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  • Cat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 451-454 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Monocular deprivation ; Cortico-geniculate projections ; Visual cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 16 cats monocularly deprived from 2 to 3 weeks of age, we studied 53 striate cortical cells which were identified as projecting to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) on the basis of antidromic activation from LGN and of histological localization within cortical layer VI. As in the normal cat, these cortico-geniculate cells could be classified as slow, intermediate or fast, according to their axonal conduction velocities. The sampling ratio of the slow cells (mostly unresponsive to visual stimuli) was much higher than normal. On the other hand, the ratio of the intermediate (one half were simple cells) and fast cells (all except one were complex cells) was significantly lower than the norm. Also, the average axonal conduction velocities of the complex and simple cells were significantly slower than normal. These results suggest that normal maturation of cortico-geniculate cells, particularly fast and intermediate ones, is retarded or arrested by monocular visual deprivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 41-56 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Eye movements ; Dark-rearing ; Cat ; Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cats reared in total darkness to adulthood have abnormal eye movements. A spontaneous nystagmus is found in the dark before any visual experience. The eye movements evoked by vestibular or optokinetic stimulation are less effective at compensation than for a normal cat. The vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) has a low gain (around 0.3) and a frequency dependent phase relation. The efficiency of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is poorer than for a normal cat, except for downwards stimulus movement which is followed better than normal. OKN is poorest in response to a stimulus viewed monocularly moving in the nasal to temporal direction. Neither VOR nor OKN of a dark-reared cat recover in efficiency within 5 months of the animal being brought into the light. A normal cat put into the dark for 135 days shows none of these abnormalities except an occasional spontaneous nystagmus.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Superior colliculus ; Vestibulo-ocular responses ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Unilateral lesions of the superior colliculus were made in normal cats. Following the operation, animals exhibited a typical neglect for contralateral visual space and forced circling toward the ipsilateral side. Optokinetic nystagmus was decreased for a stimulus moving toward the ipsilateral side, particularly in the temporal-to-nasal direction when the eye contralateral to the lesion was stimulated alone. — 2. When tested in the dark, animals exhibited a strong imbalance of their vestibulo-ocular responses (VOR) to velocity steps or to sinusoidal oscillations. Rotation of the animal toward the ipsilateral side produced a VOR with a higher gain, and a shorter phase-lead than in pre-operative controls. VOR was decreased in the opposite direction to a smaller extent, however. The overall asymmetry between the two sides at the post-operative stage was about 40%. — 3. In two animals, spontaneous nystagmus was present in the dark with the fast phase toward the ipsilateral side. — 4. Visual suppression of VOR was abolished during ipsiversive rotation and was still present during contraversive rotation. — 5. The effects of unilateral colliculectomy on VOR were transient. Spontaneous nystagmus disappeared in 3 days. VOR asymmetry in the dark was no longer present after 2–3 weeks. Loss of visual VOR suppression persisted for a few more days. — 6. Superior colliculus exerts a tonic control on static and dynamic components of VOR. This control may mediate part of VOR visual modulation and provide a substitutive input for compensation of pathological VOR asymmetry.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Thalamus ; Ultrastructure ; Cat ; Quantitative analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the ventrobasal complex (VB) of the cat thalamus was investigated in order to compare the data with those obtained in other thalamic nuclei. New data are described regarding the identification of Golgi II type neurons and several forms of axo-somatic synapses. By means of a quantitative analysis the number of different profiles, distribution of interprofile contacts, synaptic densities and degree of synaptic input of the two main cell-types were defined. The quantitative data obtained in the VB complex were compared with values for the lateral geniculate body (CGL), nucleus anterior ventralis (AV-non-sensory relay thalamic nucleus) and nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex (LP-PU-associative thalamic nucleus). The quantitative data reveal that: 1. The occurrence of RL terminals is equal in the two relay nuclei (VB and AV) and three-fold higher than in the LP-PU. 2. The percentage ratio of specific terminals (RL) in the total surface area in the relay nuclei is three-fold higher than in the LP-PU. 3. The RL→D synapses are twice as numerous in the relay nuclei as in the associative nucleus. 4. The density of synaptic RS profiles in VB is half of that found in LP-Pu. 5. In the thalamic relay nuclei the number of synaptic contacts on Golgi II type neurons is one-third of the synaptic supply of relay neurons; in the LP-Pu the amount of synaptic contacts on Golgi II type neuron approaches the synaptic supply of projective neurons.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 233-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Ventral tegmental area ; Locus ceruleus ; Parabrachial nuclei ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thirty-three cat brains with injections of horseradish peroxidase in various regions of the cerebral cortex were screened for afferent projections from the ventral tegmental area, the locus ceruleus, and the parabrachial nuclei. All three structures were found to project to rather divergent parts of the cortex, including regions in the posterior half of the hemisphere. These results, especially for the ventral tegmental area and, to a lesser degree, for the parabrachial neurons, disagree with most of the target loci of established cortical afferents in the rat. Though our results might be attributed to species differences in the cortical innervation of brain stem structures, we prefer explanations which emphasize different densities in the distribution of brain stem afferents to the cortex, and/or which suggest different cortical targets of catecholaminergic and noncatecholaminergic neurons.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Vestibular habituation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1.Unilateral habituation of the vestibuloocular reflex was produced in adult cats stimulated by repeated unidirectional velocity steps (vestibular training) or by a continuously moving visual surround (optokinetic training). — 2. Unidirectional vestibular training produced a strong asymmetry of vestibuloocular responses (VOR). Responses to velocity steps applied to the “trained” labyrinth were decreased both in gain and in time-constant. This effect generalized to responses to sinusoidal oscillations (0.03 Hz to 0.1 Hz), i.e. to a stimulus not used during training. — No spontaneous nystagmus was ever observed in spite of the dynamic VOR asymmetry. — 3. Unilateral vestibular habituation produced by vestibular training appeared to be a long-lasting phenomenon. It was still present 10 days after the end of training. — 4. Optokinetic responses were not affected by vestibular training. — 5. Unidirectional optokinetic training produced an increase in the slow phase velocity of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) by about 25% in both directions. This effect did not persist for more than a few minutes. A marked spontaneous nystagmus was recorded in the dark after each session of optokinetic training, with a slow phase in the direction opposite to the previous OKN. — 6. VOR in response to velocity steps and to sinusoidal oscillations were decreased unilaterally after optokinetic training. This effect was of short duration, however, and disappeared within the interval between training sessions. This lack of retention contrasted with the prolonged effect of vestibular training.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 442-452 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Chemoreceptors ; C Fibers ; Vagal nerves ; Gastro-duodenal Region ; Microelectrode technique ; Cat ; Chémorécepteurs ; Fibres C ; Nerfs vagues ; Région Gastro-duodénale ; Technique des ; Microélectrodes ; Chat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La sensibilité vagale aux hydrates de carbone (glucose en particulier) et aux acides (acide chlorhydrique et acide acétique) a été étudiée dans la région gastro-duodénale chez des chats anesthésiés. Les potentiels d'action ont été enregistrés dans le ganglion plexiforme droit au moyen de microélectrodes extracellulaires. Des récepteurs, sélectivement sensibles soit aux hydrates de carbone, soit aux acides, ont été ainsi mis en évidence. Ces récepteurs doivent donc être considérés comme de véritables glucorécepteurs et acidorécepteurs. Les deux types de chémorécepteurs, silencieux au départ, présentent une fréquence de décharge basse qui varie entre 2 et 14 imp/s pour les acido-récepteurs et entre 2 et 30 imp/s pour les glucorécepteurs. Les réponses peuvent être irrégulières ou régulières et durer plusieurs minutes; leur latence est faible (entre 1 et 20 s) pour les deux types de chémorécepteurs, ce qui suggère une localisation dans la muqueuse ou au voisinage de celleci. Les fibres connectées aux glucorécepteurs et aux acido-récepteurs ont une vitesse de conduction qui varie entre 0,8 et 1,2 m/s: elles sont donc amyéliniques. L'enregistrement de l'activité électromyographique de la région gastro-duodénale a permis de montrer que les acido-récepteurs et les glucorécepteurs interviennent dans la régulation de la motilité gastrique et duodénale, l'effet le plus marqué étant une diminution du rythme électrique de base de l'estomac.
