame, Hijiki and AW diets. The breaking force of the right femurs did not differ among all the groups except the LMg group. The ratio of apparent magnesium absorption (%) of the control, LMg, Wakame, Hijiki, AW and AH groups was 82.2, 72.7, 66.9, 50.8, 69.3 and 54.2 in the first experimental period, and was 75.3, 52.1, 57.7, 46.9, 62.6 and 60.5 in the second experimental period, respectively. It was clear that the bioavailability of magnesium in the Wakame fed rats was higher than in those eating the Hijiki. Large amounts of sodium alginate lowered magnesium absorption from the diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008082112178
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo protection of the pig liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury by tauroursodeoxycholate (1999)
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 384 (1999), S. 461-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; Bile salt ; Tauroursodeoxycholate ; Rat ; Reperfusion injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Introduction: Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) is used routinely in the treatment of cholestatic liver disease. The present study was designed to determine whether it would mitigate ischemia/reperfusion injury in an in vivo pig liver-transplantation model. Methods: Transplantation was performed in 12 animals after a preservation time of 8 h. In the control group (n=6), 0.9% saline was infused into the donor. In the experimental group (n=6), TUDC was given intravenously at a rate of 2 µmol/kg body weight per minute. In the recipient, infusion was started at the time of reperfusion; saline was infused for 400 min in the control group, TUDC for the same duration at a rate of 0.2 µmol/kg body weight per minute in the experimental group. Blood was drawn for determination of liver enzymes. Bile samples were collected and bile flow (BF) and bile salt secretion rate (BSSR) were determined. Results: One-week survival was 92% and not different among groups. Liver enzymes were lower in the TUDC group than the saline group. Prior to TUDC infusion in the donor animals, there were no differences in BF and BSSR. After infusion of TUDC, BF and BSSR were highly significantly different than the control group. Discussion: Infusion of TUDC in pig livers protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo. This might be due to the membrane-stabilizing effect of TUDC. Preconditioning of liver grafts with TUDC could potentially lead to improved liver function post-transplantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004230050231
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regeneration of the mammalian central vestibular pathway using the rat as animal model (1999)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 256 (1999), S. 442-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated ; horseradish peroxidase ; Neural regeneration ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Regeneration of the mammalian central vestibular system was examined in rat. The lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST) of infant rat was transected unilaterally at the level of C1–3. After a postoperative interval of several weeks, the LVST was examined by injecting an anterograde tracer (wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase) into the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) and a retrograde tracer (Fast Blue) into the lumbar enlargement. More than half of the rats showed successful regeneration, indicating definite plasticity in the mammalian central vestibular system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004050050185
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cytochalasin D on taste pores of rat fungiform papillae (1999)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 256 (1999), S. S38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Taste buds ; Cytochalasin D ; Rhodamine-phalloidin ; Confocal laser microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Effects of cytochalasin D on actin filaments in cells encircling taste pores were examined to clarify the functional role of actin filaments in the maintenance of taste pores in rat fungiform papillae, using a confocal laser microscope and a scanning electron microscope. Fluorescence in the taste pore cells was detected as a ring shape produced by actin staining with rhodamine-phalloidin. Treatment of fungiform papillae with cytochalasin D diminished the positive reactions in the taste pore cells and increased the inner diameter of the ring reactions. However, deformation of the taste pores in fungiform papillae was not detected under a scanning electron microscope after treatment with cytochalasin D. These findings suggest that the organization of actin filaments encircling the taste pores contributes to regulation of the taste pore’s size in rat fungiform papillae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014151
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An improved method for the purification of stellate cells from rat liver with Dichloromethylene Diphosphate (CL2MDP) (1999)
