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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (1,387)
  • 1975  (1,387)
  • General Chemistry  (809)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (533)
  • Rat
Material
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (1,387)
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Lathyrism ; Capillaries ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of rat myocardial capillaries was studied in the course of experimental lathyrism. Endothelial cells were hypertrophic, with a sinuous profile of the plasma membrane facing the lumen and with a consistent increase of pinocytotic vesicles; the nuclei were irregular in shape; ATPase activity was no more demonstrable. Therefore, various and well distinct structural endothelial mechanisms seem to be primarily involved, causing an alteration of the dynamics of transcellular exchanges and of the permeability of the vascular wall. Simultaneous treatment with certain flavonoids, (O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides and Na(+)-epicatechin-2-sulfonate), resulted in a less pronounced alteration and a more rapid recovery. The possibility of the existence of a common site of action of lathyrogens and flavonoids is raised in the discussion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 165 (1975), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Rat ; Lymph nodes ; lymphography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Most the lymphatic system in the rat was directly observed in our experiment by radiological means. The lymphatics of the limbs were firstly revealed by subcutaneous injection of Patent Blue V. Lipiodol was used as radio-opaque compound injected by a micro-technique fully described by the authors.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 55 (1975), S. 53-55 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Rubratoxine B ; Mitochondria ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The in vitro effect of rubratoxin B on the electron transport system of rat liver mitochondria was investigated. This mycotoxin depressed oxygen consumption in ADP-lacking mitochondria and in ADP-coupled mitochondria, using succinate or β-hydroxybutyrate as substrats. Rubratoxin B is neither an oxidative-phosphorylation inhibitor nor uncoupling agent. Its effect is compared with aflatoxin B1.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 73-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Temporal cortex ; Synaptogenesis ; Retzius-Cajal cells ; Poly morphous cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The onset of synaptogenesis was studied in the temporal cortex of rat fetuses whose age ranged between 15 and 19 days of gestation. First synapses were found at a surprisingly early stage of cortical development: on day 16. These contacts showed relatively few vesicles and very inconspicuous membrane-thickenings. They were located in the marginal layer, above as well as below the narrow band formed by the newly arrived first neuroblasts of the prospective cortical plate. The postsynaptic structures were probably dendrites of the horizontally or obliquely orientated neurons scattered throughout the marginal layer (such neurons were seen even within the cell-dense band). On day 17, the cortical plate separated the differentiated cells definitely into a superficial and a deep population. As on the following days, synapses were found above and below the cortical plate but not within it. In addition to contacts showing the same features as those described on day 16, there were already synapses with numerous vesicles and clearly asymmetric membrane thickenings. On days 18 and 19 the borders of the cortical plate became more clear-cut. The well-differentiated neurons situated above and below this plate could now be identified as Retzius-Cajal cells of the prospective molecular layer and as polymorphous cells of the layer VI b respectively. The presence of axo-somatic contacts on these neurons provided direct evidence that both cell types are targets for synapses. Desmosome-like junctions were found even in the youngest fetuses studied. Their roughly symmetric membrane thickenings were clearly more conspicuous than those of earliest synapses. Desmosome-like junctions occurred very frequently between structures which subsequently were never seen to become synaptically linked. During the entire period studied, numerous coated vesicles fused with cell membranes were noted. Such “open” vesicles were seen on neurons (sometimes in the immediate vicinity of synapses) but also on non-nervous, extracortical as well as intracortical structures. Thus there does not seem to be a specific relationship between desmosome-like junctions and coated vesicles on the one hand and synapse formation on the other.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 47-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Rat ; Endometrium ; Ultrastructure ; Progesterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of various dosages and of various time periods of treatment with progesterone have been studied in the spayed, mature rat. Test objects were the cells of the luminal epithelium and of the endometrial stroma which were examined by qualitative and quantitative electron microscopy. No significant response was observed in epithelial or stromal cells until after 12 hrs of progesterone treatment. The nuclei of both cell types were then more circular than earlier with reduced long diameters. The functional significance of this change in configuration is unclear since only in the stromal cells was it followed by nuclear growth. Further, after 12 hrs of treatment the relative amounts of mitochondria and granular endoplasmic reticulum of stromal cells were reduced while the volume of the stromal cell cytoplasm appeared enlarged. This is taken as evidence that progesterone causes an intracellular oedema probably by decreasing cell membrane permeability. This response is probably not specific for the stroma but also includes the luminal epithelium, although the volume of the epithelial cell cytoplasm could not be determined here. Nucleolar enlargement did occur in stromal cells and was observed after 12 hrs of treatment but was not significant until after 24 hrs. At this point of time the net amount of granular endoplasmic reticulum in stromal and epithelial cells was increased indicating an increased protein synthesis in both cell types. However, only in the stromal cells was this associated with nucleolar enlargement, which supports the idea that progesterone stimulates protein synthesis through different mechanisms in the two cell types. Testing various dosages of progesterone showed that 0.5 mg had an effect similar to 5 mg of progesterone. When 0.05 mg progesterone was injected the only effect observed was an increase in the amount of apical vesicles of the luminal epithelium, showing that the epithelium is more sensitive to progesterone than the stroma.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 148 (1975), S. 89-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Paraganglionic cells ; Rat ; Guanethidine ; Catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Paraganglionic cells in the rat superior cervical ganglion were investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy following treatment with guanethidine for 5–30 days. Control animals received saline and guanidine. Fluorescence cytophotometric measurements revealed a general decrease in the catecholamine content of paraganglionic cells in guanethidine-treated animals. However a few cell clusters showed focal increases. Similarly by electron microscopy there was a general decrease in the number of dense core vesicles in the majority of paraganglionic cells with a minority of cell clusters showing increases.—guanethidine—as well as guanidine—treated animals showed non-specific cytological alterations such as mitochondrial swelling and increase of cytoplasmic glycogen. However no changes of catecholamine contents and of dense core vesicles were noted in control animals. These results confirm the conception that in rat paraganglionic cells the dense core vesicles are the main storage site of catecholamines. The marked difference in the response of some cell clusters to the experimental treatment can be considered as evidence of functional heterogeneity of this cell population in the rat superior cervical ganglion.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Corticotropin releasing factor ; Neurosecretion ; Hypophysis ; X-irradiation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 195 female Wistar rats the influence of adrenalectomy, total body X-irradiation and dexamethasone treatment on the amount of CRF-granules in the external zone of the median eminence and “classical” neurosecretory material (NSM) in the internal zone of the median and in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis has been studied. In the normal rat only very few CRF-granules occur. 15 days after adrenalectomy increased amounts of CRF-granules but normal amounts of “classical” NSM are found. X-irradiation leads to a slight diminishment of “classical” NSM in normal rats. In adrenalectomized animals X-irradiation causes no changes in the amount of “classical” NSM but a marked decrease in the amount of CRF-granules. Application of dexamethasone from the 15th to 18th day after adrenalectomy enhances the augmentation of CRF-granules in irradiated and non-irradiated rats but does not influence the amount of “classical” NSM. The findings show that no correlation exists between the quantitative changes of CRF-granules and “classical” NSM under the experimental conditions used. Therefore it is to be assumed that the release of the two substances is regulated by different control mechanisms and that the substances have a different functional significance. The observations do not exclude the possibility that CRF-granules and “classical” NSM are biochemically identical.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Inflammation research 5 (1975), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Rat ; Lymphostatic encephalopathy ; Harmine ; Tremor ; Antiphlogistics ; Blood-brain barrier ; Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Injection of the tremorigenic alkaloid harmine into lymphostatic encephalopathic rats leads to a longer duration of tremor and higher brain concentrations than in shamoperated controls. In lymphostatic encephalopathic as well as in normal rats different antiphlogistics shorten the tremor duration and decrease harmine concentraion in brain. The antiphlogistics do not influence the plasma concentration of harmine, its protein binding and its tremorend concentration in brain. The effect of antiphlogistics in lymphostatic encephalopathic rats is considered as a consequence of the reduced blood-brain barrier permeability. Obviously in sick animals the blood-brain barrier permeability for harmine is not increased; the prolonged harmine tremor and the increased alkaloid concentration in the brain are consequences of the impaired cerebral lymphatic drainage only.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental CNS tumours ; Methylnitrosourea ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Clonal growth ; Serum-free culture ; db cAMP treatment ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six clones from methylnitrosourea (MNU) or ethylnitrosourea (ENU) induced tumours obtained in the nervous system of the rat were cultured in serum-free medium or treated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db cAMP) in vitro. All clones originated from longterm cultures. Three clones forming sarcomas after syngeneic transplantation showed only very slight changes following treatment, whereas the three glioma clones showed striking alterations. They formed long processes or showed rounding of their perikarya. In serum-free medium the cellular shape is intermediate between that seen in normal conditions and that seen in db cAMP treated cultures. The altered cultures resemble the primary cultures of the respective tumours. The relationship of these alterations to tumour types are discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 11 (1975), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; blood glucose ; plasma insulin ; pancreas perfusion ; insulin secretion ; thyroxine ; glucose ; tolbutamide ; pyruvate ; isoprenaline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thyroxine treatment increases blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in the rat. The hypoglycemic effect of tolbutamide is more pronounced in treated animals. The immediate insulin secretory response of the isolated perfused pancreas to maximal, but not to submaximal, glucose stimuli was increased after thyroxine treatment, especially in the lower dose range. However, as thyroxine treatment reduces insulin release during the prolonged late phase, the total amount of insulin released from the pancreas is reduced. Both the early response to tolbutamide and the subsequent basal secretion were increased after thyroxine treatment. When the pancreas of treated rats was exposed to glucose plus pyruvate the inhibition of the late phase was reversed. Isoprenaline did not overcome the inhibitory effect of thyroxine treatment on the late phase of glucose-induced insulin release. Thyroxine induces a selective inhibition of glucose induced insulin release which is reversed by pyruvate; this indicates that thyroxine interferes with the glycolysis in the beta cell.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Rat ; ammonium infusion ; blood ammonia ; glucose metabolism ; plasma immunoreactive insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to explain the abnormalities of glucose metabolism previously observed in patients with blood ammonia elevation, the effect of a transitory hyperammonemia on I. V. glucose tolerance was investigated in rats. An I. V. glucose tolerance test was performed in 3 groups of 15 rats 60 min after the beginning of a 95 min infusion of either a 2 ml isotonic NaCl solution (control group) or ammonium acetate solutions at low (0.50 μmol/kg/min. NH4+) or high doses (1.70 μmol/kg/min NH4+). The “high” NH4+infusion produced an increase of blood ammonia to levels near 1000 μg/100 ml, a significant decrease in the K coefficient for glucose disappearance (2.53 × 10−2±0.20 compared to 4.92 × 10−2±0.13 in control group) and a suppression of the radioimmunological plasma insulin (I.R.I.) response to glucose. With the “low” NH4 + infusion the hyperammonemia was less pronounced (200–300 μg/100 ml), but the decrease in K(3.02 × 10−2±0.15) and in the first phase of I.R.I, release remained significant. The decrease in glucose disappearance rate could be accounted for by the proportional decrease in insulin secretion. Thus glucose intolerance induced by ammonium acetate infusions may be due to a direct effect of NH4 + on the pancreas. These abnormalities in glucose metabolism depend on the quantity of infused ammonium.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventrobasal thalamus complex ; Thermosensitivity ; Burstactivity ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Recordings were made of spike-trains from 163 neurons of the rostral part of the ventrobasal thalamus complex of the rat while the temperature of the scrotal skin was altered. The following results were obtained: 55 neurons were nonthermosensitive, 7 neurons cold-sensitive and 101 neurons warm-sensitive. In the case of the warm-sensitive cells a definite discrimination was possible: 61.4% of the neurons altered their firing behavior during peripheral cooling, changing from relatively even spike frequency to burst firing. This change could be induced repeatedly by altering the temperature. 