    Notes: Summary Vagal sensitivity to carbohydrates (mainly glucose) and to acids (hydrochloric and acetic acids) was studied in the gastro-duodenal region of anesthetized cats. Action potentials were recorded extracellularly from the nodose ganglion by means of glass microelectrodes. Receptors responding to glucose perfusion were found at this level as well as receptors stimulated by acid perfusion. It is shown that each type of receptor was activated by only one kind of stimulus (carbohydrates and acids, respectively). These receptors must thus be considered as true glucoreceptors or acido-receptors. Being silent before activation, these two types of chemoreceptors discharged at a frequency that varied from 2 to 14 imp/s for the acido-receptors, and from 2 to 30 imp/s for the glucoreceptors. The response could be irregular or regular and might last several minutes. Its latency was short (between 1 and 20 s for both types of chemoreceptors. It was therefore supposed that they were located in the mucosa or neighboring structures. From the conduction velocities (0.8–1.2 m/s), it was concluded that fibers originating from the acidoand glucoreceptors belonged to the C type. Recording of the electromyographic activity from the gastro-duodenal region demonstrated that the gluco- and acido-receptors are involved in the regulation of motility of the gastric and duodenal regions.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; LP-pulvinar complex ; MIN ; Visual texture ; Receptive field properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Multiple visual field representations are contained within the feline LP-pulvinar complex; regions differentiated by their afferent and efferent connectivity patterns as the striate-, tecto- and retino-recipient zones. Cell responses from these visuotopic zones were investigated in immobilized cats under N2O/O2 supplemented with pentobarbitone or Althesin, using spot, bar and textured stimuli. Response fields recorded within the LP-pulvinar complex were classified as diffuse, concentric, movement-, direction- or orientation-sensitive. Concentric receptive fields were further classified as sustained (X), transient (Y) or tonic/phasic W-cells. Direction-and movement-sensitive cells predominated in the striate- and tecto-recipient zones, respectively. Motion of noise fields, or noise bars against an identical stationary noise background elicited vigorous responses from cells in the striate zone, many showing a preference for noise stimuli. In contrast, cells from the tectal zone and other divisions of the LP-pulvinar complex were insensitive to noise. The retino-recipient zone at the lateral margin of the pulvinar nucleus was characterized by cells with concentric receptive fields, the majority exhibiting properties similar to W-cells in the LGNd. The evidence supports the notion of functional subdivision within the LP-pulvinar complex corresponding to the visuotopically organized regions defined by their connectivity patterns. Consideration of the retino-recipient zone as an extension of the LGNd-MIN complex is discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 101-103 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Pyramidal tract ; Corticospinal system ; Locomotion ; Stepping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the pattern of stepping in cats, before and after the placement of lesions in the corticospinal system. We found a deficit after the lesions, which was characterized by increased extension of the involved hindlimbs during the stance (E2–E3) phase of the step cycle. This deficit lasted two weeks or less. It may reflect loss of inhibitory influences upon extensor motoneuron pools.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 413-418 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Gracile nucleus ; Plasticity ; Somatotopy ; Agenetic defect ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The somatotopic representation of the hindlimb in the gracile nucleus was studied in two cats who had a congenital defect of one hindfoot. The defect comprised all of the foot downward from and including the heel, and the distal third of tibia and fibula. The part of the sciatic nerve normally supplying the lower hindlimb and the hindfoot was reduced in diameter by one third. The motoneurones corresponding to the absent muscles were lacking and replaced by glial elements. The cross-sectional area of the dorsal columns at segment S2 was reduced by more than 20%. The gracile nuclei, in contrast, were not reduced in size. Only the diameter of its neurones was significantly smaller. Electrophysiological single and multi-neurone recordings revealed an altered somatotopic representation in the gracile nucleus on the defective side. The nuclear area normally representing the missing parts of the body surface now received input from the stump. There was no nuclear area devoid of afferent input, and there was no input in the gracile from the forelimb or from the contralateral side. It is concluded that the remaining parts of the leg project onto the gracile nucleus in an ordered fashion, sharing the entire nucleus according to their present afferent fibres.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 43 (1981), S. 422-428 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retinal ganglion cells ; Cat ; Rod and cone mediated receptive fields ; Receptive field size/shape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Receptive field centres of cat retinal ganglion cells, as mediated by rod and by cone inputs, were mapped as contours of iso-sensitivity at a mid-mesopic adapting luminance using, respec-tively, 452 nm-blue and 578 nm-yellow narrow-band lights at an intensity 1 log unit above threshold for the most sensitive locus. Based on the sizes and shapes of mapped rod and cone centres for 74 ganglion cells, four receptive field centre categories were distinguished. Cone and rod centres were usually elliptical, and in almost 60% of cells the major axis through the receptive field centre was oriented within ±20 ° of horizontal. In 69%, rod and cone centres were non-concentric, 66% had larger rod than cone centres — area ratios ranging from 0.6 ∶ 1 to 2.9 ∶ 1, and in only two cases was the rod centre actually smaller than the cone centre.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 301-309 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Auditory ; Localization ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Responses of single neurones in the inferior colliculus of anaesthetized adult cats and kittens were studied using best-frequency stimuli of varying interaural intensity difference (IID). Two broad classes of neurone, distinguished by the predominant type of input from each ear, were examined. One class of cells received predominantly excitatory input from each ear (EE cells). The other class were excited by monaural stimulation of the contralateral ear and showed no response to monaural stimulation of the ipsilateral ear, but inhibition of the excitatory response by simultaneous ipsilateral stimulation (EI cells). Fourteen of the 18 adult EI cells showed marked changes in discharge rate with variation in IID. Adult EI cells showed low response variability and were insensitive to changes in average binaural intensity. In all cases of IID sensitivity, the onset component of the response was less sensitive to IID than the sustained component. Eight out of ten EE cells were insensitive to IID over the range tested. Cells of high best-frequency in kittens younger than 28 days showed irregular changes in discharge rate with variation in IID and wide response variability. Some low-frequency EI cells in young kittens showed sensitivity to IID, but it is unlikely that these could be involved in sound localization as their frequency response was inappropriate. Many cells in kittens aged 31–40 days showed monotonic, adult-like IID functions, but the response variability of these cells remained higher than that of adult cat neurones. These data provide evidence for a developmental change of binaural interaction in the cat.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 329-337 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Caudate nucleus ; Golgi/EM ; Corticocaudate projection ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A combined Golgi/electron microscopic technique was used to investigate the fine structure and synaptology of Golgi-stained spiny neurons in the caudate nucleus of the cat. In order to study the termination sites of cortical afferents on Golgistained spiny neurons, cortical fibres were caused to degenerate by making extensive cortical lesions 3 days prior to fixation of the animals. When examined in the electron microscope, perikarya of labelled spiny neurons have a round nucleus, a few mitochondria and microtubules, and a poorly developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Only rarely are axo-somatic contacts seen. Labelled dendrites exhibit a moderate number of microtubules and sometimes elongated mitochondria. Numerous labelled spines are seen in the vicinity of their parent dendrites. They are contacted by smaller type I and type III boutons and larger type IV boutons (Hassler et al. 1978). Large boutons filled with clear round vesicles establish symmetric contacts with labelled dendritic shafts. Degenerating boutons of cortical afferents are seen in contact with spines and, more rarely, with dendritic shafts of Golgi-stained spiny neurons. All degenerating boutons synapsing with labelled structures are found some distance from the cell body. No contacts of degenerating cortical boutons with the soma or with stem dendrites of Golgi-stained spiny neurons are found.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 196-202 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retina ; Sampling theorem ; Brisk, X and Y, ganglion cells ; Cat ; Visual acuity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship of brisk transient and brisk-sustained unit cut-off frequencies to their respective array cut-off frequencies has been calculated by means of sampling theory from the corresponding α and β-mode cell densities at various retinal eccentricities. Interpretation of the results depends on whether on and off cells of each class are functionally homogeneous or heterogeneous populations. In agreement with expectations from sampling theory for a system involved in resolution tasks, it is found that the brisk-sustained system has less potential for undersampling and spurious imagery than the brisk-transient system, which is thought to play a different role. The brisk-sustained array could avoid such aliasing altogether if it is functionally heterogeneous. The differences between the two systems are similar to those between insect eyes respectively optimised for high resolution vision or the detection of high velocity image motion.