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  • 1995-1999  (12.345)
  • 1990-1994  (13.149)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1935-1939  (3.335)
  • 1920-1924
Jahr
Schlagwörter
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Porous-silicon microcavities (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1213-1223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Optoelectronic devices ; Other solid inorganic materials ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (superlattices, quantum well-structures and multilayers) ; Quantum optics ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The properties and preliminar applications of porous-silicon (p-Si) microcavities are here reported. These structures are based on a planar resonator formed by two narrow-band high-reflectance distributed Bragg reflectors separated by a thin active optical layer, all of which are made of p-Si layers. The accurate control of the electrochemical dissolution of Si lets us realize p-Si multilayers with the desired refractive indices sequence. Large improvements of the emission properties of p-Si microcavities with respect to standard p-Si samples are observed: 1) increased emission intensity, 2) spectral narrowing of the emission band, and 3) high directionality in the emission pattern. Resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes with higher efficiencies and stabilities with respect to standard p-Si/metal devices are demonstrated. Reflectivity changes due to absorption saturation have been observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464699
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The optical transition in porous Si: The effects of quantum confinement, surface states and hydrogen passivation (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1121-1129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Optoelectronic devices ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary We present a theoretical study of two infinite wires of Si with a different lateral size. The analysis is based on the linear muffin tin orbitals method in the atomic sphere approximation (LMTO-ASA). We consider free, partially and totally H-covered [001] Si quantum wires with rectangular cross-section. The results of this investigation prove the quantum wire nature of porous Si and interpret many of its physical features. In particular we show thata) as expected quantum confinement originates the opening of the LDA gap;b) the gap opening effect is asymmetric: 1/3 of the widening is in the valence band, while 2/3 in the conduction band;c) the near band gap states originate from Si atoms located at the center of the wire;d) the confinement is enhanced in the case of free surfaces;e) the imaginary part of the dielectric function shows a low-energy side structure strongly anisotropic, identified as responsible of the luminescence transition;f) the presence of dangling bonds destroys the luminescence properties;g) in spite of featurec), all Si atoms are collectively involved in the luminescence transition;h) the shift detected by the Si L2, 3VV Auger signal is due to H-interaction effect and is not a measure of the quantum confinement effect;i) the Si atoms probed by the Si L2, 3VV Auger are bonded with H and H2.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464690
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Erbium doping of crystalline and amorphous silicon for optoelectronic applications (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1131-1148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Optoelectronic devices ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary In this work we demonstrate that efficient light emission at 1.54 μm can be achieved when Er ions are incorporated into crystalline Si or in heavily oxygen-doped amorphous and polycrystalline Si films (SIPOS). We have found that temperature quenching of photo- and electroluminescence, which is the major limitation towards the achievement of room temperature luminescence, can be strongly reduced by codoping these films with oxygen. This impurity is already present in as-prepared SIPOS and it is introduced by ion-implantation in crystalline Si. Er luminescence is obtained under both optical and electrical excitation and we demonstrate that excitation occurs through a carrier-mediated process. Electrical excitation is obtained by incorporating Er in properly designed device structures. It is found that this excitation can occur both through the recombination of hole-electron pairs and through impact excitation of the Er ions by hot electrons. These two mechanisms have different efficiencies and impact excitation is shown to prevail at room temperature. These data are presented and possible future developments are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464691
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantum confinement and disorder in porous silicon: Effects on the optical and transport properties (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1111-1119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Optoelectronic devices ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The striking optical properties of porous silicon (PS) show a twofold aspect typical of an ordered and a disordered material, respectively. Raman, electron microscopy, and resonant photoluminescence studies indicate that the light emission originates from crystalline regions. On the contrary, several features, like the non-exponential decay of photoluminescence (PL), the broad emission spectrum, the photoluminescence fatigue under light exposure etc. are typical of a disordered material and reminiscent of similar effects founde.g. in amorphous semiconductors. These twoapparently conflicting aspects have for a long time hindered the understanding of the basic light emission mechanism. In this paper we report new optical data showing that disorder in porous silicon leads to strong carrier localisation. Light emission in PS is suggested to occur through transitions involving localized states.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464689
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Light-emitting nanocrystalline silicon by low-pressure chemical-vapor deposition of disilane (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1159-1165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Optoelectronic devices ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Porous silicon is an attractive material for silicon optoelectronics. The great advantage of porous silicon lies on the simple way of production which makes silicon nanostructures easily available. After several papers have been published on this topic, we are able to identify some disadvantages connected to the porous nature of the material and to the method of fabrication. Other dry processes can be used to produce Si nanostructures. In this paper we present a method fully compatible with the standard semiconductor technology. The optical and structural properties of the nanocrystalline films so far obtained are presented, together with some promising results indicating good electrical properties.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464693
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Photoluminescence studies of Si nanocrystals (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1167-1177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Optoelectronic devices ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary We report room temperature time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) and temperature dependence of continuous wave (cw) PL studies of high fluence (from 3·1016 to 3·1017 cm−2) Si+-implanted thermal SiO2 layers after annealing at high temperature (T=1000°C). Such measurements were related to TEM analysis of samples. Nancocrystals were observed at TEM only a samples implanted at higher fluence. In these samples a near infrared PL signal peaked at approximately 1.5 eV with decay time of about 100 μs is present. Besides, in all samples a light emission is present in the green region of the spectrum. The intensity of the emission shows large variations with ion fluence, and is characterized by 0.4, 2 and 7 ns decay times.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464694
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Changes in magnetic properties induced by heavy-ion irradiation in magnetic insulators as seen by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 337-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Atoms and molecules ; Magnetic ordered materials: other intrinsic properties ; Magnetomechanical and magnetoelectric effects, magnetostriction ; Mössbauer effect: other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The high-energy heavy-ion irradiation of magnetic materials induces not only amorphous matter in the ion tracks but also improvement or even creation of new magnetic properties in a stressed shell surrounding the track core. Two examples are presented in this paper: magnetization creation in the spinel ZnFe2O4 after Kr, Xe and Pb irradiations and trapping of magnetic domains in another spinel, the magnetite Fe3O4, after lead irradiation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458914
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of hematin and Mössbauer gamma-radiation on human osteosarcoma cell lines (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 359-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): X- and γ-rays instruments and techniques ; γ-rays ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary In the present work we report an investigation on cultures of the human osteosarcoma cell line «MG-63» and the human osteoblastic cell line «HOBIT». We have examined the combined effects of hematin and 14.4keV gamma-radiation from a Mössbauer source. Preliminary results seem to confirm the trend already observed for the bone marrow system. Different degrees of growth inhibition were observed when hematin alone and hematin plus gamma-rays were administered to the cultures. It was previously found that hematin has no toxic effects on normal cells up to a concentration of 10−4 M, but the same concentration produces various degrees of inhibition on cultures of tumor cells. While no significant effect could be attributed to irradiation alone, hematin plus irradiations show a larger inhibition than that expected for pure additive effects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458918
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Temperature dependence of phonon energy spectra with nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 381-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Phonons and vibrations in crystal lattices ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The phonon energy spectra of a polycrystalline α-Fe foil were observed at 150 K and 300 K by using the nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation. In each spectrum, inelastic scattering was observed at both sides of the elastic peak. It was found that the ratio of the elastic-scattering component and the asymmetry of the intensity of the side bands observed at 150 K are larger than those observed at 300 K, respectively. The observed temperature-dependent spectra are in good agreement with the spectra calculated from the phonon energy distribution function. One of the advantageous features of this method is that the excitation of only a specific element is possible. Our results show that this method is applicable to the study of lattice dynamics and opens a new field of the nuclear resonant scattering spectroscopy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458922
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nanoparticles (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Fine particle systems ; PACS 76.80 ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Mössbauer spectroscopy is well known to be a very sensitive technique for studying small magnetic particles: small variations in the dynamic properties often manifest themselves as rather large changes in the spectra. However, anay detailed investigation is limited by the complexity of the phenomena and also by the line shape problem. As a result, variations in Mössbauer features between samples can always be interpreted in several ways. Utilization of other techniques to support the conclusions in indispensable. This will be emphasized in the case of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, the dynamic properties of which have been studied over a very wide time range using measurements of the zero-field-cooled magnetization, thermoremanent magnetization, and a.c. susceptibility at various frequencies, in addition to Mössbauer spectroscopy. After a survey of the basic laws of superparamagnetic relaxation and the effects of interparticle interactions, this paper will show how the approximations usually made for interpreting Mössbauer data can lead to misinterpretation of the phenomena.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458890
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mössbauer study on the gamma-radiolysis of tetralithium iron(III) trioxalate chloride nonahydrate (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Radiolysis, dissociation and ionization by X-ray, γ-ray and particle radiation ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The final product of the gamma-radiolysis of tetralithium iron (III) trioxalate chloride nonahydrate has been identified by Mössbauer spectroscopy as FeC2O4·2H2O. The radiolytic decomposition proceeds as a first-order process due to the original compound depletion and to the radiolytic stability of the ferrous compound. Chemical calibration of the relative peaks areas of the two iron species indicates that the correspondingf-factors ratio is unaffected by the radiolysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458894
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    57Fe Mössbauer study of ternary alloy systems Fe(Sb1−x Te x )2 for 0.5≤x≤1.0 at 4.2K (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mösbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Fe and its alloys ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary We report on low-temperature (4.2 K)57Fe Mössbauer studies of the ternary alloy system Fe(Sb1−x Te x )2 for 0.5≤x≤1.0. The Mössbauer spectra are electric-quadrupole doublets for all the specimens, indicating a non-magnetic character. The quadrupole splitting decreases with the increase in tellurium concentration. FeTe2 has also been studied in external magnetic fields up to 6T. These experiments show that the electric-field gradient in this alloy is negative and has an asymmetry parameter of η ≈0.7.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458898
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mössbauer studies related to the solid-state dynamics of C60 (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer spectra ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Crystalline state (including molecular motions in solids) ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary C60 (Buckminsterfullerene) is isolated from organic solvents above 260 K as an f.c.c. solid with complete orientational disorder. The rotational dynamics are diffuse and isotropic, with a short (12 ps) correlation time at 300 K. Below 260 K, the solid forms in a simple cubic lattice withPa3 symmetry. The librational motion occurs by activated jumps with a correlation time of about 60 ns at 200 K. To gain further insight into the dynamics of C60, the compound C60Fe(CO)4 (I) (generously made available to us by A. Stephens and M. Green of Oxford University) has been studied by57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. As expected, the resonance at 90 K consists of a doublet with an isomer shift (relative to metallic iron) of 0.034(1) mm s−1 and a quadrupole splitting of 1.607(5) mm s−1. There is no significant temperature-dependent, intensity asymmetry of the doublet. The temperature dependence of the effect magnitude is well fit by a linear regression over the range 85〈T〈210 K. To elucidate the relationship of these results to the effect of the C60 moiety in I, further lattice dynamical Mössbauer studies have been carried out on (maleic anhydride) Fe(CO)4 (II), one of the few isolatable tetracarbonyl complexes of iron. For (II), the quadrupole splitting is 1.371(5) mm s−1 at 90 K, and the temperature, dependence of the isomer shift is smaller than it is for (I), while the temperature dependence of the recoil-free fraction is significantly larger in (I) than in (II).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458895
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Mössbauer-effect investigation of some electrochemically inserted lithium thiospinels (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Electrochemical devices ; Crystal symmetry: models, space groups and crystalline systems and classes ; Electron microscopy and other methods ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary We present here a study carried out on In16Sn4S32 and In16Fe8S32 spinels. Electronic and local environment changes of Sn and Fe are discussed from recorded Mössbauer parameters. In the case of the tin thiospinel, a reduction process from SnIV to SnII is obvious till an amount of 8 inserted Li. For the iron thiospinel a migration of iron atoms from the octahedral to the tetrahedral sites is observed. In the region of higher lithium amounts (10– Li), in both spinels a further environment appears indicating an increase of covalency.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458897
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Red- and blue-light emission from free-standing porous silicon (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1149-1157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Optoelectronic devices ; Other solid inorganic materials ; Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Interfaces ; heterostructures ; nanostructures ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary We report the observation of strong red- and blue-light emission in free-standing porous-silicon samples prepared fromn + substrates at different anodization current densities. The surface morphology of the free-standing samples has been analyzed by means of atomic-force microscopy. Upon excitation with nanosecond pulses at room temperature, both blue and red luminescence bands appear, peaked around 3.2 and 2.0 eV, respectively. An extensive study of the time-resolved behavior of the photoluminescence signal reveals different dynamical features for the two spectral regions. The observed long decay time (several μs) of the red band reflects the predominant effect of non-radiative processes and is consistent with models based on excition diffusion through the interconnected silicon nanocrystals (quantum dots) skeleton. The relatively fast blue-band decay time (≈400 ns) is shown to be related to non-radiative recombination through trap states at the silicon nanocrystal surface.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464692
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of surfactants in the electrochemical preparation of porous silicon (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1179-1186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Methods of deposition of films and coatings ; film growth and epitaxy ; Electrochemistry and electrophoresis ; Surface and interface chemistry ; Infrared and Raman spectra and scattering ; Photoluminescence ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Porous-silicon layers were prepared by anodic oxidation of mono- and multi-crystalline Si substrates,n + andp-doped, in aqueous HF solutions containing surfactants. The resulting samples show a bright red-orange photoluminescence: PL spectra and uniformity are analysed as a function of surfactants kind and concentration. Moreover, the results of Raman spectroscopy are discussed in terms of current theories.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464695
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Porous-silicon coatings for photovoltaic devices (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1225-1232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Methods of deposition of films and coatings ; film growth and epitaxy ; Surface treatments ; Optical constants: refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity ; Photoelectric conversion: solar cells and arrays ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Porous silicon was formed on multicrystalline Si substrates by stain etching in aqueous HF/HNO3 solutions. In this work optical and electrical properties of the resulting films are discussed as a function of process parameters. Porous-Si films have been shown to be able to reduce surface reflectance to 3% in 350–700 nm wavelength range and their application in anti-reflection coating of photovoltaic solar cells has been demonstrated, obtaining (10×10) cm2 multicrystalline Si solar cells with efficiency approaching 12% under standard AM 1.5 simulated sunlight.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464700
