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  • 1995-1999  (74)
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  • Bone
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 28 (1999), S. 90-95 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words DXA ; Bone ; Cadaver ; Biomechanics ; Metastases ; Fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. To determine whether the load-bearing capacity of human proximal femora with metastatic defects can be predicted from the bone mineral content. Design. The bone mineral content (BMC) of the total proximal femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The femurs were loaded so as to simulate stair ascent or external rotation. Patients. Simulated lytic defects were created using specialized cutting tools in the intertrochanteric region of 32 human cadaveric femora. Bone density measurements were made before and after creating defects. Results. A linear relation could be used to predict failure load from BMC or bone mineral density. The slope of the linear relation was greater for loads representing external rotation than for loads representing stair ascent. The linear relations suggest that the BMC measurements account for both the density of the host bone and the amount of bone removed by the defect. Conclusions. The data suggest that between 70% and 80% of the variation in failure load of human femora with lytic metastatic defects can be predicted from the BMC and that relations between BMC and failure load are sensitive to the type of loading. Combined with information on the loads associated with the activities of daily living, these data may be used to help identify patients in whom prophylactic stabilization might prevent a pathologic fracture.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Key words Non-enzymatic glycosylation ; Advanced glycation endproducts ; Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts ; Diabetes mellitus ; Osteoblasts ; Bone ; Osteopenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Advanced glycation endproducts have been implicated in the development of diabetic complications. In addition, these products could also mediate certain bone alterations such as diabetic osteopenia. Several receptors specific for advanced glycation endproduct-modified proteins have been characterized in different cell types, contributing to the recognition and degradation of senescent proteins. In the present report, we investigated the possible presence of advanced glycation endproduct-binding proteins on osteoblast-like cells. Both UMR106 and MC3T3E1 cell lines express specific advanced glycation endproduct-binding sites, with an affinity constant between 0.4 and 1.7 · 106 M−1, depending on the stage of osteoblastic differentiation; and with a receptor capacity of 1.5–2.0 · 107 sites/cell. Osteoblast-like cells were also found to participate both in the uptake and degradation of advanced glycation endproduct-modified bovine serum albumin at 37°C. Radiolabelled ligand blotting studies confirmed the presence of several membrane binding proteins, with apparent molecular masses of 50, 45–40, 30, 25 and 18 kDa; the major bands corresponded to 30 and 25 kDa proteins. This study provides evidence of the presence of advanced glycation endproduct-specific binding sites, and for their regulation with the stage of differentiation, in two osteoblast-like cells in culture.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 9 (1999), S. 251-254 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Bone ; Scintigraphy ; symptomatic ; Knee ; Arthroplasty ; Os ; Scintigraphie ; Genou ; Arthroplastie ; Symptomatique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Objectif: Evaluation de la scintigraphie osseuse dans l'arthroplastie totale de genou douloureux. Lieu: Hôpital universitaire, Maastricht et Hôpital Maasland, Sittard. Projet: Investigation clinique retrospective. Méthode: Les dossiers cliniques de 27 patients ayant subi une scintigraphie de l'os, ont été étudiés afin d'analyser les plaintes et la façon de décider le diagnostic. Ces patients avaient des symptômes persistants après l'arthroplastie totale du genou. En plus ont été étudiées les radiographies conventionelles et les scanographies isotopes, sans connaître les dossiers cliniques. Sur la base de ces données nous avons évalué les cas dans lesquels la scanographie isotope du genou a contribué de façon décisive au traitement future. Résultats: La scanographie isotope ne contribue pas à la planification du traitement, si l'examen physique ou les radiographies conventionelles n'ont pas apporté de diagnostic clinique. Il s'agissait ici de 37 % des patients de cette série. Dans les cas où le diagnostic clinique était fait, la scanographie isotope a influencé la décision de diagnostic de 65 % des patients. Cependant, pour les autres patients avec diagnostic clinique (35 %), ce ne fut pas le cas. Conclusion : La répresentation radionucléide est de valeur limitée dans le diagnostic d'une arthroplastie symptomatique totale du genou. Elle peut supporter ou rejeter un diagnostic clinique mais entraînera rarement un changement de traitement, dans l'absence de constatations anormales pendant les examens physiques ou radiologiques.
    Notes: Summary Objective: Determination of the value of bone scanning in symptomatic total knee arthroplasties. Setting Academic Hospital Maastricht and Maasland Hospital Sittard. Design: Retrospective clinical investigation. Method: The clinical reports of 27 patients, who underwent a bone scintigraphic study, were investigated for complaints and analysis of diagnostic decision making. These patients had persistent symptoms after total knee arthroplasty. In addition, conventional radiographs and the isotope scans were studied without knowledge of the clinical records. Based on these data we evaluated in which cases isotope scanning of the knee had contributed decisively to the further treatment. Results: Isotope scanning did not contribute to the treatment planning if physical examination or conventional radiographs had not led to a clinical diagnosis. This comprised 37% of the patients in our series. If a clinical diagnosis was present, isotope scanning did influence decision making in 65% of the patients. However in the remaining patients with a clinical diagnosis (35%) this was not the case. Conclusion: Radionuclide imaging is of limited value in the diagnostic process of symptomatic total knee arthroplasty. It may support or reject a clinical diagnosis, but in the absence of abnormal findings at physical examinations or radiologic studies, it seldom will induce a change in treatment
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 9 (1999), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone substitutes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Biocompatible calcium phosphate ceramics has been used for several years in orthopeadic surgery. We have been using two new synthetic biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics (BCP) since September 1996 for bone defect filling in any orthopaedic or trauma operation where autograft use was not possible or even wanted. The first, Eurocer 400® has 300 to 500 micron wide macropores with a totally interconnected porosity. This salt seed like product can be used in bone defect filling, when solidity is not a major concern. The second, Eurocer 200® has not totally interconnected 200 micron large pores. Its main characteristic is a mechanical resistance up to 30 Mpa. We use it in any case of weight-bearing surgery. Different sizes and presentation forms are available and will be chosen according to the recipient site shape. We report one hundred and fifty cases with a six to thirty month follow-up. In one third of the patients hip revision surgery was addressed. Another third concerned recent trauma or sequelae cases,.whereas the last third involved cold orthopaedic procedures. General principles are the need of a living and non-infected site after thorough debridement if necessary. Osteocompatibility of calcium phosphate ceramic is confirmed by our results. We report no mechanical failure. In all cases X-rays show a progressive integration, with new bone formation. Our substitutes have been histologically studied in nine cases, four to fifteen months after implantation. New bone formation around and in the substitute is impressive. Indeed, their good mechanical properties without loss of biological quality is the most relevant feature of these BCPs, leading to a wider indication field; therefore we have now abandoned the use of any bony auto, allo or xenograft.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 42 (1999), S. 1225-1227 
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Colon cancer ; Adenocarcinoma ; Intramuscular metastasis ; Bone ; Heterotopic ossification ; Soft tissue tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This report presents a patient who developed severe buttock pain because of an ossified intramuscular metastasis from a sigmoid colon cancer. METHODS: This is a case report and review of the literature for intramuscular metastasis from colon cancer. RESULTS: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a soft-tissue mass with heavy calcification. Histologically, mature compact bone was observed with adenocarcinoma cells dispersed among the bony trabeculae. CONCLUSION: When an intramuscular mass is seen, even if it contains extensive calcification, metastasis from colon cancer should be included in differential diagnosis.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 112 (1999), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Key words Trauma ; Calcification ; Bone ; Embolism ; Autopsy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Embolism of bone marrow to the lungs is a quite frequent finding after trauma but transport and deposition of solid bone is rarely seen, which may simply be because pulmonary calcifications are not recognized as bone fragments. We report on three patients with embolism of bone spicules to small lung arteries of about 0.5 mm in diameter which were plentiful in two of the patients on postmortem examination. However, the true nature of the emboli was only recognizable after decalcification of lung tissues. It appears that trauma occurring in a septic bone lesion has the greatest chance to provoke bone embolism. The bone spicules do not usually occlude vessel lumina and thus do not severely disturb the blood circulation in the lungs. The bone fragments become covered by endothelium and can remain recognizable for months or even years.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 3 (1999), S. 140-145 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Konfokale Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie ; Dunkelfeldmikroskopie ; Bisbenzimidmarkierung ; Knochen ; Strahlenfolgen ; Radiogener Osteozytentod ; Key words Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; Microscopy ; Bisbenzimide labelling ; Bone ; Radiation effects ; Osteocytes ; Osteoradionecrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Early radiation effects on human bone may lead to osteoradionecrosis (ORN). Direct bone cellular lesions [28] as well as fibrous degeneration of blood vessels [21] are considered to be pathologically relevant. Only few data on initial subclinical radiation effects are available. Patients were grouped according to the dose of radiation and clinical findings. Group 1: sound human bone of lower jaw, mostly collected during orthodontic surgery (n = 10 patients); group 2: specimens of lower jaw from patients with ORN (n = 12 patients); group 3: specimens of lower jaw from patients with head and neck cancer who were preoperatively treated with 36 Gy radiation; group 4: specimens of lower jaw from patients with head and neck cancer (n = 9) who were treated with 60–70 Gy radiation. Specimens were studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), by conventional light microscopy (DL) and by flourescence darkfield microscopy (DFM) after bisbenzimide staining (H 33258) of the viable cellular nuclei. For the correlating study of identical areas in CLSM and DL the specimens were prepared according to the sawing and grinding technique [8]. All the radiated bony specimens, regardless of the dose of radiation, showed areas of extensive or total loss of vitality of the osteocytes. This finding was also evident after 36 Gy and a short interval between radiation and sample collection (group 3). Additionally, in CLSM micromorphologic lesions of the lamellate structure were seen. With these results we can confirm the loss of vitality of the osteocytes as an initial radiation effect as described earlier [10, 23, 28]. In addition to these findings, alteration of the lamellate microstructure was found in the early phase after radiation. The functional and mechanical significance of these findings should be the subject of further studies.
    Notes: Für die infizierte Osteoradionekrose (IORN) des Kiefers werden unterschiedliche pathogenetische Mechanismen initialer Strahlenfolgen im Knochen diskutiert: Wichtige Parameter sind dabei die direkte Zellschädigung der Osteozyten [28] und die Gefäßfibrosierung [21]. Bislang liegen wenige Kenntnisse zum Ausmaß der initialen, subklinischen Veränderungen vor. 4 Probengruppen wurden anhand verschiedener Patientenkollektive definiert: Gruppe 1: gesunde Unterkieferproben meist von orthodontischen Operationen (n = 10 Patienten); Gruppe 2: Unterkieferproben mit manifester IORN (n = 12 Patienten); Grruppe 3: Unterkieferproben nach 36 Gy präoperativer Radio(chemo)therapie (n = 9 Patienten); Gruppe 4: Unterkieferproben nach 60–70 Gy Bestrahlung ohne Hinweise auf IORN (n = 9 Patienten). Alle Proben wurden histotomographisch mit konfokaler Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie (CLSM), durchlichtmikroskopisch (DL) und dunkelfeldmikroskopisch (DFM) nach Fluoreszenzmarkierung des intakten Zellkerns (Bisbenzimid H 33258) untersucht. Korrelierende Histologien identischer Probenareale erfolgten an Trenndünnschliffen [8]. Als Ergebnisse wurden gefunden: 1. Alle unterschiedlich bestrahlte Knochenproben zeigten Areale mit weitgehendem bis vollständigem Verlust vitaler Osteozyten. Diese Strahlenfolge trat auch schon nach 36 Gy und kurzem Intervall bis zur Operation (Gruppe 3) auf. 2. Im CLSM zeigten sich zusätzlich mikromorphologische Veränderungen der lamellären Struktur, die zwischen den Probengruppen progredient waren. Hieraus können folgende Schlußfolgerungen gezogen werden: 1. Der vorbeschriebene Vitalitätsverlust der Osteozyten [10, 23, 28] konnte als sehr frühe, initiale, radiogene Läsion bestätigt werden. 2. Zusätzlich zeigten sich Veränderungen der lamellären Mikroarchitektur des Knochens als frühe und im Gruppenvergleich progrediente Strahlenläsion. Die mikromechanisch funktionelle Bedeutung dieser Veränderung muß in weiterführenden Untersuchungen eruiert werden.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 27 (1999), S. 508-516 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Angiogenesis ; Artery ; Bone ; Creeping substitution ; Leukocytes ; Osteocytes ; Reperfusion injury ; Trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An in vivo model has been developed for chronic observation of the effects of ischemia on cortical bone remodeling and perfused vascularity. Diaphragm occluders were implanted around the right common iliac artery of four rabbits and inflated to produce 10 h of ischemia to the limb. Microcirculation was monitored with intravital microscopy of injected fluorescent microspheres and FITC-Dextran 70 through a bone window, the tibial bone chamber implant (BCI). Bone resorption and apposition in the BCI were indicated with mineralization dyes. Between 2 and 12 h following release of the occluder, secondary ischemia/no-reflow and other evidence of reperfusion injury were observed. Vessel damage was suggested by abnormally high leakage of FITC-D70 from the few vessels perfused during secondary ischemia. In the weeks following occluder release perfused vasculature increased beyond pre-occlusion levels. Net bone resorption reached a maximum when vascularity passed normal levels. In order to further validate the arterial occlusion model for osteonecrosis, techniques for (1) confirming bone death and (2) detecting increased leukocyte adherence to endothelial cells were added. The dead cell stain Ethidium homodimer-1 was used to tag dead osteocytes immediately after occlusion and produced a measure designated “osteonecrosis index.” To detect leukocytes adhering to vessel walls, carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester was injected at occluder release. An increase in the number of adherent leukocytes was detected. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC99: 8764Rr, 8717-d, 8719Tt
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1433-7347
    Keywords: Key words Anterior cruciate ; ligament reconstruction ; Bone ; tunnel enlargement ; Hamstring ; tendons ; Magnetic resonance ; imaging ; Radiographic evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of bone tunnel enlargement detected on radiography after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with semitendinosus and gracilis tendon endobutton (STG-endobutton) fixation technique. Fourteen patients with a STG-endobutton ACL reconstruction were examined 3 months (n = 1), 1 year (n = 1) and 2 years (n = 12) postoperatively. An age- and sex-matched group with a bone–patellar tendon–bone (BTB) autograft ACL reconstruction with similar follow-up was taken as control. Data on clinical examination, laxity and isokinetic muscle torque measurements, anteroposterior and lateral view radiography were obtained, and knee scores (Lysholm and Tegner) were collected. Contrast-enhanced MRI was performed in the STG-endobutton group with a 1.5-T imager. There were no statistical differences between the groups with respect to clinical findings, stability tests, or knee scores. In the STG-endobutton group the average femoral and tibial bone tunnel diameter detected on anteroposterior view radiography had increased at 2-year follow-up by 33% and 23%, respectively. On MRI the ligamentous graft itself was not enhanced by the contrast medium whereas periligamentous tissue within and around the STG graft bundles showed mild contrast enhancement. In conclusion, the MRI results suggest that enhancing periligamentous tissue accumulated in and around the STG graft associated with the tunnel expansion. In spite of the significant bone tunnel enlargement observed on the follow-up radiography the STG-endobutton knees were stable and the patients satisfied.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of trauma 25 (1999), S. 230-236 
    ISSN: 1615-3146
    Keywords: Aneurysmatische Knochenzyste ; Knochentumor ; Hand ; Aneurysmal bone cyst ; Bone ; Hand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The aneurysmal bone cyst localizised at the longfingers of the hand is an extremely rare clinical entity, particularly considering the age and the distinct aggressiveness in our case. In this specific case of a 53-year-old male the differentialdiagnosis as well as problems of the aneurysmal bone cyst with affection of the phalangeal bone will be discussed. Furthermore the various possibilities of therapy will be focussed on. At first the patient was treated with curettage followed by bone grafting. Already 5 months later a local recurrence appeared. The proximal phalangeal bone and the metacarpophalangeal joint V were almost distroyed. Aiming at preservation of a high funcionality of the hand we amputated the 5th finger in the metacarpophalangeal joint.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die aneurysmatische Knochenzyste mit Lokalisation an der Hand, insbesondere an den Phalangen, ist ein extrem seltenes Krankheitsbild. Auch das Alter des Patienten und die ausgeprägte Aggressivität unseres Falles sind bemerkenswert. Anhand der Krankengeschichte eines 53jährigen Mannes mit Befall der Grundphalanx des fünften Fingers der rechten Hand werden die Problemstellung bzw. Differentialdiagnose verdeutlicht und die verschiedenen Therapiemöglichkeiten besprochen. In unserem Fall wurde zunächst eine Kürettage mit anschließender Spongiosaaufftüllung durchgeführt. Bereits nach fünf Monaten kam es zu einem aggressiven Rezidiv mit Zerstörung der gesamten Grundphalanx und des Grundgelenks, so daß wir uns schließlich unter Berücksichtigung der bestmöglichen Funktion der Hand für eine Amputation des Kleinfingers entschieden haben.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Reproduktionsmedizin 15 (1999), S. 405-409 
    ISSN: 1434-808X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Estrogenrezeptoren ; Knochen ; Arteriosklerose ; Endometrium ; Zentralnervensystem ; Key words Estrogen receptors ; Bone ; Arteriosclerosis ; Endometrium ; Central nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Almost each cell in the body is estrogen-receptive. The strength of estrogen influence on organs or organ systems, however, may vary. Thus, estrogen withdrawal may have more or less severe pathophysiological consequences. Recently, the existence of two estrogen receptors has been established (estrogen receptor α and β = ERα and ERβ and several splice variants of these two basic receptor types have been desribed). This, together with our increasing knowledge about tissue-specific enhancer and repressor genes now allows a better understanding of the organ-specific effects of estrogens. In view of gynecological endocrinology, hormone replacement therapy with estrogens is beneficial for most organs in the body (bone, cardiovascular system, CNS). However, pure estrogen therapy may have deleterious effects in the endometrium of the uterus because it may initiate the development of uterine cancer. In the uterus of most species studied so far, no ERβ but only the classical ERα gene has been described. Hence, drug companies have now intensively begun to search for ERβ-specific estrogens. The first, relatively specific, non-steroidal product that addresses primarily the ERβ is the drug raloxifen, which has been recently introduced clinically. However, also some natural phyto-estrogens appear to be ERβ-specific.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fast jede Körperzelle ist estrogenrezeptiv. Es gibt allerdings Organe und Organsysteme, die besonders unter dem Einfluß von Estrogenen stehen und die sich bei Estrogenmangel krankhaft verändern können. Die vielfältigen Wirkungen von Estrogenen konnten nicht vollständig verstanden werden, solange die Existenz von nur einem Estrogenrezeptor quasi ein Dogma war. Erst die Klonierung eines zweiten (Estrogenrezeptor β = ERβ) sowie das bessere Verständnis von gewebespezifischen Enhancer- und Repressor-Genen konnten die vielfältigen und z. T. organspezifischen Wirkungen der Estrogene aufklären. Aus der Sicht der gynäkologischen Endokrinologie ist die Hormonersatztherapie mit Estrogenen für fast alle Organe des Körpers (Knochen, Herz-Kreislauf-System, Zentralnervensystem) segensreich. Eine nicht gestagenbegleitete Estrogentherapie kann allerdings verheerende Folgen am Endometrium mit Entwicklung eines Corpus-Karzinoms haben. Da der Uterus praktisch kein ERβ sondern nur den klassischen ERα exprimiert, hat eine intensive Suche nach ERβ-spezifischen Estrogenen begonnen. Ein erstes, halbwegs spezifisches nicht-steroidales Produkt scheint das kürzlich in die Klinik eingeführte Raloxifen zu sein, aber auch einige Phytoestrogene scheinen ERβ-spezifisch zu wirken.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Hemangiopericytoma ; Brain ; Bone ; Metastasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Two cases of osseous hemangiopericytoma are presented that were initially diagnosed as primary in origin, but later reclassified as metastases, after a history of resection for an intracranial tumor was discovered. An intracranial source should be excluded before an isolated osseous tumor is determined to be a primary hemangiopericytoma.