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Oculomotricity ; Lateral rectus and retractor bulbi motoneurones ; Infraorbital nerve ; Vibrissal pad ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Responses from lateral rectus, medial rectus and retractor bulbi nerves were obtained following electrical stimulation of the vibrissal pad of the cat. Discharges in afferent fibres dissected from the infraorbital nerve were recorded during movements of the vibrissae and following electrical stimulation of the vibrissal pad. Both stimuli activated the same population of Aα fibers. Intracellular records were obtained from lateral rectus motoneurones identified antidromically in the principal abducens nucleus and from retractor bulbi motoneurones similarly identified in the accessory abducens nucleus. EPSPs (3 mV) were recorded in lateral rectus motoneurones following electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral vibrissal pad at a latency of 3.5 ms. Large-amplitude disynaptic EPSPs (15 mV) were recorded in retractor bulbi motoneurones following the same vibrissal stimulation. The synaptic excitation evoked in both lateral rectus and retractor bulbi motoneurones through stimulation of the ipsilateral vibrissal pad induced an early retraction followed by an abduction of the eye ball. The hypothesis is that the vibrissal message might complement other sensory modalities in the generation of patterned eye movements.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 431-436 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Visual cortex ; Orientation columns ; Deoxyglucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three-dimensional reconstructions of the orientation column system were obtained from the visual cortex of four cats using the deoxyglucose technique. One cat had normal visual experience, one was monocularly deprived and two had selective experience with vertical and horizontal contours, respectively. In areas 17 and 18 orientation columns form a remarkably regular system of equally spaced parallel bands whose trajectory is orthogonal to the borderline between areas 17 and 18. This topographic organization is resistant to manipulations of early visual experience.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 437-440 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Response variability ; Visual cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the variance and mean rate of discharges of simple cells in the cat striate cortex has been examined when mean rate was varied by changing either stimulus spatial frequency or contrast. In both cases, the variance was related to the mean discharge rate by an exponent of about 1.15; the relation was thus roughly linear. The discharge variance was on average 1.7 times the mean rate for data obtained from measurements of the neurones' spatial frequency tuning curves, and 1.48 times the mean for data from the response-contrast determination. However, this difference was not statistically significant.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 41 (1981), S. 420-426 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nystagmus ; Cat ; Visual suppression ; Vertical asymmetries ; Nystagmus vestibulaire ; Chat ; Suppression visuelle ; Asymétries verticales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez le chat, l'asymétrie des réponses nystagmiques verticales à une rotation autour d'un axe interaural a été caractérisée en mesurant la fréquence de battement et le gain du réflexe vestibulooculaire dans chaque sens vers le haut et vers le bas. Des variations sinusoïdales de la vitesse de la tête, ou des échelons de vitesse ont été exercés dans trois conditions visuelles: à l'obscurité (stimulation vestibulaire pure); à la lumière (stimulation mixte vestibulaire et optocinétique); et enfin, alors qu'un miroir placé devant l'animal et solidaire du mouvement de sa tête lui fournissait une référence visuelle stable (vision stabilisée). Dans les trois conditions, la fréquence de battement et le gain du nystagmus vers le bas (désigné par le sens des phases rapides) sont plus grands que ceux du nystagmus vers le haut. A l'obscurité, les caractéristiques des nystagmus postrotatoires suggèrent une constante de temps plus longue pour le réflexe vestibulo-oculaire vers le bas que vers le haut. A la lumière, les deux stimulations agissent synergiquement. En vision stabilisée, la suppression du nystagmus s'exerce préférentiellement sur le nystagmus haut, ce qui appuie l'hypothèse d'une addition algébrique des effets des deux stimulations.
    Notes: Summary In the cat, the asymmetry of vertical nystagmus in response to a rotation around the Yaxis has been characterized by measuring the beat frequency and gain of vestibulo-ocular reflexes in each direction (upward and downward). Sinusoidal variations of head velocity or velocity steps have been applied under three visual conditions (a) in darkness (pure vestibular stimulation); (b) in the light (mixed vestibular and optokinetic stimulation); (c) with a mirror placed in front of the animal; since the mirror image moved with the head, the animal was provided with a stable visual cue (stabilized vision). In all three conditions, beat frequency and gain were greater for downward than for upward nystagmus (the direction refers to that of the quick phase). In darkness, the characteristics of postrotatory nystagmus suggested a greater time constant for downward than for upward vestibulo-ocular reflexes. In the light, both stimuli acted synergistically. In stabilized vision, upward vestibular nystagmus was preferentially suppressed, suggesting an algebraic summation of the effects arising from both kinds of stimuli.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Receptive field ; Single unit ; Striate cortex ; Simple cell ; Cat ; Model stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The receptive field organization of simple cells was studied by analyzing interaction effects between two stationary flashing light stimuli. One stimulus was positioned in the most responsive part of the receptive field to produce activity against which the effects of the other stimulus in various positions of the visual field could be determined. The receptive field was subdivided into an elongated center and elongated antagonistic flanks. The effects on the flanks were always considerably stronger on one side. Powerful flank suppression could be elicited within a region which usually was only slightly wider than the receptive field center. The suppression was just as stimulus specific as the activation of the center and occurred only by light ON or OFF. The cells were classified into ON-dominant and OFF-dominant depending on the kind of response found in the center. In ON-dominant cells the strong flank suppression occurred only by light ON, and light OFF produced enhancement. Correspondingly, the strong flank suppression occurred only by light OFF in OFF-dominant cells. This is consistent with the interpretation that simple cells have excitatory and inhibitory input from the same type of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), i.e., only from ON-center or OFF-center cells. The small size of the area where strong flank suppression occurred shows that inhibition comes from a few LGN cells rather than from a large pool of cells. A model for simple cell receptive fields presuming overlapping but acentric excitatory and inhibitory fields with input to both fields from either ON- or OFF-center LGN cells was tested by computer simulation and shown to fit the experimental data.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Receptive field ; Single unit ; Striate cortex ; Complex cells ; Cat ; Model simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The receptive field organization of complex cells was studied by analyzing interaction effects between two stationary flashing light stimuli. One was placed in the most responsive part of the receptive field to produce activity against which effects of the other in different visual field positions could be determined. The receptive field was spatially organized into antagonistic center and flanks just like the fields of simple cells. However, both center and flanks were found within the receptive field area where a single slit evoked discharge. Center and flanks were elongated along the optimal stimulus orientation. The flanks were displaced from the center normal to optimal stimulus orientation. In the center, ON- and OFF-responses were usually about equal in strength and the maximum ON- and OFF-responses occurred in about the same position. This shows that complex cells are activated by input from both ON- and OFF-center cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) where the receptive field centers of the LGN cells overlap closely. This explains most of the specific features of complex cells, e.g., the spatially overlapping ON- and OFF-zones, the large response field, the repetitive firing when a slit moves over the receptive field, and the marked non-linear spatial summation. Strong flank suppression occurred with both ON and OFF. The effects were usually stronger on one side of the center. Maximal suppression occurred on the same side with both ON and OFF. This is consistent with the interpretation that complex cells are inhibited by input from both LGN ON- and OFF-center cells with overlapping receptive field centers. A model presuming that complex cells have overlapping but acentric excitatory and inhibitory fields was tested by computer simulation and shown to fit the experimental data. This is the same model as presented for simple cells in the preceding paper (Heggelund 1980), except that the excitatory and inhibitory fields of simple cells have input from either ON- or OFF-center LGN cells, whereas in complex cells they have input from both types.