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    TEM and photoluminescence characterization of porous-silicon layers from 〈111〉-orientedp + silicon substrates (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1233-1239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Optoelectronic devices ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary A first structural investigation, carried out by transmission electron microscopy on porous-silicon samples fromp +, 〈111〉-oriented substrates is presented. The samples, which show intense visible room temperature luminescence, are composed by an interconnected network of crystalline nanostructures. Evidences of the pores propagation along the 〈100〉 directions are provided. The optical and morphological characteristics of the investigated samples are found to be much similar to those of samples coming fromp-type, non-degenerate, 〈100〉-oriented substrates rather than those obtained from 〈100〉 substrates with comparable resistivity. This striking effect is explained by invoking different etch-limiting mechanisms during pore formation. Their relative weights are proposed to depend on the crystallographic orientation of the silicon specimen subjected to etching.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464701
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identification of a spin-glass and a cluster-glass by Mössbauer measurements: Fe0.5Mn0.5TiO3 and Fe0.2Mg0.8TiO3 (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials (including neutron and spin-polarized electron studies, synchrotron-source X-ray scattering, etc.) ; Critical-point effects, specific heats short-range order ; Antiferromagnetics ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Mössbauer measurements have been made on two kinds of spin-glass (SG) systems: one is the magnetically non-diluted mixed compound Fe0.5Mn0.5TiO3 with the SG-freezing temperatureT SG=21.5K, and the other is the diluted one Fe0.2Mg0.8TiO3 withT SG=6K. We have shown that the temperature variation of the Mössbauer spectrum of Fe0.2Mg0.8TiO3 above and around itsT SG is essentially different from that of Fe0.5Mn0.5TiO3: the former is typical of a cluster-glass and the latter of an ordinary spin-glass. The present work has clearly demonstrated that the Mössbauer spectroscopy is the most useful and unique technique to distinguish a cluster-glass from an ordinary spin-glass.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458902
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mössbauer, X-ray fluorescence and paleomagnetic studies of deep-sea sediments from the Peru Basin: two million years of sedimentation history (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 341-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Sediment cores with different sub-bottom depths (I: 45 cm and II: 700 cm) from the Peru Basin have been investigated. From the depth profile of the relative amount of Fe(II) a redox zone is obtained which correlates with the organic carbon flux into the sediment (core I). Mössbauer parameters suggest that the iron in the sediments is mainly contained in clay minerals and to varying extent also in goethite.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458915
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reyleigh scattering of Mössbauer radiation in hyaluronate oriented fibres (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 371-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): X-ray ; Mössbauer and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods ; Molecular biophysics ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The Rayleigh scattering of Mössbauer radiation has been measured on highly oriented fibres of Na-hyaluronate at different hydration levels. The elastic-and inelastic-scattering intensities, measured as a function of the scattering vectorQ, have provided information on the dynamic structuring of the water molecules to the polysaccharidic chains.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458920
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Time-dependent absorption of gamma-radiation under high-frequency magnetic excitation of57Fe (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 385-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer effect ; other ψ-ray spectroscopy ; Strong field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems multiphonon processes ; dynamic Stark shift ; Effects of internal magnetic fields ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary We have studied the time dependence of Mössbauer absorption in a magnetically soft sample of Fe18Ni82 permalloy under the influence of a radio-frequency (r.f.) magnetic field. Absorption was measured as a function of the r.f. field phase at specific gamma-ray energies. We have shown that measuring the time dependence of absorption makes it possible to differentiate between purely magnetic and magnetoacoustic modulation mechanisms even in cases where clear distinction is not visible in conventional energy domain spectra.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458923
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Selected studies of magnetism at high pressure (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 145-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Metal-insulator transitions ; High-pressure and shock-wave effects in solids ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Transition-metal compounds ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Most previous studies of magnetism in various compounds under extreme conditions have been conducted over a wide pressure range at room temperature or over a wide range of cryogenic temperatures at pressures below 20 GPa (200 kbar). We present some of the most recent studies of magnetism over an extended range of temperatures and pressures far beyond 20 GPa,i.e. in regions of pressure-temperature (P-T) space where magnetism has been largely unexplored. Recent techniques have permitted investigations of magnetism in selected 3d transition metal compounds in regions ofP-T where physical properties may be drastically modified; related effects have often been seen in selected doping studies at ambient pressures. We present57Fe and129I Mössbauer isotope studies covering the range 300–4 K to sub-megabar pressures in compounds such as Sr2FeO4, LaFeO3 and FeI2, representative of a broad class of 3d transition metal compounds. At ambient pressure the electronic structure of the transition metal atom in these antiferromagnetic insulators extends from 3d 4 to 3d 6 and has a distinct influence on the pressure evolution of their magnetic properties. Mössbauer studies of these compounds are considered in conjunction with available structural and electrical transport data at pressure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458889
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Magnetic properties of57Fe/Ir(100) superlattices (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Layer structures: multilayers, and superlattices (growth structure, and nonelectronic properties) ; Magnetism in interface structures (including layer and superlattice structures) ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The synthesis of a new BCT Fe phase was performed in Fe/Ir(100) superlattices grown by MBE. Magnetic properties of57Fe/Ir(100) superlattices with 4 ml Fe and variable Ir thickness (2–30 Å) are investigated by57Fe conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy in the 4.2–300 K temperature range. Two spectral components are evidence, related, respectively, to Fe atoms involved in the central part of the iron layers and at the interface between iron and iridium layers. The appearance of a high magnetic hyperfine splitting in the iron BCT structure above a volume threshold of 12 Å3 is evidenced. Marked differences are observed between the mean magnetic properties and the local ones suggesting strong relaxation effects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458908
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Spinodal decomposition of Fe−Cr−Ni alloys studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 259-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer effect, other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials (including neutron and spin-polarized electron studies, synchrotron-source X-ray scattering, etc.) ; X-ray Mössbuer and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary A thermodynamic calculation of the Fe−Cr−Ni phase diagram suggests that the composition 30 at.%Cr-5 at.%Ni is expected to be found inside the spinodal line, whereas 16 at.%Cr-5 at.%Ni is expected outside at 723 K. These two alloys have been thermally aged for time periods up to 40 minutes at 723K. A significant broadening of the magnetic-hyperfine-field distribution indicates that Fe-30 at.%Cr-5 at.%Ni undergoes typical spinodal decomposition in agreement with the calculation. Spinodal decomposition is distinguished from nucleation-growth by a detailed analysis of the magnetic-hyperfine-field distribution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458901
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Man-made materials—an exciting area for hyperfine-interaction investigations (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Intrinsic properties of magnetically ordered materials ; Magnetic films and multilayers ; Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Man-made low-dimensional magnetic systems including surfaces, interfaces and multilayers, have attracted a great amount of attention in the past decade because, as expected, the lowered symmetry and coordination number offer a variety of opportunities for inducing new and exotic phenomena and so hold out the promise of new device applications. Local spin density functional (LSDF)ab initio electronic-structure calculations employing the full-potential-linearized augmented-plane-wave (FLAPW) method have played a key role in the development of this exciting field by not only providing a clearer understanding of the experimental observations but also predicting new systems with desired properties. One of the striking successes of theory in the last decade has been the calculation of hyperfine fields at surfaces and interfaces. Concurrently, several groups have followed the pioneering work of Korecki and Gradmann and have measured hyperfine fields at surfaces and interfaces. In this paper, we review new features of hyperfine-interaction investigations in man-made materials which emphasizes how the close interplay of theoretical determinations and experiment are essential because the hyperfine field is not proportional to the magnetization and so interpretations of experiment are totally dependent on theory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458888
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Donor-hydrogen complexes in crystalline silicon (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 181-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Impurities: concentration, distribution, and gradients ; Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon ; Interaction between different crystal defects ; gettering effect ; Calculations of total electronic binding energy ; Elemental semiconductors ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Experimental results are presented on the study of Sb-H complexes in crystalline silicon, employing119Sb→119Sn source Mössbauer spectroscopy and a low-energy H implantation technique. In addition to a visible component, we observe a large decrease of the Mössbauer intensity associated with the trapping of hydrogen, even at low temperatures. This is interpreted as the formation of a component with a negligible recoilless fraction. The different Mössbauer components were studied as a function of H dose, H-implantation temperature and annealing temperature. The data show that the visible component is associated with the well-known SbH complex, whereas the invisible component is associated with the formation of SbH n (n≥2) complexes. We show that these complexes are in thermal equilibrium with a larger hydrogen reservoir (H 2 * ), which governs their thermal stability. No Sb-H complexes are observed inp-type Si after H-implantation, in agreement with the current belief that hydrogen has a deep donor level in the gap. The microscopic structure of the various Sb-H and Sn-H complexes was studied with first-principles calculations using the pseudopotentialdensity-functional approach. The structure of the Sb-H complex is found to be similar to the P-H complex, with the H in an antibonding site of a Si atom neighbouring the Sb impurity. For SbH2 three configurations are found with energies differing by less than ≈ 0.1 eV. We find that the reaction SbH+H≠SbH2 is exothermic. We argue that the SbH2 complexes are shallow donors, irrespective of the structure. Therefore, the formation of SbH2 may depassivate the sample.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458891
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    AC conductivity of porous silicon: A fractal and surface transport mechanism? (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1187-1196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Optoelectronic devices ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary In this paper we report on the frequency dependence of the AC conductivity of porous silicon in the range 10 Hz-100 kHz. Two types of testing devices have been fabricated on three different series of samples formed electrochemically using as a starting materialptype,n −-type andn +-type silicon substrates. For frequencies less than 20-40 kHz the conductivity is found to follow a sublinear frequency dependence. This behaviour is typical of a carrier transport mechanism determined by an anomalous diffusion process. At higher frequencies we find that surface states influence the transport mechanism. This suggests a double-channel transport mechanism: one related to porous-silicon “volume” properties and the other more connected to the “surface” itself.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464696
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Current-voltage characteristics of porous-silicon structures (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1197-1204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Optoelectronic devices ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary I–V DC characteristics have been measured on metal/ porous-silicon structures. In particular, the measurements on metal/ free-standing porous-silicon film/metal devices confirmed the result, already obtained, that the metal/poroussilicon interface plays a crucial role in the transport of any device. Four-contacts measurements on free-standing layers showed that the current linearly depends on the voltage and that the conduction process is thermally activated, the activtion energy depending on the porous silicon film production parameters. Finally, annealing experiments performed in order to improve the conduction of rectifiyng contacts, are described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464697
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    White-light emission from porous-silicon-aluminum Schottky junctions (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 1205-1212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Optoelectronic devices ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Porous-silicon-based white-light-emitting devices are presented. The fabrication process on different substrates is described. The peculiarities of technological steps for device fabrication (porous-silicon formation and aluminum treatment) are underlined. Doping profile of the porous layer, current-voltage characteristics, time response, lifetime tests and electroluminescence emission spectrum of the device are presented. A model for electrical behaviour of Al/porous silicon Schottky junction is presented. Electroluminescence spectrum of the presented devices showed strong similarities with white emission from crystalline silicon junctions in the breakdown region.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464698
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Point defects in FeAl (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 329-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Kinetics of defect formation and annealing ; Alloys ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Point defects in annealed B2-phase FeAl samples in the range 47–53 at.% Fe were studied using57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. Spectra were analyzed using local environment models according to which point defects in atomic shells close to probe atoms induce shifts in the nuclear monopole interaction. For well-annealed samples, better results were obtained assuming only the presence of FeAl antisite and VFe vacancy defects, and not of AlFe antisite defects. Monopole interactions of57Fe probes on the Fe and Al sublattices having no defects in the first two shells were about +0.27 and −0.03 mm s−1, respectively, with respect to Fe in alpha-Fe metal. The shifts induced by FeAl and VFe defects in the first shells of Fe probes on the Fe and Al sublattices were −0.15 and −0.24 mm s−1, respectively, and, in the second shells, +0.06 and +0.011 mm s−1. In addition to structural defects needed to accommodate deviations from stoichiometry, annealed samples were found to contain several percents of FeAl and VFe defects due to lattice disorder, with greater disorder in Fe-deficient alloys.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458913
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Photodissociation of carbonmonoxy-porphyrin complexes (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer spectra ; Spectra ; photodissociation and photoionization of biomolecules ; bioluminescence ; Measurement of rate constants ; reaction cross-sections and activation energy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Partial photodissociation of two carbonmonoxy-porphyrin complexes, a bridged and a fenced one, has been achieved. The results from monitoring the recombination point to an important influence of the solvent matrix on the recombination rates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458917
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nuclear-resonance beamline at ESRF (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 375-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Phonons and vibrations in crystal lattices ; Nuclear resonance fluorescence ; Synchrotrons ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The Nuclear-Resonance Beamline at ESRF is dedicated to the excitation of nuclear levels by synchrotron radiation. The source of radiation and optical elements are optimized to provide an intense, highly monochromatic, collimated and stable X-ray beam of small cross-section at the Mössbauer transition energies between 6 keV and 30 keV. The set-up of the beamline allows to perform studies in diffraction, small-angle scattering, forward scattering and incoherent scattering. Equipment is available to maintain the sample at variable temperature and magnetic field. Fast detectors and timing electronics serve to separate the delayed nuclear scattering from the «prompt» electronic scattering and to measure the time spectra of nuclear radiation with sub-nanosecond resolution. The general layout and the parameters of the beamline are reported. Typical domains of applications are discussed and illustrated by first experimental results.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458921
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The active center of superoxide dismutase fromPropionibacterium shermanii (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 199-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Molecular biophysics ; Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) ; Mössbauer spectra ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary A self-consistent description of the EPR spectra and of the Mössbauer spectra of the natural superoxide dismutase fromPropionibacterium shermanii with ferric iron as an active centre is presented. The spectra were measured atpH 6.5, 7.8 and 9.4. The theoretical approach is based on the use of the complete crystal field Hamiltonian for the high-spin ferric complexes with due regard for the terms of the fourth power of the electronic spin. It is shown that a SOD molecule can exist in two conformations. The low-pH conformation has predominantly trigonal symmetry, while the high-pH conformation has the symmetry close to the «extreme rhombic». This interpretation is in full agreement with EXAFS structural data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458892