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 21 (1999), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Dichloromethylene diphosphate ; Hepatic stellate cell isolation ; Liposome ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hepatic perisinusoidal cell population consists of hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, and Pit cells. These cells are isolated by enzymic digestion and purified by density gradient centrifugation. With isolation of stellate cells, conventional method is unable to eliminate the contamination of Kupffer cells because the densities of these two cells are similar. We report here an improved method for isolation of highly purified hepatic stellate cells, using dichloromethylene diphosphate (CL2MDP), which has selective cytotoxicity of Kupffer cells. Three days after the single intravenous administration of liposome-encapsulated CL2MDP, the Kupffer cells disappeared almost completely from the liver. Following Percoll density gradient centrifugation, the purity of the hepatic stellate cells exceeded 98% without any contamination of the Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells are reported to affect the physiological functions of stellate cells. The availability of highly purified stellate cells will facilitate the investigation of their functions in primary culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009872219428
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aktiver Transport als Komponente der enteralen Phenolrotresorption (1968)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 259 (1968), S. 260-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestine ; Rat ; Phenol red ; Absorption ; Active transport ; Darm ; Ratte ; Phenolrot ; Resorption ; Aktiver Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Phenolrot wird aus dem Jejunum der Ratte im wesentlichen passiv durch Diffusion resorbiert. Ein kleiner Anteil der resorbierten Menge folgt jedoch Charakteristica eines aktiven Prozesses. Die Resorption dieses Anteils wird durch p-Aminohippursäure (PAH) unterdrückt. In vitro baut Darmgewebe einen Teil von verabreichtem Phenolrot um, so daß es sich dem photometrischen Nachweis entzieht. Diese Reaktion wird durch PAH nicht beeinflußt. Aus dem Verhalten von PAH wird geschlossen, daß es sich bei der aktiven Elimination von Phenolrot aus dem Darm in vivo nicht um Stoffwechsel, sondern um aktiven Transport handelt, der Ähnlichkeit mit den Säuretransportmechanismen in anderen Organen zeigt. Die Phenolrotresorption ist unabhängig von der Art der Kationen in der zur Resorption angebotenen Phenolrotlösung, soweit es sich um Na-, K- oder Na-K-Ionengemische handelt. Auch wenn in der zur Resorption verabreichten Lösung alle Na- und K-Ionen durch Li-Ionen ersetzt werden, bleibt die Phenolrotresorption ohne signifikante Änderung.
    Notes: Summary Phenol red is absorbed from the jejunum of the rat mainly by diffusion. A small proportion of the amount administered, however, disappears from the gut in a way that suggests an active process. The disappearance of this part is inhibited by p-aminohippurate (PAH). In vitro, phenol red is partly metabolized by jejunal tissue. PAH has no effect on this metabolism. From the interaction of PAH it is concluded that the active elimination of phenol red from the jejunum in vivo is due to absorption by active transport and not to metabolism. This process is similar to the active transport of organic acids known in other organs in that it is inhibited by PAH. Absorption of phenol red is not influenced by the kind of cations present in the solution, as far as sodium, potassium or mixtures of both ions are concerned. Substitution of lithium for sodium and potassium does not result in significant changes in the absorption of phenol red.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00536771
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  • 117
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    Effect of selective hippocampal lesions in the rat on acquisition, performance, and extinction of bar pressing on a fixed ratio schedule (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampal Lesions ; Rat ; Fixed Ratio ; Acquisition ; Extinction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats with bilateral anterior and posterior hippocampal lesions (APH), anterior hippocampal lesions (AH), and controls were trained on CRF for water, and then switched to FR-20. Both hippocampal groups adapted more readily than controls to the FR-20 schedule and maintained significantly higher rates for 45 days. There were no significant differences on FR-20 between the lesion groups. Following FR-20, the rates of all groups were equalized by training on FR-30. During subsequent extinction, the APH group made significantly more responses than both the AH and control groups, while AH and control groups were indistinguishable. The acquisition results were interpreted as indicating increased emotional reactivity to delay of anticipated reward in both hippocampally lesioned groups. The extinction results suggested that APH, but not AH, lesions also result in increased perseveration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235901