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  • 21
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    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 146-157 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nucleus tractus opticus ; Visual response ; Direction specificity ; Optokinetic nystagmus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary All cells in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) of the cat, that Bcould be activated antidromically from the inferior olive, were shown to be direction-specific, as influenced by horizontal movements of an extensive visual stimulus. Cells in the left NOT were activated by leftward and inhibited by rightward movement, while those in the right NOT were activated by rightward and inhibited by leftward movement. Vertical movements did not modulate the spontaneous activity of the cells. The mean spontaneous discharge rate in 50 NOT cells was 30 spikes/s. This direction-specific response was maintained over a broad velocity range (〈0.1 ° – 〉100 °/s). Velocities over 200 °/s could inhibit NOT cells regardless of stimulus direction. All cells in the NOT were driven by the contralateral eye, about half of them by the ipsilateral eye also. In addition, activation through the contralateral eye was stronger in most binocular units. Binocular cells preferred the same direction in the visual space through both eyes. An area approximately corresponding to the visual streak in the cat's retina projected most densely onto NOT cells. This included an extensive ipsilateral projection. No clear retinotopic order was seen. The most sensitive zone in the very large receptive fields (most diameters being 〉20 °) was along the horizontal zero meridian of the visual field. The retinal input to NOT cells was mediated by W-fibers. The striking similarities between the input characteristics of NOT-cells and optokinetic nystagmus are discussed. The direction selectivity and ocular dominance of the NOT system as a whole can provide a possible explanation for the directional asymmetry in the cat's optokinetic nystagmus when only one eye is stimulated.
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  • 22
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    Experimental brain research 44 (1981), S. 177-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Posture ; Movement ; Motor cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of postural support on posturo-kinetic co-ordination has been studied with a model of movement consisting of limb flexion induced by stimulation of the motor cortex in chronically implanted cats. To more easily quantify the responses by measuring the vertical forces exerted at the level of the four limbs, only weak stimuli were used, mainly triggering isometric motor activity. The aim of the study was to analyse the influence on the motor responses of various postural supports leading to a weight distribution between the limbs which differs from the normal situation. Three kinds of initial posture were tested. The first was obtained by directing the head of the cat to the left or to the right. The second type consisted in raising one or two of the platforms supporting the limbs. The third was obtained by adding a load to one of the limbs. The main results established in these conditions were the following: The latencies of the beginning of the movement and its associated postural adjustment, as revealed by the onset of force changes, were independent of the initial postural situation. Whatever the initial weight distribution, the amplitudes of force variations induced by given intensities of cortical stimulation were generally constant, though small variations of amplitude were noted in some cases. When there were changes in the response amplitudes, all four limbs were generally affected. The effect was observed whatever the limb concerned by modification of the support. This not only means that the postural responses depend on the amplitude of the movement but also that the amplitude of the movement itself may be modified according to perturbations affecting the postural limbs. Comparison of the present data with previous results leads to the hypothesis that a postural reference is taken into account in the determination of amplitudes of responses to cortical stimulation.
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  • 23
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    Pflügers Archiv 391 (1981), S. 226-230 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Central chemosensitivity ; Morphology ; HRP ; Labelling ; Mapping ; Medulla oblongata ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A modified horseradish peroxidase labelling technique was used to study the distribution pattern of neurons in the central chemosensitive fields of the medulla oblongata of cats. In several cryosectioned medullae a mapping of superficially located HRP-labelled neurons was achieved. The distribution and configuration of the labelled neurons indicate that most of them belong to the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis. However, by varying the time of incubation it was possible to identify different types of neurons. On the basis of certain aspects of the HRP incorporation mode and neuronal topography a specific type of small-sized neurons has been identified. Some functional implications of these small neurons with respect to their possible chemosensitive activity are discussed.
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  • 24
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    Pflügers Archiv 389 (1981), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Retractor bulbi muscle ; Trigeminal afferents ; Oculomotricity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of vestibular and trigeminal stimulation on reflex responses of each slip of the retractor bulbi muscle were tested by recording the electromyogram. 1. In “encéphale isolé” cat, phasic electrical stimulation of the horizontal canal induced no response in the RB slips. Repetitive vestibular stimulation did not produce nystagmus in the RB muscle while strong muscular discharges were observed in the nystagmus lateral rectus muscle. 2. In anaesthetized cats, three trigeminal inputs elicited strong reflex responses in each slip of the RB muscle. Electrical stimulation of the vibrissae or the infra-orbital nerve evoked a two component reflex response (latencies: 5ms±0.5 and 14ms±2). Electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve elicited a single component reflex response (latency: 6ms±0.5). Electrical stimulation of the long ciliary nerves evoked a complex response with four components (latencies: 7.5ms±0.5, 10ms±2,15ms±2,20ms±2) 3. Pentobarbital and morphine produced lasting depression of the reflex responses of the RB muscle. The depressive effect of morphine was reversed by naloxone.
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  • 25
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 317 (1981), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Paraoxon ; Blood pressure ; Vertebral artery ; Central muscarinic receptors ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Application of paraoxon into the left vertebral artery (8–80 μg) or both the left and right vertebral artery (4–8 μg) of the anaesthetized cat evoked dose-dependent depressor effects, whereas heart rate was not influenced significantly. Also after systemic administration of paraoxon (150–825 μg·kg−1), while peripheral muscarinic receptors were blocked, depressor effects were still observed. Dose-response curves for the depressor response to paraoxon were established. Infusion of low doses of dexetimide via the vertebral artery prevented the hypotensive action of paraoxon. The distribution of this antimuscarinic drug in the brain was investigated. The depressor effect of paraoxon can be attributed to both a decrease in peripheral resistance and cardiac output. Decerebration and midcollicular transection were carried out in order to elucidate the site and mechanism of action. The depressor effect of paraoxon seems to be mediated by a central mechanism of action located within the lower brain stem. It is concluded that stimulation of muscarinic receptors in the pontomedullary region gives rise to the observed changes in haemodynamic parameters. Muscarinic receptors in the hypothalamus seem to be of minor importance for the hypotensive action of paraoxon.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 557-568 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Neuroglia ; Silver impregnation ; Brain ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The silver-impregnation procedure of Tsujiyama is suitable for demonstration of all three classical types of neuroglial cells; in the present study it was used for electron microscopic identification of neuroglial cells in the brain of the cat. The aim of the present study was 1) to determine impregnated structural correlates of neuroglial cells at the light- and electron-microscopic levels, and 2) to determine whether the method of Tsujiyama is applicable for the electron microscopic identification of the single types of neuroglial cells. Silver deposits were observed over the cytoplasm and processes of astrocytes where numerous glial filaments were present. Oligodendrocytes and microglial cells may be precisely differentiated by use of Tsujiyama's silver impregnation method at the electron microscopic level due to the pattern of silver-deposition in these two basic types of cells. This silver-impregnation method combined with electron microscopy is thus suitable for a precise identification of neuroglial cells; the technique may prove to be very helpful in identification of such categories of neuroglial cells that encompass also the images of cells which cannot be classified by use of the standard methods.