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structure and composition of iron-containing langmuir-blodgett films (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 305-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Magnetic properties of monolayers and overlayers ; X-ray, Mössbauer and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods ; Mass spectrometry (including, SIMS, multiphoton ionization and resonance ionization mass spectrometry) ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The composition of differently prepared Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers of ferric arachidate has been investigated by means of absorption Mössbauer spectroscopy and heavy-ion-induced mass spectrometry. We found that the iron concentration in qualitatively good films is 3.5 times higher than the stoichiometric value. Antiferromagnetic ordering in this two-dimensional model substance can be observed when the Fe−Fe distance in the layers is about 0.3 nm or below. The area density of the iron atoms in the planes decreases with decreasingpH values of the subphase which also leads to a disappearance of the long-range magnetic ordering and to a decrease of the Debye temperature of the films which is linearly dependent on the iron concentration in the films.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458909
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    How to do resonant nuclear experiments with synchrotron radiation (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; X- and γ-ray instruments and techniques ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The use of synchrotron radiation to excite low-lying nuclear resonances is a rapidly developing field showing great promise for hyperfine spectroscopy, phonon spectroscopy and kinetic studies, crystallography, and fundamental physics experiments. Recent technical advances in synchrotron sources, optics, and fast detectors have drastically increased signal rates and expanded the range of samples that can be studied. A typical experiment today uses a high-brightness synchrotron source having X-ray pulses well-separated in time, a meV-bandpass monochromator using perfect crystals of silicon or germanium, a sample containing resonant nuclei, and an avalanche photodiode timing detector. Both coherent and incoherent scattering can be observed; the coherent scattering is used for hyperfine spectroscopy and studies of diffraction interference phenomena, and the incoherent-scattering signal promises to be very useful for phonon spectroscopy and other studies of excitations in condensed systems. At this point seven nuclear isotopes have been used to resonantly scatter synchrotron radiation, but the number is rapidly increasing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458893
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Application of61Ni Mössbauer spectroscopy to chemical problems (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer spectra ; Structure, bonding, conformation, configuration and isomerism of biomolecules ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Using the possibility to produce61Co sources at the MAinz MIcrotron,61Ni Mössbauer spectroscopy was applied to different kinds of chemical problems. Measurements of isomer shifts andV zz values in some common compounds and compounds with unusual chemical bonding for comparison with band structure calculations, measurement of61Ni Mössbauer parameters in model compounds for hydrogenase and dehydrogenase with an active [NiS4] centre, and study of novel binary NiF3 compounds at helium temperature are presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458896
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    57Fe Mössbauer study of Fe nitrides (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 253-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Fe and its alloys ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Magnetic properties of Fe nitrides have been re-examined by57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. Hyperfine magnetic fields for α″-Fe16N2 are 30, 31 and 39T at 298K, but the averaged hyperfine field is 33T and nearly equal to the value of pure α-Fe. σ-Fe2 N is an antiferromagnet below 9K having a small magnetic moment less than 0.1 μB, although γ′-Fe4N and ε-Fe3–2N are ferromagnets. ZnS-type FeN is non-magnetic at 4.2K. Mössbauer spectra obtained from NaCl-type FeN are complex and some Fe atoms in this nitride show a surprisingly large hyperfine magnetic field of 49T.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458900
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Harmonic analysis of Mössbauer spectra and its applications (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Spin density waves ; Antiferromagnetics ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary A new iterative procedure for a numerical analysis of Mössbauer spectra in terms of higher-order harmonics is used to study spin-and charge-density waves in single-crystal and polycrystalline samples of chromium and chromium-vanadium alloys.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458903
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Iron nanoparticles grown in a carbon arc discharge (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Fine particle systems ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Structural acoustics and vibration ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Iron particles, encapsulated by graphite layers, were produced by means of the Kratschmer arc discharge method in an iron pentacarbonyl atmosphere. The Mössbauer effect is dominated by the vibration of the particles as a whole. Superparamegnetism is dominant for iron oxide particles. No endohedral iron fullerenes were observed, contrary to a previous report.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458905
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A non-magnetic Fe probe of multiple magnetic phase transitions in RMn2Si2−x Ge x , R=rare earth (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Magnetically ordered materials: other intrinsic properties ; Magnetic phase boundaries (including magnetic transitions, metamagnetism etc) ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Dilute57Fe Mössbauer-spectroscopy studies of RMn2X2 (X=Si and/or Ge, R=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd) at 4.2 to 650 K yield the following results: Fe in RMn2X2 does not carry a magnetic moment. It reveals the magnetic order in the Mn and R sublattices through transferred hyperfine fields (∼100 kOe). The compounds LaMn2Si2, LaMn2Ge2, CeMn2Ge2, PrMn2Ge2, NdMn2Ge2 and SmMn2Ge2, known to be ferromagnets withT c=300–350 K, are antiferromagnetically ordered above their correspondingT c. TherT N values extend from 385 K (SmMn2Ge2) to 470 K (LaMn2Si2). At the ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic phase transition, a sharp reorientation of the Mn magnetic moments relative to the crystalline axes occurs. In RMn2Si2−x Ge x with intermediatex values, the Ge is much more dominant in determining the magnetic properties of the Mn sublattice. While PrMn2Si2 is an antiferromagnet (T N=365 K) and PrMn2Ge2 is a ferromagnetantiferromagnet (T c=328 K,T N=415 K), we find that in PrMn2SiGe, the magnetic behaviour is similar to that in pure PrMn2Ge2,T c=305 K andT N=395 K.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458904
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mössbauer spectroscopy, intracluster atomic mobility and thermodynamics of ultrafine oxide clusters (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Phonons and vibrations in crystal lattices ; Solid-liquid transitions ; Thermodynamic properties and entropy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Dynamic properties of ultrafine clusters of γ-Fe2O3 (ferric oxide, FO) were studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy and by thermodynamic analysis. The data obtained for FO clusters allowed the conclusion that dynamic properties of clusters as well as the decrease of melting point and the appearance of a gap between freezing and melting points depend on intracluster atomic mobility. Intracluster atomic mobility in FO clusters was shown to increase by the action of surfactants which decrease intercluster interactions. The increase in intracluster atomic mobility was suggested to proceed via formation of a solid-liquid state.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458906
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mössbauer spectroscopy on bent Si crystals (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon ; Elasticity, elastic constants ; Crystal morphology and orientation ; Point defects (vacancies, interstitials, colour centres, etc.) and defect clusters ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary We have shown through Mössbauer spectroscopy that the electric field gradient (EFG), associated with an atomic defect, is sensitive to the bending of ultrathin Si crystals. The changes in the EFG depend on the bending direction. A direct application is the derivation of the orientation of defects that are located in the crystal’s surface region. We have used this observation for determining the configuration of Co dimers in Si. Based on the bending experiments, the pair axis is found to point in the 〈110〉 direction with respect to the host lattice.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458907
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Emission Mössbauer studies of57Co2+ and119Sb5+ adsorbed on γ-Fe2O3 and NiFe2O4 surfaces (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 313-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer spectra ; Magnetism in interface structures (including layer and superlattice structures) ; Superface and interface chemistry ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Surface chemical states of57Co2+ and119Sb5+ ions adsorbed on γ-Fe2O3 and NiFe2O4 were studied in the presence of the aqueous phase using the magnetic interaction between the substrates and57Fe2+ or119Sn4+ arising from the adsorbed species. Two chemical forms were observed for the57Co2+ adsorbed on γ-Fe2O3; one giving a peak in the high-field region and another giving a broad distribution in the lower fields, which were attributed to57Co2+ at surfaceB sites of the spinel structure of γ-Fe2O3 and57Co2+ species weakly bonded to the substrate, respectively. In case of the NiFe2O4 substrate, the latter species was dominant and was converted to the former by heating. Most of the119Sb5+ ions adsorbed on the γ-Fe2O3 and NiFe2O4 particles were found to have a certain magnetic interaction with the magnetically ordered ions of the substrates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458910
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mössbauer studies of ultrathin Fe/Pt multilayers (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Magnetism in interface structures (including layer and superlattice structures) ; Magnetic properties of monolayers and overlayers ; Interfacial magnetic properties ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary A series of ultrathin Fe/Pt multilayers, prepared by magnetron sputtering, were studied by CEMS and transmission MS. The Fe-layer thickness varied from 3 to 12.5 Å and that of Pt from 5 Å to 39 Å. The 3 Å/9 Å Pt sample displays magnetic hyperfine structure at RT, while the 3 Fe/19 Pt sample is paramagnetic at RT, demonstrating the effect of interlayer interaction. Both samples display out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy with 39° angle with respect to the vertical for the former and nearly 0° angle for the latter. The analysis of the spectra of samples with thickness larger than one monolayer of Fe is done with components assigned to individual Fe monolayers. In all these cases a component appears with a hyperfine field larger by ∼ 10% at RT and 17% at L.He than the corresponding values of α-Fe. This component is attributed to the first monolayer below the Fe/Pt interface in accordance with similar results in the Fe/Pd system and with theoretical predictions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458911
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    57Fe-DCEMS studies of thin corrosion layers (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 325-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): X-ray Mössbauer and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods ; Metals and alloys ; Composition and phase identification ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The characterization of the corrosion products formed on an57Fe film onto a low alloy steel disc after 4 h and 8 h exposure to an artificially SO2-polluted atmosphere has been carried out by ICEMS/DCEMS. The corrosion products found are FeSO3·3H2O, FeSO4·nH2O, a third unidentified Fe2+ species, an amorphous Fe3+ oxyhydroxide and a second Fe3+ species which could correspond to superparamagnetic α-FeOOH or ferrihydrite. Although the DCEM spectra recorded at different electron energies do not show dramatic differences in the relative concentrations with depth, the results suggest that FeSO3·3H2O is preferentially located in the inner part of the corrosion layer whilst the outer part is richer in FeSO4·nH2O and Fe3+ species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458912
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Iron(III) species formed during iron(II) oxidation and iron-core formation in the bacterioferritin ofEscherichia coli (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Other topics in biophysics and medical physics ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary This paper describes a preliminary investigation of the mechanisms of Fe(II) oxidation and storage of Fe(III) in the bacterioferritin ofEscherichia coli (EcBFR). Using Mössbauer spectroscopy to examine the initial oxidation of iron by EcBFR we have confirmed that this ferritin exhibits «ferroxidase» activity and have shown that dimeric and monomeric iron species are produced as intermediates. We compare the characteristics of ferroxidase activity in EcBFR with those of human H-chain ferritin (HuHF) and discuss the different Mössbauer parameters of their dimeric iron with reference to the structures of their di-metal sites. In addition, we present preliminary findings suggesting that after an initial «burst», the rate of oxidation is greatly reduced, possibly due to blockage of the ferroxidase centre by bound iron. A new component, not found in HuHF and probably representing a small cluster of Fe(III) atoms, is reported.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458916
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dynamics of polyglutamic acids in α-helical and coil states. Comparison with dynamics of some globular proteins. Rayleigh scattering of Mössbauer radiation (RSMR) data (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 365-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Molecular dynamics and conformational changes ; Mössbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering ; other light scattering ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary The classical model system poly-L-glutamic acid (poly-Glu), was investigated in a disordered coil state (atpH=7.0) and in helix state (atpH=2.0) by the RSMR technique. By considering that the coil state of poly-Glu models unfolded (random coil) state and α-helix state models the fluctuating secondary structure (during consequent folding of protein), a comparative analysis of the dynamical properties of poly-Glu in different states with the dynamical properties of different proteins in the native state (α-helical myoglobin and HSA, partially β-sheet lysozyme) and in intermediate (molten globule) state (α-lactalbumin) was performed. This comparison brings some unpredicted results: native α-helical proteins behave close to random coil, native partially β-sheet proteins behave close to fluctuating secondary structure (α-helix) and the dynamic behaviour of molten-globule state (partially β-sheet α-lactalbumin) is not different from the behaviour of lysozyme and much more rigid than that of native α-helical proteins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458919
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fascinating electronic games in iron complexes (1996)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 107-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Crystal and ligand fields ; Mossbauer effect ; other γ-ray spectroscopy ; Visible and ultraviolet spectra ; Conference proceedings
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Summary Coordination compounds of transition metal ions with open-shell electron configurations may exhibit dynamic electronic-structure phenomena, depending on the nature of the coordinating ligand sphere. The change of spin state with temperature («thermal spin-crossover»), light-induced electron transfer processes leading to long-lived metastable charge and spin states (e.g., «LIESST» effect), are some of the fascinating electronic games encountered in transition metal compounds, which are presently under extensive study by chemists and physicists. Mössbauer spectroscopy plays a dominant role in the investigation of such phenomena in iron compounds, as will be demonstrated in this paper. This work will focus on selected examples of «thermal spin-crossover» in iron(II) complexes and switching between different spin states by irradiation with light of different wavelength (LIESST effect), demonstrating that Mössbauer spectroscopy besides other physical techniques proves to be a highly elegant tool for following the spin state conversion and the concomitant changes of molecular and crystal structure properties. Finally, Mössbauer emission spectroscopy, both time integral and time differential, has been employed to generate and identify long-lived excited spin states by making use of the nuclear disintegration of57Co as an intrinsic molecular light source (NIESST=nuclear decay-induced excited-spin-state trapping). Lifetime measurements by optical techniques on LIESST states and by time-differential Mössbauer coincidence spectroscopy on NIESST states prove that the relaxation pathways in the mechanisms for LIESST and NIESST are identical.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458887
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Perceptions of chemistry: Why is the common perception of chemistry, the most visual of sciences, so distorted? (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 5 (1996), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; chemistry education ; multiple intelligences ; imagery ; visual-spatial thinking
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Chemistry has evolved from a science dominated by mathematics into a science highly dependent on spatial-visual intelligence. Yet the chemical content of introductory courses remains taught essentially the same as 40–50 years ago. Chemistry, today, is recognized by chemists as the molecular science. Yet, school chemistry is alienated from that perception. Thanks to the computer, young people are more comfortable with visual imaging than their instructors were at the same age. Thus the time is rife to reinvigorate chemistry education by means of the visual-spatial approach, an approach wholly in conformance with the way modern chemistry is thought about and practiced.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01575303
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fundamental properties of fluoropolyether-based resins and related coatings (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 236 (1996), S. 111-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Neuartige Fluoropolyether-Polyol-Harze, die mit konventionellen Härtern wie Polyisocyanaten oder Melaminen aushärtbar sind, wurden hergestellt. Zunächst wurden oligomere NCO-terminierte Prepolymere durch Addition von Fluorpolyether-Makrodiolen unterschiedlicher Molekulargewichte an Isophorondiisocyanate erhalten. Durch die Reaktion dieser Prepolymeren mit Trimethylolpropan wurden endständige Hydroxygruppen eingeführt. Die Viskosität von Lösungen dieser Harze wurde bei unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen (Massenbruch 0,4-0,8) und Temperaturen (25°C-65°C) gemessen. Die erhaltenen Werte wurden auf der Basis der Erickson-Gleichung (Konzentrationsabhängigkeit von η) und unter Berücksichtigung des WLF-und des Arrhenius-Modells (Temperaturabhängigkeit von η) diskutiert. Das thermische Verhalten der Harze und von ausgehärteten Filmen wurde mit DSC bestimmt. Dabei wurden zwei Glasübergange beobachtet, die den separierten fluorhaltigen und nicht-fluorhaltigen Phasen zugeordnet werden können. Die Analyse des Zugverhaltens der Filme zeigte besonders bei den mit Isocyanat gehärteten Proben ein ausgeprägtes hart-plastisches Verhalten. Diese Werkstoffe erscheinen für die Anwendung als hoch-wertige, dauerfeste und klare Beschichtungen geeignet.