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  • 118
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    Correlation between noradrenaline content of the brain and the number of granular vesicles in rat hypothalamus during nialamid administration (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synapse ; Granular vesicles ; Noradrenaline ; Nialamid ; Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus was studied in the rat with the electron microscope under circumstances of elevated brain monoamine level following treatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor Nialamid. The number of granular vesicles (size in diameter 450–1100 Å) in synaptic terminals increased after Nialamid treatment significantly, while their size did not change; the number of agranular vesicles remained unchanged. The time courses of the increase of granular vesicles and elevation of brain noradrenaline content were approximately parallel. It is inferred that the granular vesicles of size 450 to 1100 Å may possibly be the storage sites of noradrenaline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238698
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  • 119
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    Zur hormonellen Beeinflussung des Hexobarbitalschlafes der Ratte (1968)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 259 (1968), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cyproterone Acetate ; Hexobarbital Narcosis ; Rat ; Testosterone ; Enzyme Induction ; Cyproteronacetat ; Hexobarbitalnarkose ; Ratte ; Testosteron ; Fermentinduktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An geschlechtsreifen Ratten wurde der Einfluß des Antiandrogens Cyproteronacetat auf die Hexobarbitalnarkose bei Ratten in Abhängigkeit vom Hormonstatus geprüft. Cyproteronacetat entfaltet in diesem Versuchsmodell nicht seine sonst bekannte spezifische Hemmwirkung gegenüber endogenem und injiziertem Testosteron. Die Vorbehandlung mit Cyproteronacetat führt zu einer Steigerung der mikrosomalen Fermentaktivität in der Leber und damit wahrscheinlich zu einem schnelleren Abbau von Hexobarbital. Die Folge ist eine erhebliche Narkosedauerverkürzung durch diese Verbindung.
    Notes: Summary The influence of the antiandrogen Cyproterone acetate on Hexobarbital narcosis in relation to the hormonal state was investigated in adult rats. In this test model Cyproterone acetate failed to exert its wellknown specific inhibitory action on endogeneous and injected testosterone. Pretreatment with Cyproterone acetate led to enhanced microsomal enzyme activity in the liver and thus probably to a more rapid metabolism of Hexobarbital. The result of this is a significant shortening of the duration of narcosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00538555
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  • 120
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    Effects of methylphenidate, pentobarbital, and reserpine on behavior controlled by a schedule of interresponse time reinforcement (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 13 (1968), S. 49-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Operant Behavior ; Methylphenidate ; Pentobarbital ; Reserpine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three rats, deprived of water, were given separate injections of methylphenidate and pentobarbital after each had received extensive training on a DRL schedule of reinforcement, modified by the inclusion of a limited-hold. Methylphenidate (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) increased response rates at each of these dosages; pentobarbital increased response rates at dosages of 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg but had little effect on overall response rate at 10 mg/kg though, at this dose, performance was characterized by periods of rapid responding alternating with periods of inactivity. The rate-increasing effects of the two drugs were found to be qualitatively different. Several mixtures of the two drugs induced rate increases greater than those found when each drug was given separately. However, pentobarbital (10 mg/kg) reduced the rate-increasing effects of methylphenidate obtained when the latter was given alone at a dosage of 10 mg/kg. Chronic pretreatment with reserpine (0.3 mg/kg for 12 days), given to two animals, progressively reduced rate of responding. Methylphenidate antagonized the effects of reserpine as an increasing function of dosage but the resulting pattern of behavior more closely resembled the effects of methylphenidate given alone than performance recorded in the absence of any drug treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401618
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  • 121