38.6% of the neurons, on the other hand, reacted to cooling by slowing down their frequency. By way of statistical methods the firing patterns of the two response-types were analyzed more precisely and the differences in response to temperature stimuli more exactly defined. Likewise, the spatial distribution of the two response-types of warm-sensitive cells exhibited differences; whereas the cells devoid of burst activity occured rather uniformly in the region of the thalamus studied, the cells with bursting activity were confined more to the mediocaudal region. These findings are discussed with regard to the phenomenon of peripheral bursts and to the projection of thermoafferent pathways onto the ventrobasal thalamus complex. The functional interpretation of the various cell reactions and their role in the central processing of thermoafferent signals still remains unexplained and requires comparative studies of peripheral and central parts of the thermoafferent system.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Axotomy ; Subsurface cisterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative ultrastructural survey was made of subsurface cisterns and their association with overlying structures in the left hypoglossal nucleus of normal rats, and rats which had received left hypoglossal axotomies 7–84 days previously. Subsurface cisterns in normal rats occurred in some hypoglossal neurones, and, sporadically, in proximal dendrites. They were mostly subsynaptic, and often associated with Nissl substance. From 7–14 days postoperatively, when many somatic boutons temporarily lost contact with the perikaryal surface, and were replaced by a microglial sheath, the percentage of perikaryon with underlying cistern was significantly reduced. The Nissl substance was also dispersed at this stage, and not restored until 28 days postoperatively. At 21 days normal percentages of subsurface cistern were restored, but the cisterns were now mostly subastrocytic, an astrocytic sheath having replaced the microglial sheath. From 63 days onwards the cisterns were mostly subsynaptic again as boutons returned to the regenerating perikarya and the temporary astrocytic sheath disappeared. It is suggested that subsurface cisterns might alter the overlying perikaryal surface in some way during neuronal regeneration, causing certain boutons to adhere there.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 22 (1975), S. 525-540 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Supraoptic nucleus ; Quantitative electron microscopy ; Afferent fiber connections ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A quantitative electron microscopic study of synaptic terminal degeneration was performed in the supraoptic nucleus (NSO) after a variety of major transections or ablations, destroying or interrupting in different combinations the afferent pathways known from earlier and own light microscopic degeneration studies. Solutions of a set of equations, expressing the percentage degenerations in synaptic profiles after different combinations in which the several pathways are interrupted by the various interferences, enabled the authors to give the following percentage numbers for afferent synapses from different sources. 32.7% of supraoptic afferents originate from the brain stem probably representing the monoaminergic innervation of this nucleus. The medial basal hypothalamus (21.0%), amygdala (13.5%), septum (13.5%), hippocampus (8.5%) and olfactory tubercle and further rostral cortical region (17.0%) are the other main sites of origin of supraoptic nucleus afferents. There are no supraoptic afferents from the optic nerve, superior cervical ganglion or fimbria hippocampi.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 34 (1975), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: N,N-Dimethylformamide ; Embryotoxicity ; Rat ; Inhalation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study, which was conducted for industrial toxicological reasons, was to investigate the possible embryotoxic and teratogenic effects after inhalation of dimethylformamide in rats. In a dynamic inhalation apparatus groups of 22–23 rats were subjected to approx. 18 ppm (maximum allowable concentration in the working area, MAC=20 ppm) and 172 ppm in the air for 6 hrs/day on 10 consecutive days, i.e. from the 6th to 15th day of gestation. The dimethylformamide inhalation did not cause any visible impairment to female rats as regards general behaviour, appearance or weight development during the treatment or the entire gestation period. The gestation rate was unchanged. The development of the fetuses was not influenced in any way by the exposure of the pregnant animals to approx. 18 ppm. In contrast the fetuses taken by caesarean section from the dams exposed to 172 ppm weighed significantly less than the fetuses of the control animals. Skeletal development of these fetuses, however, was normal. All other reproduction parameters were within the normal range for this strain. The study showed that the inhalation of dimethylformamide in concentration up to approx. 10 times the MAC had no teratogenic effect on rats.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 44 (1975), S. 287-289 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ; Social behaviour ; Mouse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice and rats have been studied by an ethological analysis of encounters between animals injected with the drug and partners injected with the solvent (Tween-saline). In both species, Immobility was increased and Non-Social Activity reduced after injections of 5 mg/kg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Flight was increased in treated mice but not in treated rats. Aggression was not significantly altered in either species. Thus, in the mouse, the qualitative behavioural effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were similar to those previously reported for crude cannabis resin. Comparison of the dose-response data indicated that some other constituents of cannabis may reduce the Flight reaction from delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol although not interfering with Immobility.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: High Altitude ; Coronary Blood Flow ; Cardiac Output ; Cardiac Hypertrophy ; Rat ; TissueP O 2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats exposed to a simulated high altitude of 3500 m for their whole prenatal and postnatal life a severe cardiac hypertrophy develops. In rats born and first staying 5 weeks at sea level and then being exposed to simulated high altitude, only a unilateral right cardiac hypertrophy occurs. In both groups nutritional coronary blood flow was estimated in left ventricle, right ventricle, and septum and was compared with control animals of similar age. Coronary blood flow was measured at hypoxia in all groups. At first cardiac output was determined by the Fick principle, then86Rb was applied and the animals were killed after 55 sec. Activity of86Rb was measured in both cardiac ventricles and septum and the fractional uptake was calculated. According to Sapirstein (1956, 1958) the distribution of86Rb follows the distribution of cardiac output and from both these data the nutritional blood flow to the parts of the heart may be estimated. Cardiac output was similar in rats exposed to simulated high altitude later in life (“newcomers”) and in control animals, but it was significantly lower in rats born in the low pressure chamber (“natives”). Fractions of cardiac output supplying cardiac ventricles and septum in rats from both hypoxic groups were significantly higher than in control animals. In the “natives” they were significantly higher than in the “newcomers”. The fractions of cardiac output in both “newcomers” and “natives” remained significantly higher than those of the control animals, also when calculated per gram of heart tissue. Nutritional coronary blood flow (in ml/min) was higher in both ventricles and septum of the “newcomers” and in the right ventricle of the “natives”, and lower in the septum of the “natives”, when compared with control animals. Coronary blood flow per gram of heart tissue (in ml/min·g) was significantly higher in all cardiac parts of the “newcomers”, but it was about the same in all cardiac parts of the “natives” when compared with controls. The importance of observed changes concerning myocardial tissue oxygenation is analyzed by using Krogh's cylindrical tissue model.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 357 (1975), S. 201-207 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Allantoin ; Uricase ; Kidney ; Clearance ; Micropuncture ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Renal excretion of allantoin was measured by tracer techniques. After injection of 2-C14 urate and H3 inulin, clearances of allantoin and inulin were measured and both proximal and distal tubules were micropunctured. In confirmation of earlier results 2-C14 urate injected into an intact animal is very rapidly converted to C14 allantoin: after 15 min more than 90% of urinary tracer is present as allantoin. It was further observed that 1) allantoin clearance is essentially identical with inulin clearance over a wide range of urine flows; 2) no net transport of allantoin occurs in either proximal or distal tubules. Clearly allantoin is handled by the rat kidney like inulin. The total excretion of filtered allantoin unlike that of filtered urate provides an easy and effective mechanism for animals possessing the enzyme uricase to dispose of their purine loads.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 353 (1975), S. 171-189 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Enzyme Secretion ; Hormonal Stimulation ; Narcosis ; Pancreas ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A method for collecting duodenal juice and gastric content separately, in conscious rats, is described. Metal cannulas were implanted into the stomach fundus. For the main experiment a double lumen tube was inserted through the cannula via the pylorus into the duodenum. 2. The following secretion patterns were observed: a) In the resting state there was a constant flow rate of duodenal volume, bicarbonate, trypsin and amylase. b) Cholinergic stimuli were capable of increasing enzyme secretion as much as fourfold for a period of 30 to 40 min when administered as a single subcutaneous injection. This effect was annulled by atropine. c) Secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin given together in a single injection s. c. or i. v., elicited a similarly strong response. d) Identical ranges of the secretion maxima were found with a tendency to decrease after the first hour, when the hormones were infused either s. c. or i. v. e) Doses from 0.5 to 25 U/100 g b. w./hr showed identical responses. Doses below 0.2 U/100 g/hr were without effect. 3. Narcosis (pentobarbital) inhibited markedly the resting and stimulated enzyme secretion. 4. The method is suitable for examination of physiological and pharmacological effects on resting and stimulated enzyme secretion of the rat pancreas.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 353 (1975), S. 215-225 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Muscle Regeneration ; Muscle Transplantation ; Contractile Properties of Muscle Transplants ; Denervation of Muscle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The soleus or extensor digitorum longus muscles of young rats were freely grafted into the bed of the corresponding contralateral muscle. The grafts were of normal muscle or muscles which had been denervated for 14 days. Grafts of normal muscle were characterized by little or no contractile activity for the first 2–4 days after transplantation. In contrast, denervated grafts contracted weakly, but consistently, throughout this early period. The patterns of contraction were complex. In early transplants, the contractions were due entirely to surviving muscle fibers in the graft, and the contractile characteristics were those of denervated muscle fibers. After the first week, contractions of newly regenerating muscle fibers within the grafts were superimposed upon and later took over those from the fibers that survived the original transplantation. The contraction time approached those of the normal soleus or extensor muscles during the second month after grafting, and the grafts contracted like fast or slow muscles.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 23 (1975), S. 463-470 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Rat ; Hypoglossal nucleus ; Axotomy ; Horseradish peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The left hypoglossal nuclei of normal rats, and rats which had received left hypoglossal nerve axotomies 7–21 days previously, were studied by electron microscopy after injection of horseradish peroxidase as a marker of extracellular space and pinocytosis. Quantitative analysis showed that the number of pinocytotically-derived structures in presynaptic boutons was significantly increased in rats at 7, 14, and 21 days after axotomy when compared with normal rats. It was suggested that presynaptic boutons which became detached from injured neurones retracted by a membrane cycling mechanism involving pinocytotic uptake of bouton plasmalemma, without compensatory membrane production elsewhere. It was confirmed that the channels in the microglial cells communicated with the extracellular space.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 34 (1975), S. 309-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Glafenine ; Chloroquine ; 4-Amino-7-chloroquinoline ; Rat ; Glafenin ; Chloroquin ; 4-Amino-7-chlorchinolin ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei oraler Zufuhr in einer Dosierung von 150 bis 450 mg/kg 2 Tage hintereinander an etwa 100 g schweren Ratten bewirkt Glafenin eine vorübergehende Nephritis mit Steigerung von Blutharnstoff, Hypertrophie der Nebennieren und Veränderungen des Serumproteinogramms. An die 4-Amino-7-chlorochinolin-Struktur scheinen diese toxischen Wirkungen nicht gebunden zu sein, denn die ähnlichen Derivate, Chloroquin und Amodiaquin, rufen sie in äquimolekulären Dosen nicht hervor. Glycerol, ein im Organismus entstehendes Hydrolysisprodukt des Glafenins, zeigte sich auch wirkungslos. Die Toxicität ist wahrscheinlich auf das Glafenin selbst oder sein saures Abbauprodukt 4-(0-carboxyphenylammo-7-chlorochinolin, zurückzuführen.
    Notes: Abstract When given orally in elevated but nonlethal doses (150 to 450 mg/kg, on 2 consecutive days), glafenine induces in rats (body weight 100 g) a transient nephritis with an increase in blood urea, hypertrophy of adrenals, and some changes in the serum proteinogram. These effects do not appear to be due to the 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline structure from which glafenine is derived, as they are not observed with the structural analogue chloroquine given at equimolar doses under the same conditions. Further, they do not appear to be due to glycerol, the by-product of metabolic glafenine hydrolysis. The responsible molecule appears to be either glafenine itself or its acid metabolite 4-(0-carboxyphenylamino) 7-chloroquinoline.