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  • 13
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    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 27 (1998), S. 346-349 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Neurofibromatosis ; Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are uncommon sarcomas that almost always arise in soft tissue. They can develop in pre-existing neurofibromas or schwannomas, de novo from peripheral nerves, or following radiation therapy. Primary intraosseous MPNST is rare and has been reported most frequently in the mandible. Of the reported cases involving the long bones, none has been associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). We report a case of MPNST arising in the femur in a patient with NF-1.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Key words: Neonatal Bartter syndrome ; Bone ; Cal- cium ; Heparin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The neonatal Bartter syndrome (NBS) is associated with a complex disorder of mineral metabolism in children, including hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and diminished bone mineral density. Although cyclooxygenase inhibition usually brings about improvement in these findings, there is a variable component which is resistant to such therapy in many children. The factor mediating this disorder has not been identified. Blood and urine from 12 children with NBS were examined. When compared with samples from normal children and adults, all (NBS) sera reduced bone calcium uptake in a bone disc bioassay. This effect persisted in the presence of parathyroid hormone (PTH) antibody and PTH receptor blockade, indicating that neither PTH nor PTH related peptide was responsible. It was eliminated by indomethacin, suggesting that prostanoid generation was essential. Protamine was also inhibitory, as was the addition of ecteola, an anion binder. Activity could be recovered from ecteola by elution with hypertonic buffer. Urine samples from children with NBS had the same calcitropic effect. The agent was removed by ecteola and recovered by hypertonic elution. Activity was eliminated by protamine and by heparinase, but not by trypsin digestion. Size exclusion centrifugation showed that the activity was associated with a material between 10 and 30 kilodaltons. Finally, urine ecteola eluates from NBS patients raised serum concentrations of calcium after intraperitoneal injection in rats. These data suggest that children with NBS have a calcitropic substance in their serum and urine which is not found in normal individuals. The substance is heparin like, and mediates its effects through prostanoid production. These studies provide additional evidence against a direct renal cause of the urinary calcium disturbance characteristic of the disorder.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Muscular dystrophy ; Central nuclei ; Avian muscle ; Inflammation ; Dwarfism ; Lymphocyte ; Mechanochemical transducer ; Bone ; Steroid ; Fiber splitting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Muscular dystrophy has long been believed to be characterized by degeneration and abortive regeneration of muscle fibers (the muscle degeneration theory), but unfortunately its pathogenesis is still unclear and an effective treatment has yet to be developed. As a challenge to the theory, we have proposed an alternative muscle-defective-growth theory and a further bone muscle growth imbalance hypothesis supposing possible defects in bone-growth-dependent muscle growth based on our findings in hereditary dystrophic dy mice (C57BL/6Jdy/dy). This review presents some new insights into the pathogenesis of the disease along with our hypothesis, focusing on the physiological meaning of centronucleation, one of the major pathological changes commonly observed in dystrophic muscles of man and experimental animals.
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  • 16
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    European spine journal 7 (1998), S. 257-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words Angiomatosis ; Bone ; Osteolysis ; Cervical spine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The case of a 21/2-year-old boy with diffuse cystic angiomatosis of bone is presented. No evidence of visceral involvement was recorded. The clinical, radiographic and histologic findings during the course of the disease process are discussed. At the age of 15 years the patient died of neurologic alterations developed due to massive osteolysis and collapse of the cervical spine, and severe dyspnoea, secondary to persistent bilateral pleural effusions.
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  • 17
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    Experimental biology online 3 (1998), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1430-3418
    Keywords: Bone ; Cell behaviour ; Chondrocyte ; Endothelia ; Epitenon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The motile behaviour, growth and reactions of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, epitenal cells and endothelia to culture on extended concave surfaces inside tubes is reported. Time-lapse video observations show that these cells can be successfully grown in quartz tubes for up to 21days. The cells would attach to the concave surfaces even when the radius of curvature was as low as 25 μm. The cells attached to the walls were not oriented. As culturing progressed the chondrocytes, osteoblasts and epitenon cells tended to detach from the walls of the tubes, forming long cords of cells attached to the walls at a few points only. Endothelial cells did not detach. These cords showed extensive lamellipodial activity at their points of attachment to the tube wall. The cells in these cords do not show contact inhibition of movement.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Knee joint ; Vascularized graft ; Bone ; Transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four transplantations of an allogeneic vascularized human knee joint were performed at the Trauma Center Murnau between April 1996 and July 1997. The indication for the procedure was the total loss of the knee joint including the extensor apparatus due to severe trauma. These were the first transplants of this type. Management of patients started with closure of soft-tissue defects. After successful completion, stabilization was achieved with femoral and tibial nails plus a temporary arthroplasty. AB0 compatibility and a negative cross-match were the main criteria for selecting patients for transplantation. Interlocking compression nails were used for osteosynthesis. Vascular anastomoses between graft and recipient vessels were established by the end-to-side technique. Immunosuppression was started as a quadruple induction therapy for 3 days, then reduced to a two-drug maintenance therapy with cyclosporine and azathioprine. Six months posttransplantation the osteotomies were bridged by callus and the patients became completely mobile. Radiographic and histological examinations revealed vital graft tissue.
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  • 19
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 2 (1998), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Konfokale Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie ; Knochen ; Histotomographie ; Key words Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; Bone ; Histotomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Objectives: Fixation (formalin), decalcification (sections) or mechanical treatment (grinding) all bear the risk of artifacts occurring during hard-tissue histology. Because studies on the etiology of pathological changes mostly focus on subclinical lesions, artifacts can simulate early changes or even be superimposed on existing changes. The objective of this study was to determine how artifacts can be reduced. Material and methods: In confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) a focused laser beam scans the surface of the specimens and penetrates into the tissue. The intensity of the remitted light is recorded. The confocal effect is due to an extremely small aperture (pinhole), excluding light from out-of-focus planes of the sample. By stepwise movement of the object table, a tomographic series of tomographic images is obtained. Sound cortical bone samples of the lower jaw (n = 20) were studied by light microscopy and by CLSM, visualizing identical areas of a ground sectioned sample after H & E staining. Additionally, embedded and fresh blocks of tissue of the same bone sample were studied histotomographically in the CLSM. Results: (1) Light microscopic micromorphology of cortical bone can be visualized adequately in the CLSM; (2) many structures that can be visualized by light microscopy only after special staining (e.g., osteozyte processes) can be visualized by the CLSM using sample blocks without pretreatment. Conclusion: (1) Nondestructive subsurface histotomography by CLSM totally excludes mechanical artifacts; (2) physicochemical artifacts can be handled more easily because fresh samples can be studied; (3) pseudo-three-dimensional imaging allows histological interpretation of the tissue that is equivalent to macroscopic tomographic techniques (CT, MRT).
    Notes: Durch Fixierung (Formalin), Entkalkung (Schnitte) oder mechanische Bearbeitung (Schliffe) besteht bei der Hartgewebshistologie das Risiko physikalisch-chemischer oder mechanischer Artefakte. Da Studien zur Ätiopathogenese pathologischer Veränderungen meist auf subklinische Läsionen zielen, besteht die Gefahr, daß Artefakte frühe Veränderungen vortäuschen oder vorhandene überdecken. Es wird der Frage einer artefaktminimierten Histologie nachgegangen. Bei der konfokalen Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie (CLSM) rastert ein monochromatischer Laserstrahl über die Probenoberfläche und dringt in das Gewebe ein. Die Intensität der remittierten Strahlung wird in einem Detektor gemessen. Durch eine konfokale Blende (pinhole) erreicht nur Laserlicht aus einer extrem dünnen In-Fokus-Ebene den Detektor, so daß schrittweises Bewegen des Objekttischs eine tomographische Serie von Einzelbildern visualisiert. Gesunde kortikale Knochenproben des Unterkiefers (n = 20) wurden durchlichtmikroskopisch und im CLSM untersucht: Dabei wurden identische Probenareale an Dünnschliffen nach HE-Färbung visualisiert. Außerdem wurden eingebettete und frische Gewebeblöcke derselben Knochenproben im CLSM histotomographiert. Als Ergebnisse wurden gefunden: 1. Lichtmikroskopische Mikromorphologie kortikalen Knochens ist im CLSM valide visualisierbar. 2. Viele lichtmikroskopisch erst nach Spezialfärbungen darstellbare Strukturen (z.B. Osteozytenfortsätze) können im CLSM an Probenblöcken ohne Vorbereitung mikroskopiert werden. Hieraus können folgende Schlußfolgerungen gezogen werden: 1. Die zerstörungsfreie Histotomographie des CLSM unter der Probenoberfläche vermeidet mechanische Artefakte völlig. 2. Physikalisch-chemische Artefakte werden kontrollierbar, da auch frische Proben mikroskopiert werden können. 3. Die pseudo-dreidimensionale Darstellung erlaubt eine histologische Gewebeinterpretation, die makroskopischen Schichtbildverfahren (CT, MRT) vergleichbar ist.
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  • 20
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    Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie 2 (1998), S. S37 
    ISSN: 1434-3940
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kalzium ; Phosphat ; Hydroxylapatit ; Zement ; Knochenersatz ; Augmentation ; Key words Calcium ; Phosphate ; Hydroxyapatite ; Cement ; Bone ; Augmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new stoechiometric mixture of 27% dicalcium-phosphate (DCPA) and 73% tetra-calcium-phosphate (TTCP) can be prepared with water intraoperatively to a paste that subsequently sets to a structurally stabile implant composed of hydroxyapatite (HA). Primary setting time is about 20 min; pH during setting ranges from 6.5 to 8.5. There is no relevant curing heat or expansion or contraction. Compressive strength is about 50 MPa, tensile strength about 8 MPa. Over a period of about 4 h in physiological milieu, the cement converts to hydroxyapatite. This product is no longer redissolvable in normal body fluid. This cement can be used for non-load-bearing applications especially in craniofacial bone surgery. Cranial defects due to tumour or trauma as well as deficits in the facial skeleton may be reconstructed using this new biomaterial. In nine of ten patients we used the hydroxyapatite cement successfully for reconstructions in the craniofacial area. Fluid control of the operation field and implant site is extremely important and sometimes difficult to achieve. Further applications could be all non-load-bearing augmentations such as filling of blocked paranasal sinuses, of dentoalveolar cysts and defects following dental apectomy or fixation of implanted hearing-aid electrodes. The perspectives for the hydroxyapatite cement include its application as a carrier for osteogenic protein preparations, especially because of its isothermic reaction and intrinsic osteoconductive characteristics.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein neuer Kalziumphosphatzement besteht aus 73% Tetrakalziumphosphat und 27% Kalziumhydrogenphosphat. Er bindet bei Körpertemperaturen nach Zugabe von Wasser innerhalb von 20 min ab. Innerhalb von 4 h wird der Zement zu Hydroxylapatitkristallen umgesetzt und damit wasserunlöslich. Der Abbindeprozeß verläuft nahezu isotherm im pH-Bereich von 6,5–8,5 ohne Schrumpfung. Die Druckfestigkeit liegt im ausgehärteten Zustand oberhalb von 50 MPa, die Zugfestigkeit bei mehr als 8 Mpa. Der Zement ist für alle nicht lasttragenden Knochenaugmentationen und Knochenersatzanwendungen insbesondere am Gesichtsschädel geeignet. Bei 9 von 10 Patienten benutzten wir den Zement erfolgreich für Rekonstruktionen im kraniofazialen Bereich. Beim klinischen Einsatz muß besonders auf sorgfältige Trockenlegung des Operations- und Implantationsfelds geachtet werden. Weitere Anwendungsmöglichkeiten sind das Auffüllen von ausgeräumten und verblockten Schädelhöhlen, die Fixation von implantierten Hörelektroden in der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde sowie das Auffüllen von Zysten und Wurzelspitzenresektionsdefekten in der dentoalveolären Chirurgie. Besondere Perspektiven bietet der Hydroxylapatitzement wegen seiner isothermen Abbindereaktion und seiner intrinsischen osteokonduktiven Eigenschaften als Trägermaterial für osteogene Proteinkomplexe.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1434-5196
    Keywords: Key words Identification ; Forensic osteology ; DNA typing ; PCR ; Brain ; Bone ; Schlüsselwörter Identifikation ; Forensische ; Osteologie ; DNA-Typisierung ; PCR ; Gehirn ; Knochen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein weitgehend skelettierter Kleinkind-Schädel konnte mittels forensisch-anthropologischer Befunderhebung klassifiziert und mittels erfolgreicher DNA-PCR-Typisierung am Hirnbrei, nicht jedoch am Schädelknochen identifiziert werden. Die vorgestellte Kasuistik belegt eindrücklich, daß eine sorgfältige forensisch-anthropologische Befunderhebung eine wesentliche Grundlage für die molekularbiologische Identifizierung an Skeletteilen bildet und daß auch an fortgeschritten fäulnisverändertem Gehirn bei feuchtem Lagerungsmilieu eine DNA-PCR-Typisierung erfolgreich sein kann.