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  • 27
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 233 (1981), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: CM ; SP ; Hirnstamm-Reaktion ; Katze ; Entwicklung ; CM ; SP ; Brainstem response ; Cat ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The development of the surface-recorded cochlear and early neural potentials has been studied in the cat from birth to the 8th post-natal week. CM, SP, and each of the neural waves has a characteristic temporal developmental pattern and mature threshold. Wave IV is the most resistant to reduction in stimulus intensity levels, while the thresholds of both cochlear potentials are high. Animals with hereditary unilateral deafness constitute a most convenient model for the study of functional maturation in the auditory pathways, particularly with regard to precise latency estimations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung der an der Oberfläche registrierten cochlearen und frühen neuralen Potentiale wurde bei der Katze von der Geburt bis zur 8. Woche studiert. CM, SP und jeder der neuralen Wellen haben ein charakteristisches altersbedingtes Entwicklungsmuster und eine Responsschwelle. Welle IV wird am wenigsten von einer Reduktion in der Stimulusintensität beeinflußt. Die Schwelle der beiden cochlearen Potentiale sind dagegen erhöht. Tiere mit angeborener einseitiger Taubheit sind bestens geeignet für das Studium der funktionellen Reifung der Gehörbahnen, besonders in bezug auf die exakten Latenzzeitmessungen.
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 230 (1981), S. 251-255 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Ganglion Scarpae ; Katze ; Labyrinthektomie ; Scarpa's ganglion ; Cat ; Labyrinthectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary One year after membraneous labyrinthectomy in three cats a quantitative analysis of neurons in Scarpa's ganglion was performed under the light microscope. Total numbers of neurons were found 30% lower than in the respective contralateral ears. Although remaining perikarya showed signs of degeneration, such as shrinkage and vacuoles the proportions of large and small neurons remained unchanged after this procedure.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Jahr nach Labyrinthektomie wurde eine quantitative Analyse der Neuronen im Ganglion Scarpae der Katze durchgeführt. Die Gesamtzahl der Perikarya war 30% niedriger als in den unoperiert belassenen kontralateralen Ohren. Obwohl die verbleibenden Neuronen degenerative Veränderungen wie Schrumpfung und Vakuolen aufwiesen, waren die Anteile an großen und kleinen Neuronen unverändert.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 263-269 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Tapetal cells ; Degeneration ; Chloroquine ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cats were treated with high doses of chloroquine for one year during which the ocular fundus was periodically examined. After completion of the treatment, the tapetal cells were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Prolonged treatment with the retinotoxic drug chloroquine reduced the light reflection of the fundus, and examination by light and electron microscopy revealed a destruction of the rod-like structures in the cytoplasm of the tapetal cells.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Circumventricular organs ; Reticuloendothelial system ; Phagocytic cells ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Cat ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of mesenchymal cells distributed in some of the “hypendymal organs” of the circumventricular system in the cat and rat was demonstrated after intravenous injection of high doses of horseradish peroxidase. These cellular elements were observed in the vicinity of blood vessels of the organon vasculosum laminae terminalis, subfornical organ and area postrema. Electron-microscopically, these cells located between the basal laminae of the brain parenchyma and the blood capillaries show long cellular processes encircling fenestrated capillaries. Light and electron-microscopic examination revealed that this cell type is identical with the “horseradish peroxidase-uptake cells”, previously reported in the vicinity of the hypophysial portal system. Such phagocytic cells may be considered as a cellular component intervening between the brain parenchyma and the blood stream, playing a role in selective barrier functions in the above-mentioned circumventricular organs where a blood-brain barrier in the classical sense of the definition is lacking.
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    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 221-231 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Marginal glia ; Superficial nerve cells ; Brain stem ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Paraffinschnitten durch perfusionsfixierte Gehirne von erwachsenen Katzen werden in der Glia marginalis des Hirnstamms unterschiedlich gebaute Bezirke beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, daß über dem Nucleus paragigantocellularis und über dem Ncl. “z” swischen den Fasern der Glia marginalis Nervenzellen liegen. Über dem erstgenannten Kern stellen diese Zellen möglicherweise das morphologische Substrat der chemosensiblen Felder dar, die durch die physiologischen Untersuchungen von Loeschcke, Mitchell u.a. bekannt geworden sind.
    Notes: Summary In the marginal glia covering the brain stem of the cat, regional differences are described in paraffin sections of brains which had been fixed by perfusion of Bouin's fluid. It is shown that between the glia fibres covering the nucleus paragigantocellularis and the nucleus “z” there are nerve cells. It is suggested that in the region of the nucleus paragiganto-cellularis these cells are the morphological substrate of a chemosensible zone described in physiological experiments by Loeschcke, Mitchell and others.
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  • 32
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    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillary density ; Postnatal development ; Corpus callosum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Paraffinschnitten durch das Corpus callosum perfusionsfixierter Gehirne von 19 Katzen im Alter von einem Tag bis zu 2 1/2 Jahren wurde das Capillarvolumen bestimmt. Es beträgt bei der neugeborenen Katze 0,81 Vol.-%. In der 2. Lebenswoche beginnt eine Zunahme, die in der 5. Woche ein Maximum von 2,92 Vol.-% erreicht. Im Verlauf der 6. Woche setzt eine zunächst rasche, von der 7. Woche an aber nur noch langsam verlaufende Abnahme ein, bis bei einem Lebensalter von etwa 1 Jahr ein für das erwachsene Tier charakteristischer Wert um 1,5 Vol.-% erreicht wird. Die Abnahme des Capillarvolumens hängt mit der Markscheidenbildung und der dadurch bedingten Zunahme des Fasermaterials zusammen.
    Notes: Summary Postnatal changes of capillary density have been determined in paraffin sections through the corpus callosum of 19 cats. At birth the capillary density amounts to 0.81 vol.-%. In the 2nd week of postnatal life it begins to increase and reaches a maximum of 2.92 vol.-% in the 5th week. From the 6th week onwards there is an initially steep and later on less pronounced decrease until at an age of about 1 year a value of about 1.5 vol.-% is reached, which is maintained in adult life. — The decrease in the percentage of capillary volume seen after the 5th week is caused by the rapid increase in fibrous material due to myelination.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alumina Cream ; Intracerebral Injection ; Pathology of Growing Brain ; Myelination ; Demyelination ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zum Studium der Reaktion des jugendlichen und erwachsenen Gehirnes auf einen chronischen Reiz wurden bei Katzen verschiedenen Lebensalters intracerebrale Injektionen von Aluminiumhydroxyd vorgenommen. Die Tiere wurden nach Überlebenszeiten von 7 Tagen, 40 Tagen und 3 Monaten durch Perfusion mit Bouinscher Lösung getötet. Die histologische Untersuchung der Gehirne ergab eine Reihe von Unterschieden, je nachdem ob die Injektion vor oder nach der Markscheidenbildung erfolgt war. Besonders auffällig war der Befund, daß in der noch unmyelinisierten weißen Substanz jugendlicher Tiere kein Hirnödem und keine Gliose auftritt. Obgleich durch fluorescenzmikroskopische Untersuchungen gezeigt werden konnte, daß das Aluminium von der Injektionsstelle aus weit in das umgebende Hirngewebe eindringt und dort über lange Zeit festgehalten wird, werden bei den jungen Tieren die Markscheiden später bis in die unmittelbare Umgebung des Herdes normal angelegt. Bei erwachsenen Tieren kam es dagegen in der Nachbarschaft des Herdes stets zu einem starkem Ödem der weißen Substanz, zum Zerfall der Markscheiden und zu einer ausgebreiteten Gliose. Weitere Unterschiede in der Reaktionsweise des Gehirnes jugendlicher und erwachsener Tiere, die den Cortex und insbesondere die marginale Gliafaserschicht betreffen, werden im einzelnen beschrieben und diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In order to compare the reaction to chronic irritation of young and adult brain intracerebral injections of alumina cream were made in cats of various ages. The animals were killed by perfusion with Bouin's fluid after a survival time of 7 days, 40 days, and 3 months. Histological investigation revealed gross differences in the reaction according to whether the intracerebral injections had been made before or after myelination. Particularly striking was the finding that in the non-myelinated white matter of young animals there was no edema and no subsequent gliosis. Although alumina, as evidenced by fluorescence microscopy after staining with Morin, spreads into the tissue surrounding the focus, subsequent myelination appeared to be normal even in regions close to the site of injection. In contrast, injection into the brains of adult animals was followed by edema, widespread demyelination and gliosis of the white matter near the site of injection. Further differences between young and adult animals were found in the reaction of the grey matter and particularly of the marginal glia.