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  • 23
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    Archives of toxicology 34 (1975), S. 213-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Lead ; Chelating agents ; Toxicity ; Rat ; Blei ; Chelatbildner ; Toxicität ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die intraperitoneale Verabfolgung von Pb-Acetat führt zu einer mäßigen und vorübergehenden hypochromen Anämie, zu einer lang dauernden erhöhten Ausscheidung der δ-Aminolävulinsäure mit dem Urin, während die Ausscheidung der alkalischen Phosphatase überhaupt nicht und die von Lactatdehydrogenase nur geringfügig beeinflußtwird. Es wird gefolgert, daß weder die hamatologische Reaktion noch die angedeutete Nephrotoxicität für die letale Wirkung von Pb verantwortlich sind. Die Chelattherapie begann 3 Tage nach der letzten Pb-Dosis und erstreckte sich auf 7 Wochen, wobei die intraperitoneale Tages-dosis 25, 50 bzw. 100 μmol/kg betrug. Die Wirksamkeit in bezug auf die Erhöhung der Pb-Ausscheidung mit dem Urin nahm in der Reihenfolge ab: Ca-Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat 〉 2,3-Dimercaptopropan-1-sulfonat 〉 Zn-Diäthylentriaminpentaacetat 〉 D-Penicillamin. Das vermehrt ausgeschiedene Pb stammt im wesentlichen aus dem Skelett. Die Chelatbildner erniedrigten ebenfalls die Ausscheidung der δ-Aminolävulinsäure, erwiesen sich aber als unwirksam, die hämatologische Reaktion und die letale Wirkung von Pb günstig zu beeinflussen. Durch diese negativen Ergebnisse wird der Wert der Chelatbehandlung von Fällen akuter Pb-Vergiftung in Frage gestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The intraperitoneal administration of Pb acetate (5 × 20 mg Pb/kg per day) evokes a moderate and transient hypochromic anemia, a long-lasting enhanced urinary excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid whereas the urinary excretion of alkaline phosphatase is not affected and that of lactic debyhrogenase only marginally. It is concluded that neither the hematologic response nor the slight nephrotoxicity are responsible for the lethal action of Pb. Chelate treatment started 3 days after the last Pb dose and was continued over 7 weeks. The daily intraperitoneal dose was 25, 50, and 100 μmol/kg, respectively. The efficacy in promoting the urinary excretion of Pb decreased in the following order: Ca diethylenetriaminepentaacetate 〉 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate 〉 Zn diethylenetriaminepentaacetate 〉 D-penicillamine. This effect was mainly due to the mobilization of skeletal Pb. The chelating agents also lowered the excretion of δ-aminolevulinic acid but failed to exert a beneficial influence on the anemia and the lethal action of Pb. These negative results raise questions about the usefulness of chelation therapy in cases of acute Pb poisoning.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Acrylonitrile ; Phenobarbital ; SKF 525-A ; Dimercaprol (BAL) ; Thiosulfate ; Cyanide-Thiocyanate ; Route of Administration ; Drug Biotransformation ; Rat ; Mouse ; Chinese Hamster ; Acrylonitril ; Phenobarbital ; SKF 525-A ; Dimercaprol (BAL) ; Thiosulfat ; Cyanid ; Thiocyanat ; Applikationsart ; Biotransformation ; Ratte ; Maus ; Chinesischer Hamster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wistar Ratten, Standard-Albinomäuse und chinesische Hamster (Weibchen) erhielten eine einmalige Dosis von Acrylonitril, 0,5 oder 0,75 mmol/kg Gewicht. Die Ausscheidung des Thiocyanats, Hauptmetaboliten des Acrylonitrils, wies bei Ratten nach einer oralen (20 %), intraperitonealen und subcutanen (2 bis 5%) und intravenösen (1 %) Applikation einen sinkenden Umwandlungsanteil auf. Auch bei Hamstern und Mäusen rief die orale Verabreichung eine höhere Umwandlung hervor als bei der intraperitonealen Zufuhr. Die Vorbehandlung von Ratten mit Phenobarbital, SKF 525-A, Cystein oder Dimercaptopropanol, hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Ausscheidung von Thiocyanat im Harn. Hingegen erhöhte die gleichzeitige Applikation von Thiosulfat bedeutend den Anteil von Thiocyanat, und zwar bei Ratten fast zweifach, bei Mäusen mehr als dreifach. Die Studie bestätigt den ausgeprägten Einfluß der Verteilung (first pass metabolic phenomenon) auf das metabolische Schicksal von Acrylonitril. Anscheinend ist die starke Bindung von Acrylonitril und die Cyanoethylierung für den so markanten Einfluß der Applikationsart verantwortlich. Nach oraler, intraperitonealer und intravenöser Applikation von Acrylonitril wurde dieser bei Mäusen effektiver in Thiocyanat metabolisiert als bei Ratten. Die größere Umwandlung von Acrylonitril in Thiocyanat und die stärkere Senkung seiner akuten Toxicität nach Thiosulfat deuten auf eventuelle Unterschiede im Mechanismus der toxischen Wirkung von Acrylonitril bei Mäusen und Ratten hin. In der Toxicität des Acrylonitrils für Ratten spielt Cyanid anscheinend eine kleine Rolle, wohl aber für Mäuse.
    Notes: Abstract Female Wistar rats, conventional albino mice, and Chinese hamsters were given a single dose of acrylonitrile, 0.5 or 0.75 mM/kg body weight. The elimination in the urine of thiocyanate, which is the main metabolite of acrylonitrile, indicated a decreasing proportion of biotransformation after oral (over 20 %), intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous (2 to 5 %), and intravenous (1 %) administration in rats. Oral administration of acrylonitrile in hamsters and mice was also followed by higher biotransformation than intraperitoneal administration. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital, SKF 525 A, cysteine, or dimercaprol did not significantly influence elimination of thiocyanate in the urine after the administration of acrylonitrile, but simultaneous administration of thiosulfate significantly increased the metabolized portion of acrylonitrile given intraperitoneally in rats (almost twice) and mice (more than three times). Acrylonitrile was found to be strongly bound in blood. The study confirmed the marked effect of distribution (first-pass metabolic phenomenon) on the metabolic fate of foreign compounds. The strong acrylonitrile binding and cyanoethylation are apparently responsible for the unusually high influence of the different routes of administration on the metabolic fate of acrylonitrile. Acrylonitrile was more effectively metabolized to thiocyanate in mice than in rats after oral, intraperitoneal, and intravenous administration. A greater response of acrylonitrile to thiocyanate metabolism and a larger decrease in its acute toxicity after thiosulfate in mice than in rats indicate possible differences in the mechanism of acrylonitrile toxicity in these animals. Cyanide apparently plays a minor role in the acrylonitrile toxicity in rats, but may play quite an important one in mice.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Lung fibrosis ; Rat ; Paraquat ; Lungenfibrose ; Ratte ; Paraquatlunge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Erzeugung einer Lungenfibrose bei Spraque-Dawley-Ratten mittels mehrfacher Injektion von Paraquat intraperitoneal beschrieben. Notwendige Dosierungen, Intervalle zwischen den Injektionen sowie der zeitliche Ablauf der histologischen Veränderungen werden dargelegt.
    Notes: Summary An experimental model of lung fibrosis by multiple i.p. injections of the herbicide Paraquat is described. The schedules, intervals between injections and histological changes are described.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: LSD-25 ; UML ; Acute ; Chronic ; Behaviour ; 5-HT ; Brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Successive daily injections of LSD-25 and UML (1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide) caused progressive depression of brain 5-HT levels in the rat. On the fourth day, the decrease was significant with respect to the highly significant fall observed after a single administration, whereas it had been shown earlier that conditioned behaviour is no longer affected by LSD-25 after 3 days and that simultaneous administration of a single dose of LSD-25 and UML is equally ineffective in this respect. Its depression of 5-HT levels, however, has now been shown to be equal to that of LSD-25 alone at doses that influence conditioned behaviour. The findings indicate that changes in such behaviour are not dependent on brain 5-HT levels and that no link exists between such levels and the psychotomimetic effect of LSD-25 in man.
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  • 27
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    Psychopharmacology 41 (1975), S. 301-304 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Mescaline ; Anti-Drug Antibody ; Hapten ; Immunopharmacology ; Rabbit ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies with mescaline binding specificity were raised in rabbits by immunization with conjugates of bovine serum albumin with mescaline or its analogue 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid. Immunized rats were given mescaline and their behavior was compared to that of non-immunized controls.
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  • 28
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    Psychopharmacology 42 (1975), S. 147-152 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Selection ; Avoidance Conditioning ; Rat ; Latency ; Freezing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats of both sexes from the genetically selected Roman High Avoidance (RHA), the Roman Low Avoidance (RLA) and the Roman Control (RCA) strains were given one 30-min session of two-way escape-avoidance conditioning (30 trials) in a shuttle box with a buzzer as the conditioned stimulus and shock as the unconditioned stimulus in a factorial design involving three time intervals (0,15 and 30 min) following one subcutaneous injection of saline or of nicotine in five doses (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg of body weight). Six measures relating to performance were analysed in whole or part. While the number of avoidance responses showed the expected strain differences, no effect of dose or delay interval could be detected. Avoidance and escape latencies and intertriai activity showed some effects of these variables, especially in interaction with sex and strain. Dose determined pre-sessional activity, but its effect was strain dependent. The failure to confirm previous findings is discussed in the context of other instances in the literature, and the results of an operant experiment confirming the continuing sensitivity of the Roman strains to the effects of nicotine are reported.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: p-CPA ; Ethanol ; Pentobarbital ; Tolerance ; Brain 5-HT ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rats were rendered tolerant to ethanol or pentobarbital by daily oral administration. Motor impairments after test doses of ethanol or pentobarbital were measured prior to and at various times during chronic treatment in order to assess the degree of tolerance development. Chronic administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) in a dosage regimen which produced and maintained approximately 95% depletion of brain serotonin (5-HT) did not alter motor impairment after initial acute administration of ethanol or pentobarbital. However, the rate of tolerance development to the motor-impairing effects of both drugs was slowed down in p-CPA-treated rats. p-CPA did not appear to exert this effect by altering the disposition of ethanol or pentobarbital, since blood levels determined 20 min after administration of the test doses were similar in animals treated with p-CPA and in controls. These findings suggest that brain 5-HT may have a role in tolerance development to ethanol and pentobarbital.
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  • 30
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    Psychopharmacology 42 (1975), S. 231-234 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Heroin ; Self-Stimulation ; Water Intake ; Food Intake ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Male rats maintained with continuous access to levers for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), water, and food were subjected to five consecutive daily injections of heroin (5 mg/kg). Rates of lever pressing for ICSS were increased in 8 rats, 2–6 hrs after administration of heroin. Rates of lever pressing for water and food were not significantly changed during this period. Naloxone (5 mg/kg) pretreatment attenuated by 82% the facilitative effect of heroin on ICSS. A second group of 8 rats maintained at reduced ICSS rates failed to show an increase in lever pressing for ICSS with heroin. The facilitative effect of heroin described in this study is consistent with previously reported studies describing the effects of morphine on ICSS.
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  • 31
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    Psychopharmacology 42 (1975), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Methadone ; Mode of Withdrawal ; Body Weight ; Relapse ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Physical dependence on methadone was induced in rats by an initial “forced drinking” procedure and subsequently by i.p. administration of the drug. In a subsequent Experimental Phase of the study the physical dependence of one group was sustained by a “methadone maintenance” treatment, while two other groups were withdrawn from the drug, one gradually and one abruptly. When relapse trials were carried out during a Readdiction Phase it was found that the maintained group voluntarily consumed significantly greater amounts of methadone than did the two withdrawal groups. These groups did not differ between themselves but did in turn ingest significantly more methadone than a control group with no prior exposure to the drug. The characteristic loss of body weight reliably found during withdrawal from morphine was not demonstrated. This may have been due to the unexpected weight loss which occurred during the last stage of the initial Addiction Phase. The dependent variables of amount of methadone solution and the percentage of fluid consumed as methadone solution correlated highly. However the amount of methadone solution ingested was a better indicator of addiction liability as it was not influenced by fluctuations in the amount of water consumed by the animals.