    Notes: Abstract The skull of a small child, which was largely devoid of soft tissue, was classified according to forensic/anthropological findings and could be identified on the basis of DNA typing by PCR using residual brain tissue, but not bone. This case illustrates the fact that careful forensic/anthropological investigation is an important basis for molecular biological identification from skeletal remains and that DNA typing by PCR may even be possible on brain tissue that has been exposed to damp conditions and is an advanced state of decomposition.
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  • 22
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    Clinical rheumatology 17 (1998), S. 47-51 
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Bone ; Fatigue ; Stress fracture ; Stress reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Stress fractures are being increasingly reported as a common cause of morbidity in both healthy populations and those withunderlying diseases involving abnormal bone. An insight into the types and pathogenesis of stress fractures is necessary to considering the diagnosis, management and prevention of such conditions. The classification, aetiology and aspects of management are discussed.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Osteoclasts ; Osteoblasts ; Osteocytes ; Bone ; Substance P (SP) ; Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1-R) ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that is released from axons of sensory neurons and causes signal transduction through the activation of the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1-R). The present study demonstrates the distribution of SP-like-immunoreactive (SP-LI) axons and the localization of NK1-Rs in rat bone tissue using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. Axons with SP-LI were commonly found near the trabecular bone in the temporal bone marrow, but they were only sparsely distributed in the mandible, femur, and tibia. Immunoreactivity for NK1-Rs was found on the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm of the osteoclasts. In the osteoblasts and osteocytes, a small number of weak, punctate immunoreactive products of NK1-Rs were distributed close to the plasma membrane. At the electron-microscopic level, immunoreactivity for NK1-R was distributed mainly in the whole cytoplasm, except for the clear zone of the osteoclasts, and in pit-like structures along the plasma membrane. The NK1-R-immunoreactive structures in the cytoplasm were divided into two types of organelles, consisting of vesicular and vacuolar structures (probably transport vesicles and early endosomes). In the osteoblasts and osteocytes, the number of NK1-R-positive vesicular structures was fewer than in the osteoclasts. These results thus suggest that SP secreted by the sensory axons could directly modulate bone metabolism via NK1-Rs.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Osteoclast ; Bone ; Bone resorption ; Alveolar bone ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde fixed undecalcified alveolar bone from 7-day-old rats was prepared for light and electron microscopy. Colloidal lanthanum was used as an ultrastructural tracer, and both random and semi-serial sections were examined. Lanthanum penetrated the infoldings of the ruffled border and some nearby vacuoles and vesicles. The majority of vacuoles and vesicles were lanthanum-free. Some osteoclast profiles contained a large vacuole with a cell enclosed in its interior. The enclosed cell exhibited an irregular nucleus containing condensed peripheral chromatin, intact cytoplasmic organelles, conspicuous rough endoplasmic reticulum and large blebs on the cell surface. These features are characteristic of osteoblasts or bone-lining cells or immature osteocytes which may be undergoing apoptosis or necrosis. The observation of remnants of cellular structures within internalized osteoclast vacuoles, together with the above results, suggests that osteoclasts engulf and probably degrade dying osteoblasts/bone-lining cells or immature osteocytes.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Echinococcosis ; Bone ; Soft tissue ; Liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The present study demonstrates the osseous and soft tissue manifestations of alveolar echinococcosis (AE). Patients. We report on eight patients with AE with bone or soft tissue involvement confirmed at biopsy or needle cytology. Results. All eight patients showed hepatic involvement. Four exhibited infiltration of the spine as a result of direct spread of the hepatic primary lesion; distant metastases were observed in only three of these patients. Calcifications, which are typical for hepatic manifestations of the disease, were observed in soft tissue in only two of eight cases (25%); we observed no instances of endovesicular daughter cysts. Conclusion. AE manifests itself in the vertebral column as a form of spondylitis and in soft tissue presents similar to an abscess. Since in most of these cases spread of the disease per continuitatem from the liver is present, the diagnosis is easily made from the characteristic hepatic findings.
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  • 26
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    Der Chirurg 68 (1997), S. 832-836 
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Hydatid disease ; Echinococcus ; Bone ; Pelvis. ; Schlüsselwörter: Echinococcus ; Knochen ; Becken.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Der Hundebandwurm, Echinococcus, kann in seinem Larvenstadium alle Teile des menschlichen Körpers, zumeist die Leber, als Zwischenwirt befallen. Der primäre Knochenbefall ist mit weniger als 2 % aller Echinococcusläsionen sehr selten. Wir berichten über einen Fall eines ausgedehnten linksseitigen Becken- und Femurbefalls. Die Destruktion des Hüftgelenks, des Os pubis sowie der ausgedehnte Befall des Os ileum und des proximalen Femurs machten eine Hüftgelenk- und Beckenteilresektion sowie den prothetischen Ersatz notwendig. Ein Rezidiv im Bereich der linken Leiste nach 5 Jahren, ausgehend vom proximalen Femur, wurde mit erneuter Resektion und Hüftprothesenwechsel behandelt. Der primär eingebrachte Polyacetal-Beckenersatz mußte dabei wegen Instabilität ebenfalls ausgetauscht werden. Ein sonderangefertigter CAD-Beckenersatz (CAD = „computer-aided designed“) wurde implantiert. Additiv wurde eine Chemotherapie mit Mebendazol durchgeführt. Die Radikalität der Resektion beim ossären Echinococcusbefall wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary. Hydatid disease is caused by the parasitic tapeworm Echinococcus. The larval stage of this parasite can thrive in many parts of the body, most frequently in the liver. Primary bone location is very rare, accounting for less than 2 % of all hydatid lesions. We report on a case of left-sided extended pelvic infestation. The destruction of the hip joint, os pubis, large parts of the ileum and the femoral head made pelvic resection and prosthetic replacement necessary. Recurrence of a hydatid cyst 5 years later in the left groin originating from the proximal femur was treated with second femoral resection and new total hip replacement. Because of instability, the primarily inserted polyacetal pelvic replacement had to be exchanged for a custom-made device fabricated with the aid of computer-aided design (CAD) techniques. This surgical procedure was combined with chemotherapy (mebendazole). The necessity of radical resection in osseus hydatid disease is discussed.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Growth hormone ; Bone ; Osteocalcin ; Parathormone ; 1 ; 25(OH)2vitD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of human growth hormone (hGH) therapy on biochemical markers of bone metabolism were studied in 17 children (10 boys and 7girls, aged 3.7–13.1 years old) with idiopathic GH deficiency, before and 1 and 6 months after GH therapy (0.5–0.7 IU/kg weekly, SC). Serum levels of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and renal phosphate per 100 ml glomerular filtrate (TPO4/GFR) were assessed. During therapy with hGH, a significant decrease of serum calcium levels and increases of phosphate, osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and IGF-I were observed. TPO4/GFR was also significantly increased. Growth response (increment in HV) was positively related with changes in alkaline phosphatase and IGF-I levels after 6 months of hGH therapy. There was also a significant positive correlation between increment in HV and increment in TPO4/GFR after 1 month of GH therapy, whereas no correlation between HV and changes in osteocalcin levels was found. Conclusion GH treatment significantly influences mineral metabolism and the measurement of TPO4/GFR after 1 month of GH therapy may serve as a useful predictor of growth response to hGH therapy in GH-deficient children.
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  • 28
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    Osteoporosis international 7 (1997), S. 370-375 
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Attenuation ; Bone ; Structure ; Ultrasound ; Velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasonic propagation in bone has been investigated using the Leeds Ultrasonic Bone Phantom Material. Phantoms were produced with different porosities in the range of 45−83% and pore sizes of 1.3 and 0.6 mm. The phase velocity at 600 kHz was found to follow a second-order polynomial as a function of porosity. Phase velocity values between 1545 and 2211 m s−1 were measured and found to be largely independent of pore size for a given porosity. The slope of the phase velocity as a function of frequency (dispersion) decreases with increasing porosity. The values obtained from samples having different pore sizes were also similiar. The attenuation coefficient and normalized broadband ultrasonic attenuation (nBUA) reached a maximum at about 50%. The normalized attenuation ranged from 6 to 25 dB cm−1 over the porosity range available and consistently showed higher values for the larger pore size. Similarly, the nBUA values were found to be between 14 and 53 dB MHz−1 cm−1, with the values for the larger pore size being roughly 10 dB MHz−1 cm−1 greater than those for the smaller pore size. These findings demonstrate that the Leeds phantom can be used to investigate the effect of structural changes in bone and to aid the understanding of quantitative ultrasound. The results support the assumption that the velocity in trabecular bone is not dependent on pore size but is influenced by the mechanical properties of the bone's constituents and the overall framework, whereas the attenuation and BUA are also influenced by structure.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone ; Fluoride ; Fractures ; Histomorphometry ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To help resolve the uncertainty whether sodium fluoride (NaF) therapy should be given intermittently or continuously, we examined iliac crest bone biopsies (before and after treatment) and fragility fracture rates in 35 intermittently treated (group I) and 69 continuously treated (group C) patients; all received calcium. The following statistically significant results were obtained. Reduction in vertebral fracture rate was similar in the two groups. Trabecular thickness and the structurally more important mineralized thickness increased only in group I. Group I also accumulated less excess osteoid (surface, volume). Mean osteoid thickness did not change in either group because of a bimodal distribution of wide seams with osteoblasts and double tetracycline labels, and thin seams without osteoblasts or labels. Osteoid was lamellar. Osteoid in abnormal sites (within bone marrow or bone, or around osteocytes) was found less frequently in group I. Adjusted apposition rate declined and mineralization lag time increased in both groups because of extended unlabelled osteoid seams. Erosion surface increased only in group C. Hook and/or tunnel erosion was seen less frequently in group I; it was closely associated with osteoid in abnormal sites and correlated with osteoid surface. Extended osteoid surface may have forced osteoclasts to hollow out trabeculae, leaving the empty osteoid shell in marrow. Excess osteoid volume and eroded surface and osteoid and erosion in abnormal sites correlated with bone fragility in group C. We conclude that intermittent therapy is to be preferred because it (1) increased mineralized trabecular thickness, (2) did not cause excessive osteoid accumulation and erosion, (3) showed less osteoid and erosion in abnormal sites and (4) led to a similar reduction in the vertebral fracture rate as did continuous treatment. The question of whether intermittency of therapy has some other effect independent of the cumulative dose of fluoride administered cannot be answered by this study.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Parathyroid Hormone ; Calcium ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Menopause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several calcium supplements are currently available and many of them are marketed without proper comparison of the bioavailability of the actual preparations. The aim of the present trial was to evaluate and compare the acute changes in serum calcium (Ca) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels following the oral administration of a vehicle and of five calcium salts currently prescribed in Western Europe. No significant changes in serum Ca or PTH levels were observed after administration of the vehicle. All calcium salts induced significant increases in serum Ca and decreases in serum PTH compared to baseline values. Comparison of the six response curves revealed a significantly greater increase in serum Ca and a greater decrease in serum PTH after each of the calcium salts than observed after the vehicle. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between the different calcium salts for serum Ca increments. The decrease in serum PTH observed after administration of an ossein-hydroxyapatite complex was significantly less important than after the four other calcium salts, even if statistically different than after vehicle. When assessing the area under the curve (AUC) of PTH values, we observed that calcium carbonate and citrate induce a significantly greater decrease in serum PTH than the other calcium salts which are, however, statistically more active than the vehicle. Serum PTH is decreased under the lower limit of the normal range (10 pg/ml), between t60 and t120 for calcium carbonate and citrate and between t60 and t90 for calcium gluconolactate while the mean PTH values remain within the normal range throughout the study with calcium pidolate, the ossein-hydroxyapatite complex and the vehicle. In conclusion, all calcium preparations significantly increase serum calcium and decrease serum parathormone, compared to what is observed after oral intake of a vehicle. However, significant differences in suppression of parathormone are observed between the different calcium preparations and might be of importance for their clinical use.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Malignant fibroma ; Histiocytoma ; Bone ; Neoplasms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of MFH of the mandible in a 16-year-old girl. The mandible is a rare location of MFH of bone, with only 21 cases described in the literature. Clinical, pathologic, and radiologic features are discussed, with special emphasis on the unusual pathologic and radiographic features.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Intra-arterial chemotherapy ; Soft tissues ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Neoplasms ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) is frequently used as an adjuvant treatment for musculoskeletal tumors. Past studies have noted that IAC not only induces favorable effects in tumor, but may also cause muscle edema and necrosis in previously normal tissue, reflected as increased signal on T2-weighted scans. In order to evaluate the prevalence of these effects, we reviewed all patients receiving IAC and MRI at our institution. Methods. Our study population consisted of 24 patients who underwent IAC. All subjects were studied with MRI both pre-and post-IAC. None of the subjects in this study underwent surgery or radiation therapy until after the post-IAC MRI examination. Any muscle group involved by the tumor or peritumoral edema on the initial scan was excluded from the study. Catheter position during IAC was recorded as central or peripheral. Scans were scored positive if muscle groups in regions remote from the tumor site demonstrated increased T2 signal following IAC. Results. Six out of these 24 patients (25%) were found to have positive results. A significant association was found between peripheral catheter position and a positive scan post-IAC (Fisher’s exact test, P=0.024). Conclusion. Because of our exclusion criteria, we are convinced that the finding of increased T2 signal in 25% of our patients was caused by IAC and represents muscle edema or necrosis. Knowledge of this post-chemotherapy MR finding should help prevent confusion during the interpretation of follow-up MR examinations.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words Tumoral calcinosis ; Cervical spine ; Soft tissue calcification ; Bone ; Computed tomography ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We report a case of a 12-year-old girl with idiopathic tumoral calcinosis of the neck. There are calcium deposits in the paraspinal soft tissue with bony involvement in the cervical spine. CT and MR images are presented along with clinical and pathological features. Bony involvement in this disease has not been recognized before.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Key words MRI ; Knee ; osteoarthritis ; Bone ; abnormalities ; Gadolinium-DTPA ; Animal study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective. The objective of this study was to determine the value of MRI in the detection of degenerative bone marrow abnormalities in an animal osteoarthritis model. Design. In 10 dogs with experimentally induced unilateral osteoarthritis of the knee, MRI was performed using two-dimensional spin-echo (2D-SE) and three-dimensional gradient-echo (3D-GE) imaging. Contrast enhanced T1-weighted 2D-SE sequences were also obtained after injection of gadolinium-DTPA. The results were compared with the gross and histopathologic findings and with radiography. Results. Histopathologic specimens revealed 21 osteosclerotic lesions and 5 intraosseous cysts. On 2D-SE images, 24 of 26 lesions were detected, while 21 of 26 lesions were identified on 2D-GE sequences. Radiography, including conventional tomography, demonstrated 9 of 26 lesions. Regardless of the sequence weighting, all osteosclerotic lesions appeared hypointense on MRI. Signal loss in bone sclerosis resulted primarily from the reduction of intact fat marrow, the increased bone density being of secondary importance. Quantitative signal analysis allowed approximate estimation of the grade of sclerosis. On postcontrast images, sclerotic bone remained hypointense, although significant but non-specific enhancement relative to the normal fat marrow was observed. The extent of contrast enhancement did not correlate with the grade of osteosclerosis. All five cysts were readily diagnosed by MRI. Cysts displayed either central or marginal contrast enhancement within their cavities. Conclusions. MRI provides a sensitive method for the diagnosis of osteoarthritic bone abnormalities, allowing their differentiation from most non-degenerative subarticular lesions.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Absorptiometry ; Accuracy ; Bone ; Comparative study ; Dual-energy X-ray ; Femur ; In vitro ; Marrow fat, Quantitative CT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bone mineral measurements with quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were compared with chemical analysis (ChA) to determine (1) the accuracy and (2) the influence of bone marrow fat. Total bone mass of 19 human femoral necks in vitro was determined with QCT and DXA before and after defatting. ChA consisted of defatting and decalcification of the femoral neck samples for determination of bone mineral mass (BmM) and amount of fat. The mean BmM was 4.49 g. Mean fat percentage was 37.2% (23.3%–48.5%). QCT, DXA and ChA before and after defatting were all highly correlated (r〉0.96,p〈0.0001). Before defatting the QCT values were on average 0.35 g less than BmM and the DXA values were on average 0.65 g less than BmM. After defatting, all bone mass values increased; QCT values were on average 0.30 g more than BmM and DXA values were 0.29 g less than BmM. It is concluded that bone mineral measurements of the femoral neck with QCT and DXA are highly correlated with the chemically determined bone mineral mass and that both techniques are influenced by the femoral fat content.