    Notizen: New fluoropolyether polyolic resins are presented suitable to be cured with conventional hardeners as polyisocyanates or melamines. These resins are prepared by addition of fluoropolyether macrodiols (Fomblin® ZDOLTX) of various molecular weights to isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to give oligomeric NCO-terminated prepolymers. The final hydroxy functionality is obtained by the reaction of those prepolymers with trimethylolpropane (TMP). The viscosity of the resins is measured at various concentrations (weight fraction 0.8 - 0.4) and temperatures (T = 25-65°C). The results are discussed in terms of the Erickson equation (η vs. concentration) and using the WLF and Arrhenius models (η vs. T). The thermal behavior is studied by DSC for both the resins and cured films indicating the presence of two Tgs, corresponding to the segregated fluorinated and hydrogenated phases, the former particularly evident with the highest molecular weights of the fluorinated macromer. Tensile curves of selfsupported films are then analyzed showing an evident tough-plastic behavior especially for the isocyanate-cured films. The application of such materials as high-durability clear coats is finally proposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052360109
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modification of melamine-formaldehyde moulding compounds with epoxy resins (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 237 (1996), S. 1-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zur Verbesserung der Maßhaltigkeit und der Zähigkeit von gehärteten Melamin-Formaldehyd-Harz-Formmassen (MF) wurden teilverträgliche, methylolgruppenhaltige Epoxidharze (EP) auf Bisphenol A-Basis hergestellt und charakterisiert. Die Vernetzung solcher Epoxyresolharze durch 2-Ethyl-4-methylimidazol in Gegenwart von MF-Harz wurde untersucht. Spritzgepreßte Probekörper zeigen eine Zweiphasenstruktur; die EP-Phase kann als Wirt für carboxy-funktionalisierte, oligomere NBR-Kautschuke (CTBNX) dienen, die für sich allein in MF-Harzen nicht wirksam sind. Unter der Voraussetzung von kovalenten Bindungen in der Phasengrenzfläche kann durch den Zusatz von 0,5 bis 4 Gew.-% CTBNX zur MF-Formmasse bei EP-Anteilen bis 20 Gew.-% eine 50 bis 100proz. Steigerung von Bruchdehnung und Schlagzähigkeit erreicht werden, ohne daß Steifigkeit und Wärmeformbeständigkeit wesentlich abfallen. Bei moderaten EP/CTBNX-Gehalten wird zusätzlich die Nachschwindung von MF-Formteilen vermindert.
    Notizen: In order to improve dimension stability and toughness of melamine formaldehyde moulding materials (MF), compatible bisphenol A epoxy resins (EP) with additional methylol groups were synthesized and characterized. Crosslinking of those epoxyresol resins with 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole in the presence of MF resin was investigated. Transfer-moulded specimens revealed a two-phase morphology in which the EP phase is used as a host for modification with carboxylic functionalized oligomeric NBR rubber (CTBNX), which is not effective in MF moulding materials alone. The addition of 0.5 - 4 wt.-% CTBNX to the MF moulding materials at an epoxy content of maximum 20 wt.-% results in 50-100 % increase of elasticity and toughness without serious decrease in stiffness and heat deflection temperature, provided that covalent interfacial bonds exist. In addition, the post-shrinkage of MF parts decreases if a moderate EP/CTBNX content is introduced.
    Zusätzliches Material: 26 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052370101
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New poly(vinyl chloride) blends, IIIPart II cf.5.. Physico-mechanical properties (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 11-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Der gleichzeitige Einfluß des Verhältnisses von Fließhilfsmittel (Paraloid K 120N), Rußart und Schlagzähmodifikator (CPE 3615 und Kane Ace B56 A) auf die wichtigsten physiko-mechanischen Eigenschaften unplastifizierter PVC-Mischungen wurde studiert.Die erhaltenen Resultate wurden mathematisch verarbeitet und graphisch als Funktionsflächen dargestellt. Bemerkenswert ist, daß die Einführung von 2,5 und 5 Teilen Ruß eine Verbesserung der physico-mechanischen Eigenschaften ermöglicht. Dieses Resultat ist durch die Anwesenheit der Schlagzäh- und Fließmodifikatoren zu erklären.
    Notizen: The concurrent influence of the processing aid (Paraloid K 120N) and the carbon black ratio, as well as the nature and the ratio of the impact modifier (CPE 3615 and Kane Ace B56 A) on the main physico-mechanical characteristics of the poly(vinyl chloride)-based unplasticized mixtures have been studied. The results obtained, processed mathematically and plotted graphically in the form of response surfaces, evidenced that the improvement of certain physico-mechanical properties becomes possible by the introduction of 2.5 parts and 5.0 parts carbon black into these compounds. This is due to the introduction of impact modifiers and processing aids into the mixtures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380102
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New polyhydrazides and poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s containing pendent phenoxy groups (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Eine Reihe neuartiger Polyhydrazide mit endständigen Phenoxygruppen wurde aus äquimolaren Anteilen von Dicarbonsäuredichloriden und Phenoxyterephthalsäuredihydrazid durch Lösungspolykondensation in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinon (NMP) bei niedriger Temperatur hergestellt. Durch thermische Cyclisierung der Polyhydrazide wurden die entsprehchenden Poly(1,3,4-oxadiazol)e mit endständigen Phenoxygruppen erhalten. Die Polymeren wurden durch Viskosimetrie, Löslichkeitsuntersuchungen, IR-Spektroskopie, Differentialkalorimetrie und Thermogravimetrie charakterisiert.
    Notizen: A series of new polyhydrazides containing pendent phenoxy groups has been synthesized by low-temperature solution polycondensation of equimolar amounts of diacid dichlorides and 2-phenoxyterephthalic dihydrazide in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidi-none (NMP). The thermal cyclization of the polyhydrazides gave the corresponding poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole)s containing pendent phenoxy groups. The polymers were characterized by viscometry, solubility measurements, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380106
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of electron beam radiation on mechanical and electrical properties of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 105-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ein Ethylen-Vinylacetat-Copolymeres (EVA) mit 12% Vinylacetat-Gehalt wurde mit Trimethylolpropantrimethacrylat (TMPTMA) als Sensibilisator mit Elektronen bestrahlt. Die mechanischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften der bestrahlten Copolymerproben wurden untersucht. Die Resultate zeigen, daß sich Zugfestigkeit und Bruchdehnung zunächst mit zunehmender Strahlungsdosis verbessern und bei Überschreiten einer optimalen Strahlungsdosis und Sensibilisatorkonzentration wieder verschlechtern. Durch die Bestrahlung wird eine Vernetzung des Polymeren ausgelöst, die auf den sich mit der Strahlungsdosis erhöhenden Gelanteil zurückgeführt wird. Im Vergleich mit den Originalproben nehmen sowohl die Dielektrizitätskonstante als auch der dielektrische Verlustfaktor durch die Elektronenbestrahlung ab.
    Notizen: Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer (12% vinyl acetate content) is subjected to electron beam irradiation using trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) as a radiation sensitizer. Mechanical and electrical studies of these irradiated samples show that the strength properties (tensile strength, elongation at break) are increased with radiation dosage up to an optimum radiation dose and sensitizer level above which the properties begin to deteriorate. Crosslinking of the polymer takes place on irradiation which is attributed to an increased gel content with increasing radiation dose. Compared to the original samples both dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor decrease for samples subjected to irradiation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380110
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Homogeneous synthesis of cellulose p-toluenesulfonates in N,N-dimethylacetamide/LiCl solvent system (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 143-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Cellulose-p-toluolsulfonsäureester (Cellulosetosylate) lassen sich durch homogene Umsetzung von Cellulose in einer Lösung aus N,N-Dimethylacetamid und LiCl mit Tosylchlorid (Tos-Cl) und Triethylamin in 24 h bei 8°C in hoher Ausbeute und mit minimalem Einbau von Chlordesoxy-Gruppen herstellen. Die unterschiedlichen Celluloseausgangsmaterialien hatten durchschnittliche Polymerisationsgrade von 280 bis 5100. Die Produkte wurden mit Elementaranalyse, 13C-NMR- und FTIR-Spektroskopie und durch Bestimmung der Grenzviskositäten charakterisiert. Die Erhöhung des Molverhältnisses Tos-Cl/Anhydroglucose-Einheit (AGU) von 0.6 auf 9.0 führte zu einem Anstieg des Substitutionsgrades (DS) von 0.4 bis auf einen Maximalwert von 2.3. Die Cellulosetosylate sind in herkömmlichen organischen Lösungsmitteln wie Dimethylsulfoxid (im gesamten DS Bereich) und in N,N-Dimethylacetamid, N,N-Dimethylformamid, Aceton, Tetrahydrofuran und Trichlormethan (in Abhängigkeit von DS) löslich. Durch 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie wurde nachgewiesen, daß die Tosylierung am O-6 Atom der AGU schneller als an den O-2/3 Atomen erfolgt. Die Analyse der korrespondierenden Ioddesoxycellulosen, die durch Umsetzung mit NaI in Acetylaceton synthetisiert wurden, bestätigte dies zusätzlich. Darüber hinaus wurden wichtige Eigenschaften der Cellulosetosylate wie die Stabilität gegenüber Alkali und thermischer Beanspruchung untersucht.
    Notizen: Pure cellulose p-toluenesulfonates (tosylates) with an insignificant formation of chlorodeoxy groups were prepared by reacting cellulose dissolved in a solution of N,N-dimethylacetamide and LiCI with tosylchloride (Tos-CI) in the presence of triethylamine within 24 h at 8°C. Various cellulosic starting materials with a degree of polymerization from 280 to 5 100 were used. The samples obtained were characterized by means of elemental analysis, FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and their intrinsic viscosities. The rise of the molar ratio of Tos-CI/anhydroglucose unit (AGU) from 0.6 to 9.0 leads to an increase in the degree of substitution (DS) from 0.4 up to a maximum value of 2.3. The cellulose tosylates are readily soluble in common organic solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide (within the whole DS range) and in N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, tetrahydrofuran and trichloromethane depending on DS. As revealed by 13C NMR spectroscopy a faster tosylation takes place at the O-6 atom of AGU compared with the O-2/3 atoms. This was additionally confirmed by analysis of the corresponding iododeoxy celluloses synthesized with NaI in acetylacetone. Furthermore, some important properties as stability against alkaline and heat were studied as well.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380113
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Coating of carbon-fiber surface by silicon carbide via sol-gel mixtures of tetraethyl orthosilicate and phenolic resin (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Herstellung einer SiC-Oberfläche auf Kohlefasern unter Verwendung einer Sol-Gel-Mischung von Tetraethylorthosilikat (TEOS) und Phenolharz wurde untersucht. FTIR- und SEM-Untersuchungen zeigten, daß die SiC-Oberfläche durch carbothermische Reduktion der Sol-Gel-Mischung bei 1 420°C innerhalb von 15-20 min in einer Argon-Atmosphäre gebildet werden kann. Mittels TGA konnte gezeigt werden, daß die SiC-Beschichtung die thermo-oxidative Stabilität der Kohlefasern erhöht. Bei der erreichten SiC-Schichtdicke von 0,47 μm, bei einem C/Si-Verhältnis von 4, zeigt sich keine Beeinflussung der mechanischen Stabilität der Kohlefasern.
    Notizen: The preparation of a SiC coating on a carbon fiber surface using a sol-gel mixture of tetraethyl orthosilicat (TEOS) and phenolic resin was studied. FTIR and SEM investigations indicated that the SiC coating can be formed by carbothermal reduction of the sol-gel mixture at 1420°C for 15-20 min in an argon atmosphere. TGA of the coated fiber was also performed, showing that the SiC coating improves the thermooxidative stability of the carbon fiber. With the thickness of the obtained coating of 0.47 μm using a C/Si ratio of 4, this treatment does not affect the carbon fiber strength.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390103
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adhesive properties of some pressure-sensitive adhesive agents containing oligomer additives (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Diese Mitteilung behandelt den Einfluß von oligomeren Polypropylen- und Polybutylenölen mit unterschiedlichem Molekulargewicht auf die adhäsiven Eigenschaften von ataktischem Polypropylen (aPP) und dessen Mischungen mit einem Styrol-Ethylhexylacrylat-Copolymeren. Die mechanische Adhäsionsarbeit Am von Mischungen, die ataktisches Polypropylen und das Oligomere enthalten, steigt mit dem Molekulargewicht des Oligomeren, was im Fall des Propylenöls signifikanter ist. Im Fall der ternären Mischungen des ataktischen Polypropylens mit dem Styrol-Ethylhexylacrylat-Copolymeren und Oligomeren wird ein Adhäsions-Maximum beobachtet, wenn der Gehalt an Styrol-Ethylhexylacrylat-Copolymeren in der Mischung ungefähr 30 Gew.-% erreicht. Wenn kein Oligomeres in der Mischung vorhanden ist, kann man bei dieser Zusammensetzung ein Adhäsions-Minimum beobachten, was auf die Unverträglichkeit der übrigen Komponenten zurückzuführen ist.
    Notizen: This paper deals with the influence of oligomers, namely propylene oil and butylene oil, of different molecular weight on the adhesive properties of atactic polypropylene (aPP) and its mixtures with styrene-2-ethylhexyl acrylate (S-EHA) copolymer. The mechanical work of adhesion Am of the mixture containing atactic polypropylene and oligomer increases with the molecular weight of the oligomer, which was more significant in the case of propylene oil. For ternary mixtures aPP-S-EHA copolymer/oligomer a maximum of adhesion can be observed if the content of the S-EHA copolymer in the mixture reaches about 30 mass-%. In the absence of oligomers in the mixture a minimum of adhesion can be observed for this composition, which can be attributed to the incompatibility of the remaining components.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390106
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Untersuchungen zur synthese von poly(butadien-co-propylenoxid) mit einem ziegler-natta-titankatalysatorsystem (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: After comparison of three catalyst systems, i.e. [Nd(Oct)3/Al2Cl3ET3/Al(i-But)3, Ni(Oct)2/BF3OEt2/AlEt3 and Al(i-But)3/I2/TiCl4] the titanium catalyst system was used for the copolymerization of 1,3-butadiene with propylene oxide. The effects of monomer ratio on copolymer composition, conversion, microstructure, molar mass and molar mass distribution as well as of time of polymerization and of the aluminium/titanium ratio were evaluted. The copolymerization parameters were determined according to Kelen-Tüdős as rbutadiene = 0,9 and rpropylene oxide = 3,9. Copolymerization was confirmed by 13C NMR spectroscopy and extract evaluation combined with 1H NMR spectroscopy.
    Notizen: Für die Copolymerisation von 1,3-Butadien mit Propylenoxid wurde nach dem Vergleich der drei Katalysatorsysteme Nd(Oct)3/Al2Cl3ET3/Al(i-But)3, Ni(Oct)2/ BF3OEt2/AlEt3 und Al(i-But)3/I2/TiCl4 das Titankatalysatorsystem eingesetzt. Neben dem Einfluß der Monomerzusammensetzung auf den Umsatz, die Microstruktur, die Copolymerzusammensetzung, die Molmassen sowie die Molmassenverteilungen wurden auch die Polymerisationszeit und das Aluminium/Titan-Verhältnis untersucht. Die Copolymerisationsparameter wurden nach Kelen-Tüdős zu rButadien = 0,9 und rPropylenoxid = 3,9 bestimmt. Der Copolymernachweis erfolgte über 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie und Extraktionsuntersuchungen in Verbindung mit 1H-NMR-Spektroskopie.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390110
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phosphorus-containing polyurethanes based on bisphenol A via N-alkylation (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 191-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Phosphorhaltige Polyurethane (PU-P) auf der Basis von Bisphenol A wurden durch N-Alkylierung hergestellt und mittels IR- und 1H NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Physikalische und thermische Eigenschaften dieser Polyurethane wurden mittels Differentialkalorimetrie, Thermogravimetrie, Röntgenbeugung und Untersuchungen der Löslichkeit, der Feuerbeständigkeit (Sauerstoffindex, LOI) und der reduzierten Viskosität bestimmt. Die Glastemperaturen der N-alkylierten Polymeren sanken von 120°C für das Ausgangspolymere bis auf 29°C für das N-alkylierte Polyurethan mit 2 Gew.-% Phosphor. Die Viskosität der N-alkylierten Polyurethane nahm von 0,36 dL g-1 auf 0,24 dL g-1 ab. Die phosphorhaltigen Polyurethane besitzen eine geringere thermische Stabilität und bessere Löslichkeit sowie höhere Feuerbeständlgkeit als das Ausgangspolymere. Die Röntgenstreuexperimente ergaben, daß ein erhöhter Phosphorgehalt der Polyurethane die Kristallinität herabsetzt.