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  • 32
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 288 (1975), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Halothane and Nitrous Oxide Anaesthesia ; 5-HT Turn-Over ; Brain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of anaesthesia with halothane and nitrous oxide on the turn-over of 5-HT in the rat brain were analysed. The rate of 5-HT synthesis was estimated on the basis of 5-HTP accumulation following 5-HTP decarboxylase inhibition. Inhalation anaesthetics reduced the rate of 5-HT synthesis in the whole brain, this effect being particularly marked in the forebrain. In addition, the reduction of the rate of 5-HT synthesis was still detected after a large tryptophan loading indicating that halothane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia reduced the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in vivo. The utilization of 5-HT was also delayed during anaesthesia since the rate of 5-HT disappearance following the inhibition of its synthesis at the decarboxylation step was decreased in the whole brain. In spite of this reduced turnover of 5-HT in the brain of rats exposed to inhalation anaesthetics, the 5-HIAA levels were permanently elevated. This was the result of a partial inhibition of the active elimination of the acidic metabolite from the brain during this kind of anaesthesia.
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  • 33
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 287 (1975), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Adrenomedullary Hormones ; Synthesis ; Rat ; Adrenals ; Subcellular Distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats received intravenous injections of3H-tyrosine and were killed at various time intervals thereafter.3H-dopamine (DA) in the adrenals reached a maximum within 1.5 min after the administration of3H-tyrosine. From the 15th min it disappeared with an apparent half life of 90 min.3H-Adrenaline (A) +3H-noradrenaline(NA) increased much more slowly and reached a plateau 120–240 min after the injection. The approximate synthesis rate of adrenal A+NA, calculated from the specific activity curves, ranged from 9.3 to 2.2 nmoles/h per kg b.w. The highest value was noted the first few minutes, the lowest 1–2 hrs after the administration of3H-tyrosine. In some experiments subcellular fractionation of the adrenals was performed. In untreated animals the amount of DA and A+NA recovered from the supernatant fraction was about 10 and 8 per cent, respectively, of the total amount recovered from the supernatant and particulate fractions. In the adrenals of animals receiving3H-tyrosine 3.75 or 60 min beforehand these figures were significantly elevated whereas the DA and A+NA of the particulate fraction did not deviate significantly from control values. The specific activities of3H-DA were the same in the supernatant and particulate fractions within 3.75 min after the injection of3H-tyrosine.
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  • 34
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 288 (1975), S. 147-153 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adenylate Cyclase ; Phosphodiesterase ; cAMP ; Gastric Mucosa ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of starvation, feeding and pentagastrin on gastric mucosal adenylate cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity were studied in the rat. 1. Starvation for 24 hrs and 48 hrs reduced both NaF stimulated and basal AC activities. 2. Feeding of starved rats slowly raised the AC activity up to 430% within 4 hrs after feeding. This effect was more pronounced under basal conditions than with NaF stimulation. 3. A single i.p. injection of pentagastrin (125 μg/kg) caused a stimulation of basal AC lasting 45 min, which was followed by a subsequent decrease in the basal and NaF stimulated enzyme activity. 4. PDE activity was not influenced by starvation and feeding but underwent a transient inhibition by pentagastrin. Accordingly gastric mucosal cAMP levels after starvation, feeding and pentagastrin are regulated by changes in AC and not in PDE activity. The rise in AC activity after feeding appears to be related to functions other than H+ and pepsin secretion.
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  • 35
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 288 (1975), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Avoidance Acquisition ; Development ; Pimozide ; d-Amphetamine ; Catecholamines ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) was investigated in rats of nursing mothers given pimozide 0.5 mg/kg on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 after delivery. Four weeks after birth, the male litter-mates were tested for CAR acquisition in a two-way avoidance situation or for correct CAR acquisition in a brightness discrimination situation. Offspring of mothers treated with pimozide were markedly inferior in the CAR acquisition in both behavioural situations as compared to those of mothers given glucose. The administration of d-amphetamine 15 min prior to the training session specifically counteracted the behavioural impairment obtained in the offspring of pimozide-treated mothers. The results obtained in the present investigation lend further support to the contention that the behavioural deficits in offspring of nursing mothers treated with neuroleptic agents are due to a developmental disturbance in central catecholamine neurones.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Rat ; Populations of axonal granules ; Electron microscopy, morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung einer früheren Arbeit wurde die Eminentia mediana von männlichen und weiblichen Ratten, sowie die trächtiger und durstender Tiere auf die Fragestellung hin untersucht, ob 1. die Eminentia mediana der erste Ort ist, wo die beiden Neurohormone Oxytocin und Vasopressin freigesetzt werden, und 2. ob sich die Axone in der externen Schicht der Eminentia mediana aufgrund der mittleren Durchmesser ihrer Granula in verschiedene Populationen differenzieren lassen. Bei männlichen und weiblichen Kontrolltieren haben die Oxytocin-bzw. Vasopressin-granula in der Eminentia mediana bereits ihre endgültige Größe erreicht; ihr mittlerer Durchmesser ändert sich nicht mehr wesentlich bis zum Hypophysenhinterlappen. Allerdings gibt der unterschiedliche prozentuale Anteil beider Populationen in der Eminentia mediana, in Zusammenhang mit den früher bestimmten Werten für die jeweiligen Kerne und die Neurohypophyse, Hinweise auf gewisse Unterschiede im turnover beider Hormone bei männlichen und weiblichen Tieren. Bei graviden und durstenden Ratten findet sich eine scheinbare Abnahme der Granula Durchmesser in den oxytocin-bzw. vasopressinführenden Axonen. In Verbindung mit sehr charakteristischen morphologischen Befunden, besonders bei langdurstenden Tieren, sprechen die morphometrischen Ergebnisse dafür, daß in der Eminentia mediana bereits Neurohormon freigesetzt wird, wenn eine schnelle Deckung des peripheren Bedarfes notwendig ist. Die Axone mit Granula, die kleiner sind als 115 nm, lassen sich in der internen Schicht der Eminentia mediana aufgrund der mittleren Durchmesser ihrer Granula in vier Populationen aufteilen. Ihre mittleren Granula-Durchmesser liegen bei etwa 84 nm, 96 nm, 103 nm und 110 nm. Dieselben vier Populationen finden sich sowohl in der Zona palisadica als auch in der perikapillären Schicht der Eminentia mediana. Im Unterschied zur Zona interna findet sich aber in diesen beiden Schichten noch eine fünfte Population von Axonen mit einem mittleren Granula-Durchmesser von etwa 70–75 nm. Der mengenmäßige Anteil dieser fünf Populationen aber ist unterschiedlich in der Zona palisadica und in der perikapillären Schicht einerseits und in den verschiedenen Tiergruppen andererseits. Einige morphologische Befunde an den Tanycyten werden im Zusammenhang mit der neueren Literatur diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In connection with previous studies (Krisch, 1974), a morphologic analysis of the median eminence of male, female, pregnant, and thirsting rats has been made, in order to evaluate: 1. whether the median eminence is an additional area where oxytocin and vasopressin may be released from neurosecretory axons in the zona interna; 2. whether it is possible to distinguish different populations of axons according to the mean diameters of their granules in the external zone of the median eminence. In the zona interna of the male and the female control animals, the oxytocin-and vasopressin-containing granules have already reached their final diameters, i.e. their size remains constant until they reach and are stored in the neurohypophysis. However, the relative proportions of these populations in the fibre layer of the median eminence indicate certain differences between male and female animals, concerning the turnover of oxytocin and vasopressin. In pregnant, as well as in thirsting animals, there is an apparent decrease of the mean granule diameters in oxytocin and vasopressin-containing axons. In particular in the latter group, ballooned axons in the fibre layer of the median eminence, containing disintegrating granules, tubular structures filled with electron dense material, and fine-flocculent material in the axoplasm, together with the morphometric results, support our concept that in case of highly increased peripheral demand the contents of the mature, large granules are released into the axoplasm of the fibre layer in the median eminence. In addition, axons containing granules smaller than 115 nm may be classified into four populations with mean diameters of 84 nm, 96 nm, 103 nm, and 110 nm. The same populations are found in the palisade zone of the median eminence as well as in the pericapillary zone, but in contrast to the zona interna there is a fifth population of axons containing very small granules with a mean diameter of about 70–75 nm. The relative proportions of these five populations differ between the zona palisadica and the pericapillary zone on the one hand and between the experimental groups on the other hand. Some morphological findings concerning the tanycytes are discussed with respect to previously published data.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 447-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of pilocarpine and food uptake on the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine in vivo was measured by means of quantitative radioautography in three exocrine cells of the rat: the acinar and the granular duct cells of the submandibular and the acinar cells of the parotid gland. The three cell types react differently. The submandibular acinar cells showed a decrease in incorporation rate after pilocarpine administration but not after feeding. The incorporation rate of the granular duct cells of the submandibular gland remains constant after both stimulations. The acinar cells of the parotid gland show an increase in incorporation rate of [3H]-leucine in response to both. The contrast between the submandibular and the parotid gland could also be demonstrated radiobiochemically, the results reflecting the incorporation rates of the acinar cells of both glands, giving no information on the contribution of other cell types. The decrease in incorporation rate of the submandibular gland acinar cells is accompanied by a shift of polyribosomes towards monomers.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 457-466 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary After stimulation of the protein secretion by pilocarpine or feeding the rate of incorporation of [3H]-leucine increases in the acinar cells of the parotid gland of the rat while the secretory cells of the submandibular gland show a moderate decrease (Kuijper et al., 1975b). Since the rate of labelled amino acid incorporation depends on the specific radioactivity of the amino acid used, which is not easy to determine in vivo, experiments in vitro were performed to get an idea of the influence of this factor on the measured changes in [3H]-leucine incorporation. In vitro both cell types showed a more pronounced but essentially identical reaction as in vivo. Since in these experiments the specific radioactivity of the extracellular leucine is the same whether fragments of stimulated or unstimulated glands incorporate the radioactive amino acid, the increase of incorporation in the parotid and the decrease in the submandibular cells cannot be ascribed to differences in specific radioactivity of leucine, unless the intracellular leucine pool should show great differences between secreting and non-secreting cells. However, in vitro the submandibular gland cells under both conditions appear to use the extracellular leucine for their protein synthesis (or a small compartmentalized pool in rapid exchange with the extracellular pool). In the parotid cells the whole intracellular pool showed such a rapid exchange with the extracellular one that for practical reasons one may say that these cells, too, rely on the extracellular specific radioactivity of leucine in their protein synthesis. We conclude that the rat parotid gland cells show a rapid and substantial increase of protein synthesis after stimulation of their enzyme secretion, while the submandibular gland cells do not.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 164 (1975), S. 435-446 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protein secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Salivary glands ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In untreated, fasting animals the cells of the serous demilunes of the sublingual gland incorporate [3H]-leucine at a higher rate than any other of the 5 main cell types of the 3 major salivary glands. The acinar cells of the submandibular and the mucous cells of the sublingual gland show intermediate values, while the cells of the granular ducts of the submandibular and the acini of the parotid gland have a low rate of incorporation. In fasting animals extrusion of newly synthesized protein starts early in the cells of the serous demilunes. It starts between 4 and 7 hrs after [3H]-leucine injection in the acinar cells of the submandibular gland, while the other cell types did not lose substantial amounts of labelled (glyco)protein within 7 hrs. The secretion of protein is stimulated by the cholinergic drug pilocarpine in all but one of the 5 types of salivary gland cells studied. The acinar cells of the submandibular gland react strongly, the granular duct cells less strongly. Still less are the reactions of the acinar cells of the parotid and of the mucous cells of the sublingual gland. The cells of the serous demilunes of the latter appear to be insensible to pilocarpine. The effect of food uptake on secretion does not differ from pilocarpine stimulation, with one exception: the acinar cells of the parotid gland react more strongly on food uptake than on cholinergic stimulation.