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  • 36
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    Calcified tissue international 59 (1996), S. 474-479 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Apatite ; Collagen ; Demineralization ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A technique to correlate the ultrastructural distribution of mineral with its organic material in identical sections of mineralized turkey leg tendon (MTLT) and human bone was developed. Osmium or ethanol fixed tissues were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mineralized tissues were photographed at high, intermediate, and low magnifications, making note of section features such as fibril geometry, colloidal gold distribution, or section artifacts for subsequent specimen realignment after demineralization. The specimen holder was removed from the microscope, the tissue section demineralized in situ with a drop of 1 N HCl, then stained with 2% aqueous vanadyl sulfate. The specimen holder was reinserted into the microscope, realigned with the aid of the section features previously noted, and rephotographed at identical magnification used for the mineralized sections. A one to one correspondence was apparent between the mineral and its demineralized crystal “ghost” in both MTLT and bone. The fine structural periodic banding seen in unmineralized collagen was not observed in areas that were fully mineralized before demineralization, indicating that the axial arrangement of the collagen molecules is altered significantly during mineralization. Regions that had contained extrafibrillar crystallites stained more intensely than the intrafibrillar regions, indicating that the noncollagenous material surrounded the collagen fibrils. The methodology described here may have utility in determining the spatial distribution of the noncollagenous proteins in bone.
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  • 37
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    Anatomy and embryology 193 (1996), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ligament ; Bone ; Enthesis ; Remodelling ; Morphogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bone soft tissue remodelling at the femoral and tibial insertions of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the rat knee was monitored at regular intervals from birth to 120 days of age in 40 Sprague Dawley rats. At birth the femoral insertion originated from the perichondrium of the epiphysis. By day 8 the perichondrium within the insertion had turned into fibrocartilage. Secondary ossification of the femoral epiphysis had progressed in the region near to the insertion site by day 15. The epiphyseal cartilage was entirely replaced by bone by day 40 except for the fibrocartilage within the insertion. After that stage, no qualitative change in zonal insertion characteristics was observed, but only increase in size and decrease in cellularity. At birth, the tibial ligament inserted onto the thin cortical bone of the metaphysis via periosteum. At day 8, osteoclasts started to resorb the thin cortical bone at the ligament insertion, thus forming a metaphyseal depression between days 10 and 20. From days 20 to 120, the insertion remained qualitatively unchanged, showing three zones, the ligament, periosteum, and metaphyseal trabecular bone. The deep periosteal layer showed osteoclastic activity in the proximal part and osteoblastic activity in the distal part. The migration mechanism of the ligament insertion during growth seems to be caused by this growth-related osteoclastic resorption of the proximal metaphyseal bone and by simultaneous osteogenic activity, which successively cements the distal part of the ligament to bone. The persistence of the periosteal layer and the metaphyseal depression for up to 120 days may be regarded as a sign of continuing growth in this animal model. This is the first investigation showing that the formation of the metaphyseal depression is a purely postnatal event, and suggests that this process might be initiated by the change in mode of growth and joint biomechanics after birth, enabling ligament development and migration in a growing and increasingly loaded weight-bearing joint. The mainly resorptive process, which takes place during development of the tibial MCL insertion, may account for the tensile failure of this ligament that commonly occurs at this site during growth. The pronounced morphological differences between the chondral femoral and the periosteal tibial attachment of the adult MCL are apparently caused by the different postnatal developmental processes at epiphyses and metaphyses.
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  • 38
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    Inflammation research 45 (1996), S. 457-463 
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Keywords: Bone ; Prostaglandins ; Interleukin-1 ; Tumor necrosis factor ; Osteoblasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), two pleiotropic cytokines produced in inflammatory processes, inhibit bone matrix biosynthesis and stimulate prostanoid formation in osteoblasts. In the present study, the importance of prostaglandin formation in IL-1 and TNF-induced inhibition of osteocalcin and type I collagen formation has been examined. In the human osteoblastic cell line MG-63, IL-1α (10–1000 pg/ml), IL-1β (3–300 pg/ml) and TNF-α (1–30 ng/ml) stimulated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation and inhibited, 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3-induced osteocalcin biosynthesis as well as basal production of type I collagen. Addition of PGE2 or increasing the endogenous formation of PGE2 by treating the cells with arachidonic acid, bradykinin, Lys-bradykinin or des-Arg9-bradykinin, did not affect osteocalcin and type I collagen formation in unstimulated or 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3-stimulated osteoblasts. Four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin, flurbiprofen, naproxen and meclofenamic acid, inhibited basal, IL-1 β- and TNF-α-stimulated PGE2 formation in the MG-63 cells without affecting IL-1 β- or TNF-α-induced inhibition of osteocalcin and type I collagen formation. In isolated, non-transformed, human osteoblast-like cells, IL-1 β and TNF-α stimulated PGE2 formation and concomitantly inhibited 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3-stimulated osteocalcin biosynthesis, without affecting type I collagen formation. In these cells, indomethacin and flurbiprofen abolished the effects of IL-1 β and TNF-α on prostaglandin formation without affecting the inhibitory effects of the cytokines on osteocalcin biosynthesis. These data show that IL-1 and TNF inhibit osteocalcin and type I collagen formation in osteoblasts independently of prostaglandin biosynthesis and that non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs do not affect the effects of IL-1 and TNF on bone matrix biosynthesis.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Bone mineral density ; Phenylketonuria ; Children ; Bone ; mineralization markers ; Mineral ; homeostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Children with phenylketonuria (PKU) obtain a great deal of their protein and mineral intakes from synthetic elemental formulae devoid of phenylalanine. To assess the effect of such diets and/or the disease on bone mineralization, children with PKU were compared to normal children for many parameters of mineral homeostasis and bone mineralization. A total of 11 children with PKU of mean age 10.9 ± 4.2 years were compared to a large group of normal control children mean age 11.4 ± 4.2, and an age and sex matched subset (n = 11). Children with PKU had lower serum calcium (9.1 ± 0.9 vs 10.4 ± 1.9 mg/dl P 〈 0.01) amd magnesium (1.67 ± 1.4 vs 2.07 ± 0.16 mg/ dl, P 〈 0.001) but normal values for phosphorus, zinc, and copper. The percentage tubular reabsorption of phosphorus was increased in PKU (93 ± 3% vs 88 ± 6%, P 〈 0.05) suggesting a lower phosphorus intake and/or absorption. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D were similar in PKU and control children. Serum albumin and lean body mass by dual energy X-ray absorption were not different suggesting that protein intake was adequate. In the 11 pairs, a decreased bone mineral density was seen for the lumbar spine (0.61 ± 0.15 vs 0.72 ± 0.24 P 〈 0.05), and lower extremities (1.56 ± 0.30 vs 1.87 ± 0.56 P 〈 0.05) by paired t-test. Compared to the total controls and the paired controls, decreases were seen in markers of bone formation; bone alkaline phosphatase, (72 ± 30 vs 126 ± 43 P 〈 0.001), osteocalcin (10.7 ± 3.4 vs 13.1 ± 2.0 P 〈 0.05) and procollagen type I carboxyterminal propeptide. No differences were seen in the bone resorption markers tartrate resistant acid phosphatase and urine Ca/Cr. The changes noted could not be related after age correction to serum phenylalanine levels, protein intake, or mineral intakes. It is unclear whether deficits in bone mineralization relate to the disease process itself or its treatment.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Ultrasound ; Distraction osteogenesis ; Bone ; Complications. ; Schlüsselwörter: Sonographie ; Callusdistraktion ; Regenerat ; Komplikationen.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. In einer prospektiven Studie wurden 20 Patienten während der Callusdistraktion am Unterschenkel sonographisch und radiologisch mit einem 7,5-MHz-Schallkopf in vier Ebenen in definierten Zeitabständen kontrolliert. Bei allen Patienten war der Corticotomiespalt als schalldurchlässige Corticalislücke darstellbar. Durchschnittlich 20,7 (14–28) Tage nach Distraktionsbeginn waren sonographisch echoreiche Strukturen mit dorsaler Schallauslöschung als Zeichen beginnender Regeneratverkalkung nachweisbar. Diese ordneten sich mit weiterer Distraktionsdauer zunehmend in Knochenlängsachse an. Radiologisch fanden sich erst durchschnittlich 48,3 Tage nach Distraktionsbeginn erste Zeichen einer Regeneratverkalkung. In der Distraktionsphase war sonographisch eine zuverlässige Längenbestimmung und damit eine Aussage über den Distraktionsverlauf sowie eine Erkennung von Störungen der Regeneratbildung bzw. postoperativen Hämatomen bei allen Patienten möglich. Mit zunehmender Durchstrukturierung verringerte sich die sonographische Beurteilbarkeit des Regenerats, so daß eine Einschätzung der Belastungssteigerung bzw. Fixateurdemontage nicht allein aufgrund des Sonogramms gestellt werden konnte. Sonographische Untersuchungen des Regenerats sind geeignet, die Strahlenbelastung des Patienten während der Distraktionsphase zu verringern und Komplikationen frühzeitig zu erkennen.
    Notes: Summary. In a prospective study 20 patients were monitored with serial sonograms and radiographs during distraction osteogenesis at the lower limb. All sonograms were obtained in four planes using a 7.5 MHz transducer. The distraction gap was seen as a sonolucent area in all patients after corticotomy. At an average of 20.7 (14–28) days after the beginning of the distraction, echogenic foci occurred and showed increasing longitudinal alignment with further distraction. Radiographical signs of beginning mineralization were seen an average of 48.3 days after the start of the distraction. Exact measurement of the distraction gap was possible in all patients during lengthening. Bone healing complications and hematoma could be detected by ultrasound. A rapid increase of bone mineralization was seen after the distraction was stopped. With increasing cortication of the regenerate bone, sonograms showed a hyper-reflecting solid line so that further mineralization and the time of removal of the fixator could not be assessed by ultrasound. Ultrasound is more sensitive than radiography in identifying new bone formation during distraction, measuring the length of the distraction gap, and detecting early bone-healing complications and can therefore reduce the need for radiographs.
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  • 41
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    Anatomy and embryology 194 (1996), S. 607-619 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cavitation ; Bone ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of the articular cartilage of the rabbit knee joint from the 17-day fetus to the 2-year adult rabbit has been examined. At 17 days, the developing femur and tibia are separated by the interzone. Cavitation occurs around 25 days; the cells of the intermediate layer flatten and move onto those of the chondogenous layers to create the articular surfaces. After birth, growth of the cartilage is mainly the result of matrix production. Ossification of the epiphyses is complete by 6 weeks postpartum. Horizontal zones can be distinguished in the articular cartilage; the superficial cells are aligned parallel to the surface, but in the deep layers the cells are in columns. The tidemark is first seen at 12–14 weeks. The matrix of the interzone in the 17-day fetus contains types I, III and V collagens, but no type II. After cavitation at 25 days, the surface layer of the articular cartilage still contains type I, but no type II collagen. From 6 weeks postnatal onwards, type II collagen is present throughout the cartilage and type I disappears. Type III collagen is initially in the interterritorial matrix, but later it is mainly pericellular. Type V collagen is pericellular both in the chondrogenous layers and later in the articular cartilage, but is not present in the epiphyseal cartilage below. From 6 weeks onwards, types III and V collagens create a capsule around all the chondrocytes above the tidemark. The relationship of types V and XI collagens is discussed. It is concluded that the articular chondrocytes form a unique subset of cells from the earliest stages of joint formation in the fetal rabbit.
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  • 42
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    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1996), S. 97-105 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Keywords Lead ; Bone ; Smelter ; X-ray ; fluorescence ; Biological half-life
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Object. The aim of this study was to determine the bone lead concentration in lead smelters and reference subjects, relate them to the lead concentration in blood (B-Pb) and urine (U-Pb), and to use the measured bone lead to calculate a biological half-life for lead in bone. Method and design. The lead concentration in the second phalanx of the left index finger (bone-Pb) was determined in vivo using an X-ray fluorescence technique. The study population comprised 89 smelters with a history of long-term exposure to lead (71 active and 18 retired) and 35 reference subjects (27 active and 8 retired) with no known occupational exposure to lead. Bone-Pb was related to the previous lead exposure, estimated as a time-integrated B-Pb (CBLI). Results. The retired smelters had the highest bone-Pb (median value 55 μg/g wet weight, as against 23 μg/g in active smelters) and 3 μg/g in the reference subjects. A strong positive correlation was observed between the bone-Pb and the CBLI among both active (r s =0.73; P〈0.001) and retired (r s =0.71; P=0.001) smelters. The corresponding correlations between the bone-Pb and the period of employment were of the same magnitude. For retired workers, there were positive correlations between the bone-Pb and the B-Pb (r s =0.58; P=0.011) and U-Pb (r s =0.56; P=0.02). Multiple regression analyses showed that bone-Pb was best described by the CBLI, which explained 29% of the observed variance (multiple r 2) in bone-Pb in active workers and about 39% in retired workers. The estimated biological half-life of bone-Pb among active lead workers was 5.2 years (95% confidence interval 3.3–13.0 years). Conclusions. The high bone-Pb seen in retired workers can be explained by the long exposure periods, the higher exposure levels in earlier decades, and the slow excretion of lead accumulated in bone. The importance of the skeletal lead pool as an endogenous source of lead exposure in retired smelters was indicated by the associations between the B-Pb or U-Pb, on the one hand, and the bone-Pb, on the other. In active workers, the ongoing occupational exposure was dominant. The in vivo X-ray fluorescence technique is still mainly a research tool, and more work has to be done before it can be used more widely in clinical practice. However, over the next decade we can anticipate retrospective, prospective and cross-sectional epidemiological studies in which bone lead determinations reflecting the previous lead exposure in both occupationally and nonoccupationally lead exposed populations are related to various types of adverse health outcomes. Such studies will improve our knowledge of dose–response patterns and provide data that will have an impact on hygienic threshold limit values and prevention of lead-induced diseases.
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  • 43
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    Osteoporosis international 6 (1996), S. 345-354 
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium metabolism ; Hormones ; Lactation ; Osteoporosis ; Pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Osteoporosis has long been described in pregnant women who developed vertebral fractures in the last trimester or shortly after delivery without underlying disorders. However, this condition appears to be relatively rare and the clinical features, associated metabolic abnormalities and a pathological mechanism have not been fully established. This paper reviews available data on osteoporosis and pregnancy and briefly discusses the relationship between pregnancy and bone mass, calcium homeostasis, systemic skeletal hormones and local factors to help explain the pathophysiology of this unique disorder.
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  • 44
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    Osteoporosis international 6 (1996), S. 189-195 
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Quantitative ultrasound ; Bone ; Institutionalized elderly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative ultrasound of bone is a promising method for bone assessment: radiation-free, portable and predictive of hip fracture. Its portability allowed us to study the relationships between ultrasonic parameters of bone with age and with non-vertebral fractures in elderly women living in 19 nursing homes. Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) of the calcaneus were measured (and the stiffness index calculated) in a sample of 270 institutionalized women, aged 85±7 years, using an Achilles bone densitometer (Lunar). The effects of age, history of non-vertebral and non-traumatic fractures, body mass index, triceps skinfold and arm circumference were assessed on BUA, SOS and stiffness index. Furthermore, to evaluate longitudinally the influence of aging on the ultrasound parameters of bone, 60 subjects from the same group had a second ultrasound measurement after 1 year. The cross-sectional analysis of the data on all 270 women showed a significant decrease (p〈0.001) with age in BUA, SOS and stiffness index (−0.47%, −0.06%, and −1.01% respectively per year). In the 94 women (35%) with a history of previous non-vertebral fractures, ultrasound parameters were significantly lower (p〈0.0001) than in the 176 women with no history of fracture (−8.3% for BUA, −1.3% for SOS, −18.9% for stiffness index). In contrast, there was no significant difference in anthropometric measurements between the groups with and without previous non-vertebral fractures, although the measurements decreased significantly with age. In the longitudinal study, repeated quantitative ultrasound after 11.4±0.8 months showed no significant decrease in BUA (−1%) but a significant decrease in SOS (−0.3%,p〈0.0001) and in stiffness index (−3.6%,p〈0.0002). In conclusion, quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus measures properties of bone which continue to decline in institutionalized elderly women, and is able to discriminate women with previous non-vertebral fractures.