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 326-340 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Subcellular fractionation ; Parallel fiber axons ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fractionation of the cat cerebellum has revealed that the parallel fibers of the cerebellar cortex break into two types of fragments which can be recognized in thin sections and in suspensions of negatively stained material. Fragmented material correlates well with electron micrographs of parallel fibers in situ. Parallel fiber axons and their bulbous presynaptic expansions sediment mainly into two subfractions. One unique layer consists of the intersynaptic tubular pieces of parallel fiber axons. Another layer is enriched in the synaptic portions which make contact with Purkinje spines. The possible contaminants of these fractions are discussed. These fractions may permit analysis of the chemical organization of conducting vis à vis synaptic membranes from a known anatomical source. This material was presented as a preliminary report at the Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, November 1966, and is contained in J. Cell. Biol. 31, 52A, 1966.
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    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 234-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Tactile discrimination ; Dorsal column-medial lemniscus ; Spino-cervico-thalamic tract ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of two spinal sensory pathways, the dorsal column (DC) pathway and the spino-cervico-thalamic tract (SCTT), involved in tactile discrimination was studied. Pour lesion groups of cats (DC lesion, SCTT lesion, combined DC and SCTT lesion, and sham-operated) were tested to discriminate various degrees of roughness. Animals with either the SCTT or the combined lesions performed at around 50–60% level under all the conditions tested. On the other hand, those with the DC lesion and sham-operations generally attained 80–100% level of performance. A difference between the DC group and sham-operated group was found in their rate of learning and ability for finer discrimination. These results are interpreted as an indication that a duplicity in transmission of tactile sensation exists, the DC pathway being more specific than the SCTT.
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  • 36
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: EEG frequency ; Regional cortical blood flow ; Isotope measurements ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The EEG frequency content in cats, anaesthetized by Nembutal and artificially ventilated, was altered by means of injections of either additional Nembutal or of Metrazol. The EEG in cerveau isolé preparations was also changed in the same way. The regional cortical blood flow was determined by means of the 85Krypton technique. A high correlation was found between the frequency content of the EEG, measured by means of manual frequency analysis, and the regional cortical blood flow. The cortical blood flow increased when the mean frequency increased, and vice versa. A similar correlation was found when the EEG mean frequency was changed by means of sensory stimulation.
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: EEG frequency ; Regional cortical blood flow ; Isotope measurements ; Effects of hypoxia ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The relationship between cortical blood flow and the frequency content of the EEG was studied in a circumscribed area of the exposed cerebral cortex in cats under nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. Autoregulation of the cortical blood flow was also tested during step-changes of the arterial blood pressure. Observations were made before and after an episode of severe hypoxia. 2. An episode of systemic hypoxia disrupted the normal high correlation between cortical blood flow and EEG frequency content. In the post-hypoxic period cortical flows of up to about three times normal values were recorded together with brain swelling and a slow wave EEG. The hyperemia and swelling subsided during 1–2 h after the hypoxic episode, and were accompanied by partial or complete recovery of the EEG. In the post-hypoxic period a defective autoregulation of the cortical blood flow to changes in the systemic blood pressure was demonstrated. 3. The cerebral post-hypoxic state with hyperaemia, brain swelling, EEG depression, and loss of autoregulation of blood flow, is probably caused by an accumulation of anaerobic metabolites which lead to cerebral tissue acidosis.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Nauta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticothalamic projections from the gyrus proreus and the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere have been studied in the cat with the silver method of Nauta. The gyrus proreus projects upon the following nuclei (for abbreviations, see list on page 133), ipsilateral R, VA, VM, VL, MD, Pc, CL, CM, Pf, VPM, VPMpc. VPI and to the contralateral principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The medial wall of the rostral hemisphere projects bilaterally upon R, VA, VM, VL, MD, Pc, CL, CM, Pf, VPM, VPMpc, VPI, VPL, the dorsal column nuclei and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The ipsilateral thalamic projection is more abundant than the contralateral. The latter appears to increase in amount as the lesion is placed successively more ventrally on the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere. Some degenerating fibers cross in the corpus callosum and descend in the contralateral internal capsule but the majority cross in the dorsal part of the anterior commissure and reach the medial aspect of the anterior limb of the contralateral internal capsule. A somatotopical organization of the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere has been demonstrated. The rostrocaudal part projects upon the ipsilateral VPL lateralis (VPLl) and nucleus cuneatus and the contralateral nucleus gracilis and VPL medialis (VPLm). The caudal part of this cortical area sends fibers bilaterally to VPM, VPMpc, and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The intermediate part, which also includes agranular cortex on the medial wall, projects upon ispsilateral VPLm and nucleus gracilis and upon contralateral VPLl and nucleus cuneatus. — The fibers to the ventro-basal complex, dorsal column nuclei and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve are rather thick. The corticofugal fibers to the other thalamic nuclei are quite thin. — The findings are discussed in light of relevant anatomical and physiological observations in the literature and special emphasis has been laid on reported observations on the “supplementary motor” area.
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 153-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: SII ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Somatotopical localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticothalamic projection from the anterior ectosylvian gyrus in the cat has been studied with the silver impregnation method of Nauta. The second somatosensory cortical area (SII) projects upon the ipsilateral nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL), nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), the posterior thalamic region (PO) and to a slight extent upon the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (R), the centrum medianum (CM), the parvocellular part of VPM (VPMpc) and the nucleus ventralis posterior inferior (VPI). A somatotopical arrangement in the projection upon the ventro-basal (VB) complex has been demonstrated and a topical arrangement in the corticothalamic fibers from SII to PO is also evident. The transitional area between SII and the second auditory cortex sends fibers mainly to the entire magnocellular part of the medial geniculate body (MGmc) and to a lesser degree to the principal division of this nucleus (MGp). The corticofugal fibers from SII follow various and rather complicated circuitous routes before they end in the different thalamic nuclei. The experimental findings are discussed in the light of recent anatomical and physiological observations. It is shown that zones B and C of SII which have been shown by Carreras and Andersson (1963) to possess a large number of place and modality specific neurons project upon the VB-complex. On the other hand, zone A which contains a majority of place and modality unspecific neurons sends its fibers exclusively to PO. Finally the problem of thalamocortical projections to SII is briefly discussed.
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 210-234 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensorimotor cortex ; Pontine nuclei ; Somatotopical localization ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small lesions (in some cases bilateral) were made in the cerebral primary sensorimotor region in altogether 21 adult cats and the ensuing degeneration in the pontine nuclei was studied with the silver impregnation methods of Nauta and Glees. Using thermocoagulation it was possible to obtain lesions restricted entirely to particular cortical regions (for example the “hindlimb region” in the posterior sigmoid gyrus). The main results are as follows: 1. All parts of the primary sensorimotor region send fibres to the pontine nuclei. The projections from the posterior part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus and the posterior part of the coronal gyrus are relatively scanty. 2. The cortical “motor” area (the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the anterior part of the coronal gyrus) and the “sensory” area (the posterior sigmoid gyrus and the posterior part of the coronal gyrus) do not project to identical pontine regions, although both projections are organized in principally the same way. 3. The “motor” and “sensory” areas both project in a somatotopical manner onto two longitudinally oriented sharply delimited columns. In both projections one column is located medial and one lateral to the longitudinal fibre bundles of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. Within the medial columns the “hindlimb” is represented ventrally with “face” most dorsally, within the lateral columns the “hindlimb” is located most caudally, with “forelimb” and “face” successively more rostrally. 4. The present results are in agreement with physiological observations on the cerebrocerebellar relations, but show that the pontine projection from the primary sensorimotor cortex is organized in a more complex manner than hitherto assumed.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 4 (1968), S. 321-329 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Temperature ; Interval histograms ; Optic nerve ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In 13 Katzen wurde die Aktivität von 128 Einzelfasern des N. opticus bei Temperaturen zwischen 27 und 39° C abgeleitet und direkt einer Intervallanalyse zugeführt. Die Durchschnittsfrequenz sank mit abnehmender Temperatur von 56/sec bei 39–37° C auf 21/sec unter 29° C. Bei Temperaturen über 35° C wurden nur unimodale oder zweigipfelige Verteilungen mit gehäuften Mehrfachentladungen gefunden. Unter 35° C traten multimodale Intervallhistogramme und Übergangstypen auf, bei denen einer Verteilung mehrere Gipfel aufgesetzt erschienen. Unter 29° C wurden nur mehrgipfelige Verteilungen beobachtet. In der phasischen Reaktion der Neurone wurden mit der Temperaturabnahme Latenzen länger und Hemmungen stärker. Unter 30° C konnte der Reaktionstyp des Neurons oft nicht mehr erkannt werden. Das vermehrte Auftreten multimodaler Verteilungen bei niedrigen Temperaturen ließe sich durch Verminderung von Interaktionen in der Retina erklären. Die Anregung zu dieser Untersuchung wurde von Herrn Professor Dr. Hans Bornschein gegeben.