    Notizen: Phosporus-containing polyurethanes (PU-P) based on bisphenol A were prepared by N-alkylation. The structures of N-alkylated polyurethanes were characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectra. Physical and thermal properties of the phosphorus-containing polyurethanes were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction, tests of solubility, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and reduced viscosity. Tg of the N-alkylated polymers decreased from 120°C for the starting polymer to 29°C of the 2.0 wt.-% phosphorus-containing polyurethanes. The viscosity of N-alkylated polyurethanes also decreased from 0.36 dL g-1 to 0.24 dL g-1. The thermal stability of polyurethanes decreased on the introduction of phosphorus groups. The LOI values of polyurethanes showed that fire resistance of phosphorus-containing polyurethanes was enhanced. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the increased phosphorus content was accompanied by decreased crystallinity of the polyurethanes. The solubility of PU-P was improved.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390116
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Are cured thermoset resins inhomogeneous?Lecture presented at International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995 (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: This question was addressed using various methods to monitor the process of curing and state of the final network. Attention was particularly focused on the possible inhomogeneous network formation as a consequence of the crosslinking process. An analysis of experimental data has revealed that some cured resins can be considered as homogeneous as the corresponding uncrosslinked materials. Resins cured by simple stepwise alternating chemistries, with good compatibility of components, usually fulfill the criterion of homogeneity. A family of epoxy resins cured with polyamines belongs to this category. Nodular structures seen by electron microscopy are a result of interaction of the electron beam or etching. Such structures are also observed for uncrosslinked polymers investigated under the same conditions. Formation of inhomogeneities in a number of thermoset systems is due to (a) chainwise mechanism of network formation with fast propagation inducing cyclization and steric volume exclusion and (b) poor compatibility of components of the system made stronger by increasing molecular weights and crosslinking during curing. Networks formed by freeradical polymerization and copolymerization of polyvinyl monomers can serve as an example of crosslinking-driven formation of inhomogeneities.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400101
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Design of network polymers by photopolymerizationLecture presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai Univeristy, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The base and transition metal catalyzed isomerization of allyl and crotyl ethers affords a facile, high yield route to the preparation of a variety of mono-, di-, and multifunctional 1-propenyl and 1-butenyl ethers. Employing this novel method, monomers containing epoxide, ester, ether carbonate and urethane groups can be prepared from their readily available allyl and crotyl precursors. In general, these monomers display very high reactivity in cationic polymerizations. In our work, we have focused on photoinduced cationic polymerizations of these monomers using diaryliodonium and triarylsulfonium salt photoinitiators. To study these very fast photopolymerizations, extensive use of real-time infrared spectroscopy was made. Employing this technique, the effects of monomer and photoinitiator structure on the rates of polymerization were studied.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400107
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Designing elastomer network for desired tire performance characteristics (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 137-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Rubber elasticity is associated with changes in configurational entropy of a long chain. Because the chain cannot change its configuration instantaneously, there is a time delay in deformation to an applied force. This delayed response is the source of viscoelasticity and hysteresis energy loss of elastomer networks. Many tire performance properties are related to the viscoelasticity of tire components. Wet and dry traction of tire is related to the energy loss of the tread material at very high frequencies. On the other hand, rolling resistance of tire is characterized by the energy loss of tread material at relatively low frequencies. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of elastomer network shows characteristic zones on a frequency scale. At very high frequencies the energy loss is controlled by the segmental motions of the polymer chain. At lower frequencies the energy loss is related to the longer range motions of the chain. A series of polymers was synthesized to study the effect of micro- and macro-structure of the polymer on the viscoelastic properties of tread compounds and their tire performance properties. As expected from the theory, the wet traction of the tire was highly correlated to the segmental motions of the chains; namely, the glass transition temperature of the polymer. The energy loss of the compounds at a higher temperature, however, was related to the macrostructure of the polymer chain. Those examples illustrate that the fundamental understanding of the theory of elastomer network allows a tire engineer to obtain the best balance of tire performance characteristics.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400112
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Molecular design of novel network polymers (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Cationic, anionic, and radical ring-opening polymerization of spiro and bicyclic monomers, and their application to network polymers have been developed. Bicyclo orthoesters (BOEs), spiro orthoesters (SOEs), and spiro orthocarbonates (SOCs) were polymerized by cationic double ring-opening. Bicyclobis(γ-butyrolactone)s and spirobis(γ-butyrolactone)s were copolymerized with epoxides by anionic alternating ring-opening. Polymers from SOCs bearing exomethylene groups consisted of ring-opened and vinyl polymerized units. The degree of ring-opening of SOCs depended upon the number of rings and steric hindrance. The radical polymerization of vinylcyclopropanone cyclic acetals depended on the ring-size. With the monomers bearing 5- and 6-membered acetal rings, single ring-opened polymers were obtained. With the monomer bearing 7-membered acetal ring, the polymer mainly consisted of double ring-opened unit. These monomers could be crosslinked by bifunctionalization. Poly(cyclic orthoester)s linked by covalent bonds with dithiols to bifunctional SOEs were crosslinked by acid catalysts, and the reversible crosslinking-depolymerization system could be controlled by temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400115
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of polyurethane network elastomers (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Polyester urethane network elastomers with incorporated hard segment oligomers have been prepared by poly(ethylene adipate)glycol (PEA), 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), and 1,4-butanediol (BD). These hard segment oligomers were hydroxy-terminated oligomers ([BD-TDI]n-BD; n=1,3), obtained by reacting BD with TDI. Concentrations of allophanate as a cross-linking site were determined by the amine degradation method. Hard segment moieties were obtained by a novel selective hydrolysis of soft segments in the elastomers. Molecular weight distributions of hard segment were measured by means of GPC. Mechanical and thermal properties were measured. Dependence of rubber elasticity on physical cross-linking between normal elastomers and the elastomers with incorporated hard segment oligomers were discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400119
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Network formation and swelling behavior of photosensitive poly(vinyl alcohol) gels prepared by photogenerated crosslinkingPoster presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 231-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Poly (vinyl alcohol) with pendent styrylpyridinium groups (SbQ) is insolubilized by photoirradiation. An association takes place in SbQ groups. The association of polymer chains becomes marked with increasing the number of SbQ groups. Mainly intermolecular crosslinks were formed. Transparent and homogeneous macrogels consisting of several intermolecular crosslinks are obtained.The proportion of the free water to the bound water in PVA-SbQ gels was 3.3-2.9 despite of the large change in conversion of photodimerization of SbQ groups, x=0.27-0.58. The water uptake after swelling of the gels in water increased 6-27 times compared to the original weight at pH=7. The higher the degree of photocrosslinking, the lower was the degree of swelling. The water diffusion coefficients, D, were (2.2-5.8) × 10-5 cm2 S-1 for a 88% saponified PVA with 1 . 3 mol% SbQ groups. The volume of the gel increased discontinuously about 10-fold for the 99% saponified PVA with 0 . 096 mol% SbQ and 51% water (49% acetone). The acetone concentration at the transition decreased with increasing the degree of saponification of the PVA.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400122
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hydrogels for biomedical use based on 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone crosslinked with macromonomers (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Durch anionische Copolymerisation von Allylmethacrylat und Methylmethacrylat wurden Makromonomere unterschiedlicher Kettenlänge mit durchschnittlich drei Allyl-Doppelbindungen pro Kette hergestellt́ und mit NMR-Spektroskopie und Gelpermeationschromatographie charakterisiert. Durch Copolymerisation der Makromonomeren mit 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidon wurden dreidimensionale Strukturen erhalten. Die optischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften der Produkte wurden untersucht, und die Quellungseigenschaften und Vernetzungsgrade wurden bestimmt. Die Copolymereigenschaften wurden durch Makromonomere mit Kettenlängen bis 40 Einheiten nur wenig beeinflußt. Bei Kettenlängen über 50 Einheiten wurde eine leichte Abnahme der Wasseraufnahmefähigkeit und eine deutliche Erhähung des Elastizitätsmoduls beobachtet. Die Vernetzungsgrade hängen von der Makromonomer-Kettenlange ab; eine merkliche Erhöhung aufgrund der groößeren Zahl an Methyl-Methyl-Wechselwirkungen wurde bei Kettenlangen über 50 Einheiten festgestellt. Die Copolymeren zeigen günstige Festigkeits-Dehnungs-Eigenschaften und einen geringen Gehalt an wasserlöslichen Extrakten, in denen durch IR-Spektroskopie 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidon-Homopolymere identifiziert wurden. Obwohl mit allen untersuchten Makromonomeren gute Resultate erzielt wurden, scheint für die Copolymerisation mit 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidon das Makromonomere mit 50 Einheiten am besten geeignet.
    Notizen: Macromonomers of various chain lengths with an average of three allyl double bonds per chain were prepared by anionic copolymerization of allyl methacrylate with methyl methacrylate. The macromonomers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. The macromonomers were then copolymerized with 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone to form three-dimensional structures. Their optical, swelling and mechanical properties were studied and the crosslinking efficiency was determined. The copolymer properties are not greatly affected by macromonomer chain lengths up to 40-mers; above 50-mers there is a slight decrease in the equilibrium water content and a significant increase in the modulus of elasticity. The crosslinking efficiency depends on the macromonomer chain length; a marked increase was observed for the 50-mer because of a greater number of methyl-methyl interactions. Copolymers have favourable strength-strain properties and a low content of water-soluble extracts, in which the IR analysis demonstrated the presence of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone homopolymers. In spite of the good results obtained for all the macromonomers described in this work, the 50-mer seems to be optimal for copolymerization with 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390113
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Zur härtung von diandiglycidylether mit anhydridmodifizierten phenolischen härtern und zu vergleichbaren in situ-reaktionen (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 201-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The curing of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with 2,6-dimethylol-p-cresol modified by hexahydrophthalic acid anhydride was investigated and compared with the analogous in situ curing of DGEBA, hexahydrophthalic acid anhydride and 2,6-dimethylol-p-cresol. The chemical reactions were investigated by means of titration and different spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. It was examined whether the less complicated and therefore cheaper in situ reaction delivers postcured products with equal or better properties. Furthermore, it was investigated whether the results are similar using technical phenolic hardeners.
    Notizen: Die Härtung von Diandiglycidylether (DDGE) mit hexahydrophthalsäureanhydridmodifiziertem 2,6-Dimethylol-p-kresol (HHPSA-DMPK) wurde untersucht und mit der in situ durchgeführten Vernetzung von DDGE mit Hexahydrophthalsäureanhydrid (HHPSA) und 2,6-Dimethylol-p-kresol (DMPK) verglichen. Die chemischen Reaktionen wurden durch Titration der Epoxidgruppen und mit verschiedenen spektroskopischen und chromatographischen Methoden untersucht. Es wurde geprüft, ob die weniger aufwendige und daher preiswertere in situ-Härtung zu Produkten mit gleichen oder besseren Endeigenschaften führt. Weiterhin wurde die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf den Einsatz technischer Phenolharzhärter getestet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390117
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization and application of poly(vinyl alcohol)/starch composite as a sizing agentResults published in this paper were extracted from the Ph. D. Thesis to be submitted by M. M. Hashem to Cairo University, Egypt. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 149-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zur Entwicklung neuartiger ökologisch verträglicher makromolekularer Schlichtemittel wurden in früheren Arbeiten Copolymerisationsreaktionen zwischen Polyvinylalkohol (PVA) und Stärke unter Verwendung von chemisch reaktiven bifunktionellen Verbindungen wie N-Methylolacrylamid beschrieben. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden die physikochemischen Eigenschaften des resultierenden Copolymeren untersucht. Von Bedeutung sind hierbei insbesondere Merkmale wie Molekulargewichtsverteilung, Klebekraft, Stabilität, Löslichkeit sowie rheologische Eigenschaften. Derartige Kenntnisse über die physikochemische Beschaffenheit der PVA-Ausgangsverbindung sowie des makromolekularen Endproduktes sind eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung von neuen Produkten, die als wasserlösliche, recycelbare Schlichtemittel zur Anwendung in der Textilindustrie kommen können.
    Notizen: A macromolecular sizing agent based on the copolymerization of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with hydrolysed starch was prepared using the chemically reactive bifunctional compound N-methylolacrylamide. Detailed characteristics of the resultant PVA/N-methylolcarbamoylethylated starch copolymer were studied where emphasis has been placed on solubility, rheological properties, molecular weight distribution, adhesive power and stability. Elucidation of the nature of the macromolecular segments of both N-methylolcarbamoylethylated PVA as well as PVA/N-methylolcarbamoylethylated starch copolymer fulfilled the prerequisite to tailor PVA/starch copolymer which is appropriate for application as a water-soluble recyclable sizing agent by ultrafiltration.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052410112
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Peripherally restraining type rubber bearingLecture presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 151-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Seismic isolation was reconfirmed to be extremely efficient for the protection of buildings, and hence human life, on the occasion of the Great Hanshin Earthquake. Rubber bearings are placed under the buildings for isolation, and thus the type of rubber bearings is a dominant factor for efficient isolation. In this report, the performance of peripherally restraining type rubber bearing (PRB) was examined where its contracted model was found to simulate the performance of full scale PRB precisely. Damping ratio and vertical spring constant of PRB are as good as the existing ones. PRB showed lower critical shear strain, but it was concluded that no problems were found for the actual use of PRB.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400113
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Computational study of network formation of phenolic resinsPoster presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The network formation of phenol-formaldehyde resin was investigated by the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique. The observed value of the gel point, pc, was exactly determined as a critical extent of reaction, where the Mw/Mn in soluble parts is maximum. The MC simulation with the cubic percolation theory was applied to the gelation of phenolic resins and gave an exact gel point, which was in excellent agreement with the observed value of pc. The simulation showed that the intramolecular reaction occurred frequently with increasing the gel fraction beyond the gel point. The structural analysis of the maximum cluster with the computer strongly supported the contribution of the intramolecular reaction to the network formation of the gel.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400116
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    PH-induced structure change of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel crosslinked with poly(acrylic acid)Poster presented at the “International Symposium on Advaned Network-Polymers, Kansai University”(ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1955. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The structure of the hydrogel of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was investigated by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of synchrotron radiation. A physically crosslinked blend gel, which was prepared by repetitive freezing and thawing of an aqueous solution of PVA and PAA, could be chemically crosslinked by esterfication of PVA with PAA even in the hydrogel state. The chemical crosslinking induced the destruction of physical crosslinks into a folded structure, indicating that the chemical crosslinking proceeds at the sites around the physical crosslinks that contain PVA and PAA in much higher concentration than other portion of the gel. The pH-induced structure changes of the PVA hydrogels, chemically crosslinked with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were investigated by SAXS on the samples of various chemical crosslinking time. The gels were shrunk at pH4, and swollen at pH8. The results of SAXS showed, that the Porod slope changed with chemical crosslinking time from -3.5 to -2.9 at pH4, and from -2.9 to -2.4 at pH8. The results suggest that a folded structure as a structural domain, which is characterized by fractally rough interface, tends to change into the structure that corresponds to percolation cluster, particularly at pH8. The gels immersed in pH8 showed a remarkable structure change accompanying swelling. The results revealed that a conformational change of PAA chains, induced by the pH change, can be explained by the presence of a structural domain in the gel network, where both PVA chains and PAA chains get entangled and partially form a interpenetrating polymer network(IPN).