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  • 45
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    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 368-371 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Ultrasound densitometry ; Children ; Osteopenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasound bone measurement in healthy (n=71) and osteopenic (n=18) children aged 6 through 13 years of both sexes has been evaluated using the Achilles densitometer (Lunar Corporation). Measurements on the os calcis included speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attentiation (BUA), and a calculated “stiffness” index. The Achilles was adapted for children by a special positioning procedure that included the use of foot shims, and beam collimation on the receiving transducer. The precision of ultrasound results was comparable to that in adults (0.2% for SOS, 1.5% for BUA, and 1.8% for stiffness). SOS, BUA, and stiffness values increased with age in both sexes. Ultrasound measurements were correlated with bone mineral density (BMD in g/cm2) of the heel, AP spine (L2–L4), and total body by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) densitometry (Lunar DPX-L). SOS, BUA, and stiffness measurements were significantly lower in osteopenic children (Z∼-1.9 to-2.5) (P〈0.0001) than in normal age-matched controls. Total body BMD showed a higher Z-score than stiffness (-3.3 versus -2.5), but stiffness showed a greater percentage decrease (-30% versus -18%). In conclusion, ultrasound measurements of bone in children provide both good precision and discrimination of normals from osteopenic patients.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Graft ; Comparison ; Hydroxyapatite ; Beta-tricalcium phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel canine tibia model was used to evaluate four bone graft materials: autologous cortical bone, allograft cortical bone, hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) ceramic granules, and a HA/TCP and collagen composite. Mechanical material properties were assessed using custom-designed stainless steel plugs for control of graft volume and interface surface area. These plugs held the bone graft materials in the cortex of the tibia shaft and allowed in vivo mechanical testing. After 6 months of ad lib weight bearing, the grafts were harvested and tested in torsion. The samples in each animal were compared with the test plugs into which new bone had grown without the addition of graft. Control bone peak shear strength averaged 47 (±8.3) MPa (6.78±1.2 kpsi). Compared on the basis of peak torque, stiffness, and energy to peak torque, no significant differences were found among any of the graft materials or control bone. Histologic examination revealed the materials to be osteoconductive with the extensive formation of dense, compact cancellous bone. The new bone in the autograft and allograft samples completely filled the available space, whereas gaps persisted in the synthetic ceramics.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fibronectin ; Ultrastructural immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fibronectin is a well known glycoprotein of extracellular connective tissue matrices due to a specific amino acid-sequence (RGD) suggested to act as an attachment factor in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions. Although also present in bone, little is known about the role of fibronectin in this tissue. To obtain data for discussions on function we used ultrastructural immunolocalization techniques to quantitatively examine the distribution of fibronectin in various bone matrix compartments. The study was focused on three different stages of endochondral ossification in growing long bones of young rats. The results show large amounts of fibronectin in mature bone tissue. At a higher magnification, an obvious fibronectin association to individual fibrils of collagen type I was demonstrated. Intracellular labeling was observed in Golgi-related vesicles in some active osteoblasts of metaphyseal bone, indicating local synthesis of fibronectin. In contrast to previous suggestions based on light microscopic observations, the labeling of bone or cartilage matrices facing the surface of all cell types were low. The pattern is clearly different from that of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein, two other bone matrix proteins with the same cell-binding sequence. Our results indicate that fibronectin at these stages of development participates in matrix organization rather than being an important link between cartilage or bone matrix and adjacent cells.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Defluoridation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to explore the reduction of fluoride concentrations in the skeleton after stopping experimental fluoride administration. Fluoride was administered to the rats at varying doses (0, 50, 100 ppm in drinking water) and for different lengths of time (4, 13, 25 weeks). A series of fluoride concentrations across the full thickness of humerus, parietal bone, and vertebra arch in rats were measured by means of an abrasive micro-sampling technique. The distribution profiles of fluoride from periosteal to endosteal surfaces, which were apparently related to the histological structure of these bones, were U shaped in the humerus, V shaped in the parietal bone, and W shaped in the vertebra arch. The average fluoride concentrations in the bones increased significantly with each increasing dose and length of fluoride administration. The relative increments were similar between the different regions or the different bones. After stopping fluoride administration, on the other hand, the relative reduction of the average fluoride concentrations in the bones were 30–100%. They were greatly related to the length after stopping fluoride administration and the dose and length of fluoride administration, but also dependent upon the type of bone and the region examined.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Nuclear magnetic resonance pectroscopy ; Phosphorus-31 ; T1 relaxation time ; Bone ; Wrist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The values of in vivo T1 relaxation time (T1) of phosphorus atoms of wrist bone have been measured by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in 65 menopausal women separated into three groups: (1) agematched women without any paraclinical or clinical osteoporosis; (2) patients with paraclinical osteoporosis detected only by dual photonic absorptiometry; and (3) women with clinical osteoporosis with vertebral fractures. No significant differences were found in T1 values in the presence of paraclinical or clinical osteoporosis as compared to control values. No relationships were found among the T1, the value of the Z-score, the value of bone mineral content, the age of patients, the number of their children, and the age of menopause. Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the wrist fails to separate osteoporotic from nonosteoporotic women and cannot be clinically used at this time to perform a noninvasive diagnosis of osteoporosis.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Remodeling ; Osteoporosis ; Collagen ; Strain ; Mechanical ; Reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed for use in situ to measure mechanically mediated changes in gene expression activity in osteocytes within dense cortical bone. Using the functionally isolated turkey ulna model of bone adaptation, the left ulna of 6 old adult (36–40 months) male turkeys were subject to 4 weeks of a mechanical regimen consisting either of (1) 3000 microstrain at 1 Hz for 5 minutes/day or (2) 500 microstrain at 30 Hz for 10 minutes/day. The right ulma of each bird remained intact and served as control. Only a small percentage of osteocytes in the intact control bones and the 3000 microstrain ulnae showed any evidence of mRNA for collagen (each 1.2%±0.3%). However, mRNA for collagen type I was strongly evident in 92.4% (±2%) of the osteocytes within the ulnae subject to the high frequency, low magnitude load. Sense primer control sections from both experimental and intact animals were used to verify that only osteocytes of the loaded bone had elevated the level of collagen mRNA. This high frequency, low magnitude mechanical stimulus was also sufficient to stimulate substantial new bone formation (14%±5% over intact controls), whereas the low frequency, high magnitude stimulus failed to elicit any bone formation (-3%±7%). These experiments show that specific mechanical regimens can activate the osteocyte's expression of a message responsible for the synthesis of proteins remote from the site where the formation of bone is ultimately to occur, even under systemic distress such as aging. Further, these data suggest that osteocytes perceive the strain environment and that they play a role in orchestrating the modeling/remodeling response. By developing a technique as flexible and powerful as RT-PCR for use in dense cortical bone, determining the relative contribution of specific proteins to the transduction of regulatory signals to formative or resorptive responses is facilitated.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Glucocorticoid ; Histomorphometry ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were to determine (1) whether acute suppression of bone formation could be evaluated after the administration of corticosteroids in man by quantitative bone histomorphometry; and (2) whether there were significant differences between the effects of prednisone and its analog deflazacort. Thirteen patients who needed high-dose corticosteroid therapy were randomly allocated to two groups of treatment (prednisone or deflazacort). Quantitative bone histomorphometry, using the technique of triple labeling, and biochemical measurements of bone turnover were studied. There were no differences in biochemical indices of bone turnover between prednisone and deflazacort at the beginning and end of the 15 days of treatment course. During corticosteroid treatment, there were no significant changes in biochemical indices of bone turnover but a significant decline in total alkaline phosphatase (P〈0.01). Histomorphometric indices, as revealed by measurements of tetracycline interval and extent of labeling, showed no significant differences in either mineral apposition rate or bone formation rate in the two groups. We conclude that the acute glucocorticoid suppression of bone turnover by glucocorticoids is not detectable within the first 2 weeks of treatment by histomorphometric techniques. No differences in bone effects of prednisone and deflazacort were detected in this short-term study.
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  • 52
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    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 201-205 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone densitometry ; Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Aging osteopenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 353 healthy white women using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Measurements were made of both the posterior-anterior (PA) and lateral spine, as well as the proximal femur (neck and Ward's triangle). From age 50 to 80 years, the BMD of the PA spine and femur neck BMD had an 18% diminution (0.6%/year), and BMD of the lateral spine showed about a 35–40% decline (1.4%/year). The Ward's triangle region of the femur was not quite as decreased (30% or 1.1%/year). The BMD decrease associated with aging did not differ as much among sites when expressed relative to the intrapopulation variation rather than as a percentage. The Z-score for PA spine and femur neck BMD (-1.1) was significantly different than that for lateral spine BMD (-1.6); Ward's triangle was intermediate (-1.3), i.e., the lateral spine still showed the highest sensitivity to aging. However, the ability to detect age changes in an individual subject can be increased only if the precision error for lateral spine BMD is not increased to a greater extent than the sensitivity.
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  • 53
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    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 398-402 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium-binding ; Proteoglycan ; Bone matrix ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A calcium ion precipitable, trypsin-generated proteoglycan fragment has been isolated from the demineralized, EDTA-insoluble matrices of bone. The demineralized matrix was completely digested with trypsin, increasing concentrations of CaCl2 were added to the supernatant, and the resulting precipitates were analyzed. The amount of precipitate gradually increased with higher concentrations of calcium and was reversibly solubilized by EDTA. After molecular sieve and anion exchange chromatography, a proteoglycan-containing peak was obtained. Immunochemical analysis showed that this peak contained chondroitin 4-sulfate and possibly keratan sulfate. Amino acid analysis showed that this proteoglycan contained high amounts of aspartic acid/asparagine (Asx), serine (Ser), glutamic acid/glutamine (Glx), proline (Pro), and glycine (Gly); however, it contained little leucine (Leu) which suggests that it is not a member of the leucine-rich small proteoglycan family. In addition, significant amounts of phosphoserine (P-Ser) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) were identified in hydrolysates of this fraction. A single band (Mr 59 kDa) was obtained on SDS-PAGE that stained with Stains-all but not with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. If bone powder was trypsinized prior to demineralization, this proteoglycan-containing fraction was not liberated. Collectively, these results indicate that a proteoglycan occurs in the demineralized matrix that is precipitated with CaCl2 and is closely associated with both mineral and collagen matrices. Such a molecule might facilitate the structural network for the induction of mineralization in bone.
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  • 54
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    Calcified tissue international 57 (1995), S. 120-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Glucocorticoids ; Osteoblasts ; Bone ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Clinical observations suggest that the onset and severity of glucocorticoid (GC) induced osteoporosis is dependent on the duration of the GC treatment and the applied GC compound. To test whether these in vivo observations are reflected by different in vitro effects of various synthetic GCs on human bone cell metabolism we isolated human osteoblast-like cells (HOC) from bone biopsies of healthy (no clinical symptoms of arthritis or arthrosis) adults who underwent selective orthopedic surgery. HOC were identified as bone cells by 1,25-vitamin D3-stimulated increase of specific alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, secretion of osteocalcin and type-I procollagen peptide, and the ability to form mineral in vitro. We investigated the effects of dexamethasone (dexa), methylprednisolone (mpred), prednisolone (pred), and deflazacort (defla) on DNA-synthesis, ALP, and osteocalcin (OC)- and type-I procollagen peptide secretion of HOC in vitro. In summary, (1) GC exposure stimulates DNA synthesis after 6–12-hour treatment periods; (2) dex and mpred strongly inhibit DNA (48-hour treatment) and collagen synthesis but stimulate ALP, whereas pred and defla exhibit smaller effects on DNA synthesis, ALP, and collagen production; and (3) all tested glucocorticoids inhibit OC secretion by HOC in vitro. Thus, the effect of GC on DNA synthesis of HOC varies with the duration of GC exposure, and dex and mpred more potently affect HOC metabolism in vitro than pred and defla.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; Lectins ; Mandible ; Meckel's cartilage ; Rat embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The staining patterns of 24 biotinylated lectins were analyzed in serial sections of the mandible of 13- to 21-day-old rat embryos by means of the avidinbiotin-peroxidase method. A ubiquitous distribution of binding sites was demonstrated after incubation with Con A (Canavalia ensiformis), DSL (Datura stramonium; except bone matrix), and WGA (Triticum vulgare). ECL (Erythrina cristagalli), GSL I (Griffonia simplicifolia), SJA (Saphora japonica), VVL (Vicia villosa), DBA (Dolichus biflorus), UEA I (Ulex europeus), and LTA (Lotus tetragonobolus) were constantly negative. In early stages of development, GSL II (Griffonia simplicifolia II) was a selective marker of prechondral blastema. In contrast, PNA (Arachis hypogaea) did not stain condensing mesenchyme. During chondrogenesis of Meckels's cartilage a general decrease of lectin binding was observed. Mature cartilage matrix was constantly negative. Chondrocytes were marked by the lectins PSA (Pisum sativum), WGA, PHA-E, and PHA-L (Phaseolus vulgaris E and L). A strong GSL II binding was restricted to the mesial-superior region of the perichondrium. In later stages, several lectins revealed significant differences between preskeletal (“central”) areas and the remaining (“peripheral”) mesenchyme. A clear binding reaction was noted in central regions by applying LEA (Lycopersicon esculentum) and STL (Solanum tuberosum), while the peripheral tissue was only faintly stained. Developing bone was specifically marked by succinylated WGA (sWGA). The lectins LCA (Lens culinarus) and RCA (Ricinus communis) bound to fibers and extracellular matrix of the connective tissue. Jacalin (Artocarpus integrifolia) and SBA (Glycine max) binding sites were found in macrophages. Affinity of VAA (Viscum album) increased parallel with maturation of endothelial cells. Specific lectin-binding patterns revealed no correlation with the distribution of glycosaminoglycans. The results demonstrate a general reduction of oligosaccharide structures during development of Meckel's cartilage. From our observations we conclude that intralaminar glucose and/or mannose sequences as well as terminal sialic acid molecules are ubiquitously distributed, while terminal α-fucose was constantly negative. Lectin-binding patterns of macrophages may reflect the presence of specifically linked terminal galactose. Our findings indicate that oligosaccharides terminating in N-acetylglucosamine are bone-specific. The significance of the restricted staining of the perichondrium by GSL II remains to be elucidated.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Bone ; Infection ; Leucocyte scintigraphy ; Technetium-99m
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime leucocyte scintigraphy (HMPAO-LS) by means of a retrospective review of 116 patients divided into three groups of bone and joint infection. One hundred and thirty-one LS examinations were performed, and 143 sites analysed. The final diagnosis of infection was based on surgical, histological and bacteriological data and follow-up. Ninety-four suspected localizations were examined in group 1, which included 74 patients with an infection suspected to involve orthopaedic implants. In this group, there were 38 true-positives, 1 false-negative, 49 true-negatives and 6 false-positives. Surgical confirmation was obtained in 34 cases. In group 2 (24 patients with suspected osteomyelitis), there were 27 localizations of which 14 were true-positives and 13 were true-negatives (including seven surgical confirmations). In group 3 (18 patients suspected of septic arthritis) there were eight true-positives, two false-negatives, ten true-negatives and two false-positives. Overall sensitivity of99mTc-HMPAO-LS for the detection of bone and joint infection was 95%, with a specificity of 90% (group 1: sensitivity 97%, specificity 89%; group 2: 100% and 100%; group 3: 80% and 83%). It may be concluded that HMPAO-LS is an effective tool for the diagnosis of both bone infection involving implants and chronic osteomyelitis.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: CD44 ; adhesion molecule ; Bone ; Osteoclasts ; Osteocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. CD44 is a multifunctional adhesion molecule that binds to hyaluronic acid, type I collagen, and fibronectin. We have studied the immunohistochemical localization of CD44 in bone cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in order to clarify its role in the cell-cell and/or cell-matrix interaction of bone cells. In round osteoblasts attached to bone surfaces, immunoreactivity is restricted to their cytoplasmic processes. On the other hand, osteocytes in bone matrices show intense immunoreactivity on their plasma membrane. Intense immunoreactivity for CD44 can be detected on the basolateral plasma membranes of osteoclasts. There is considerably less reactivity observed in the area of the plasma membrane that is in direct contact with bone. The pre-embedding electron-microscopical method has revealed that CD44 is mainly localized on the basolateral plasma membrane of osteoclasts. However, the ruffled border and clear zone show little immunoreactivity. A CD44-positive reaction can be detected on both plasma membranes in the contact region between osteoclasts and osteocytes. These findings suggest that: 1) cells of the osteoblast lineage express CD44 in accordance with their morphological changes from osteoblasts into osteocytes; 2) osteoclasts express CD44 on their basolateral plasma membrane; 3) CD44 in osteoclasts and osteocytes may play an important role in cell-cell and/or cell-matrix attachment via extracellular matrices.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Microgravity ; Collagen ; Bone ; Dermal fibroblasts ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Astronauts experiencing long periods of space flight suffer from severe loss of bone tissue, particularly in those bones that carry the body weight under normal gravity. It is assumed that the lack of mechanical load decreases connective tissue biosynthesis in bone-forming cells. To test this assumption, quantitative and qualitative aspects of collagen synthesis under microgravity, normal gravity, and hypergravity conditions were investigated by incubating human fibroblast cultures with [3H]-proline for 4, 7, 10, and 20 h during the Spacelab D2-mission in 1993. Quantitative analysis revealed an increase of collagen synthesis under microgravity conditions, being up to 143% higher than in 1 g controls. In contrast, hypergravity samples showed a decrease in collagen synthesis with increasing g, being at the 13% level at 10 g. The relative proportion of collagen in total synthesized protein showed a slight decrease with increasing g. The secretion of collagen by the cells, proline hydroxylation of individual collagen α-chains, and the relative proportions of synthesized collagens I, III, and V were not affected under any of the applied conditions.