    Notes: Summary The activity of 128 single fibers of the optic nerve was recorded in 13 cats at temperatures between 27 and 39° C. Nonsequential interval histograms were computed on line. Decreasing temperature diminished the mean frequency of the fiber activity from 56/sec at 37–39° C to 21/sec below 29° C. Above 35° C the histograms were unimodal or bimodal, the first peak caused by repetitive discharges. Below 35° C multimodal histograms appeared; in some distributions several peaks were superimposed. At temperatures below 29° C only multimodal distributions were obtained. The phasic response of the neurons to light showed an increase of latency and of inhibition according to the decrease of temperature. Often the type of the response of the neuron could not be recognized below 30° C. During hypothermia interactions in the retina may be reduced and this may explain why multimodal distributions occur more frequently.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cat ; Electrophysiology ; Single Units ; Bulbar Trigeminal Nuclei ; Katze ; Elektrophysiologie ; Einzelneurone ; Bulbäre Trigeminuskerne
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Funktionelle Eigenschaften der excitatorischen Verbindungen von Cortex, Thalamus und Peripherie zu 438 Neuronen der bulbären Trigeminuskerne wurden untersucht. Es konnten Beziehungen zwischen den Latenzzeiten der Antworten auf ipsilaterale, periphere Einzelreize, contralaterale thalamische Einzel- und Serienreize (N. ventralis posteromedialis) und contralaterale corticale Einzel- und Serienreize (somatosensorisches Projektionsgebiet S I, S II) nachgewiesen werden. 2. Für die Gesamtheit der Neurone wurde mit zunehmender Latenzzeit der Entladung auf periphere Reize eine Zunahme der prozentualen Ansprechbarkeit und der Latenzzeit der Antwort auf zentrale Reize beobachtet. 3. Die Neurone, deren periphere, thalamische und corticale Antworten Reizfrequenzen von 50 Hz und mehr folgten, hatten im Mittel kürzere periphere Latenzzeiten als Neurone, die Reizfrequenzen von 50 Hz nicht folgten. 4. Bulbäre Neurone, die mit thalamischen Reizen antidrom erregt wurden (lemniscale Neurone), unterschieden sich im Mittel von den übrigen Neuronen durch kürzere Latenzzeiten für periphere und zentrale Reize. 5. Es wurden lemniscale Neurone beobachtet, die mit corticalen Reizen monosynaptisch erregt werden konnten. 6. Neurone mit kleinen peripheren rezeptiven Feldern hatten im Mittel kürzere Latenzzeiten auf periphere Reize als Neurone mit großen rezeptiven Feldern. 7. Die periphere Reizantwort von Neuronen konnte durch vorausgehende thalamische und corticale Reize gehemmt werden. Im Mittel wurde die Hemmung bei Neuronen mit Latenzzeiten auf periphere Reize häufiger beobachtet. 8. Mögliche Bahnen, die an der Übertragung thalamo-bulbärer Effekte beteiligt sind, wurden diskutiert und schematisch dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit statistischen Methoden geprüft.
    Notes: Summary 1. Functional properties of excitatory connections from cortex, thalamus and periphery to a total of 438 trigeminal bulbar neurons of the cat have been investigated extracellularly. For the sample considered, correlations between latency of response to ipsilateral electrical single stimuli, contralateral electrical thalamic single and serial stimuli (N. ventralis posteromedialis) and also contralateral electrical cortical single and serial stimuli (somatosensory areas S I, S II) were established. 2. With increasing peripheral latency of response, the percentage of neurons responding to central stimulation increased as well. 3. Neurons following thalamic, cortical or peripheral stimulation frequencies of 50 cps or more showed in the average shorter latencies of response compared with neurons that could not be driven with 50 cps stimulation. 4. Bulbar neurons antidromically invaded by stimulation of the thalamus showed shorter latencies to peripheral, thalamic and cortical stimuli compared with other neurons. 5. Lemniscal neurons that could be activated monosynaptically by cortical stimulation have been observed. 6. Neurons with a small peripheral receptive field had in the average a shorter latency to peripheral stimuli than neurons with a large receptive field. 7. Responses to peripheral stimuli could be inhibited by preceding thalamic and cortical stimuli. 8. Possible pathways that are involved in transmission of thalamo-bulbar effects have been discussed and schematically represented. 9. All results have been examined by means of statistical methods.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Corpus geniculatum laterale ; Katze ; Mikroelektrophorese ; Acetylcholin ; Hippocampus ; Lateral Geniculate Body ; Cat ; Microelectrophoresis ; Acetylcholine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Hippocampal and lateral geniculate neurones in anaesthetized cats (Chloralose-Urethane) were examined with multibarrelled microelectrodes, testing their responsiveness to microelectrophoretic application of acetylcholine and photic stimulation. 2. In the ventral hippocampus and in the lateral geniculate body 60% of all neurones responded to acetylcholine. 3. Hippocampal neurones were activated with relatively short delay, often less than 1 sec. By contrast, lateral geniculate neurones responded with a latency period of 2–12 sec. The recovery time after acetylcholine-microelectrophoresis was found to be 10–20 sec in both regions. 4. The response of hippocampal and lateral geniculate neurones to photic stimulation was enhanced by local application of acetylcholine; even during phenobarbital depression the photic responses were restored by acetylcholinemicroelectrophoresis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Neurone im Gebiet des Hippocampus und des Corpus geniculatum laterale der mit Chloralose-Urethan narkotisierten Katze wurden mit mehrkanüligen Mikroelektroden auf ihre Ansprechbarkeit auf mikroelektrophoretisch appliziertes Acetylcholin und auf optische Reizung untersucht. 2. Im ventralen Hippocampus und im Corpus geniculatum laterale wurden 60% aller untersuchten Neurone durch Acetylcholin aktiviert. 3. Die Neurone des Hippocampus wurden nach relative kurzer Latenz, oft weniger als 1 sec, aktiviert. Neurone des Corpus geniculatum laterale dagegen zeigten eine Latenz von 2–12 sec. Die Zeit nach der Mikroelektrophorese bis zur Wiedererreichung der normalen Aktivität betrug 10–20 sec für beide Gebiete. 4. Die Acetylcholin-Mikroelektrophorese verstärkte die Reizantwort der Neurone des Hippocampus und des Corpus geniculatum laterale auf visuelle Reizung. Die nach Phenobarbital abgeschwächte Antwort auf visuelle Reizung wurde durch Acetylcholin-Mikroelektrophorese wieder verstärkt.