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    Die Abhängigkeit der Oberflächenkräfte isolierter Rattenlungen von Atmung, Temperatur und Stoffwechsel (1968)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 304 (1968), S. 315-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Lung ; Alveolar Surface Tension ; Aerobic Metabolism ; Breathing Mechanics ; Rat ; Lunge ; Alveoläre Oberflächenspannung ; Oxydativer Stoffwechsel ; Atemmechanik ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Beatmet man isolierte Rattenlungen mit Drucken von 0–25 cm H2O (Überbeatmung), so zeigen sich im statischen Druck-Volumen-Diagramm Veränderungen, die auf eine Zunahme der Oberflächenspannung in den Lungenalveolen hinweisen. Läßt man die Lungen im Anschluß an die Beatmung 30 min im geblähten Zustand, so wiest das Verhalten despV-Diagramms auf ein Wiederabsinken der alveolären Oberflächenspannung hin, wenn die Versuche bei 37°C vorgenommen wurden, während eine derartige Änderung bei 20–24°C nur angedeutet nachzuweisen ist. 2. Wird der oxydative stoffwechsel durch Beatmung der Lunge mit N2 oder Vergiftung mit KCN ausgeschaltet, so zeigen sich prinzipiell sowohl während der Beatmung als auch in der Restitutionsphase die gleichen Verhältnisse, nur daß unter anoxischen Bedingungen die alveoläre Oberflächenspannung während der Beatmung noch etwas stärker ansteigt. Danach spielt der oxydative Stoffwechsel für die beobachteten Erscheinungen eine untergeordnete Rolle. 3. Wahrscheinlich wird durch die Überbeatmung der Oberflächenfilm in den Lungenalveolen mechanisch geschädigt, wobei ein Teil des oberflächenaktiven Materials inaktiviert wird. Eine Restitution könnte durch Wiederspreitung des inaktivierten Materials oder durch Übertreten von LAS aus den Alveolarzellen an die Alveolaroberfläche erfolgen.
    Notes: Summary The effect of ventilation on the lung alveolar lining layer has been demonstrated by analysis of pressure-volume diagrams. Ventilation of isolated rat lungs at intrapulmonary pressures of 0–25 cm H2O caused an increase of surface forces in the lungs. After ventilation was stopped the lungs were kept inflated at intrapulmonary pressures of 25 cm H2O up to 60 min. Subsequent analysis of the pressure-volume diagrams indicated a decrease of surface forces at 37°C while at 20–24°C only little recovery occurred. The influence of ventilation with N2 or poisoning with KCN on aerobic cell metabolism was investigated. The increase of surface forces was only slightly more pronounced by anoxia during lung-ventilation than in the above experiments. Aerobic cell metabolism, therefore, did not play an important role in our experiments. It is very likely that the decrease of surface activity following ventilation was caused by mechanical changes of the alveolar lining layer. We believe that, to some extent, the lung alveolar surfactant was inactivated. Recovery can be explained by new spreading of inactivated materials or by passage of lung alveolar surfactant from the alveolar cells to the alveolar surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587707
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  • 122
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    Zur Resorption freier und konjugierter Gallensäuren im Dünndarm der Ratte in vitro und in vivo (1968)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 261 (1968), S. 314-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Rat ; Gut ; Absorption ; Free Bile Acids ; Conjugated Bile Acids ; Ratte ; Darm ; Resorption ; freie Gallensäure ; konjugierte Gallensäuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Zur Klärung der Frage, ob für die Anreicherung freier Gallensäuren in Coecum und Colon eine unterschiedliche Resorption freier und konjugierter Gallensäuren im Dünndarm mitverantwortlich ist, wurden in vitro an nicht durchbluteten, isoliert durchströmten Dünndarmsegmenten der Ratte ihr Durchtritt und ihre Bindung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit denjenigen verglichen, die in vivo an durchbluteten, abgebundenen Ileumschlingen bei Ratten in situ gewonnen wurden. Folgende Gallensäuren standen zur Verfügung: Cholsäure, deren Taurin- und Glycin-Konjugat; Desoxycholsäure sowie deren Taurin- und Glycin-Konjugat. 2. Die in vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß konjugierte Gallensäuren, gemessen an der Konzentration im Resorbat, in größerem Umfange als freie durch die Mucosa treten. Je polarer die Gallensäure, desto größer die Durchtrittsrate. Beim Durchtritt werden weder freie Gallensäuren mit Taurin bzw. Glycin konjugiert, noch werden Gallensäure-Konjugate in nennenswertem Umfange hydrolytisch gespalten. Der durch die Darmwand gebundene Anteil freier Gallensäuren ist größer als der konjugierter. 3. In vivo erfolgt die Resorption aus Ileumschlingen so schnell, daß innerhalb von 15 min von allen Gallensäuren gleichviel resorbiert wird. Das Ausmaß der Bindung der Gallensäuren in der Darmwand ist unterschiedlich. Von Desoxycholsäure wird auch in vivo doppelt soviel gebunden wie von Glykocholsäure. 4. Das Ergebnis der Versuche besagt, daß in vivo eine geringere Resorption für die Anreicherung freier Gallensäuren im Dickdarm keine Rolle spielt. Die Unterschiede im Durchtritt freier und konjugierter Gallensäuren in vitro sind methodisch bedingt.