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  • 59
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    Developmental Dynamics 202 (1995), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1058-8388
    Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells ; Progenitor cells ; Pluripotent cells ; Muscle ; Fat ; Cartilage ; Bone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Previous studies have noted the presence of mesenchymal stem cells located within the connective tissue matrices of avian skeletal muscle, dermis, and heart. In these studies, clonal analysis coupled with dexamethasone treatment revealed the presence of multiple populations of stem cells composed of both lineage-committed progenitor mesenchymal stem cells and lineage-uncommitted pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells. The present study was undertaken to assess the distribution of these stem cells in the connective tissues throughout various regions of the body. Day 11 chick embryos were divided into 26 separate regions. Heart, limb skeletal muscle, and limb dermis were included as control tissues. Cells were harvested enzymatically and grown using conditions optimal for the isolation, cryopreservation, and propagation of avian mesenchymal stem cells. Cell aliquots were plated, incubated with various concentrations of dexamethasone, and examined for differentiated phenotypes. Four recurring phenotypes appeared in dexamethasone-treated stem cells: skeletal muscle myotubes, fat cells, cartilage nodules, and bone nodules. These results suggest that progenitor mesenchymal stem cells and putative pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells with the potential to form at least four tissues of mesodermal origin have a widespread distribution throughout the body, being located within the connective tissue compartments of many organs and organ systems. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 60
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    Microscopy Research and Technique 31 (1995), S. 44-62 
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Cementum ; Dentin ; Enamel ; Osteopontin ; Osteocalcin ; Bone sialoprotein ; Amelogenin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Immunocytochemistry is a powerful tool for investigating protein secretion, extracellular matrix assembly, and cell-matrix and matrix-matrix/mineral relationships. When applied to the tissues of bones (bone and calcified cartilage) and teeth (dentin, cementum, and enamel), where calcium phosphate-containing extracellular matrices are the predominant structural component related to their weight-bearing and masticatory roles, respectively, data from immunocytochemical studies have been prominent in advancing our understanding of mineralized tissue modeling and remodeling. The present review on the application of postembedding, colloidal-gold immunocytochemistry to mineralized tissues focuses on the advantages of this approach and relates them to conceptual, theoretical, and experimental data currently available discussing matrix-mineral interactions and extracellular matrix formation and turnover in these tissues. More specifically, data are summarized regarding the distribution and role of noncollagenous proteins in different mineralized tissues, particularly in the context of how they interface with mineral, and how this relationship might be affected by the various tissue-processing steps and immunocytochemical strategies commonly implemented to examine the distribution and function of tissue proteins. Furthermore, a technical discussion is presented that outlines several different possibilities for epitope exposure in mineralized tissues during preparation of thin sections for transmission electron microscopy. Cell biological concepts of protein secretion by cells of the mineralized tissues, and subsequent extracellular matrix assembly and organization, are illustrated by examples of high-resolution, colloidal-gold immunolabeling for osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin in the collagen-based mineralized tissues and for enamel protein (amelogenin) in enamel. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 61
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    International journal of legal medicine 108 (1995), S. 24-26 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Age determination ; Bone ; Aspartic acid ; High pressure liquid chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Over the last 20 years a new chemical method, base on the racemization of aspartic acid, has been developed to be used for the estimation of chronologic age in adult individuals. The method has a good accuracy when used on dental enamel, dentine and cartilage. However, in forensic and archeological cases teeth and cartilage are not always available. Since preliminary studies have shown that there are some age-related changes of the D/L aspartic acid ratio also in bone, this study was carried out to further explore if the method could be used for age estimations of bone. Bone samples from 24 individuals, aged 0.2 to 95.6 years were analysed for the D/L ratios with HPLC-technique. Two different fractions of the bone were examined, an acid-soluble peptide fraction and an acid-insoluble collagen-rich fraction. The analyses showed age-related racemizations in both fractions, although of different rates. The correlation coefficients with age were 0.72 in the peptide fraction, and 0.84 in the collagen-rich fraction. It thus seems as if bone maybe used for age estimations when more stable tissues like dentine and cartilage are not available.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone ; Fluoride ; Histomorphometry ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a 4-year controlled, prospective trial, histomorphometric analysis was used to compare the tissue-level skeletal effects of fluoride therapy in 43 postmenopausal women (75 mg NaF/day) with those of 35 matching placebo subjects; all subjects received 1500 mg/day elemental calcium supplement. In addition to an initial, baseline biopsy, a second biopsy was obtained after 6, 18, 30 or 48 months. Measurements were made on a third biopsy obtained from 8 subjects following at least 72 months of fluoride therapy. The change in cancellous bone volume or trabecular thickness in fluoride-treated subjects was not different from a change in placebo-treated subjects. However, paired analysis in the fluoride-treated subjects indicated that bone volume was increased between the first and second biopsies (p〈0.005). Both osteoid length and width were significantly increased in fluoride compared with placebo subjects; however, only the osteoid surface increased linearly (r=0.63,p〈0.001). The mineral apposition rate and relative tetracycline-covered bone surface were not different between fluoride and placebo treatment, although they were decreased in both groups in the second biopsy. The tetracycline-covered bone surface returned to normal in the third biopsy. Definitive evidence for osteomalacia is a prolonged mineralization lag time, which following fluoride treatment was found to be increased 9-fold in the second biopsy and 4-fold in the third biopsy. Further evidence for osteomalacia was increased osteoid thickness by 6 months, evidence of focal areas of interstitial mineralization defects, and broad tetracycline labels of low fluorescence intensity. In the third biopsies, osteoclastic resorption was observed beneath osteoid seams. Fluoride therapy increased the cortical width compared with placebo treatment (p〈0.02), and increased the osteoid surface in Haversian canals, but did not change the osteoid width, resorption surface or cortical porosity. After an initial rise, serum fluoride levels remained constant, and the urine values fell slightly. The bone fluoride concentration rose throughout the treatment period, and was correlated with the change in osteoid-covered bone surface (r=0.56,p〈0.001). Although we found definitive evidence for osteomalacia, the cause of the osteomalacia was not determined in this study. On the other hand, the presence of bone resorption beneath unmineralized osteoid and of osteocyte halos is suggestive of hyperparathyroidism. Thus, it is possible that the strong stimulus for bone formation brought about by fluoride therapy resulted in relative calcium deficiency.
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  • 63
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    Osteoporosis international 5 (1995), S. 440-445 
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: DXA ; Bone ; Precision ; Soft tissue ; Whole body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study reports on the short-term in vivo precision and absolute measurements of three combinations of whole-body scan modes and analysis software using a Hologic QDR 2000 dual-energy X-ray densito-meter. A group of 21 normal, healthy volunteers (11 male and 10 female) were scanned six times, receiving one pencil-beam and one array whole-body scan on three occasions approximately 1 week apart. The following combinations of scan modes and analysis software were used: pencil-beam scans analyzed with Hologic's standard whole-body software (PB scans); the same pencil-beam analyzed with Hologic's newer “enhanced” software (EPB scans); and array scans analyzed with the enhanced software (EA scans). Precision values (% coefficient of variation, %CV) were calculated for whole-body and regional bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), fat mass, lean mass, %fat and total mass. In general, there was no significant difference among the three scan types with respect to short-term precision of BMD and only slight differences in the precision of BMC. Precision of BMC and BMD for all three scan types was excellent: 〈1% CV for whole-body values, with most regional values in the l%–2% range. Pencil-beam scans demonstrated significantly better soft tissue precision than did array scans. Precision errors for whole-body lean mass were: 0.9% (PB), 1.1% (EPB) and 1.9% (EA). Precision errors for whole-body fat mass were: 1.7% (PB), 2.4% (EPB) and 5.6% (EA). EPB precision errors were slightly higher than PB precision errors for lean, fat and %fat measurements of all regions except the head, although these differences were significant only for the fat and % fat of the arms and legs. In addition EPB precision values exhibited greater individual variability than PB precision values. Finally, absolute values of bone and soft tissue were compared among the three combinations of scan and analysis modes. BMC, BMD, fat mass, %fat and lean mass were significantly different between PB scans and either of the EPB or EA scans. Differences were as large as 20%–25% for certain regional fat and BMD measurements. Additional work may be needed to examine the relative accuracy of the scan mode/software combinations and to identify reasons for the differences in soft tissue precision with the array whole-body scan mode.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Ultrasound ; Bone ; Material Quality ; Modulus of Elasticity ; Age ; Bone Mineral Density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The square of ultrasound transmission velocity in a material is related to the modulus of elasticity, which is known to be an indicator of stability in bone. The aim of our study was to use ultrasound transmission velocity to obtain information about the material properties of bone tissue, keeping other factors possibly influencing ultrasound transmission as constant as possible. Apparent phalangeal ultrasound transmission velocity (APU) measured in 54 isolated, fresh pig phalanges was shown to be independent of bone mineral density (BMD) measured by SPA. Fastest sound transmission led exclusively through cortical bone so that intertrabecular connectivity in spongious bone could not influence the result. In humans APU was measured in the mediolateral direction at the midphalanx of the middle finger. In 53 healthy subjects (15–81 years old; 27 women, 26 men), there was a decrease of APU with age (r=−0.30, p〈0.05). Further, when comparing the results of both hands intraindividually almost identical values indicated constant intraindividual architecture of bone at this location. There was no evidence for a relation of APU to physical load comparing dominant and nondominant hand and relating the results to subjectively estimated physical load. In a second group of 43 perimenopausal women (47–60 years old), APU, which again decreased with age (r=−0.33, p〈0.05), was found not be correlated to BMD measured by SPA at the distal forearm (cortical bone). In a third group of 40 women (17–78 years old), APU again decreased with age (r=−0.60, p〈0.001) and was not correlated to BMD measured by SPA at the midphalanx of the middle finger, i.e. the same measuring location as APU. We conclude that this method provides information about the modulus of elasticity of bone with negligible influence of bone mineral density. Our results indicate that there is a deterioration of bone material quality with age independent of decreasing bone mineral density.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Osteoarthrosis ; Muscle Strength ; Disability ; Radiology ; Bone ; BMD ; Pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patients with osteoarthrosis suffer from disability and pain. We measured isokinetic and isometric peak torque in 20 women with gonarthrosis (GA) and in 26 healthy controls. Relationships between muscle strength, walking and stair climbing time, pain level and pain disability scores as assessed by the patients using an extensive questionnaire, radiological changes and subchondral sclerosis expressed as bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) of the proximal tibia were studied. Precision errors of the torque measurements in both GA patients and controls were approximately 6%. In the GA patients, isokinetic and isometric quadriceps strength was reduced by 40 and 15% (p〈0.01) respectively, and walking and stair climbing time was increased by 30% (p〈0.005). Isokinetic strength was a better predictor of pain level and pain disability scores than isometric strength and radiological stage. Walking time and stair climbing time were not associated with quadriceps strength, pain level, pain disability scores or radiological changes. Subchondral BMD was not predictive of pain. The study suggests that quadriceps strength assessed by isokinetic dynamometry in GA is a reliable measurement. Isokinetic strength was pronouncedly reduced compared to isometric strength and was a more important predictor of pain and pain disability than isometric strength. These findings should be taken into consideration when planning exercise studies and programmes in GA.