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 249-262 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Superior cervical ganglion ; Rat ; Catecholamines ; p-Chlorophenylalanine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ganglion cells and paraganglionic (PG) cells in the developing rat superior cervical ganglion were studied following postnatal treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) for 5 to 8 days. Litter mates, injected with saline solution, served as controls. Ganglion cells of control animals were differentiated ultrastructurally according to L. Eränkö (1972 a) into late sympathicoblasts and young sympathetic nerve cells. In both maturation stages treatment with pCPA caused marked swelling of mitochondria, concomitant with minor changes of other cell organelles. Parallel to the ultrastructural alterations, fluorescence microscopy and cytophotometry revealed a slight diminution of diffuse fluorescence intensity in sympathetic neurons as the expression of a mainly extragranular amine depletion. In distinction from ganglion blocking agents the alterations are regarded as a general toxic effect of pCPA upon maturing sympathetic neurons, which secondarily influences catecholamine storage sites. Following treatment with pCPA, in PG-cells an alteration of mitochondria was scarcely to recognize. Specific granules were distinctly decreased in number, in some cases to an almost complete degree. Concordant to ultrastructural observations a marked diminution of fluorescence intensity was demonstrable in SIF-cells. In addition in these elements the fluorescence spectrum shifted towards the green field. Fluorescence cytophotometric evaluations confirmed the optical impression. Provided, that PG-cells, demonstrated with electron microscopy, are identical with SIF-cells in fluorescence microscopy, the results are discussed on the basis of a specific decrease of primary catecholamines due to an enzyme inhibition involved in catecholamine synthesis.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 161 (1975), S. 183-191 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Pituitary ; Rat ; Localization of 3H-dexamethasone ; Radioautography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The central nervous system and the pituitary of adrenalectomized male rats injected with 3H-dexamethasone were examined by radioautography. At 1 hr after the injection, radioactivity concentration was high in the medial basal hypothalamus, the pituitary and the pineal gland. In the hypothalamus, radioactive material was found to be selectively concentrated in neurons in the ventral part of nucleus arcuatus and in the infundibular region. In the anterior pituitary, a large proportion of cells showed silver grains both in the cytoplasm and over the cell nuclei. However, in a small number of cells, the radioactive material was associated with the cell nuclei. Less radioactivity was present in the intermediate and posterior lobes. The pineal gland contained more silver grains than did other regions of the brain. The results obtained in the present study suggest essentially an action of dexamethasone in the medial basal hypothalamus and at the level of the pituitary.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 158 (1975), S. 281-283 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycocalyx ; Urinary bladder ; Ruthenium red ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Earlier statements to the contrary, the present study demonstrates the presence of a cell surface coat (glycocalyx) on the luminal plasma membrane of the super ficial transitional epithelial cells lining the urinary bladder of male Buffalo rats. This coat was demonstrated with ruthenium red, an electron dense stain, which revealed a surface layer, 60–80 Å thick, separated from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane by an electron lucent layer, approximately 30 Å thick. The structure of the glycocalyx was not affected by 12 weeks of treatment with dibutylnitrosamine, a known bladder carcinogen.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 159 (1975), S. 49-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic ganglia ; Pelvic plexus ; SIF cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To further evaluate the role of autonomic ganglia in the regulation of pelvic visceral activity, the neural elements in the major pelvic ganglion of the male rat have been studied with histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The principal findings are that the ganglion is composed of cholinergic and adrenergic ganglion cells as well as small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. Polarity in the ganglion is indicated by clustering of small ganglion cells which stain intensely for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) along the pelvic nerve while larger cells, with weak to moderate AChE activity, collect near small branches of the hypogastric nerve. Some cholinergic ganglion cells are enclosed by a plexus of adrenergic terminals. SIF cells appear to be in contact with both cholinergic and adrenergic cells, although many of the fluorescent beads around adrenergic neurons may be short dendrites of ganglion cells, rather than processes of SIF cells. Two types of SIF cells may be distinguished on the basis of size and morphology of their granulated vesicles. Afferent synapses of the cholinergic type were common on SIF cells of the large granule and small granule type. Portions of SIF cells with large granules occur within the capsule of ganglion cells. Contacts seen here were interpreted as efferent synapses from SIF cells to the dendrites of ganglion cells.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 377-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin-neurophysin neurons ; Suprachiasmatic nuclei ; Immunoenzyme histochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immuno-enzyme histochemical investigations on the hypothalamus of the normal rat showed (1) that the Suprachiasmatic nuclei produce vasopressin; (2) that it is highly probable that these nuclei do not produce oxytocin. From the present and previous investigations it may be concluded that the Suprachiasmatic neurons produce a vasopressin-neurophysin complex.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Rat ; L-dopa ; Fluorescence histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The uptake of L-dopa into the cells of the adenohypophysis of the rat was studied during the postnatal development and at adult age using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method (FIF). The cells taking up L-dopa were classified by Alcian blue-PAS-Orange G staining. The correlation between the cells taking up L-dopa and those containing tryptophyl-peptide was estimated during the postnatal period and in adult rats. The cells containing tryptophyl-peptide were demonstrated using fluorescence induced by treatment with combined formaldehyde and acetyl chloride vapour. The following observations were made: 1) Great majority of the cells taking up L-dopa did not contain tryptophyl-peptide. Thus the accumulation of L-dopa into the cells of pars distalis is not due to accumulation of L-dopa into the cells by the same transport mechanism as the amino acids for tryptophyl-peptide. 2) Of the cells taking up L-dopa in the adult rats 96% were chromophobes, 2.0% acidophilic cells (somatotrophs and cells producing prolactin), 0.9% R-mucoid cells (corticotrophs), and 1.2% S1- and S2-mucoid cells (gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs). At 10 and 25 days' age the relative numbers of the cells taking up L-dopa were about the same. 3) Pretreatment with nialamide caused only a slight increase in the number of the cells taking up L-dopa. The decrease in the number of the cells uptaking L-dopa of the pars distalis, which takes place after 5 weeks' age is thus not caused by the increased MAO-activity. 4) Strongly chromophilic cells did not take up L-dopa. At the light of our results it seems evident that L-dopa is taken up by the chromophobic cells when these differentiate into chromophilic cells. The accumulation of L-dopa may be a sign of an active transport of amino acids into the cells. The accumulation of L-dopa into the chromophobic stellate and follicular cells may reflect their metabolic activity. These cells probably have an important role in the production of the hormones of the pars distalis.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 327-335 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The swimbladder system of the plainfin midshipman consists of a gas-filled bladder and two intrinsic sonic muscles which are attached to the bladder at opposite sides. An experimental and analytical study was conducted to define the physical characteristics of this dynamic system, and to relate these characteristics to radiated acoustical pressure pulses. Results indicate that the system has two degrees of freedom, being comprised of two inertial, stiffness and damping components; the first and second mode components of a 23.1-centimeter midshipman are 0.002 and 0.019 kg (inertial) 2130 and 106,000 newtons per meter (stiffness) and 0.25 and 0.10 (damping) respectively. This system is excited by the sonic muscle forcing function which equals \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 0.00236{\rm}\sin \frac{{2\pi {\rm t}}}{{0.0045{\rm}\sec}}{\rm newtons}. $\end{document}Two system frequency response peaks were observed; the first was 110 hertz, at the flat section next to the sonic muscle, and was very near the repetition frequency of the sonic muscle pulses; the second was 350 hertz, at the hemispherical section, which was the frequency of the acoustical pressure pulse. These phenomena describe a dynamical system closely “tuned” to its forcing function, and a system which is highly responsive to acoustical pressure pulses radiated by neighboring midshipmen. The acoustical pressure pulse coincides in wave form with the hemispherical bladder wall acceleration.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 48
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 483-491 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Freshwater sponges, Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison, were placed into tap water to induce degenerative reduction body formation. Reduction bodies were examined using light and electron microscopy in order to define their histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. The reduction body of freshwater sponges is an extremely simple developmental system consisting primarily of an archeocyte reserve delimited by a simple squamous pinacoderm. The freshwater sponge reduction body displays many similarities to overwintering phases of marine sponges. The system presents an unusually straightforward vehicle for investigations of degeneration and regeneration as processes in developmental biology and may represent a reasonable vehicle in which to examine the process of the genesis of lysosomes.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The aquiferous systems of three common, coastal, marine Demospongiae, Halichondria panicea (Pallas), Haliclona permollis (Bowerbank) and Microciona Prolifera (Ellis and Solander), are analyzed by measurements of cross-sectional areas of conducting elements. The patterns in demosponges of extremely different organizational morphologies are found to be quantitatively similar. The porocyte nature of the ostia is established for all three species. Choanocyte chamber densities range from 1 to 1.8 × 107 chambers ml-1 with 57 to 95 choanocytes per chamber (means). Cross-sectional area of the intervillar space of the choanocyte collars is calculated to be 12 to 56 times the lateral surface area of the specimen. Velocities of water movement through specific elements of the aquiferous system are calculated from cross-sectional area data and measured oscular flow of Haliclona permollis. The calculated Reynolds numbers lie below the critical value and fluid flow is thus considered laminar throughout the aquiferous systems of these sponges.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Serial histological sections of kangaroo rats of postnatal ages 0-, 3-, 7-, 10-, and 14-days were prepared and studied. At birth the middle ear is mostly filled with mesenchyme and small in size, having only a small hypotympanum and a very small epitympanic recess. During the first postnatal two weeks, much of the hypertrophy found in the adult middle ear develops. Because an entotympanic element is never formed, the previously called entotympanic chamber is here renamed the hypotympanum. The epitympanic recess greatly expands to form what has been called the dorsal (or anterior) mastoid sinus. Since this chamber has no relation to the mastoid, it is here renamed the epitympanum. Posteriorly, the previously called posterior mastoid sinus develops from the growth of the hypotympanum into and beyond the region of the posterior and horizontal semicircular canals. In development and adult position it is comparable to the primate antrum and so is here renamed the antrum.At birth the organ of Corti is very immature but its major cell types can be identified. During the first two weeks of development the following events occur: (1) the vas spirale disappears, (2) the inner spiral sulcus cells atrophy, (3) the hair cells and supporting cells mature, (4) the cells of Hensen differentiate with their apical processes elevating the reticular lamina, (5) the innermost cell of Claudius migrates under and supports the Hensen's cells, and (6) the hyaline mass of the zona pectinata of the basilar membrane loses its connective tissue cells and expands in size. The developmental events support the previous description and identification of Hensen's and Claudius' cells.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 61-88 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A consideration of head development in two species of Esox, lucius and americanus (ssp. vermiculatus) representing the two subgenera Esox and Kenozoa respectively, focused on the significance of the variations of the latero-sensory canal system, its associated bones, and other skeletal elements. In living forms only aspects of “regression” or specialization can be studied. Canals tend to be reduced to pit lines first at their termini but can be broken in their course. Pit lines range from nearly canals to surface structures, or even fail to develop. The number of neuromasts varies. Canal bones develop from two centers: neuromast related and deeper membranous centers which may have no relationship to neuromasts. Tooth-bearing and non-canal-related dermal bones have only membranous (original) centers. The number of neuromasts associated with a bone usually does not affect its development or form. In the case of the circumorbital bones, the extrascapulars, and the nasal, a one to one relationship has developed by regression - towards the development of the latero-sensory component only. The idea that reductions in bone number are commonly traceable to fusion is rejected although examples of fusion are known. Most bones that disappear are simply lost (no blastema or other evidence of their presence seen in development). The relationship between dermal bone and chondral bone is examined and there is evidence of the former giving rise to the latter. The ontogenic order of appearances shows a feeding (functional) correlation.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 89-107 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nucleus rotundus of 21 species of teleosts was studied by a modified Bodian and the Golgi method to clarify the histological organization, with special reference to the cell lamination and the glomerular formation.The common components of the nucleus in all species are as follows: a thick fiber bundle which comes from the commissura horizontalis and enters the nucleus from the dorsal surface, many small cells, large cells, glomeruli, and a surrounding fibrous capsule. The nuclei of all species studied are classified into three types mainly on the distribution of the small cells, and to a lesser degree on the location of the large cells and the glomeruli.The first type of nucleus has small cells. large cells and glomeruli throughout its extent. In the second type of nucleus, many small cells form a peripheral cell layer, while the large cells and glomeruli are found all over the nucleus.The third type of nucleus is clearly laminated. It is composed of four layers arranged concentrically around a central fiber net in the following order: a glomerular layer, a fibrous layer, a small-cell layer, and a peripheral fibrous capsule. In some species, the large cells are located in the fibrous capsule, and all glomeruli contain a star-like structure, which corresponds to the tips of the large cell dendrites.