    Notes: Summary 1. In order to elucidate the question whether the coecal and colonic accumulation of free bile acids is caused by different absorption of free and conjugated bile acids in the small intestine, their penetration and their binding were studied in vitro in isolated rat gut segments. The results were compared with those in vivo obtained with tied loops in situ. The following bile acids were available: cholanic acid, its taurine and glycine conjugates; deoxycholic acid and both its conjugates. 2. The experiments in vitro showed that relative to the concentration in the absorbed fluid, the penetration rate of conjugated bile acids is higher than that of free bile acids. The more polar a bile acid is the greater is the penetration rate. During penetration neither free bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine nor conjugated bile acids are hydrolysed. 3. In vivo absorption in ileal loops is so rapid that within 15 min the absorption rate is nearly the same for all bile acids. The amounts of bile acids bound by the tissue vary. In vivo, as in vitro, twice as much deoxycholic acid is bound as glycocholic acid. 4. The results show that in vivo a lesser absorption is of no significance for the accumulation of free bile acids in the colon. The difference in the absorption of free and conjugated bile acids in vitro is caused by the method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00537176
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  • 123
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    Der Einfluß von Liganden auf die Retention von Eisen nach oraler Verabfolgung an normale und anämische Ratten (1968)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 261 (1968), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Iron Deficiency ; Iron Absorption ; Iron Complexes ; Rat ; Eisenmangel ; Eisen-Resorption ; Eisenkomplexe ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Retention von freiem und komplexgebundenem 59Fe-Eisen wurde 6 Tage nach Verabreichung mit der Schlundsonde bei normalen und anämischen Ratten in einer Ganztiermeßanlage bestimmt. 2. Anämische Ratten nahmen fünfmal mehr Eisen auf als normale Tiere, wenn ionisiertes Eisen angeboten wurde. Alle geprüften Komplexbildner vermindern die gesteigerte Eisen-Retention anämischer Ratten. Bezogen auf die Werte der anämischen Gruppe (=100%) wurde die Retention durch EDTA um 87%, durch Citronensäure um 40%, durch Ascorbinsäure um 32% und durch Nicotinhydroxamsäure um 31% herabgesetzt. 3. In Gegenwart von Komplexbildnern ist die Eisen-Retention anämischer Tiere bei Citronensäure 8,7, von EDTA 6,3, von Nicotinhydroxamsäure 3,7 und von Ascorbinsäure 2,7 mal höher als bei normalen.