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  • 66
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    Clinical rheumatology 14 (1995), S. 18-21 
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; Osteoporosis ; Menopause ; Bone ; Fracture ; Breast Cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prolonged calcitonin administration (intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intranasal) can prevent postmenopausal trabecular bone loss. Nasal administration constitutes a particularly attractive option for women who cannot tolerate or benefit from estrogen replacement therapy. The optimal schedule of administration still has to be precised, but 100 U/day of nasal calcitonin, combined with calcium supplements, can currently be recommended. Interrupted regimens are maybe favourable. Calcitonin can also prevent further bone loss in established osteoporosis particularly if bone turnover is increased. The anti-fracture efficacy of calcitonin is suggested by different types of studies but has not been formally demonstrated. Lastly, its analgesic efficacy in cases of painful vertebral compression fractures has been demonstrated in controlled studies.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Osteogenesis in vitro ; Sex-steroids ; Glucocorticoid ; Differentiation ; Rat ; Chicken ; Bone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Glucocorticoids and sex-steroids can modulate osteogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Although the effects of glucocorticoids on bone cells in vitro have been described in detail, the role of sex-steroids is not as well defined. We examined whether sex-steroids influence bone metabolism indirectly by regulating glucocorticoid effects on bone. Interactions of the sex-steroid progesterone or its analog RU38486 with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (dex) were studied in functional assays of osteogenesis. Three osteoblastic models were evaluated:(1) the rat bone marrow stromal cell (RBMC) nodule system; (2) the chick periosteal osteogenesis (CPO) model; and (3) ROS 17/2.8 cells. RU38486, progesterone, and unlabelled dex competitively inhibited 3H-dex uptake by ROS 17/2.8 cells as well as its (3H-dex) binding to cytosol preps.Both RU38486 and progesterone inhibited dex-induced increases in alkaline phosphatase in CPO cultures, in RBMC cultures, and in ROS 17/2.8 cells. Dex-induced decreases in cell proliferation in ROS 17/2.8 cells were reversed by RU38486 but dex-induced increases in proliferation in the CPO model were not affected. In CPO cultures, dex-induced increases in collagen synthesis were inhibited completely by RU38486 and progesterone, Dex-dependent nodule formation in the RBMC was blocked by RU38486. Both RU38486 and dex mediated reduction of calcium uptake in the CPO model but did not affect mineralized tissue area.The data indicate that RU38486 and progesterone competitively inhibit dex-mediated stimulation of osteogenesis in vitro; this inhibition is exerted on early but not late stage differentiation events of osteoprogenitor cells. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 68
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    The @Anatomical Record 242 (1995), S. 111-122 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Bone ; Metaphysis ; Capillary sprouts ; Corrosion casting ; Light microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Little is known about the three-dimensional micromorphology of vessels in the growth zone of long bones, where significant vasculogenesis occurs. Therefore, we examined the microvascular pattern of the femoral metaphysis.Methods: Six-week-old normal rats of either sex were used. We cast the femurs of 14 rats with Mercox for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in 10 rats we prepared tissue sections of femurs for light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Results: In the LM, calcified cartilage was found to define cylindrical compartments beneath the last row of hypertrophied chondrocytes of the metaphyseal growth plate. These compartments ran in the bone's longitudinal axis and contained a single capillary profile. Endothelial cells of these capillaries often showed increased cytoplasmic volume and loose texture of nuclear chromatin. Cast metaphyses by SEM showed numerous parallel vascular loops with nodular protrusions 10-12 μm in diameter at their tips. The loops had ascending and descending limbs with a luminal diameter of 10-14 μm. Small projections 4-5 μm in diameter and delicate crests were sometimes found on the tip of the larger nodes. In a 100 × 100 μm area, there were 14-17 large nodes. By TEM, capillary sprouts were identified at the level beneath the last row of hypertrophied chondrocytes. These capillaries had voluminous endothelial cells rich in free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Endothelial cell nuclei were rounded and showed loose chromatin texture. Endothelial cells were connected by intermediate junctions and there was no basal lamina. Deeper into the metaphysis, arterioles and sinusoids were present.Conclusions: We conclude that the metaphyseal plate of the growing rat offers an optimal model to study vasculogenesis. Capillary sprouts can be readily identified, measured, and counted because they are located within a plane bordering against avascular cartilage. In addition, by using microvascular corrosion casting in SEM not only capillary sprouting per se but also different stages of neovascularization, indicated by differently sized nodular projections at the tip of vascular loops, can be studied in the growing long bone. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Rat ; Bone ; Osteoblast ; Osteocyte ; Gap junctions ; Vimentin ; Immunolocalization ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: The immunogold labeling technique and transmission electron microscopy were used to demonstrate the expression and position of the intermediate filament vimentin in rat osteoblast and osteocyte cell bodies and cell processes. Conventional light and transmission electron microscopic studies of bone cells demonstrated adjacent cell linkage to be mediated by osteoblast and osteocyte processes present within the canalicular system traversing the bone matrix. The cell processes were filled with densely packed filaments, many of which have been shown previously to be actin microfilaments. The appearance, however, of 10 nm diameter filaments in some cell processes and the fact that the intermediate filament vimentin has been defined in many cells of mesenchymal origin raised the possibility that some of these filaments might be vimentin. The ultrastructural colloidal gold immunochemical technique allowed for demonstration in situ of the expression of vimentin filaments plus accurate definition of their position.Methods: The studies were performed in newborn rat femoral and tibial diaphyseal cortical bone and in 1-week-old repair bone from 2.4 mm diameter defects made through the lateral cortex in 6-week-old rat femurs and tibias. The bone tissues for the immunochemical study were fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde, 4% paraformaldehyde, and 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 2 days. Decalcification was performed in 6% EDTA for 2-3 days. Infiltration involved use of Lowicryl resin K4M, and the embedding and curing processes were performed in a cryostat with temperatures -30°C. An antivimentin monoclonal antibody was used for labeling using the postembedding technique. Effective antibody dilutions ranged from 1:10 to 1:200, with the dilutions of 1:25 and 1:100 showing the best combination of filament labeling with the least matrix background. The grids were exposed to 10 nanometer gold colloid conjugated goat anti-mouse IgM for demonstration of binding.Results: Vimentin immunolabeling was defined clearly in relation to filaments within the osteoblast and osteocyte cell body cytoplasm, throughout the entire length of the osteoblast and osteocyte cell processes, and in close relationship to the intercellular gap junctions which were present within the cell processes both close to the cell bodies and within the canaliculi well away from them.Conclusions: Immunogold labeling demonstrates the presence of the intermediate filament vimentin in osteoblast and osteocyte cell bodies and processes of rat bone. Vimentin distribution is not concentrated to specific areas, is present throughout the extent of the bodies and processes, and is seen immediately adjacent to gap junctions. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 70
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    The @Anatomical Record 241 (1995), S. 425-437 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Angiogenesis ; Basement membrane ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Cartilage canals ; Chondroepiphysis ; Laminin ; Type IV collagen ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Cartilage canals are perichondral invaginations of blood vessels and connective tissue that are found within the epiphyses of most mammalian long bones. Functionally, they provide a means of transport of nutrients to the hyaline cartilage, a mechanism for removal of metabolic wastes, and a conduit for stem cells that are capable of initiating and sustaining ossification of the chondroepiphysis. Morphological and biomolecular changes of the chondroepiphyses appear to potentiate vascular invasion and enable regional formation of secondary centers of ossification within the chondroepiphyses of developing bones.Methods: As both cell migration and vascular invasion are anchorage dependent processes, antibodies to laminin and Type IV collagen were used to assess compositional changes in the basement membrane of cartilage canals accompanying epiphyseal ossification.Results: Differences in chronological appearance, as well as, in distribution between the two components were noted in the chondroepiphysis. Laminin was distributed throughout the connective tissue of cartilage canal at all stages of developement, and not limited to an association with the vascular lumen. Type IV collagen was not Present during the initial perichondral invagination. Although staining for Type IV collagen was later acquired, its distribution was restricted to a discontinuous rimming of the periphery of the canal, and a diffuse presence within the intra-canalicular mesenchyme.Conclusions: Concurrent with chondrocyte hypertrophy and mineralization of the hyaline matrix, rapid changes in both the morphology of the vessel and distribution of the antibodies were detected. In addition to the presence of laminin at the interface of the endothelium and the hyaline matrix, a wide distribution within the connective tissue components of the newly ossifying matrix of epiphyseal bone could be detected. Type IV collagen remained closely associated with the lumens of the intra-canalicular vessels throughout the transition. Following ossification of the secondary center, staining for Type IV collagen could then be detected in the boneforming regions of transforming matrix as well, clearly delineating the individual vessels within the newly formed marrow spaces. This suggests that bone formation is intimately related to vessel staining for collagen type IV, and that acquired vessel competence is a facet of endochondral bone formation that results from provisional matrix changes. Furthermore, the data suggests that during bone formation under tension, basement membrane deposition can be demonstrated without an intermediary hyaline matrix hypertrophic chondrocyte phase. This data was interpreted to suggest that chondrocyte hypertrophy at the growth plate may be a reaction to vascular invasion, that in turn, stimulates adjacent chondrocyte proliferation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 71
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    The @Anatomical Record 241 (1995), S. 291-302 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Antler ; Bone ; Deer ; Evolution ; Morphogenesis ; Regeneration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Through a series of interrogatories, unsolved problems of antler evolution, anatomy, development, physiology, and pathology are probed, with commentaries on the following prospects for future research: 1.How could these improbable appendages have evolved mechanisms to commit suicide, jettison the corpse, and regenerate new ones every year?2.By what developmental processes are antlers able to prescribe their own morphogenesis with mirror image accuracy year after year and in some cases produce deliberate asymmetries?3.What causes the scalp to transform into velvet skin as a deer's first antlers develop?4.Why do healing pedicle stumps give rise to antler buds instead of scar tissue?5.How is the unprecedented rate of antler elongation related to the diameter and length of the structure to be grown?6.How come wound healing by pedicle skin is held in abeyance for several months until new growth resumes?7.How is it that tropical deer regenerate antlers at any time of year, while in temperate zones deer do so in seasonal unison?8.How do deer find enough calcium to make such massive antlers in only a few months?9.What is the nature of the bizarre tumors that some antlers grow following castration? © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CD44, adhesion molecule ; Bone ; Osteoclasts ; Osteocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract CD44 is a multifunctional adhesion molecule that binds to hyaluronic acid, type I collagen, and fibronectin. We have studied the immunohistochemical localization of CD44 in bone cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in order to clarify its role in the cell-cell and/or cell-matrix interaction of bone cells. In round osteoblasts attached to bone surfaces, immunoreactivity is restricted to their cytoplasmic processes. On the other hand, osteocytes in bone matrices show intense immunoreactivity on their plasma membrane. Intense immunoreactivity for CD44 can be detected on the basolateral plasma membranes of osteoclasts. There is considerably less reactivity observed in the area of the plasma membrane that is in direct contact with bone. The pre-embedding electron-microscopical method has revealed that CD44 is mainly localized on the basolateral plasma membrane of osteoclasts. However, the ruffled border and clear zone show little immunoreactivity. A CD44-positive reaction can be detected on both plasma membranes in the contact region between osteoclasts and osteocytes. These findings suggest that: 1) cells of the osteoblast lineage express CD44 in accordance with their morphological changes from osteoblasts into osteocytes; 2) osteoclasts express CD44 on their basolateral plasma membrane; 3) CD44 in osteoclasts and osteocytes may play an important role in cell-cell and/or cell-matrix attachment via extracellular matrices.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microgravity ; Collagen ; Bone ; Dermal fibroblasts ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Astronauts experiencing long periods of space flight suffer from severe loss of bone tissue, particularly in those bones that carry the body weight under normal gravity. It is assumed that the lack of mechanical load decreases connective tissue biosynthesis in bone-forming cells. To test this assumption, quantitative and qualitative aspects of collagen synthesis under microgravity, normal gravity, and hypergravity conditions were investigated by incubating human fibroblast cultures with [3H]-proline for 4, 7, 10, and 20 h during the Spacelab D2-mission in 1993. Quantitative analysis revealed an increase of collagen synthesis under microgravity conditions, being up to 143% higher than in 1 g controls. In contrast, hypergravity samples showed a decrease in collagen synthesis with increasing g, being at the 13% level at 10 g. The relative proportion of collagen in total synthesized protein showed a slight decrease with increasing g. The secretion of collagen by the cells, proline hydroxylation of individual collagen α-chains, and the relative proportions of synthesized collagens I, III, and V were not affected under any of the applied conditions.
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  • 74
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    Electrophoresis 16 (1995), S. 817-819 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Bone ; Noncollagenous proteins ; Archaeometry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Archaeometric approaches to archaelogical human bone also include the extraction, identification and molecular analysis of surviving bone proteins. Due to its abundance as a matrix protein, most studies focus on collagen (e.g. radiocarbon dating). Also, a variety of serum proteins are detectable in excavated skeletons. Very limited knowledge still exists on mineral-bound noncollagenous bone proteins from ancient bones because, in the mature tissue, they occur in trace amounts only. Moreover, post-mortem decomposition is likely to change characteristic features of the molecules. Due to their suggested role as growth and developmental factors, identification and quantification of such proteins should be valuable for both physical anthropology and epidemiology. We present a valid method for the detection of small amounts of surviving mineral-bound noncollagenous proteins in excavated human bones up to 7500 years of age.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Ewing sarcoma ; Bone ; Sclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Roentgenographic review of the first 210 cases of Ewing sarcoma (ES) in the Intergroup Ewing Sarcoma study revealed that 37.6% of cases had evidence of diffusely increased intraosseous density or diffuse sclerosis (DS). In these cases the sclerosis was usually mixed with various patterns of lysis and/or combined with a periosteal reaction. A radiograph blinded histologic review of selected biopsies showed an 83% incidence of dead bone compared to 23% in those without DS. Ten percent of the cases with DS had appositional new bone formation on dead bone whereas none of the cases without DS showed such reactions. Pathologic explanation of the roentgenographically identified diffuse sclerosis in ES has not been previously well documented in the medical literature.
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  • 76
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    Skeletal radiology 11 (1984), S. 108-118 
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone marrow ; Hematopoietic hyperplasia ; Pseudotumor ; Rib
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two patients are presented who had a resection of a solitary expansile rib lesion. The radiologic features were nonspecific and the lesions were thought to represent either fibrous dysplasia, myeloma, or metastatic disease. Histologically, the lesion consisted of focal hyperplasia of the bone marrow involving all hematopoietic elements. The marrow expanded the rib, eroded the cortex, and extended into the adjacent soft tissue. Neither patient had any underlying hematologic abnormality. A search of the English language literature failed to discover a description of a similar lesion. From the clinical course and follow-up information, the process appears to be benign. The authors believe the lesion is a form of pseudotumor, and propose that it be designated as “focal hematopoietic hyperplasia of rib” or “hematopoietic pseudotumor.”
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  • 77
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S25 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Remodeling ; Bone ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary It has long been known that the stress history of bone tissue influences its structure; however, the nature of this relationship remains largely uncharacterized. The objective of this work was to induce a quantifiable change in the stress history ofin vivo bone tissue and examine subsequent changes in structural and material properties that might occur. Continuous compressive loads were applied to the diaphysis of adult mongrel dogs for 2 months. The loads, ranging from 12–130 N, were superposed on the normal activity of the animals by implanting spring loading devices on the diaphysis of the femur. After the animals were sacrificed, mid-diaphysial specimens were subjected to compression testing to determine a structural bulk stiffness. The cross-sectional areas of original bone tissue and new bone deposition were then determined. The ash weights of selected specimens were also determined. The results indicate that a positive correlation between the increase in cross-sectional area and the superposed stress does exist. The new bone apposition was found almost entirely on the periosteal surface. Very little evidence of internal remodeling or endosteal movement was observed. The new tissue was found to have a lower ash weight and appeared to have a disorganized microstructure. Mechanical testing also suggests that the newly deposited tissue is far less stiff than the mature original bone.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Maize ; Vitamin D deficiency ; Bone ; Rickets ; Osteomalacia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Three groups of young baboons were fed for 16 months on one of three diets. The first group was given a well-tried semisynthetic formula, the second group the same diet save that vitamin D had been omitted, and the third group was given the vitamin D-free diet in which maize replaced the dextrin normally used. Although both groups fed the vitamin D-free diets developed rickets and osteomalacia, the group receiving maize did so far more rapidly and to a much greater degree of severity, as evidenced by clinical, radiological, biochemical, and histological signs. The mechanism by which maize acts remains unclear, but this report serves to emphasize the extremely detrimental effects that might be expected in populations who are deficient in vitamin D and who have predominantly cereal diets.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mineral ; Amorphous calcium phosphate ; X-ray diffraction ; Radial distribution function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary X-ray diffraction radial distribution function analysis was used to determine if a significant amount of an amorphous solid phase of calcium phosphate exists in bone, and if so, whether the amount varies as a function of age and maturation. Unfractionated cortical bone from embryonic and posthatch chicks of various ages and a low-density fraction of embryonic bone were studied. No evidence was found for the presence of an amorphous solid phase of calcium phosphate in any of the samples studied, including the recently deposited bone mineral of the low density fraction of embryonic bone. As little as 12.5% of synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) added to bone was readily detected by the radial distribution function technique used. The results clearly indicate that the concept that ACP is the initial solid mineral phase deposited in bone, and the major mineral constituent of young bone is no longer tenable. The concept does not provide an accurate description of the nature of the initial bone mineral deposited, or the changes that occur with maturation, nor can it acount for the compositional and X-ray diffraction changes that the mineral component undergoes during maturation and aging.
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  • 80
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 392-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Chick embryo ; Bone ; Calcium ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chick embryos were injected in the yolk sac at various ages with various doses of different vitamin D3 metabolites. Serum concentrations of total calcium and inorganic phosphate were determined 24 h after the injection and histological and electron microscopic studies of the tibiae were conducted 3–6 days after. Confirming previous results, the injection of 1,25(OH)2D3 was found to produce significant hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The dose required to produce these effects decreased with age: 100 ng on the 9th day, 50 ng on the 11th, and 10 ng on the 15th. This finding is interpreted as resulting from the fact that the specialized cells in the chorionic epithelium which are considered to be involved in mineral resorption from the shell differentiate between the 11th and 13th days. Although no bone changes were observed in embryos injected before the 11th day, a rim of unmineralized trabeculae (osteoid) was observed at the periphery of the cortex of the tibial diaphysis in the embryos which had been injected after that age. Thus, in embryos injected on the 11th day with 100 ng 1,25(OH)2D3, the trabeculae formed between the 11th and 14th day remained unmineralized until the 15th or 16th day at which time they completed their mineralization. In the embryos injected on the 14th day, the alterations were more severe and could be produced with doses 10 times smaller than those required when the injections were made on the 11th day. At all ages, the doses that produced an osteoid rim also induced hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The electron microscopical study of the osteoid trabeculae showed that osteoblasts and osteocytes had normal cytological characteristics and that the bone matrix did not present changes other than the reduction in mineral deposition. While the above findings do not exclude a direct action of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone cells as the mechanism of osteoid formation, they do underline the importance of the humoral changes at least as partial determinants of this phenomenon. The activities of various vitamin D metabolites were compared using as parameter the threshold-dose required to produce a rim of unmineralized trabeculae in the tibia of 14–15 days embryos (T-D). The most active metabolite appeared to be 1,25(OH)2D3 (T-D: 10 ng); it was followed by 1,24,25(OH)3D3 (T-D: 100 ng) and 1,25,26(OH)3D3 (T-D: 100 ng). Vitamin D3 itself (T-D: 100 µg), 25(OH)D3 (T-D: 2.5µg) and 24,25(OH)2D3 (T-D: 5 µg) produced similar responses but only when administered in much larger doses.
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  • 81
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S1 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Functional adaptation ; Bone ; Conference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this contribution is to serve as an introduction to the papers presented at the Kroc Foundation Conference on Functional Adaptation in Bone Tissue, to outline the objective of the conference, and to summarize the discussion.