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 439-457 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The accessory muscle of the walking leg of the horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas, was examined electron microscopically. The muscle fibers vary in size but are small in diameter, when compared with other arthropod skeletal muscles. They are striated with A, I, Z and poorly defined H bands. The sarcomere length ranges from 3-10 μm with most sarcomeres in the range of about 6 μm. The myofilaments are arranged in lamellae in larger fibers and less well organized in the smaller ones. Each thick filament is surrounded by 9-12 thin filaments which overlap. The SR is sparse but well organized to form a fenestrated collar around the fibrils. Individual SR tubules are also seen among the myofibrils. Long transverse tubules extend inward from the sarcolemma to form dyads or triads with the SR at the A-I junction. Both dyads and triads coexist in a single muscle fiber, a feature believed to have evolutionary significance. The neuromuscular relationship is unique. In the region of synaptic contact, the sarcolemma is usually elevated to form a large club-shaped structure containing no myofilaments and few other organelles. The axons or axon terminals and glial elements penetrate deep into the club-shaped sarcoplasm and form synapses with the fiber. As many as 13 terminals have been observed within a single section. Synaptic vesicles of two types are found in the axon terminals.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 337-353 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fine structural changes in mitochondrial morphology pertaining to size, number and growth were examined in flight muscles of normal and experimentally dewinged male Drosphila melanogaster ranging up to 26 days of age. In the normal winged flies, the number of mitochondria decreases during the first week of adult life whereas the size of individual mitochondrial profile increases significantly. Changes in mitochondrial size and number are due to the fusion of mitochondria. Fused mitochondria are extremely large in size and irregular in shape. In 26-day old normal flies, the number of mitochondria increases while the mitochondrial size is reduced indicating mitochondrial division. In comparison to the normal flies, dewinged flies exhibit a similar degree of mitochondrial fusion and growth during the first week of life. However, the extent of mitochondrial fission in 26-day old dewinged flies is greater than in the normal flies of this age. Structural mechanisms of mitochondrial fusion and fission are described. The objective of this study was to examine the relative effects of age and flight activity on the mitochondria.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 56
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 355-370 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the abdominal defensive glands and associated structures of 115 species of tenebrionid beetles was studied on KOH cleared material. The glands and reservoirs of all Tenebrionidae are homologous and evolved as a pair of sacs from the intersegmental membrane between sternites VII and VIII. On the basis of reservoir morphology and secretory cell tubule termination, seven provisional gland types were established. Several of the types include species from several tribes, and several tribes contain several gland types, indicating possible incongruencies between the taxonomy and phylogeny of the family. Morphological trends in the evolution of the glands include: increase of reservoir capacity, constriction of the proximal portion of the sacs into distinct exit ducts, release of secretion by exuding or spraying rather than everting, and concentration of the secretory cell tubule terminations into restricted fields, collecting ducts or ampullae. The morphology of the glands of 58 species is illustrated and the results are discussed in light of the current taxonomy of the Tenebrionidae.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 371-385 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fine structure of the ion transporting epithelium of the neck organ in the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplius is described. The neck organ is a dome-like gland situated atop the cephalothorax of the larva and is composed of 50 to 60 cuboidal epithelial cells. These cells possess many of the characteristics of salt-secretory cells from other tissues. They contain many mitochondria and exhibit a high degree of plasma membrane elaboration. This membrane amplification takes two forms; the apical plasmalemma is infolded into irregular loops, while the basal and lateral membranes penetrate the cytoplasm in the form of branching sinusoids. The labyrinth of tubular reticulum thus formed fills most of the cell volume. Mitochondria in the labyrinth are often in intimate contact with these tubular membranes and regular arrays of parallel mitochondria with constricted intervening sinusoids are often observed. Other organelles including Golgi complexes, multivesicular bodies, and rough endoplasmic reticulum are also numerous, particularly in the narrow rim of cytoplasm which lies between the apical infolds and the labyrinth. Yolk platelets and glycogen fields are conspicuous in the basal perinuclear regions of the cells.
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pulmonary veins of albino Wistar rats were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The media of larger veins consists of cardiac muscle fibers which extend until the vessels attain about 100 μ in diameter. This coat consists of external longitudinal fibers and internal circular fibers. The vasa vasorum are well developed and the capillaries show pseudofenestrations. The numerous adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings do not form typical motor end-plates as seen in skeletal muscles. The ultrastructure of these media muscle fibers is similar to that of rat hearts. The smooth muscle layer of larger pulmonary veins is not continuous as it is in smaller veins where it forms cushions. Comparisons of albino rats and other rodents reveal striking differences.Action potential shape and propagation velocity (0.5-1.2 m/s) along the myocardial coat of the pulmonary vein were similar to those observed in the left atrium and so was their sensitivity to locally applied acetylcholine. The physiological direction of propagation in rat pulmonary veins is toward the lung. This finding lends support to the hypothesis of a rhythmic, valve-like action of the striated musculature of the pulmonary venous wall during the systole and a possible role in the capacitance of the pulmonary circulation.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 229-249 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the testis of Poecilia latipinna is described with particular reference to Sertoli cell-germ cell relationships during development and maturation of the germinal cyst. The cyst develops when primary spermatocytes become surrounded by a single layer of Sertoli cells at the testis periphery. As spermatogenesis and then spermiogenesis proceed, the cyst moves centrally in the testis toward the ducts comprising the vasa efferentia. In addition to being a structural part of the germinal cyst, the Sertoli cells phagocytize residual bodies cast off by developing spermatids and form an association with mature sperm, which resembles that observed in mammals, before the sperm are released into the vasa efferentia as a spermatozeugmata.The results of this investigation are discussed in view of what is known concerning testis structure in other teleosts and similarities between cell functions in teleosts and mammals. It is concluded that teleost Sertoli cells, teleost lobule boundary cells and mammalian Sertoli cells are homologous.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 215-227 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The dendritic patterns of cells in the optic tectum of the tegu lizard, Tupinambis nigropunctatus, were analyzed with the Ramon-Moliner modification of the Golgi-Cox technique. Cell types were compared with those described by other authors in the tectum of other reptiles; particular comparisons of our results were made with the description of cell types in the chameleon (Ramón, 1896), as the latter is the most complete analysis in the literature. The periventricular gray layers 3 and 5 consist primarily of two cell types  -  piriform or pyramidal shaped cells and horizontal cells. Cells in the medial portion of the tectum, in an area coextensive with the bilateral spinal projection zone, possess dendrites that extend across the midline. The latter cells have either fusiform or pyramidal shaped somas. The central white zone, layer 6, contains fibers, large fusiform or pyramidal shaped cells, fusiform cells, and small horizontal cells. The central gray zone, layer 7, is composed predominantly of fusiform cells which have dendrites extending to the superficial optic layers, large polygonal cells, and horizontal cells. The superficial gray and white layers, layers 8-13, contain polygonal, fusiform, stellate, and horizontal elements. Layer 14 is composed solely of afferent optic tract fibers.Several differences in the occurrence and distribution of cell types between the tegu and the other reptiles studied are noted. Additionally, the laminar distribution of retinal, tectotectal, telencephalic, and spinal projections in the tegutectum can be related to the distribution of cell types, and those cells which may be postsynaptic to specific inputs can be identified. The highly differentiated laminar structure of the reptilian optic tectum, both in regard to cell type and to afferent and efferent connections, may serve as a model for studying some functional properties of lamination common to cortical structures.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The antennae and their sense organs in nymphs and adult roaches of Gromphadorhina brunneri, were investigated and described. The number of segments and sensillae of the nymphal antennae depend on the developmental stage. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced. Males have longer antennae than females as well as an abundance of especially long sensory hairs (long wavy hairs), which are probably responsible for the perception of female sex pheromones. They also have more thin-walled sensory hairs, for instance, sensilla trichodea. On a morphological basis the sensillae of Gromphadorhina brunneri, were named and classified. Long wavy hairs and large sensory hairs appear to be present also in a related species, G. portentosa, but are lacking in others. Their distribution on the antennae varies greatly from that in G. portentosa but their structure varies only slightly. These two types of sense organs are considered to be specialized forms of sensilla chaetica. They are contact chemoreceptors, as are two other types of sensilla chaetica. Furthermore, thin-walled chemoreceptors are present, such as sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla coeloconica and a typical mechanoreceptor, the sensillum campaniformium.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 265-306 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the different regions of the Malpighian tubules and the associated structures (ampulla, midgut, ileum) in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. There are about 150 tubules in each insect. Each tubule consists of at least three parts. The short distal region is thinner than the other parts and is highly contractile. The middle region comprises most of the tubule length and is composed of primary and stellate cells. Primary cells contain numerous refractile mineral concretions, while stellate cells have smaller nuclei, fewer organelles, simpler brush border, and numerous multivesicular bodies. Symbiont protozoa are sometimes present within the lumen of the middle region near where it opens into the proximal region of the tubule. The latter is a short region that drains the tubular fluid into one of the six ampullae. These are contractile diverticula of the intestine located at the midgut-hindgut junction. The ampulla is highly contractile, and consists of a layer of epithelial cells surrounding a cavity that opens into the gut via a narrow slit lined by cells of unusual morphology. The proximal region of the tubule and the ampulla resemble the midgut in that they have similar microvilli, basal infolds, and distribution of mitochondria. This suggests an endodermal origin and reabsorptive function for the proximal region of the tubule and for the ampulla. A number of inclusions found within the tubule cells are described, including peroxisomes and modified mitochondria. Current theories of fluid transport are evaluated with regard to physiological and morphological characteristics of Malpighian tubules. The possible role of long narrow channels such as those between microvilli and within basal folds is considered, as is the mechanism by which these structures are formed and maintained. Also discussed is the role of peroxisomes and symbionts in the excretory process.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 307-323 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the intersegmental glands of the sixth abdominal sternum in 1-week old females of Nomia melanderi is presented. The plasma membrane of the secretory cell is unfolded in many places and is covered by a basement membrane. The microvillous surface is invaginated to form a rather long sinuous cavity. The endoplasm is almost entirely filled by secretory granules. Many secretory granules are located close to the inner surface of the invaginated plasma membrane. The invagination contains a porous ductule, apparently of cuticulin origin, that is connected directly with the inner layer of the transport duct of the duct-forming cell. This type of arrangement allows the direct flow of the secretory substance to the outside in a continuous way. The cylindrical duct-forming cell, besides having typical cell organelles, contains a cuticular transport duct. This duct is composed of a thin cuticulin layer surrounded by a rather thick epicuticular one. The results suggest that the secretory cell has two secretory cycles. The first occurs while the gland is differentiating (at the pupal stage) and is involved in secretion of the cuticulin that forms the porous ductule. The second cycle, which starts by the beginning of nesting, is involved in the secretion of a substance that is carried to the outside via the transport duct of the duct-forming cell.