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400120
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polyurethane-elastomer-actuatorPoster presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Polyurethane elastomers were investigated as electrically active materials for actuators. Components in hard segment and soft segment in the elastomers were varied. The elastomers with excellent electrostrictive properties were limited to those which had soft segments of polyesters and polylactones. It turned out, that the elastomers, whose soft segments are polyethers are electrically inert under the experimental conditions. The chemical structure of the hard segment seems not to influence to the electrostrictive property. The charging and discharging process was investigated. The charging process was found to proceed simultaneously with the contracting process caused by the electric field, suggesting that the orientation of the soft segment in the elastomer plays critical rolls in the electrostrictive action. In the elastomer, which has a soft polyether segment and was inactive to the electric field, could be actuated very efficiently when the elastomer was swollen with dimethyl sulfoxide. We conclude that the polyurethane elastomer, whose soft segment has chemical bonds with a relatively large dipole moment, can be actuated by the electric field application, and that even the elastomer, whose soft segment is inactive, could be actuated in the presence of a solvent with a large dipole moment. Thus, the concept found with the gel, could be applied to an elastomer, the soft segment of which plays partly the roll of the solvent in the gel.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400121
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preparation of oxidized 6-O-glycolchitosan, pH sensitivity of its aqueous solution and of its cross-linked hydrogel (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 263-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Chitosan and 6-O-glycolchitosan, a water-soluble chitosan derivative, were oxidized by periodate. In the case of chitosan, only degradation products were obtained. With 6-O-glycolchitosan, however, water-soluble amphoteric polyelectrolyte derivatives of chitosan having higher molecular weight were obtained. The oxidized 6-O-glycolchitosan (OX-GC) showed a pH sensitive change of viscosity in aqueous solution. Moreover, the OX-GC hydrogel, cross-linked with glutaraldehyde, showed a pH sensitive swelling behavior. The OX-GC showed biodegradation behavior by lysozyme after acetylation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400125
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A polymer network of unsaturated polyester and bismaleimide resins: Yielding and fracture behaviour (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 11-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Das Fließ- und Bruchverhalten eines durch das gleichzeitige Härten eines ungesättigten Polyesters (UP) und eines wärmehärtbaren Bismaleimidharzes (BMI) erhaltenen quervernetzten Polymernetzwerkes wurde über einen weiten Temperatur- und Beanspruchungsbereich untersucht. Die Fließspannung σy und der Youngsche Elastizitätsmodul E steigen bei Zunahme der Spannungsbeanspruchung bzw. bei Absinken der Temperatur. Zudem steigen bei ansonsten gleichen Testbedingungen σy und E mit zunehmendem BMI-Gehalt im Blend. Andererseits wurde eine Beeinflussung des Bruch-Parameters Kc durch die Gegenwart des BMI nicht beobachtet. Der Fließprozess wurde sowohl mit Hilfe der Theorie von Argon als auch mit der von Bowden untersucht; die daraus abgeleiteten Molekül-Parameter wurden mit der bei der Härtung gebildeten Molekularstruktur in Beziehung gesetzt.
    Notizen: The yielding and the fracture behaviour of an intercrosslinked polymer network obtained by the simultaneous curing of an unsaturated polyester (UP) and a thermosetting bismaleimide resin (BMI) was investigated in a wide range of temperatures and testing rates. The yield stress σy and the Young's modulus E increase by increasing the testing rate and decreasing temperature. Moreover, under the same testing conditions, σy and E increased as the BMI content in the blend was enhanced. On the other hand, it was found that the fracture parameter Kc was not affected by the presence of BMI. The yielding process was analyzed using the theories both of Argon and Bowden and the molecular parameters derived there were related to the molecular structure of the network developed upon curing.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052410102
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fluorinated poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole-imide-amide)s (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 242 (1996), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Dicarbonsäuredichloride mit sowohl Hexafluorisopropyliden-Brücken und Imidringen im Molekül wurden mit p-Aminobenzhydrazid oder Mischungen aus aromatischen Diaminen und p-Aminobenzhydrazid oder Terephthaldihydrazid zu Poly(hydrazidimid-amid)en umgesetzt, die anschließend zu neuen fluorhaltigen Poly(1,3,4-oxadiazol-imid-amid)en mit verschiedenem Amid/Oxadiazol-Verhältnis cyclodehydriert wurden. Diese sind in polaren amidischen Lösungsmitteln löslich; aus solchen Lösungen lassen sich flexible Filme herstellen. Die Glasübergangstemperaturen liegen zwischen 254°C und 325°C. Sie sind bis zu 415-450°C thermisch stabil.
    Notizen: A series of new fluorinated poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole-imide-amide)s containing various ratios of amide/oxadiazole groups in the repeating unit have been prepared by cyclodehydration of the corresponding poly(hydrazide-imide-amide)s resulting from the reaction of diacid dichlorides incorporating both hexafluoroisopropylidene bridges and imide rings with p-aminobenzhydrazide or with mixtures of certain aromatic diamines and p-aminobenzhydrazide or terephthalic dihydrazide. The new polymers are soluble in polar amidic solvents and can be processed into flexible films by casting from solution. Their glass transition temperatures are in the range 254-325°C and they are thermally stable up to 415-450°C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052420111
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electric resistivity of hydroscopic copoly(ester-ether)s containing zwitterionic units and their utilization for antistatic modification of polyester fiber (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 242 (1996), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Blockcopoly(ester-ether) mit verschiedenen ionischen Einheiten wie Sulfobetain (S-Betain), Carbobetain (C-Betain) und Ammoniumtosylat wurden hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung als antistatische Modifikatoren für Polyethylenterephthalat (PET)-Fasern untersucht. Die ionischen Segmente wurden aus N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamin generiert und statistisch mit den Polyester- und Polyoxyethylen(PEO)-Einheiten cokondensiert. Aus den Copolymeren mit S-Betain-Einheiten wurden im Schmelzspinnverfahren dicke Filamente hergestellt und deren elektrischer Widerstand bestimmt. Abhängig von der Zusammensetzung (25-75 Gew.-% PEO, 1-2 mol-% S-Betain) wurden Widerstände zwischen 108 und 1010 Ω cm-1 gemessen. Die drei copolymerartigen Modifikatoren wurden mit PET durch Blendspinnen gemischt. Die so erhaltenen PET-Fasem zeigen nicht nur gute mechanische sondern auch verbesserte antistatische Eigenschaften. Die Fasern aus dem S-Betain enthaltenden Copolymeren weisen dabei die kürzeste Halbwertszeit des Abbaus der elektrostatischen Ladung auf, obwohl der Oberflächenwiderstand dieses Materials in der Größenordnung 1013 Ω cm-2 dem Wert der mit C-Betain und Ammoniumtosylat hergestellten Fasem ähnlich ist. Die PET-Fasern bewahren ihre guten antistatischen Eigenschften auch nach dem Fäben und wiederholtem Waschen, da sowohl die hydrophilen als auch die ionischen Gruppen an den Polyesterketten fixiert sind.
    Notizen: Block copoly(ester-ether)s containing different ionic units, i.e., sulfobetaine (S-betaine), carbobetaine (C-betaine), and ammonium tosylate, were prepared and evaluated as antistatic modifiers of PET fiber. The ionic units were readily derived from N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine and co-condensed randomly with the polyester and poly(oxyethylene) (PEO) units. For the copolymers containing S-betaine units, a thick filament was melt-spun to evaluate their apparent electric resistivity. Depending on the unit compositions (25-75 wt.-% of PEO and 1-2 mol-% of S-betaine), resistivities ranging from 108 to 1010 Ω cm-1 were obtained. Then, the three copolymer-type modifiers were blended with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by the ordinary blend-spinning technique. The blend PET fibers obtained showed not only good mechanical properties, but also improved antistatic properties. Particularly, the fiber blended with the copolymer containing S-betaine units had the shortest half-life time of leakage of static charge, although the surface area resistivity, being in the order of 1013 Ω cm-2, was similar to that of the fibers blended with the copolymers containing C-betaine and ammonium tosylate units. These blend PET fibers were found to retain good antistatic properties even after dyeing and repeated washings, because both the hydrophilic and ionic groups are immobilized with the polyester chains.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052420112
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Untersuchungen zum reaktionsverhalten beim vorliegen von depolymerisationsreaktionen. Untersuchung von copolymerisationen des α-methylstyrols (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 243 (1996), S. 11-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: For radical copolymerizations of α-methylstyrene (MS) with methacrylonitrile (MAN) and of MS with acrylonitrile (AN) studies were carried out to examine postulations of kinetic models known from literature, in particular the terminal model with chain-length-independent and chain-length-dependent depolymerization steps. The results of investigations were based on measurements of the sequence length distributions from 13C-NMR spectra. Analyses of MS/MAN copolymers with various compositions were carried out. Reaction parameters and depolymerization constants depending on temperature were calculated. The values of enthalpy and entropy of polymerization and the ceiling temperature were computed for MS to ΔH = 26,5 ± 0,5 kJ mol-1, ΔS = 95 ± 5 J mol-1 K-1, Tceiling = 65 ± 1°C. The terminal model with depolymerization steps turned out to be wrong for the accurate description of the polymerization behaviour in case of the tested systems. Results clearly show important penultimate effects. At the point of knowledge, the description of the polymerization behaviour in terms of a penultimate model with depolymerization steps are suggested.
    Notizen: Für die radikalischen Copolymerisationen von α-Methylstyrol (MS) mit Methacrylnitril (MAN) sowie MS mit Acrylnitril (AN) wurden Untersuchungen zur Prüfung der in der Literatur postulierten kinetischen Modelle des „sequenzlängenunabhängigen“ bzw. „sequenzlängenabhängigen“ Terminalmodells mit Depolymerisationsschritten durchgeführt. Sie basieren auf Analysen der Sequenzverteilungen aus 13C-NMR-Spektren. Resultate von 13C-NMR-Untersuchungen an MS/MAN-Polymeren variabler Zusammensetzung werden vorgestellt. Reaktionsparameter und Gleichgewichtskonstanten wurden direkt aus den Informationen der 13C-NMR-Spektren für das Terminalmodell mit Depolymerisationsschritten in Abhängigkeit von der Reaktionstemperatur der Polymeren bestimmt. Hieraus konnten die Polymerisationsenthalpie ΔH = 26,5 ± 0,5 kJ mol-1, die Polymerisationsentropie ΔS = 95 ± 5 J mol-1 K-1 sowie die Ceilingtemperatur Tceiling = 65 ± 1°C für MS bestimmt werden. Es wurde nachgewiesen, daß im Rahmen der Terminalnäherung auch mit Berücksichtigung von Depolymerisationseinflüssen keine adäquate Beschreibung des Copolymerisationsverhaltens im Falle der untersuchten Systeme möglich ist. Vielmehr konnten als Ergebnis der Untersuchungen sowohl in Copolymeren von MS mit AN als auch mit MAN signifikante Penultimate-Effekte nachgewiesen werden. Aufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wird die Anwendung eines auf einer Penultimate-Näherung basierenden Modells, welches auch das Gleichgewicht in den Wachstumsreaktionen von MS berücksichtigt, zur theoretischen Vorhersage des Copolymerisationsverhaltens vorgeschlagen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052430102
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Epoxidation of cis-cyclooctene with molecular oxygen catalyzed by magnesium oxide supported polytitazane cobalt (III) complexes (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 243 (1996), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ein auf Magnesiumoxid aufgebrachter Polytitazan-Cobalt (III)-Komplex diente als effektiver Katalysator für die Epoxidierung von cis-Cycloocten mit molekularem Sauerstoff bei Normaldruck in Gegenwart von Isobutyraldehyd als Reduktionsmittel. Nach XPS-Untersuchungen wird Cobalt (III) durch den mehrzähnigen Stickstoffliganden des Polytitazans stabilisiert. Bei 25°C beträgt der cis-Cycloocten-Umsatz nach fünf Stunden 95,2%, mit einer Selektivität von 100% für das cis-Cyclohexylenoxid. Der Katalysator Kann mindestens neun Mal ohne Aktivitätsverlust verwendet werden.
    Notizen: Magnesium oxide supported polytitazane cobalt (III) complex is demonstrated as an effective catalyst for the epoxidation of cis-cyclooctene with molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure in the presence of isobutyraldehyde as the sacrificial reductant. XPS data show that the high-valent cobalt (III) is stabilized by the multidentate nitrogen ligand of polytitazane. The conversion of cis-cyclooctene is as high as 95.2% with 100% selectivity to the cis-cyclooctene oxide at 25°C within 5 h. The catalyst can be used at least nine times without loss of its activity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052430106
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phase diagram and crystallization of polycarbonate/poly-∊-caprolactone blends (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 243 (1996), S. 177-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wird über die Gleichgewichts-Schmelzpunktsdepression von Polycarbonat aus Bisphenol A (PC) in Mischungen mit Poly-∊-caprolacton (PCL) berichtet. Hierzu wird ein Modell entwickelt, das den gekrümmten Verlauf der gemessenen Hoffman-Weeks-Plots zu erklären vermag. Es berücksichtigt die Konzentrationsinhomogenitäten, die mit fortschreitender Kristallisation an der Kristallwachstumsfront entstehen. Die gelegentlich beobachtete Schmelzpunktsdepression der PCL-Komponente wird diskutiert. Der Flory-Hugginssche Wechselwirkungsparameter wird zu -0,09 berechnet; aus diesem kleinen Wert muß geschlossen werden, daß die Mischungspartner enthalpisch nur schwach wechselwirken. Der merkliche Abfall der Glastemperatur des PC nach Einmischen von PCL bewirkt eine beträchtliche Kristallisation aus der Schmelze; es können PC-Kristallinitätsgrade bis zu 25% erreicht werden.