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  • 82
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    Anatomy and embryology 170 (1984), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Airpolishing ; Orientation effects ; Enamel ; Dentine ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone, dentine and enamel samples were treated with a gas-propelled jet of an abrasive, NaHCO3, which is physically much softer than any of these tissues in their fully mineralised condition. It was nevertheless found that they are all eroded by this treatment, which can therefore be used as a new kind of qualitative test of physical properties relating to wear resistance. General correlations were found between both degree of mineralisation and between structure orientation and erosion rate, surface-parallel-feature zones being worn more rapidly. Bone domains with surface-parallel collagen were eroded faster than those with perpendicular lamellae even if they were more densely mineralised. Rates of dentine wear depended on both density and tubule orientation, with peritubular zones and better mineralised incremental layers being more resistant. Enamel tufts wear more rapidly than the surrounding well mineralised regions. Enamel diazones wear less than parazones (areas with surface parallel prisms). At the prism scale, enamel is removed more rapidly near prism boundary discontinuities and in tubular enamel, at tubule walls. As regards the common orientation dependent effects seen in these three tissues, a cohesive explanation would be that structure discontinuities can be better exploited in a wear process if they allow cleavage from the surface; which tendency will increase with parallelism to the surface.
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  • 83
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S7 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mechanical function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The variety of different mechanical functions required of whole bones is discussed. Often, the design optimizing the structure for one function is not optimal for another function.
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  • 84
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S19 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Remodeling ; Microdamage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A conceptual framework is presented for understanding and investigating structural adaptation of cortical bone. The magnitudes, orientations, and sense (tension or compression) of the physiologically incurred cyclic principal strains vary markedly throughout the skeleton. It is probable, therefore, that the strain/remodeling response of bone is site specific. Furthermore, there is some indication that immature bone is more responsive to alterations of cyclic strains than mature bone. Animal experimental studies and complementary stress and strain analyses suggest that the structural adaptation due to changes in cyclic strain fields may be a very nonlinear response. Bone loss in mature animals due to immobilization is sensitive to even small changes in the cyclic bone strains. Under normal conditions, however, there appears to be a broad range of physical activity in which bone is relatively unresponsive to changes in loading history. With severe repeated loading, bone hypertrophy can be pronounced. These observations open the possibility that bone atrophy and hypertrophy are controlled by different mechanisms. Therefore, two (or more) complementary control systems may be involved in the regulation of bone mass by bone cyclic strain histories. It is probable that bone mechanical microdamage is one control stimulus for affecting an increase in bone mass.
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. S118 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Strain ; Remodeling ; Adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary For bone to remodel adaptively, the cells responsible should follow some algorithm. Nine different loading situations and structures are discussed. It seems that either algorithm must be extremely complex, or cells in different structures must follow different algorithms.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Aluminum ; Parathyroid hormone ; Bone ; Renal failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Bone aluminum, quantitative bone histology, and plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) were compared in 29 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Histologic techniques included double tetracycline labeling and histochemical identification of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Bone aluminum was measured chemically by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and histochemically. When measured chemically, the bone aluminum was 67±46 (SD) mg/kg dry weight (normal 2.4±1.2 mg/kg); histochemically, aluminum was present at 2.9±4.4% of trabecular surface. The biochemical and histochemical results agreed well (r=0.80,P〈0.001). No double tetracycline labels were seen at the mineralization front where aluminum was deposited, indicating cessation of mineralization at these sites. The osteoblast surface correlated positively with plasma PTH (r=0.67,P〈0.001) and negatively with bone aluminum level (r=−0.42,P〈0.05). Multiple linear regression showed a correlation of aluminum with osteoblasts additional to that of PTH, consistent with a direct effect of aluminum in depressing osteoblast numbers. Though a relationship between PTH and chemically determined bone aluminum level could not be demonstrated, there was a negative correlation between osteoclast count and aluminum, and the nine patients with severe hyperparathyroid bone disease had lower chemically determined aluminum levels than the other patients. These results suggest that aluminum (a) directly inhibits mineralization, (b) is associated with decreased PTH activity and hence osteoblast numbers, and (c) directly reduces osteoblast numbers. In addition to inducing severe, resistant osteomalacia, aluminum appears to contribute to the mild osteomalacia commonly seen in renal failure, characterized by extensive thin osteoid and low tetracycline and osteoblast surfaces.
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  • 87
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 240 (1984), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: PHDPE ; Proplast ; Bone ; Animal experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparative animal study showed that, after implantation in skull defects in guinea pigs, porous high-density polyethylene (PHDPE) was substantially better anchored in the bone than Proplast, and had greater stability of form and structure. In Proplast, ingrowth of fibrous tissue caused partial structural dilatation and fragmentation, which could limit its suitability for use in reconstructive surgery.
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  • 88
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    Virchows Archiv 400 (1983), S. 287-295 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; Cartilage ; Bone ; Mesenchymoma ; Pleomorphic adenoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A total of 307 breast neoplasms and tumour-like conditions were reviewed to assess the frequency with which bone and/or cartilage occurred. Of 90 fibroadenomas, 1 (1.1%) and 2 of 158 breast carcinomas (1.3%) contained bone, one benign mesenchymoma contained cartilage, and one benign “mixed” tumour (pleomorphic adenoma) displayed cartilage and bone. Twenty-two papillomas and 34 cases of gynaecomastia did not contain any cartilage or bone. This study confirms the impression that the occurrence of bone or cartilage in human breast neoplasms is rare. These lesions are briefly discussed with reference to the pertinent literature.
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    International orthopaedics 7 (1983), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1432-5195
    Keywords: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma ; Bone ; Prosthesis ; Resection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez une malade de 50 ans un histiocytome osseux fibreux malin, localisé à la métaphyse distale du fémur droit, a été reconnu par l'histologie et confirmé par la microscopie électronique. Elle a été traitée par résection «en bloc» et mise en place d'une prothèse de polyméthylacrylate faite sur mesure et comportant une articulation du genou type Waldius. La malade a été revue deux ans après, sans récidive.
    Notes: Summary This is a case report of a fifty-year old female patient with malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone well localised in the distal metaphysis of the right femur. It was treated by ‘en bloc’ resection and replacement with a purpose-made polymethylmethacrylate prosthesis and a Waldius-type knee replacement. The diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopy. The patient had good function of the limb and was symptom free two years later.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium metabolism ; Whole-body counting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A whole-body counter was used to measure the retention and distribution of radioactivity along the longitudinal axis of the body during 10 days after the intravenous injection of 50 µCi of47Ca. These data and the simultaneous measurements of the serum specific activity allowed us to calculate, by the Bauer-Carlsson-Lindquist (BCL) formulas generalized by Marshall, the calcium accretion rate and exchangeable pool in 7 areas: skull, thorax, pelvis, thighs, knees, legs, and ankles and feet. For the whole body, the accretion rate was 336±115 mg/24 h, and the exchangeable pool 5668±1221 mg, in 26 subjects without bone disease. Both parameters were significantly correlated with body height; the exchangeable pool was significantly higher in men than in women. The accretion rate and exchangeable pool expressed on a basis of bone content varied widely from one area to another, reflecting the ratio of spongy to compact bone: the thorax, pelvis, and arms, which contain 49% of the skeletal mass, accounted for 57% of the total accretion rate and 53% of the exchangeable pool; the skull, 18% of the skeletal mass, accounted for 14% of the accretion and 11% of the pool.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteosarcoma ; Matrix vesicles ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Aminopeptidase ; Naphthylamidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Extracellular matrix vesicles from bovine fetal alveolar bone and from a dog osteosarcoma were isolated by differential centrifugation and then fractionated on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. The fractions were examined by electron microscopy and were analyzed for protein, alkaline phosphatase, aminotripeptidase, and four different β-naphthylamidase activities. The low-density peak of enzyme activities was shown by electron microscopy to be much more homogeneous than the crude matrix vesicle fraction. Two major peaks of protein and enzyme activities were present, one in the high and one in the low density layers. There was good correlation between the activities of alkaline phosphatase and the various peptidases in the fractions from the sucrose density gradient. These results indicate a coexistence of peptidase and alkaline phosphatase in matrix vesicles. On the other hand, there was generally no correlation between the peptidase and alkaline phosphatase activities in vesicular specimens from bovine liver obtained in the same way. Most of the peptidase activity and about half of the alkaline phosphatase activity were solubilized from bone matrix vesicles by detergents. The extracted alkaline phosphatase and alanyl β-naphthylamidase activities were separated from each other on a DEAE-cellulose column.
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  • 92
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    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 148-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Computed tomography ; Densitometry ; Osteoporosis ; Osteomalacia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The linear attenuation coefficient (μ in cm1) of trabecular bone was modeled for different conditions of bone and marrow composition in order to assess their influence on computed tomography (CT) quantitation. A large relative change (10% of TBV at 15% TBV) of bone concentration resulted in small changes of μ: 2.3% at 60 keV, 3.4% at 44 keV, 5.2% at 29 keV. Relative changes of trabecular bone volume (TBV) on the order of 3% could be detectedin vivo by CT were it not for errors of relocation and for compositional influences on accuracy. The μ (and density) depended critically not only on amounts of bone substance and marrow but on their compositions. Normal variation in the composition of bone substance produced an uncertainty in μ equivalent to 0.5 to 1% TBV. Increases of yellow marrow produced a decrease of μ which could be mistaken for a decrease of bone concentration. The biological variation (90% confidence limit) of marrow composition gives an uncertainty at 15% TBV of about 2.4% TBV at 60 keV, 1.7% at 44 keV, and 1.3% at 29 keV. These correspond to relative uncertainities of 16, 11, and 9% respectively. These factors help explain the large accuracy errors (30%) observed in all studies of trabecular bone where single-energy CT was used. Marrow composition also can affect precision of bone measurement. Systematic shifts of red and yellow marrow could mask biological changes such as those occurring with aging or treatment.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Bone ; Osteoblasts ; Receptors ; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thaw-mount autoradiographic studies after injection of3H-1,25-D3 were conducted on 18-and 20-day-old rat fetuses. In maxillary bones, ribs, and tibia, nuclear concentration of radioactivity was found in osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts. Osteocytes and chondrocytes in epiphyseal plates were either unlabeled or weakly labeled. In competition experiments, nuclear concentration of radioactivity was blocked by the injection of a high dose of nonradioactive 1,25-D3 prior to the administration of the labeled hormone, but not by a similar dose of nonradioactive 25-D3. The results are interpreted as indicating that osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts are target cells for the direct action of 1,25-D3 on fetal bone.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mineral ; Crystallinity ; Maturation ; Age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The crystallinity of bone mineral at different stages of maturation has been measured by quantitative X-ray diffraction methods. Crystallinity measurements were made on tibial middiaphyses from 17-day embryonic chicks, newlyformed periosteal bone from embryonic chicks, and density-fractionated bone from post-hatch chickens from 5 weeks to 2 years of age. For a given animal age and degree of mineralization, crystallinity increases with animal age, indicating that changes in bone mineral occur even after mineralization is complete or nearly complete.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Vitamin D deficiency ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Bone development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The role of vitamin D in early skeletal development was studied by measuring serum calcium and phosphorus, osseous tissue quantity and mineralization, and endochondral bone elongation in rat fetuses and pups from vitamin D-replete and vitamin D-deficient mothers. At the 20th day of pregnancy there was a slight, yet significant, increase in the amount of osteoid on trabecular bone surfaces in fetuses from vitamin D-deficient mothers. The fetal bones otherwise appeared normal in spite of severe skeletal changes in the vitamin D-deficient mothers. After parturition, the importance of vitamin D in skeletal development becomes progressively more obvious. Serum calcium levels were slightly, yet significantly, lower in vitamin D-deficient than in vitamin D-replete pups and these levels continued to fall in the vitamin D-deficient pups through lactation and after weaning. At 3 days postpartum, there was a small, yet significant, increase in the amount of osteoid on bone surfaces of the vitamin D-deficient pups. The relative amounts of osteoid in the vitamin D-deficient pups continued to increase through lactation and after weaning when compared with vitamin D-replete pups. By the 14th day of lactation and at later periods, there were significant reductions in metaphyseal mineralized tissues in the vitamin D-deficient pups when compared with the vitamin D-replete pups. At weaning and after weaning, there were substantial increases in growth plate thickness and decreases in longitudinal bone growth in the vitamin D-deficient pups when compared with the vitamin D-replete pups. The results from this study indicate that vitamin D does not appear to play a major role in fetal skeletal development. However, after birth, vitamin D becomes progressively more important with age for normal bone development, mineralization, and endochondral growth.
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  • 96
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    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 728-731 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Bioelectricity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The origin of the bioelectric potentials in unstressed living bones is still an open question. Blood-flow in vessels, stationary potentials on peripheral nerves, muscle injury potentials, and viability of bone cells are claimed to be possible sites of origin of the electric potentials recorded on bone surface. The present data show that the topographic quantitative distribution of tetracycline labeling at sequential levels of rabbit tibia and the distribution pattern of the bioelectric potentials in this bone are significantly superimposable. This coincidence of bone formation rates and bioelectric potentials seems to support the view that the latter are in some way linked with the laying down of new bone.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: ADP ; Bisphosphonate ; Bone ; Resorption ; Formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effects of 1.5–2 years oral administration of disodium (3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene)-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD) on bone metabolism were studied in male and female rats. APD was mixed in the food at levels of 500, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm. A dose-dependent increase in metaphyseal bone was found, indicative of continued inhibition of bone and cartilage resorption. APD did not affect mineralization of bone and cartilage, primary bone formation, or periosteal apposition. A short-term metabolic balance study was performed to compare the effects of oral with subcutaneous APD. Absorption of APD was in the order of 0.2%. Oral APD increased absorption of phosphate, probably by complexation of calcium with APD. The excess absorbed phosphate increased phosphaturia and decreased urinary calcium.
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  • 98
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    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 481-485 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chemotaxis ; Bone ; Osteoblasts ; Bone proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary When demineralized bone matrix powder is implanted subcutaneously in the rat, the early responses involve the appearance and proliferation of mesenchymal cells at the site of implantation, followed by cartilage and bone formation. The ability of cells to migrate to the implant suggests that chemotaxis may be a critical event in this process. Therefore, using the modified Boyden chamber assay, we tested extracts of demineralized bone matrix for chemotactic activity. We have identified and partially purified, on molecular sieve chromatography, a heat labile and trypsin-sensitive protein (Mr=60,000–70,000) that is a potent chemoattractant for mouse calvaria, osteoblast-like cells (MMB-1), but not for monocytes (putative osteoclast precursors). These findings suggest that chemotactic protein(s) have a significant role in the recruitment of osteoprogenitor cells to a site of bone repair.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentin ; Bone ; Apposition rate ; Parathyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The dose-dependency of the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone and dentin apposition after both intermittent and continuous administration of the hormone was investigated. The purpose was to compare the sensitivity of these two mineralizing tissues to parathyroid hormone and to provide additional information regarding the direct effect of PTH on mineralized tissue formation. Adult rats were thyroparathyroidectomized and 5 groups of 4 or 5 rats each were given daily subcutaneous injections with different doses of bovine parathyroid hormone. Five more groups of 4 rats each were administered equivalent dosages by means of a continuous infusion pump implanted subcutaneously. An additional group of 4 rats served as controls. All animals were labeled with tetracycline injected on days 7, 9, and 11. The animals were killed on day 12 and blood samples were collected for serum calcium determination. The lower metaphysis of the femur and the left and right mandibles were dissected out, and undecalcified sections of plastic-embedded tissues were prepared. The distances between the three tetracycline bands were measured to determine the amount of bone or dentin formation. Results indicated that both dentin and bone apposition increased with higher dosages of hormone. No overall effect of the method of administration was evident. For both methods, bone apposition showed a more pronounced increase over the control levels than dentin apposition. This suggests that, although both osteoblasts and odontoblasts appear to respond directly to PTH, differences do exist in the magnitude and dose-dependency of the response. No causal relationship was found between increases in serum calcium levels and either bone or dentin apposition at the lower dose levels.
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  • 100
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    Calcified tissue international 35 (1983), S. 762-766 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel ; Maturation cycles ; Tetracycline ; Dentine ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Uptake of tetracycline by enamel in the short-term was studied at an advanced stage of crown formation and after completion of crown formation in deciduous molars in the cat. Both secretory phase enamel and bands of postsecretory, maturation phase enamel labeled rapidly. The pattern of labeling mimicked that seen in the continuously growing, rootless incisor teeth of the rat, with narrow doublets fusing to form narrow bands with wide unlabeled intervals in the short term. This is a physiological demonstration which indicates that cyclical activity and changes may occurin vivo during the maturation phase of amelogenesis in rooted teeth. It is also noted that dentine did not, and that some circumscribed patches of bone did label in the same animals in the same time interval. Short-term tetracycline labels are lost following conventional histological processing, but are retained after freeze-drying or air-drying.
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