    Notes: Summary 1. In normal and anemic rats, the retention of free and complex-bound 59Fe-iron was measured with a whole body counter 6 days after its oral administration. 2. If the iron is administered in the ionic form to iron-deficient rats they show a retention of iron 5 times greater than that of normal animals. The increased iron retention of anemic rats is diminished by all complexing agents tested. EDTA reduced it by 87%, citric acid by 40%, ascorbic acid by 32% and nicotine hydroxamic acid by 31%. 3. When the iron is combined with citric acid its retention by iron-deficient rats was 8.7 times increased in comparison to normal rats, with EDTA 6.3 times, with nicotine hydroxamic acid 3.7 and with ascorbic acid 2.7 times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00536987
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  • 124
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    Methoden der Nierenpunktion bei der Ratte (1968)
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 145 (1968), S. 260-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Renal puncture ; Renal needle biopsy ; Rat ; Nierenpunktion ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 90 Ratten wurden insgesamt 266 Nierenpunktionen durchgeführt. Selbst Serienbiopsien (bis zu acht Eingriffen pro Tier bzw. bis fünf Punktionen pro Niere) mit Intervallen von wenigen Tagen wurden gut vertragen. Drei Methoden wurden versucht: percutane Blindbiopsie, Punktion unter Sicht von dorsal (extraperitoneal) bzw. von ventral (transperitoneal). Bei Berücksichtigung der wichtigsten Momente (Ergiebigkeit des Punktates, Schwierigkeit des Eingriffes — auch bei nachfolgenden Punktionen —, lokale Folgen an der Niere und Umgebung) hat sich dastransperitoneale Vorgehen als dieMethode der Wahl erwiesen und ausgezeichnete Ergebnisse geliefert. Die Nierenpunktion der Ratte kann besonders zum Studium des Verlaufes experimenteller Nierenkrankheiten mit morphologischen Methoden empfohlen werden.
    Notes: Summary In 90 rats 266 renal puncture biopsies were performed. Even serial biopsies (up to eight per animal or up to five punctures per kidney, respectively) were tolerated very well. Three methods were attempted: Percutaneous blind biopsy, puncture under direct vision by a dorsal (extraperitoneal) approach and by a ventral (transperitoneal) one. Considering the most important factors (e.g. amount of the puncture sample, difficulty of the procedure even in subsequent punctures, local damage to the kidney) the transperitoneal approach has proved to be the method of choice and excellent results were obtained. Renal puncture of rats are especially suitable for studying diseases of the kidney by morphological methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02044616
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    Normale Verteilung51Cr-markierter Lymphocyten in der Ratte und ihre Änderung nach Antilymphocytenserum (1968)
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 146 (1968), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Anti-lymphocyte serum ; 51Cr-labelled lymphocytes ; Rat ; Antilymphocytenserum ; 51Cr-markierte Lymphocyten ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. 48 Ratten wurden in Äthernarkose 107 51Cr-markierte Lymphocyten suspendiert in Hankscher Lösung und Heparin in die V. femoralis injiziert. Ein Teil der Tiere bekam gleichzeitig Antilymphocytenserum. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß der normale Abbau51Cr-markierter Lymphocyten in einer bestimmten zeitlichen Reihenfolge in Lunge, Leber, Milz und peripheren Lymphknoten vonstatten geht und51Cr durch die Niere ausgeschieden wird. Ein Wiederansteigen der Radioaktivität in den erwähnten Organen nach 18–22 Tagen wird mit einem Reutilisationseffekt erklärt. 2. Durch Kaninchen-Anti-Ratten-Lymphocytenserum (ALS) wird diese Verteilung beschleunigt und verändert. In der Lunge findet man eine sehr starke, in der Milz dagegen fast gar keine Anhäufung51Cr-markierter Lymphocyten, was auf eine Schädigung dieses Organs durch ALS hinweisen könnte.
    Notes: Summary 1. 107 51Chromium-labelled lymphocytes have been injected into the femoral vein of 48 rats in aetheranaesthesia. The lymphocytes were suspended in heparinized Hank's solution. 20 animals were treated with antilymphocyte serum at the same time. The normal distribution of51Cr-labelled lymphocytes was found to take place in lung, liver, spleen and peripheral lymphnode in a certain chronological order.51Chromium is eliminated by the kidney. After a period of 18–22 days an increase of radioactivity is found in organs mentioned above which is to be explained by reutilisation of radioactivity. 2. This normal distribution is changed by rabbit-anti-rat-lymphocyte serum. In the lung it is found more of51Cr-labelled lymphocytes in the spleen less than in control animals. These findings suggest a damaging effect induced by antilymphocyte serum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02043637
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