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 211 (1968), S. 43-62 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Neuronal activity ; EEG-cortex ; Hypoglycemia ; Cat ; Neuronale Aktivität ; EEG-Cortex ; Hypoglykämie ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. An Katzen wurden EEG-Veränderungen durch Hypoglykämie hervorgerufen und mit den Aktivitätsveränderungen corticaler Neurone verglichen, wie sie sich bei intracellulären und „quasi-intracellulären“ Ableitungen darstellen. Es zeigte sich, daß pathologische EEG-Veränderungen erst bei niedrigen Blutzuckerwerten (zwischen 30 und 25 mg-%) auftreten und daß es erst bei Werten unter 10–15 mg-% zur elektrischen Stille kommt. 2. Während des flachen, desynchronisierten EEG des wachen Hirns vor Hypoglykämie lassen sich keine Beziehungen zwischen den kleinen EEG- und statistisch verteilten Zellpotentialen nachweisen. — Während der regelmäßigen 8–10/sec- Spindelgruppen, die bei tiefer Hypoglykämie häufig zu beobachten sind, findet sich eine enge Korrelation zwischen den einzelnen Oberflächen-negativen Spindelwellen und Zelldepolarisationen, die meist unterschwellig sind. 3. Bei den langsamen Wellen der δ-Frequenz finden sich ähnliche, aber weniger enge Korrelationen für die flachen, „monomorphen“ δ-Wellen. Andere Formen von langsamen Potentialkomplexen des Cortiocogramms, die im Tintenschreiber als „polymorphe“ δ-Wellen imponieren können, zeigen etwas andere, aber für den einzelnen Wellenkomplex jeweils konstante Beziehungen zur Zellaktivität. 4. Die steilen Wellen wurden unterteilt in primär positive und in primär negative bi- (oder auch tri-)phasische Potentiale. Die primäre Phase der primär-positiven steilen Potentiale ist im Durchschnitt kürzer (unter 20–40 msec) als die negative Phase der primär-negativen Phase (über 100 msec). Die meist überschwellige Zelldepolarisation, die in der Regel zu einer kurzen Gruppenentladung führt, fällt mit der primären Phase, also entweder der positiven oder der negativen zusammen. Die Phasenkoppelung, d. h. die „Synchronisation“ mit dem EEG-Potential, ist jedoch im Fall der primär-positiven Phase enger und die Dauer der Depolarisation kürzer als im Fall der primär-negativen steilen Potentiale. Diese Befunde werden als Hinweis auf eine stärkere Synchronisation der Aktivität der corticalen Nervenzellpopulation im Fall der primär-positiven steilen Potentiale gewertet. 5. Die verschieden engen Phasenkoppelungen und die je nach Steilheit der Wellen wechselnden Phasenbeziehungen zwischen Zellaktivierung und oberflächennegativen resp. -positiven Potentialen werden an Hand eines einfachen Modells der Elektrogenese von EEG-Potentialen erklärt, das den Synchronisationsgrad cortico-petaler und cortico-fugaler Faseraktivität sowie die Summation postsynaptischer Potentiale corticaler Neurone berücksichtigt.
    Notes: Summary 1. The EEG, recorded monopolarly from the pial surface, was investigated during insuline induced hypoglycemia in acute cats and compared with the activity of cortical cells recorded with intra or “quasi-intracellular” electrodes. 2. Pathological changes of the EEG were observed only when the blood glucose fell below 25–30 mg-%. Electrical silence was observed at blood glucose levels below 15–10 mg-%. 3. The essentially flat, “desynchronized” EEG of the awake animal before hypoglycemia did not show any relation between the small, irregular fast EEG- potentials and the statistically distributed cellular potentials. —During the regular 8–10/sec spindles (Fig. 3) a close correlation was found between the single surface- negative spindle waves and the mostly subthreshold compound cellular EPSP's. 4. Slow waves of δ-frequency showed similar but less close correlations, if the waves were of regular appearance comparable to “monomorphic” δ-waves (Fig.4A). Other forms of slow complex potentials (Fig.4B and C), which correspond to “polymorphic” δ-waves in an EEG-record (e.g. Fig.4C and Fig.2d) may show different relations between cellular and EEG-activity which were, however, consistent for each type of complex wave. 5. Sharp waves were divided into primary positive and primary negative bi- (or tri-)phasic potentials. The primary positive phase was always shorter (below 20–40 msec) than the primary negative phase (above 100 msec). The mostly suprathreshold cellular depolarization, which may lead to a short burst of discharge, coincided with the primary, i.e. either the primary positive or the primary negative phase (Fig. 7 shows records from the same cell and different EEG-phenomena). The phase coupling, i.e. the “synchronization” with the EEG-potential, is closer in the primary positive than the primary negative waves, and the duration of the cellular depolarization is also shorter in the former case (compare Fig.7B I–III with 7B IV). This can be interpreted as stronger synchronization of cellular activity during the short primary positive waves. 6. A causal relation between cortical neuronal activity and EEG-potentials is assumed. Differences in the closeness of phase coupling and the changing phase relation between cellular and EEG-activity according to the form and steepness of cortical EEG-potentials are explained by a simple model of electrogenesis of EEG-potentials, which takes in account the degree of synchronization of corticopetal and cortico-fugal fibre activity as well as the summation of postsynaptic potentials of cortical neurones.
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 211 (1968), S. 155-169 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Sleep EEG ; Experimental Epilepsy ; Cat ; Schlaf-EEG ; Experimentelle Epilepsie ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Frage der Wacho- der Schlaf-Aktivierung der fokalen Epilepsien wird bei 20 epileptischen Katzen im chronischen Experiment untersucht (Kopeloff-Methode). Die Narben wurden im Nucleus amygdaloideus (Pars basolateralis), Hippocampus dorsalis, Formatio reticularis mesencephali, Isocortex gesetzt. Bei einer Untersuchungsdauer der einzelnen Tiere zwischen 3 und 60 Tagen, wurden insgesamt 442 Std in Polygraphie (EEG, EMG, Augenbewegungen) abgeleitet. Die Tiere zeigten innerhalb der ersten 7 Tage Krampfpotentiale im EEG und die meisten ab der 2. Woche Krampfanfälle. Bei Katzen mit subcorticalen Narben war keine Veränderung der Dauer, der Verteilung und der Organisation der einzelnen Schlafstadien nachweisbar. Die im Ruhe-EEG vorhandenen Paroxysmen wurden während des langsamen Schlafes nicht aktiviert und fokalisiert. Im paradoxen Schlaf waren die Krampfpotentiale völlig desaktiviert, es traten einzelne Spindeln auf. Die Tiere mit Narben im Isocortex zeigten im langsamen Schlaf seltene Paroxysmen. Während der häufigeren kurzen Phasen des paradoxen Schlafes war eine Fokalisierung der Spitzen im Bereich der Läsion nachweisbar, jedoch, keine Aktivierung. Bei allen Tieren war die ausgeprägteste Aktivierung der Krampfbereitschft stets in dem von uns als „Wach mit motorischer Inaktivität“ bezeichnete Phase zu bemerken. Daher wird angenommen, daß dieser Zustand bei der Katze mit dem Einschlafstadium des Menschen vergleichbar ist.
    Notes: Summary The activation of focal epileptic activities during wakefulness, slow and REM sleep was studied in chronic experiments in 20 epileptic cats (Kopeloff's method). The lesions were produced in the nucleus amygdaloideus (pars basolateralis), hippocampus dorsalis, formatio reticularis mesencephali and in the isocortex. Each animal was observed from between 3 to 60 days and a total of 442 hours of polygraphy (E.E.G., E.M.G, Eye movements) were recorded. Within the first 7 days all animals showed E.E.G paroxysms and most of them showed seizures from the beginning of the second week. In those cats with subcortical lesions there was no change detected in the duration, distribution and organisation of the different sleep phases. The paroxysmal E.E.G activity seen in the wakeful animal were not activated or focalised during slow-wave sleep; in REM sleep the paroxysms disappeared completely, only a few spindles were seen. Animals with lesions in the isocortex rarely showed paroxysms during the slow wave sleep. However, during REM sleep a clear focalisation was seen, although there was no additional activation in the area of the lesion. In all animals the most significant of the paroxysms was seen during a state which we should like to describe as; “Awake without any motor activity”. It is assumed that this state corresponds to the state of falling asleep in man.
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