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Volumetric and histological changes of the central nervous system were studied during post embryonic development of a spider, Argiope aurantia.The neural mass of Argiope grows allometrically with respect to volume of the cephalothorax and body weight. In the first instar 46% of the cephalothoracic volume constitutes the neural mass and this is reduced to 4% in the female (9th stage) and 12% in the male (7th stage) spider.Growth curves for the cephalic ganglion, measured at all stages, represent a straight line. The neural mass of females is two and a half times larger than that of the males. The ganglion increased 24 fold in female and 10 fold in male spiders. Addition of neural mass occurs in all stages.The brain volume is greater than that of the subesophageal ganglion in the first two instars. In subsequent stadia, the subesophageal ganglion grows faster, and in females it is finally three times and in males two times larger than the brain.Growth of cortex and neuropile depict exponential curves. Comparison of growth patterns of these shows an inverse relationship during development. While the volume of the cortex is higher in the first two or three stages, the volume of the neuropile is higher in the remaining stadia. The causes for this growth pattern are discussed.Counts of cell numbers show that there is a constant population of neurons throughout the post-embryonic development. The number of nerve cells in females is higher than in males, 11% in the subesophageal ganglion and 58% in the brain.The growth of the cortex is partly accomplished by an increase in cell volume. In male and female spiders the increase in Type-B cells is 20 and 50 fold, while that of large motor neurons is 200 and 600 fold respectively. The motor neurons of 20 μ and above number 63 in male and 916 in female adult spiders.The growth of neuropile occurs through an increase of dendritic arborization and axonal branching. The largest axons measure 1 μ in the first and 16 μ in adult stages. An increase of incoming sensory fibers is also noticed during development.Invasion of neural lamella into cortex and neuropile increases during development. Neural lamella which are 1-2 μ in the first stage grow to 40-100 μ thickness in adult female spiders, near the origin of the main nerves. One type of astral cells, counted in neuropile, increases 10 fold.The appearance of a central body and the beginning of web construction coincide during the second instar. The relationship between these two is discussed.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 479-493 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Thirty-six harbor porpoises, Phocaena phocaena, were caught off the coast of Southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as part of a study of the biology and ecology of these animals. The formalin-preserved heart was examined first in situ, then measured and studied in detail. If the weight of the thick layer of blubber is discounted, the heart is heavy relative to the total body weight as may be expected in an animal capable of fast swimming, great agility and frequent emergence from the water to breathe. The shape of the heart, the relative size of atria and atrial appendages, the morphology of the ventricular septum, the thickness of the walls of the sinus and conus of the right ventricle and the anatomy of the pulmonary veins were found to be constant for this animal and unlike that of non-cetaceans. It is suggested that the absence of respiratory movements during diving may lead to these modifications of cardiac structure in an animal that is particularly well adapted to a totally aquatic existence.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 533-542 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rabbits are unique among mammals in that their ears can regenerate tissues from the margins of full thickness holes which grow in and completely fill the opening in about two months. The circular blastema that forms around the edges of the hole differentiates a new sheet of cartilage as it regenerates in a centripetal direction. Similar holes in other mammals fail to regenerate and form scar tissue instead of a blastema. Histological studies of the healing around the edges of rabbit ear holes reveal that during the second week, when the epidermis is completing its migration across the wound from the opposite sides of the ear, conspicuous tongues of epidermal cells grow down into the underlying tissues at the edges of the wound. These epidermal downgrowths are situated between the original intact dermis of the skin and the more central tissues which give rise to the blastema. Such downgrowths are of a transient nature, and are no longer found once the blastema rounds up toward the end of the second week. Since they are not found in the healing of similar wounds in rabbit ears prevented from regenerating by prior removal of their cartilaginous sheets, nor in the naturally nonregenerating ears of sheep and dogs, it is considered that these downgrowths of healing epidermis may play a role in the unusual regenerative response of ear tissues in the rabbit.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The abdominal escutcheon, and certain aspects of pre-anal organ morphology, have been studied in Sphaerodactylus spp. and Gekko vittatus respectively. These epidermal modifications are male characteristics. The sphaerodactyline escutcheon becomes larger by the peripheral addition of specialized scales with increasing size of the individuals: this relationship is much more clearcut in S. cinereus than in the notatus species group (sensu Shreves, '68), and the possible reasons for this are discussed. The number of pre-anal organs varies between populations of G. vittatus, but within populations remains constant throughout life. Individual organs increase steadily in size throughout life. These data are discussed with reference to current interpretations of gekkonid gland evolution, and of factors controlling epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 9-21 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In vivo and in vitro experiments on the endocrine relationships of epidermal glands in the tokay Gekko gecko, and the common house gecko Hemidactylus bowringii are reported. The results show that certain aspects of ß-gland differentiation involve a synergistic action between androgens and those hormones responsible for controlling the normal shedding cycle, while other aspects are solely under androgenic control. Pre-anal organ activity appears to be solely under androgenic control.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 23-39 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross and microscopic anatomy of epidermal glands has been studied in laboratory maintained tokays (Gekko gecko), and house geckos (Hemidactylus bowringii) captured from the wild throughout the year. Annual testicular activity in the house gecko has also been studied. While no significant differences in glandular development at various times have been observed in G. gecko, there are clear-cut annual cycle in H. bowringii. The evolution of epidermal glands in gekkonid lizards is reviewed; the cellular dynamics of β-glands are compared with those of unspecialized epidermis; the possibility that gekkonine epidermal glands respond to quantitative variation in circulating testosterone titers is discussed.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 41-59 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cell suspensions obtained by the dissociation of unincubated chick embryo blastoderms were allowed to reaggregate on a gyratory shaker for 24-48 hours. The reaggregates which form during this period consist of an inner phase of tightly packed cohesive cells surrounded by an external phase of loosely packed cells. This sorted out arrangement achieves its definitive form between 24 and 48 hours of rotation culture. It was determined that the external phase consists of primitive ectoderm and that the internal phase consists of primitive endoderm. Both 24- and 48-hour reaggregates were examined in the electron microscope and observations were directed to areas of close membrane apposition between cells. In 48-hour reaggregates, primitive ectoderm cells were joined by predominantly unspecialized junctions while primitive endoderm cells were joined by many specialized junctions (desmosomes). The formation of desmosomes in reaggregates of dissociated unincubated chick embryo cells was correlated with the sorting out process.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In Tilapia mossambica organized lymphoid tissues are present in the thymus, head-kidney and spleen, whereas they are lacking in pericardial tissue, liver, mesonephros, intestine and rectum. No lymphoid tissue was observed in the chondrocranium and cartilaginous viscerocranium of young adults.The thymus in Tilapia is encapsulated by thin strands of collagen fibers and consists of outer, middle and inner zones. While middle and inner zones are comparable to the thymic cortex and medulla of higher vertebrates, the homology of the outer zone is not clear. At the anterior end of the thymus, a loose aggregation of lymphocytes without a definite boundary has been observed.The head-kidney is characterized by the presence of lymphoid follicles, a subcapsular sinus, a hilus-like area and lymphatic vessels. The spleen is grossly divisible into white pulp and red pulp; the white pulp contains only a reticular area without definite lymphoid centers and the latter contains predominantly erythrocytes. Morphological changes in the lymphoid organs associated with immune response have been discussed.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 123-135 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The complex and conspicuous basket-like structure attached to the third segment of each maxillary palp of Melittomma sericeum males is densely covered with tactile hairs on its outer or convex surface and with thinwalled chemoreceptors on its inner or concave surface. In a living male the structure is highly mobile and is extended laterally and ventrally. It evidently serves to detect odors produced by the female.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 171-185 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study of the postnatal development (from 1 to 60 days) of smooth muscle elements in the rat testicular capsule has demonstrated that while such elements are identifiable by light microscopy at 30 days, myocytes are present at birth as seen by electron microscopy. The differentiation of smooth muscle from birth to 30 days has been described, by which time it is of adult morphology and content. Perhaps significantly, it is at 30 days that the testis achieves a scrotal position, although sexual maturity does not occur until about 60 days. Presumably, at 30 days the testicular capsule of the rat is capable of the spontaneous contractions which are known to occur in the adult and which are assumed to aid the transport of non-motile spermatozoa from the testis to the epididymis.The presence of occasional striated muscle fibers in the rat testicular capsule as reported previously has not been confirmed by this investigation, although their possible origin is discussed.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 155-169 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A chromatolysis study, 14 to 21 days following denervation, showed the spinal cord representation of the nerve to the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle to be in the ventrolateral cell column between cervical ganglia 14 and 15. To characterize cervical neurons not undergoing chromatolysis, histochemical studies were done on the cords of additional nondenervated animals. Staining reactions for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase did not reveal any quantitative differences between motor neurons in cervical segments 14 and 15 of normal and dystrophic birds. Motor neurons are positive for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase, but the surrounding neuropil is positive for the latter only. No pseudochlinesterase activity is found in the ventral horn cells, but true cholinesterase is present in most of the neurons. With the periodic acid-Schiff reaction the dystrophic cords exhibit many neurons with large amounts of glycogen in them. Normal cords examined show either no glycogen positive cells or an occasional ventral horn cell with much glycogen in it. Normal muscles contain less succinic dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase positive fibers than dystrophic muscle. More periodic acid-Schiff positive fibers are present in normal muscles than in dystrophic muscle. The motor endplates in normal muscle contain only true cholinesterase. Both true and pseudocholinesterase activity is present in the motor endplates of dystrophic muscle.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 137-153 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: High speed cinematography was used to record the feeding activities of terrestrial Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum. A description of these activities based on films of more than 50 feeding sequences is presented, and the mechanical units involved are defined, described, and functionally analyzed. Evolutionary implications of the feeding system are discussed.In a typical feeding sequence, A. t. melanostictum stations and maintains its lower jaw 3-5 mm from the prey. The mouth is then opened to form a gape of ∼60° by raising the anterior end of the flexed skull and by elevating and advancing the trunk while the mental symphysis of the lower jaw remains stationary. As the mouth opens the bulging tongue is recontoured so that the posterior glandular region becomes the tip of the fully protruded tongue, which may extend 3 to 7 mm beyond the symphysis. Dorsally the protruded tongue has a deep central depression and pronounced anterolateral rims. The anterior rim collapses on contact, thereby engulfing the prey in a sticky trough that retains it during tongue withdrawal. The cervical region is then flexed and the skull snaps downward. If the prey resists the tongue and is captured by marginal teeth, A. t. melanostictum relies on repeated tongue protraction and retraction, in some cases accompanied by inertial feeding. Swallowing involves gular expansion and contraction, and is accompanied by eye depression. When the mouth is opened during ingestive activities, the lower jaw remains in place.Apparently, A. t. melanostictum uses the dorsal trunk, the cucullaris major and the robust heads of the depressor mandibulae muscles to open the mouth. During skull elevation the lower jaw is partially immobilized by the geniohyoideus, and rectus cervicis superficialis muscles. The subarcualis rectus I muscles are prime movers in tongue projection. Hebosteoypsiloideus muscles assist in tongue protrusion by slackening the rectus cervicis profundus muscles that would otherwise restrict anterior displacement of the otoglossal cartilage and copula. Tongue contouring is performed by the complex genioglossus musculature. Sublingual and anterolingual sinuses facilitate protrusion and contouring by providing space and lubrication. Rectus cervicis muscles (profundus and superficialis) are responsible for tongue withdrawal. Closure of the mouth is accomplished by the four levator mandibulae muscles, and again the lower jaw is immobilized, mostly by ventral longitudinal muscles.Skull-trunk elevation during prey capture and ingestion was also observed and filmed in several other species of Ambystoma, in Dicamptodon ensatus, and in two salamandrid species. Apparently raising and straightening the craniovertebral axis, while the mental symphysis retains contact with the substratum, is a common feature of urodele feeding systems, and does not require peculiar morphological adaptations.