    Notizen: It is reported on the equilibrium melting point depression of polycarbonate from bisphenol A (PC) in its blend with poly-∊-caprolactone (PCL). To this end, a model which explains the bended course of the measured Hoffman-Weeks plots is developed which takes into account the composition changes at the crystal growth front upon progressive crystallization. The occasional melting point depression of the PCL component is discussed. The calculated Flory-Huggins parameter of χ12 ≍ -0.09 indicates only weak enthalpic interactions. The remarkable drop in the glass transition temperature of PC with blending allows PC degrees of crystallinity up to 25% upon crystallization from the melt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052430115
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis and properties of powdery hydrogels based on acrylamide, methacrylamide, and their N-substituted derivatives (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 243 (1996), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Leicht vernetzte Hydrogele auf der Basis von Acrylamid, N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamid, N,N-Dimethylacrylamid, Methacrylamid, N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamid und N-[Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]methacrylamid wurden in Form von pulverigen Substanzen synthetisiert, die aus Aggregaten sehr kleiner Partikel (∼10-1 μm) bestehen. Die pulverartigen Hydrogele wurden durch Fällungspolymerisation in Aceton und Diethylether unter Verwendung von N,N′-Methylenbisacrylamid und Ethylendimethacrylat als Vernetzungsmittel synthetisiert. Es wurden die Abhängigkeiten des Quellungsgrades in Wasser, der Größe, des Aggregationsgrades und der spezifischen Oberfläche von Partikeln, und des Inhalts von wasserlöslichen Substanzen in den Hydrogelen von den Bedingungen ihrer Synthese verfolgt. Die Eignung einzelner der synthetisierten Hydrogele für die Herstellung von Silikon-kautschuk-Hydrogel-Kompositen wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: Lightly crosslinked hydrogels based on acrylamide, N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)-acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, methacrylamide, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide and N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]methacrylamide were synthesized in form of fine powders, consisting of aggregates of very small (∼10-1 μm) particles. The powdery hydrogels were obtained by precipitation polymerization in acetone and diethyl ether, using N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and ethylene dimethacrylate as crosslinking agents. Dependences of water-swellability, particle size, aggregation, specific surface and content of the uncrosslinked water-soluble polymers and low-molecular-weight substances in the hydrogels on the conditions of their synthesis were studied. Suitability of particular powdery hydrogels synthesized for the preparation of silicone rubber-hydrogel composites is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052430113
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Polymerization of lactams, 87Part 86 cf.21.. Block copolymers of poly(∊-caprolactam) and polybutadiene prepared by anionic polymerization. Part I: Preparation and properties (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 237 (1996), S. 123-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Es wurde der Einfluß der Polymerisationsbedingungen auf die Eigenschaften von Poly(∊-Caprolactam)-Polybutadien-Blockcopolymeren untersucht, die durch Reaktionsformgießen bei der anionischen ∊-Caprolactam-Polymerisation, initiiert durch das ∊-Caprolactam-Kaliumsalz, in Anwesenheit von α,ω-Dihydroxypolybutadien und Isocyanaten oder deren blockierter Derivate als Funktionalisierungsmittel hergestellt wurden.Es wurde der Einfluß des Polybutadiengehalts, dessen Molekulargewichts, des Isocyanat-Typs und der Polymerisationstemperatur auf die mechanischen Grundeigenschaften und auf die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit bestimmt.
    Notizen: The effect of the polymerization conditions on the properties of poly(∊-caprolactam)-polybutadiene block copolymers prepared by polymerization casting through anionic polymerization of ∊-caprolactam initiated with potassium salt of ∊-caprolactam in the presence of α,ω-dihydroxy-polybutadiene and isocyanates or their blocked derivatives as functionalizing agents was investigated.The influence of the content of telechelic polybutadiene, its molecular weight, type of diisocyanate, and polymerization temperature on the fundamental mechanical properties of the prepared materials and on the polymerization rate was evaluated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052370107
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis of tetrahydrofuran-styrene and tetrahydrofuran-methyl methacrylate block copolymers via poly(tetrahydrofuran) with azo groups (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Tetrahydrofuran (THF) wurde mit dem Initiatorsystem 4,4′-Azobis(4-cyanopentanoylchlorid)/SnCI4 kationisch polymerisiert. Das gebildete Poly(THF) mit je einer Azogruppe in der Hauptkette wurde als Initiator für die Polymerisation von Styrol (S) und Methylmethacrylat (MMA) bei 70°C eingesetzt. Die dabei entstandenen PTHF-PS-PTHF- bzw. PTHF-PMMA-Blockcopolymeren wurden mittels Fällungsfraktionierung, spektroskopischen Methoden und Viskositätsmessungen charakterisiert.
    Notizen: The cationic polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) initiated by 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanopentanoyl chloride) (ACPC) and SnCI4 is described. Poly(THF) samples possessing azo gorups in the main chain thus obtained were used as initiator in the polymerization of styrene (S) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) at 70°C to yield PTHF-PS-PTHF and PTHF-PMMA block copolymers. Characterization of the block copolymers was carried out by fractional precipitation, spectroscopic methods and viscosity measurements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380105
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effects of a slushing oil on the curing and degradation behavior of an oil-accommodating epoxy adhesive (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 238 (1996), S. 129-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Wirkung von aliphatischem Korrosionsschutzöl auf das Aushärte- und Abbauverhalten eines ölkompatiblen Epoxidharzklebers wurde mittels Differentialkalorimetrie (DSC), Fourier-Transformations-Infrarot-Spektroskopie (FTIR) und Thermogravimetrie (TGA) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der DSC- und FTIR-Messungen deuten darauf hin, daß die Härtungsgeschwindigkeit des untersuchten Epoxid-Systems durch das Vorhandensein des Öls nur wenig beeinflußt wird. Dennoch bestätigt das Absinken der exothermen Härtungskurve, begleitet von einer Verbreiterung des Glasübergangstemperaturbereichs, daß das Öl den Aushärtemechanismus beeinflussen kann und in der Lage ist, die Struktur des gehärteten Harzes zu verändern. Außerdem geht aus den TGA-Messungen hervor, daß die Temperaturbeständigkeit des Harzes sich in Gegenwart des Öls verschlechtert; dies wird auf Veränderungen in der Struktur und im Abbaumechanismus des Epoxid-Systems zurückgeführt.
    Notizen: The effect of aliphatic slushing oil on the curing and degradation behavior of an oil-accommodating epoxy adhesive is studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results of FTIR and DSC indicate that the curing rate of the tested epoxy system is little affected in the presence of the oil. However, the decrease of the curing exotherm accompanied with a broadening of the glass transition confirms that the oil can affect the curing mechanisms and may change the structure of the cured resin. Additionally, it is evident from the TGA results that the thermal resistance of the resin deteriorates in the presence of the oil, which is attributed to the changes in the structure and the degradation mechanism of the epoxy system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052380112
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electrochemical polymerization of some monomers with schiff's base structure. A voltammetric study (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die elektrochemische Polymerisation von Pyrrol-2-aldehyd-azin, 2,2′-[1,4-Phenylenbis(nitrilomethylidyn)]dipyrrol und 2,2′-[1,4-Biphenylylenbis(nitrilomethylidyn)]dipyrrol läuft als anodische Fällungspolymerisation ab. Monomere und Polymere wurden voltammetrisch unter Verwendung von Platin- und “Paste-carbon”-Elektroden untersucht. Die Ergebnisse stimmen mit MO-Berechnungen überein, wobei die Reaktivität der Monomeren nach Hückel abgeschätzt wurde.
    Notizen: The electrochemical polymerization of some Schiff's base-type monomers like pyrrole-2-aldehyde azine, N,N′-di(2-pyrrolylmethylene)-1,4-diaminobenzeneSystematic name: 2,2′-[1,4-phenylenebis(nitrilomethylidyne)]dipyrrole., and N,N′-di(2-pyrrolylmethylene)-4,4′-diaminobiphenylSystematic name: 2,2′-[4,4′-biphenylylenebis(nitrilomethylidyne)]dipyrrole. proceeds as a precipitating polymerization to the anodic compartment. The voltammetric study of monomers and polymers using Pt electrodes and paste-carbon electrodes were carried out. The results are in agreement with the MO calculations using the Hückel approximation for evaluating of the reactivity of the monomers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390101
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stereoselective polymerization of butadiene by a new dicationic nickel complex (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Der neuartige dikationische Komplex [dppfNi(MeCN)4][BF4]2 (dppf = 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphin)ferrocen) zeigte in Anwesenheit von Diethylaluminiumchlorid (AIEt2CI) hohe Aktivität für die Polymerisation von 1,3-Butadien. Reaktionsdauer, Temperatur und das Aluminium/Nickel-Verhältnis wurden auf maximale Aktivität und Selektivität optimiert. Umsätze über 90% konnten erreicht werden. Im Vergleich zu Polybutadienen, die mit anderen Nickel-Phosphin-Systemen hergestellt wurden, zeigten die synthetisierten Polybutadiene höhere cis-1,4-Anteile (〈80%) und eine geringe Bildung von 1,2-Einheiten (2%). Alle Polymeren hatten niedrige mittlere Molekulargewichte (Mw 〉 11 800).
    Notizen: The new dicationic nickel complex [dppfNi(MeCN)4][BF4]2 (dppf = 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) in the presence of diethylaluminium chloride (AIEt2CI) exhibited high activity on the 1,3-butadiene polymerization. Reaction time, temperature and aluminium/nickel molar ratio were optimized in order to achieve maximum activity and selectivity. Conversions higher than 90% were obtained in contrast to other nickel-based systems using phosphine ligands, the resulting polybutadiene showed high cis-1,4 (〈80%) content and only small amount of 1,2-units (2%). All polymers presented low molecular weights (Mw 〉 11 800).
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390104
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structural changes in poly(methyl methacrylate) during deep-etch X-ray synchrotron radiation lithography. Part II: Radiation effects on PMMAPart I cf.1. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Werner Borchard on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 79-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Bei der Bestrahlung von Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA) mit Röntgensynchrotronstrahlung ändert sich die chemische Struktur des Polymeren. Die Ergebnisse der analytischen Untersuchungen dieser Arbeit weisen darauf hin, daß neben einem Abbau der Polymerketten auch einzelne Esterseitengruppen abgespalten werden. Durch die Bestrahlung entstehende Langkettenverzweigungen wurden bei PMMA nicht gefunden. Dadurch unterscheiden sich die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften des bestrahlten Polymeren von denen des unbestrahlten.
    Notizen: The irradiation of poly(methyl methacrylate) changes the chemical constitution of the polymer. In addition to a decrease in molar mass further radiation-induced radical reactions cause changes in the chemical constitution of the polymer. Analysis of the reaction products shows that formation of long-chain branching can be excluded. Along with degradation of the chain lengths, ester groups in the side chains are attacked. The result is a modified polymer with a physical and chemical behaviour different from that of the starting polymer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390108
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis of flexible polyarylates by interfacial polycondensation. Part II: Incorporation of 4,4′-thiodiphenol (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 133-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Zähigkeit von Polyarylaten wurde durch den Einbau von 4,4′-Thiodiphenol und Bisphenol A, die in der wäßrigen Phase einer Grenzflächenpolykondensation vorgelegt wurden, erhöht. Die modifizierten Polyarylate besitzen leicht erniedrigte Zugfestigkeiten und Zugmoduli, aber aufgrund der Flexibilität der eingebauten Segmente stark erhöhte Izod-Schlagzähigkeiten. Darüber hinaus bleiben die guten thermischen Eigenschaften der Polyarylate nach der Modifizierung erhalten, so daß die hergestellten Materialien auch für Anwendungen mit sehr hohen Anforderungen an die thermische Belastbarkeit geeignet sind.
    Notizen: The toughness of polyarylates was improved by incorporation of 4,4′-thiodiphenol and bisphenol A, being introduced in the aqueous phase of an interfacial polycondensation reaction. The modified polyarylates possessed slightly lower tensile strength and modulus but much higher Izod impact strength due to the flexibility of the incorporated segments. In addition, the superb thermal properties typical for polyarylates were reserved in the modified polyarylate, thus assuring its broad applicability for those applications where extremely stringent criteria of thermal characteristics are required.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390112
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Le rôle des systèmes photoamorceurs dans l'efficacité de photoréticulation de l'homopolymère dicyclopentadiène acrylateNom systématique: Tricyclo[5.2.1.02.6]déc-4-en-8-yl acrylate. (DCPA) et acrylate d'éthyle (AE) et des dérivés copolymères DCPA/AE (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 239 (1996), S. 169-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The photocrosslinking efficiency of a series of commercial photoinitiators and multicomponent photosensitive systems on uncrosslinked acrylic matrices has been estimated. Copolymers used for this study are tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec-4-en-8-yl acrylate/ethyl acrylate copolymers of variable composition (100/0, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100) synthesized in solution by a free-radical process. The irradiations were carried out at large wavelengths (λ ≥ 310 nm). Systems of benzophenone/benzoyl peroxide led to really fast crosslinking kinetics for 10 min of irradiation.
    Notizen: L'efficacité de photoréticulation de toute une série de photoamorceurs commerciaux et de systèmes photosensibles multicomposants a été évaluée sur des matrices acryliques non réticulées. Les polymères utilisés pour cette étude sont des homopolymères et des copolymères d'acrylate de dicyclopentadiène/acrylate d'éthyle de composition variable (100/0, 40/60, 20/80, 0/100) synthétisés en solution par voie radicalaire. Les irradiations ont été effectuées à des grandes longueurs d'ondes (λ ≥ 310 nm). Les systèmes benzophénone/peroxyde de benzoyle ont permis d'obtenir des cinétiques de réticulation très rapides pour des temps d'irradation de 10 min.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052390115
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ideal crosslinked-polymers and their characterization in free-radical monovinyl-divinyl copolymerizationsPoster presented at the “International Symposium on Advanced Network-Polymers, Kansai University” (ISANKU), at Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan, on December 5-6, 1995. (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 240 (1996), S. 275-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The critical conditions in which the classical Flory-Stockmayer gelation theory (F-S theory) is applicable to monovinyl-divinyl copolymerizations were pursued in detail. The resulting prepolymers or precursors of ideal crosslinked-polymers were characterized as standard polymers for the discussion of network formation in free-radical monovinyl-divinyl copolymerizations. Methyl methacrylate was copolymerized with a small amount of ethylene dimethacrylate, butylene dimethacrylate or nonapropyleneglycol dimethacrylate in the presence of lauryl mercaptan, a chain transfer agent to reduce the occurrence of a thermodynamic excluded volume effect and intramolecular crosslinking as the primary and secondary factors, respectively, for the greatly delayed gelation in the free-radical monovinyl-divinyl copolymerizations and, moreover, to keep the primary chain length constant by inhibiting a gel effect. The ratio of the actual gel point to the theoretical one reached 1.1, supporting the validity of F-S theory. The resulting prepolymers were subjected to SEC-MALLS analysis to determine the molecular weights, the molecular-weight distributions and the radii of gyration; the correlations of molecular weight vs. elution volume and radius of gyration vs. molecular weight were useful for the characterization of the precursors of ideal network-polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052400126
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chemical reactions on polysaccharides, 5Part 4: Chloroacetylated derivatives of dextran, Cellul. Chem. Technol. 26 (1992) 675. Reaction of mesyl chloride with pullulan (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Die Reaktion von Mesylchlorid mit vernetzten Pullulan-Mikropartikeln wurde untersucht, insbesondere der Einfluß der Reaktionsbedingungen auf das Produktverhältnis Chlordeoxy-/O-Mesylpullulan. In N,N-Dimethylformamid wird vorwiegend Chlordeoxypullulan gebildet, während in Pyridin bei niedrigen Temperaturen der Mesylester das Hauptprodukt ist. In N,N-Dimethylacetamide entstehen Chlordeoxy und Mesylgruppen im Verhältnis 2:1. Durch die Einführung der Chlordeoxy- bzw. Mesylgruppen werden die Mikropartikel hydrophob.
    Notizen: The reaction of mesyl chloride with crosslinked pullulan microparticles was investigated, in particular the influence of the reaction conditions on the ratio between the two possible products chlorodeoxy or O-mesyl pullulan. It was found that in N,N-dimethylformamide the preponderent reaction product is chlorodeoxy pullulan, while in pyridine at low temperatures the main product is the mesyl ester of pullulan. In N,N-dimethylacetamide, the substituent groups are both chlorodeoxy and mesyl ones, in about 2:1 ratio. By the introduction of either chlorodeoxy or mesyl groups, the pullulan-crosslinked microparticles become hydrophobic.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052410101
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structural analysis of poly(4-hydroxybutyl acrylate)-grafted silk fibres (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 241 (1996), S. 41-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Poly(4-hydroxybutylacrylat) poly(4-HBA) wurde aus wäßrigem Medium mit Ammoniumpersulfat als Initiator auf Seide (bombyx mori) aufgepfropft. Die Gewichtszunahme stieg proportional mit der Monomerkonzentration im Pfropfsystem. Der Pfropfgrad lag im Bereich von 45 bis 65%. Die Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme nahm bei einer Gewichtszunahme von 〉10% stark ab. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Seidenfasern zeigten mit steigender Gewichtszunahme keine wesentliche Änderung. Doppelbrechung und isotroper Brechungsindex nahmen bis zu einer Gewichtszunahme von 35% ab und blieben dann unverändert. Röntgenbeugungsdiagramme zeigten, daß die kristalline Struktur durch die Pfropfbehandlung nicht modifiziert wird. Kalorimetrische (DSC), thermomechanische (TMA) und thermogravimetrische (TG) Analysen ergaben, daß das thermische Verhalten der poly(4-HBA)-gepfropften Seidenfasern nur leicht verändert wird. Die zur Bestimmung des dynamisch-mechanischen Verhaltens der Seidenfasern durchgeführten DMA-Messungen zeigten eine Verschiebung der E′- und E″-Modulspitzen zu niedrigeren Temperaturen mit steigender Gewichtszunahme. Ablagerungen auf der Faseroberfläche der bei einem hohen Monomer/Seide-Verhältnis (〉50%) gepfropften Seide wurden mit Rasterelektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen.
    Notizen: Poly(4-hydroxybutyl acrylate) poly(4-HBA) was graft-copolymerized onto silk fibres (bombyx mori) in aqueous medium with ammonium persulfate as initiator. The weight gain increased with increasing concentration of monomer in the grafting system. The grafting efficiency ranged from 45 to 65%. Equilibrium moisture regain decreased sharply beyond 10% weight gain. The tensile properties of the silk fibres did not change significantly as a function of the increasing weight gain. Birefringence and isotropic refractive index decreased until 35% weight gain and then remained unchanged. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the crystalline structure was not affected by grafting. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermomechanical (TMA), and thermogravimetric (TG) measurements showed that poly(4-HBA)-grafted silk fibres underwent only slight changes in the thermal behaviour. The dynamic mechanical measurements (DMA) exhibited a downward shift of both the storage (E′) and loss modulus peak (E″) with increasing weight gain. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed the presence of some deposits adhering to the surface of silk fibres grafted at high monomer/silk ratio (〉50%).
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1996.052410104
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The stability of transmembrane helices: A molecular dynamics study on the isolated helices of bacteriorhodopsin (1996)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 38 (1996), S. 401-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) continues to be a proven testing ground for the study of integral membrane proteins (IMPs). It is important to study the stability of the individual helices of bR, as they are postulated to exist as independently stable transmembrane helices (TMHs) and also for their utility as templates for modeling other IMPs with the postulated seven-helix bundle topology. Toward this purpose, the seven helices of bR have been studied by molecular dynamics simulation in this study. The suitability of using the backbone-dependent rotamer library of side-chain conformations arrived at from the data base of globular protein structures in the case TMHs has been tested by another set of 7 helix simulations with the side-chain orientations taken from this library. The influence of the residue's net charge on the helix stability was examined by simulating the helices III, IV, and VI (from both of the above sets of helices) with zero net charge on the side chains. The results of these 20 simulations demonstrate in general the stability of the isolated helices of bR in conformity with the two-stage hypothesis of IMP folding. However, the helices I, II, V, and VII are more stable than the other three helices. The helical nature of certain regions of III, IV, and VI are influenced by factors such as the net charge and orientation of several residues. It is seen that the residues Arg, Lys, Asp, and Glu (charged residues), and Ser, Thr, Gly, and Pro, play a crucial role in the stability of the helices of bR. The backbone-dependent rotamer library for the side chains is found to be suitable for the study of TMHs in IMP. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Solid state and solution conformations of a helical peptide with a central gly-gly segment (1996)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 38 (1996), S. 515-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The influence of amino acids with contrasting conformational tendencies on the stereochemistry of oligopeptides has been investigated using an octapeptide Boc-Leu-Aib-Val-Gly-Gly-Leu-Aib-Val-OMe, which contains two helix-promoting Aib residues and a central helix-destabilizing Gly-Gly segment. Single crystal x-ray diffraction studies reveal that a 3 10-helix is formed up to the penultimate Aib residue, at which point there is a helix reversal in the backbone, reminiscent of a C-terminal 6 → I hydrogen bond. The curious feature in the crystal is the solvation of the possible 6 → 1 bond by a CH3OH molecule, where the OH is inserted between O(3) and N(8) and participates in hydrogen bonds with both. The cell parameters are as follows: space group P212121, a = 10.649(4) Å, b = 15.694(5) Å, c = 30.181(8) Å, R = 6.7% for 3427 data (| F0| 〉 3σF) observed to 0.9 Å. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies in CDCl3 using NH group solvent accessibility and nuclear Overhauser effects as probes are consistent with a 3 10-helical conformation. In contrast, in (CD3)2SO, unfolding of the central segment results in a multiple β-turn structure, with β-turn conformations populated at residues 1-2, 3-4, and 6-7. CD studies in methanol-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) mixtures also provide evidence for a solvent-dependent structural transition. Helical conformations are populated in TFE, while type II β-turn structures are favored in methanol. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Single helical structure of curdlan triacetate (1996)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 38 (1996), S. 557-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The molecular and crystal structure of curdlan triacetate, acetylated (1 → 3)β-D-glucan, was analyzed by means of an x-ray diffraction technique with the help of the linked-atom least-squares method. Unit cell dimensions are a = b = 11.00(1), c(fiber axis) = 22.91 (9) Å, and γ = 120°. The space group is P61. The unit cell contains six chemical repeating units related by 6/I-helical symmetry, which is essentially the same as the backbone conformation of one of the modifications (form I) of curdlan. During the refinement calculation, the terminal methyl in every acetyl moiety was elastically restrained to the trans conformation commonly observed in related oligosaccharide structures. The difference Fourier map, the observed and calculated densities, and the thermogravimetric measurement indicated one water molecule per glucose residue. The water oxygen is linked to two carbonyl oxygens in adjacent molecules by hydrogen bonds. The conformation of the primary acetyl moiety is a (skew, -gauche, trans). So far, no skew conformation was observed for the primary acetyl and hydroxyl moieties except in α, β-panose. In both cases, the unusual eclipsed orientation of the primary group is attributed to the hydrogen bond and this conformation is quite different from that of pachyman triacetate. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quantum mechanical calculations and experimental measurement of N-terminal charge effects on 1HN and 1HCα chemical shifts in peptides (1996)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 38 (1996), S. 573-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopists are increasingly utilizing chemical shifts to characterize the secondary structure of proteins. The present study addresses the effects that the positively charged amino group at the N-terminus of a peptide has on 1HN and 1HCα chemical shifts along the chain. This information is necessary for interpreting chemical shift data for proteins and/or for peptides that are used as models for protein structure. The chemical shifts for the 1H resonances of four peptides that differ only in the location of their N-terminii are assigned using two-dimensional nmr spectroscopy. The peptides have sequences derived from the β subunit of the glycoprotein hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG-β). Comparison of the 1HN and the 1HCα chemical shifts for residues common to all four peptides reveals downfield shifts for 1HN and the 1HCα resonances within three residues of the N-terminus compared with chemical shifts in the interior of the peptide. The magnitude of the downfield shift is larger for resonances nearer the N-terminus. Quantum mechanical calculations of the 1HN and 1HCα chemical shifts in peptides constructed with six alanine units also predict a significant terminus effect. The calculations agree both qualitatively and quantitatively with the experimental data. The inductive nature of the end effect is confirmed in the calculations by Mulliken population analysis. End effects should be taken into account in determining protein secondary structures from chemical shifts. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A fluorescence and CD study on the interaction of synthetic lipophilic hepatitis B virus preS(120-145) peptide analogues with phospholipid vesicles (1996)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 38 (1996), S. 607-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The interaction of the immunogenic peptide of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS(120-145), including B and T epitopes, with phospholipid vesicles has been studied by fluorescence techniques and CD. In addition, interaction of three lipopeptides derived from preS(120-145) containing stearoyl, cholanoyl, and tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine (Pam3C) SS moieties with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) has been investigated by polarization fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence experiments showed an increase in fluorescence intensity and a blue shift of the maximum emission wavelength upon interaction of preS(120-145) with DPPC vesicles below the transition temperature (Tc), indicating that the tryptophan moiety enters a more hydrophobic environment. Moreover, fluorescence polarization experiments showed that the peptide decreased the membrane fluidity at the hydrophobic core, increasing the Tc of the lipid and decreasing the amplitude of the change of fluorescence polarization associated with the cooperative melting of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene labeled vesicles. The absence of leakage of vesicle-entrapped carboxyfluorescein indicates that the peptide did not promote vesicle lysis. Besides, the three lipopeptides derived from preS(120-145) showed a more pronounced rigidifying effect at the hydrophobic core of the bilayer, with a significative increase in the Tc. Stearoyl- and cholanoyl-preS(120-145) restricted the motion of lipids also at the polar surface, whereas Pam3CSS-preS(120-145) did not alter the polar head group order. Finally, CD studies in 2,2,2-triflouroethanol or in presence of vesicles suggested that the bound peptide adopted amphiphilic α-helical and β-sheet structures, with an important contribution of the β-turn. It is concluded that preS(120-145) can interact with the lipid membrane through the formation of an amphipathic structure combination of β-sheet and α-helix aligned parallel to the membrane surface, involving the N-terminal residues, and penetrating only a short distance into the hydrophobic core. The C-terminal part, with a combination of β-turn and β-sheet structure, remains at the outer part of the bilayer, being potentially accessible to immunocompetent cells. Furthermore, coupling of an hydrophobic moiety to the N-terminal part of the peptide favors anchoring to the membrane, probably facilitating interaction of the peptide with the immunoglobulin receptor. These results are in agreement with the induction of immune response by preS(120-145) and with the enhanced immunogenicity found in general for lipid-conjugated immunopeptides. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1996)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 38 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360380501
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isomerization of the Xaa-Pro peptide bond induced by ionic interactions of arginine (1996)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 38 (1996), S. 673-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Inclusion of Arg or Pro residues in proteins and peptides has been proved to play an essential role in biochemical functions through ionic interactions, conformational transitions, and formation of turns as well. In this study we present the conformational properties of the Ac-Arg-Ala-Pro (1), Ac-Arg-Ala-Pro-NH2 (2), Ac-Arg-Pro-Asp-NH2 (3), and Ac-Arg-Pro-Asp (4) tripeptides, using 1H-nmr spectroscopy and molecular dynamics. These peptides were modeled with the aim of studying the role of the Arg-guanidinium to carboxylate ionic interactions on the Xaa-Pro peptide bond isomerization. It was found with 1 and 4 that arginine preferentially interacts with the C-terminal carboxylate group, even though the β-carboxylate is also accessible. This tendency of the Arg moiety was found to induce the cis disposition of the Ala-Pro peptide bond in 1. It was also confirmed that the Arg…Asp side chain-side chain ionic interaction in 3 plays a key role in backbone folding and structural stabilization through a type I β-turn. The nmr pattern for 3 showed a remarkable similarity with that for various Arg-Tyr-Asp containing peptides, a sequence that is crucial for the adhesion properties of the Leishmania gp63 glycoprotein. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A search for the ideal type I β-turn (1996)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 38 (1996), S. 723-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In 1968 C. Venkatachalam (Biopolymers, Vol. 6, pp. 1425-1436) predicted the ideal forms of β-turns (type I, type II, etc.) based entirely on theoretical calculations. Subsequently, over a thousand x-ray structures of different globular proteins have been analyzed, with results suggesting that the most important form among the hairpin conformers is the type I β-turn. For the latter type of hairpin conformation, the original computations had predicted φi+1 = -60°, ψi+1 = -30°, φi+2 = -90°, and ψi+2 = 0° as backbone torsion angle values, and these have been used from that time as reference values for the identification of the type I β-turn. However, it has never been clarified whether these “ideal” backbone torsion angle values exist in real structures, or whether these torsion angles are only “theoretical values.” Using the most recent release of the Protein Data Bank (1994), a survey has been made to assign amino acid pairs that approach the ideal form of the type I β-turn. The analysis resulted in four sequences where the deviation from ideal values for any main-chain torsion angles was less than 2°. In order to determine whether such a backbone fold is possible only in proteins owing to fortuitous cooperation of different folding effects, or whether it occurs even in short peptides, various attempts have been made to design the optimal amino acid sequence. Such a peptide model compound adopting precisely the predicted torsion angle values [φi+1 = -60°, ψi+1 = -30°, φi+2 = -90°, and ψi+2 = 0°] could provide valuable information. The solid state conformation of cyclo[(δ) Ava-Gly-Pro-Thr (O1Bu)-Gly] reported herein, incorporating the -Pro-Thr- subunit, yields values suggesting that the “ideal” type I β-turn is even possible for a peptide where there are no major environmental effects present. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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