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The functional anatomy of the head of Flabelliderma commensalis is described and compared to other flabelligerid polychaetes. Prostomial parts include the dorsal lip, the palps, two pairs of nuchal organs, four eyes and the prostomial lobe and ridge. The eyes are inverse pigment cup types with the medial portions of the sensory cells expanded to form a clear lens-like body. Peristomial parts include the median and ventral lips, the branchial membrane and the branchiae. The derivation of the nephridiopore is unknown. The spiraled branchiae of Coppingeria and the gill books of Diplocirrus are newly described variations in branchial structure. The head is retractable in some species and the anterior setigers are modified to form a protective setal cage. Two methods are employed for feeding: one for host fecal pellets and the other for detrital materials. Chemoreception, respiration, feeding and cleaning rely on a complex pattern of ciliary currents.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 209-228 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: After dissecting a variety of vertebrate hearts and extensively reviewing the literature, I have drawn some conclusions concerning the phylogeny of the tetrapod heart that differ from commonly expressed viewpoints in the literature. It is probable that the absence of an interventricular septum in amphibians is a primitive feature (rather than representing a loss). The complete interventricular septum of crocodilians and birds probably evolved primarily from the major horizontal septum of the typical (noncrocodilian) reptilian heart, with a smaller part representing a new development. The interventricular septum of mammals probably also evolved primarily from the reptilian horizontal septum. There is no reason to assume that the mammalian heart and aortic arches evolved directly from a pre-reptilian stage, as is often assumed. The evidence upon which these conclusions are based is given.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 81
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 229-250 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the hyoid, laryngeal and pharyngeal regions of the following rodent genera was studied: Cryptomys, Bathyergus, Georychus, Heliophobius, Heterocephalus, Ctenomys, Petromus, Thryonomys, Geomys, Cannomys, and Tachyoryctes. A number of morphological conditions unique to bathyergids, and associated with the use of the head and lower incisors in burrowing are described. The conditions include the formation of functional complexes of MM. sterno-geniohyoideus and omo-mylohyoideus, the presence of a unique deep oblique part of M. transversus mandibulae and a strong separate slip of M. platysma myoides pars mentalis. The hyoid skeleton is modified to allow the muscle complexes to act independently of the basihyal bone, and to allow the unusually protrusible tongue to be withdrawn. The nerves of the jugular foramen do not form a true pharyngeal plexus, and their configuration is influenced by the absence of a well developed internal carotid artery in hystricognaths. The morphology of the regions studied indicates a natural grouping of bathyergids, but one in which Heterocephalus is somewhat separate from the remaining bathyergid genera. The grouping of bathyergids and New and Old World hystricognath rodents into a suborder Hystricognatha is supported.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 275-291 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A survey of 69 of the 74 currently recognized chelonian genera revealed that 21 genera in three families (Emydidae, Platysternidae and Testudinidae) possess paired integumentary glands or gland vestiges in the anterior throat skin. These glands are here termed mental glands; they are holocrine and may be classified morphologically as follows: Class I mental glands are large, complex, multilobed, have specialized ducts, and are found only in the genus Gopherus: Class II mental glands are small, simple sacklike invaginations containing secretory cells or keratinizing cells. The structure of Class II glands varies from distinctive and saccular to shallow keratinized invaginations having no glandular tissue; they are found only in the families Platysternidae and Emydidae.Mental glands occur in 17 of the 22 genera in the subfamily Batagurinae (sensu McDowell, 64); only 2 of 9 genera in the subfamily Emydinae have these glands. The taxonomic occurrence of mental glands suggests that they are primitive structures. The loss of mental glands in most emydines is interpreted as a subfamilial trend toward integumentary simplification.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 319-325 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fragments of Necturus maculosus liver, spleen and kidney were cultured at 25°C in 50% Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) or 50% Leibovitz L-15 Medium (L-15) for up to 49 days. The integrity of tissue structure was evaluated, hepatocyte cell and nuclear volumes were measured, the respiration rates of freshly-isolated and cultured liver fragments were determined, and the mitotic incidences in cultured liver, spleen and kidney were estimated. The addition of adrenalin caused a reduction in the glycogen content of liver cultures, and the subsequent addition of insulin resulted in a net increase in glycogen synthesis. Glycogen levels fell in fragments cultured in L-15, but rose in cultures in MEM. Arginase and ornithine transcarbamylase levels fell gradually throughout a 49-day culture period in L-15. Evidence presented supports the position that the survival of tissues in vitro is related to cell size and respiration rate. These experiments show that N. maculosus is a suitable donor of tissues for long-term organ culture studies on the maintenance and control of tissue-type specific structure and function.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histological observations using specialized techniques reveal neurosecretory cells in 18 centers throughout the rind (cortex) of the central nerve mass or synganglion of Dermacentor variabilis. Many cells contribute to complicated networks of neurosecretory pathways and tracts in pre- and post-esophageal portions of the synganglion. The four types of neurohemal-neuroendocrine associations found in Dermacentor resemble structures found in soft ticks (Argasidae) and in other Arachnida, but are more diverse than those described from any other single species. Neurosecretory terminals are distributed diffusely and in two concentrated associations within the perineurium of the synganglion and major peripheral nerves. Terminals are also distributed in the perineurial layers of lateral segmental organs which lie in the general hemocoel at the level of the pedal nerves. A retrocerebral organ complex surrounds the esophagus at its junction with the midgut. The complex includes dorsal and ventro-lateral lobes (containing neurosecretory terminals and intrinsic secretory cells) and the proventricular (neurohemal) plexus. This plexus seems to be a modified (concentrated) cardioglial association. Cardioglial associations are also formed by the neurosecretory innervation of vascular walls of the dorsal aorta and circulatory sinuses which envelope the synganglion and major peripheral nerves. Inferential considerations of neurosecretory and endocrine interactions in the Acari are based on these anatomical and histological data which also provide the basis for evolutionary considerations of anatomical relationships and specializations in the neurosecretory systems of other Arachnida.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three distinct groups of monoamine (MA)-containing nerve cell bodies have been visualized in the hypothalamus and preoptic area of the cat by means of the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique. First, numerous small-sized catecholamine (CA) type neurons were disclosed within the ventral half of the periventricular area in the supraoptic and middle hypothalamic regions. The round to oval neurons of this medio-ventral group were more especially abundant around the base of the third ventricle, within the arcuate and supraopticus diffusus nuclei. Numerous medium-sized CA perikarya identified as the dorsal group, were also mapped out in the dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas. Finally, a small population of both CA and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-containing neurons was disclosed within the lateral area of the middle and mammillary hypothalamic regions. These multipolar or elongated neurons which compose the lateral group were lying either along the ventrolateral surface of the hypothalamus or around the ventrolateral aspect of the fornix. In addition to these three MA cell groups, a few cells displaying a fluorescence of the CA type were also visualized in the so-called “dorsal chiasmatic nucleus” after α-methyl-dopa treatment. High density of CA axon terminals were found, on the other hand, in the external layer of the median eminence, in the dorsomedial, paraventricular, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, and also within nucleus interstitialis of stria terminalis. In the present study, however, it was not possible to identify with certainty any concentration of 5-HT axon terminals in the cat hypothalamus. Therefore, except for the lateral cell group which could be peculiar to the cat, the topographical distribution of MA nerve cell bodies and axon terminals in the hypothalamus of the cat appears similar to the morphological organization of the MA neuronal elements in the hypothalamus of the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 441-481 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The posterior half of the channel catfish intestine has a similar histological organization to that of other teleost fishes. This region is organized into a muscosa, a submucosa, a double layered muscularis and a serosa. A “stratum compactum” of dense connective tissue was confirmed for the submucosa. In its histology and cytology, the midgut resembles the hindgut, except that in the hindgut the muscularis is thicker, the microvilli are shorter, there are fewer absorptive inclusions in the columnar cells and there are more goblet cells. With the exception of the serosa, the tissue layers of the intestine of the 6 cm juvenile catfish are fully developed. The most notable difference between the intestines of the juvenile and adult catfish occurs in the columnar epithelial cells. The mucosal cells of the juvenile catfish contain an abundance of large clear vacuoles while the mucosal cells of the mature catfish contain smaller dense granules. With few exceptions, the ultrastructural details of the cells in the catfish intestine are identical to those of the same cell types of the mammalian intestine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 293-298 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The surface of the gar respiratory epithelium was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Nonciliated and ciliated cells constitute the epithelium. Puffs appear to be an unusual feature of the ciliated cells as well as nonciliated cells. There appears to be a transition from nonciliated to puff ciliated cells through a puff stage. The role of the cell types as related to oxygen available in the air bladder is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation and cytochemical characterization of cortical granules in the ovarian oocytes of the golden hamster have been investigated by use of light and electron microscopical techniques. Particular emphasis is given to the changing population of organelles associated with cortical granule formation. Our observations indicate that cortical granules are produced by the participation of both the Golgi complex and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ultrastructural cytochemistry reveals that the cortical granules are composed of glycoprotein. The cortical granules are released at fertilization by a merocrine-type of secretory process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 299-307 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Morphologists have long been aware that differential size relationships of variables can be of great value when studying shape. Allometric patterns have been the basis of many interpretations of adaptations, biomechanisms, and taxonomies. It is of importance that the parameters of the allometric equation be as accurate estimates as possible since they are so commonly used in such interpretations.Since the error term may come into the allometric relation either exponentially or additively, there are at least two methods of estimating the parameters of the allometric equation. That most commonly used assumes exponentiality of the error term, and operates by forming a linear function by a logarithmic transformation and then solving by the method of ordinary least squares. On the other hand, if the error term comes into the equation in an additive way, a nonlinear method may be used, searching the parameter space for those parameters which minimize the sum of squared residuals. Study of data on body weight and metabolism in birds explores the issues involved in discriminating between the two models by working through a specific example and shows that these two methods of estimation can yield highly different results. Not only minimizing the sum of squared residuals, but also the distribution and randomness of the residuals must be considered in determining which model more precisely estimates the parameters.In general there is no a priori way to tell which model will be best. Given the importance often attached to the parameter estimates, it may be well worth considerable effort to find which method of solution is appropriate for a given set of data.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Embryos of the marine cheilo-ctenostome bryozoan Bugula neritina undergo a marked increase in volume (about 500-fold) during embryogenesis while being retained in a brood chamber. Previous morphological studies indicate that shortly after transfer of the zygote to the brood chamber, the epithelium of the maternally-derived portion of the brood chamber, the ooecial vesicle, differentiates in regions adjacent to the embryonary space from a squamous to a columnar form suggesting that the parent is involved as a source of extraembryonic nutrients required for the extensive growth of the embryo.Results of the present ultrastructural study indicate that hypertrophy of the epithelial cells occurs only in that region of the ooecial vesicle which opposes the embryo, that differentiation (and subsequent regression) of the lining are predictable events correlated with the onset (and termination) of embryonic growth, and that hypertrophied cells are well equipped for the synthesis and transport of macromolecular materials across the vesicle wall to the developing embryo. Further, that portion of the embryo's ectoderm (the presumptive metasomal sac) in contact with this hypertrophied epithelium is morphologically specialized for the uptake of nutrients. Finally, shortly before release of the larva, this intimate association of the metasomal sac tissue and the hypertrophied ooecial vesicle lining epithelium is terminated by invagination of the sac and atrophy of the lining.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 309-335 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four species of Phocidae, or true seals, inhabit the waters surrounding the Antarctic continent. These animals are thought to have different diving capabilities. The Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli, is known to be capable of attaining depths up to 600 meters.The respiratory system of the Weddell seal shows the usual adaptations to an aquatic environment characteristic of other marine mammals. These include lungs that undergo compression collapse at depths greater than 70 meters; hyaline cartilage in the tracheo-bronchial tree as far as the terminal bronchioles; and large amounts of smooth muscle surrounding the distal-most bronchioles. The collapsible lungs provide a mechanism by which air is forced from the alveoli adjacent to the pulmonary capillary beds thereby preventing the absorption of nitrogen gas into the bloodstream. The presence of hyaline cartilage throughout most of the tracheo-bronchial tree increases the effective dead air space that accommodates most of the air forced from the collapsed lungs. The smooth muscle surrounding the respiratory bronchioles prevents their collapse while under the pressures of a deep dive. Collapse of the respiratory bronchioles not supported by cartilage would trap air in the lung alveoli during a dive.In addition, large-sac-like “diverticulae” are found in the submucosa throughout the tracheo-bronchial tree. These diverticulae, which open directly into the lumen of the tree, appear to be modified glands whose cells, in most cases, do not appear to be specialized for secretory function. They are most numerous in the more distal bronchi and terminal bronchioles where they are situated on both the luminal and adventitial sides of the hyaline cartilage supporting the walls of the air passages. Diverticulae are not found in the respiratory bronchioles or in the respiratory portion of the lungs.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An analysis of the microanatomy of the molar dentition of Microtus utilizing histological, histochemical and autoradiographic techniques reveals a complex architecture with distinctive morphogenic mechanisms which respond to the functional requirements of the organism. These mechanisms include; the maintenance of continued growth and eruption of the molars to compensate for continued hard tissue loss from wear at the occlusal surface of the crown throughout the entire lifespan of the organism and a positive feedback repair mechanism to protect the growth systems from the potential destruction this normal occlusal wear could initiate. An awareness and understanding of these phenomena is of significant value for interpreting palentological specimens and formulating a theoretical model for interpreting the evolution of Microtine molar dentitions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cyclic adenosine 3′-5′-monophosphate content of four regenerate stages in the forelimb of the newt, Triturus viridescens, was assayed using the Gilman method and compared to the content in the normal, unamputated, forelimb. The concentration was found to be highest in the earliest stages of regeneration, followed by a sharp drop and then a rise to a plateau approximately that of the unamputated limb. The possibility that cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger for nervous and hormonal influences on regeneration is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 87 (1975), S. 708-708 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 87 (1975), S. I 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 87 (1975), S. 740-741 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 87 (1975), S. 741-742 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 87 (1975), S. 743-744 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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