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  • 1980-1984  (34,298)
  • 1830-1839  (3,956)
  • Chemistry  (37,637)
  • Rat  (616)
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Year
  • 101
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Cerebroventricular perfusion ; Carbamazepine ; Imipramine ; Desmethylimipramine ; Tranylcypromine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of endogenous norepinephrine, dopamine and epinephrine in cerebroventricular perfusates were used to evaluate the effects of drugs on the availability of extracellular catecholamines in the intact rat brain. Administration of the antidepressant drugs imipramine, desmethylimipramine or tranylcypromine resulted in marked increases of both norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations while epinephrine levels were not affected. Treatment with a similar dose of carbamazepine — an anticonvulsant drug with antidepressant activity — resulted in a significant increase in dopamine concentrations without apparent effect on either norepinephrine or epinephrine. It is suggested that at the applied dose, carbamazepine may act to modify the uptake, release or metabolism of dopamine in brain areas adjacent to the cerebroventricular space without affecting the other catecholamines.
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  • 102
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    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 108 (1984), S. 56-59 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: DNA methylation ; Rat ; Procarbazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cytostatic drug procarbazine has previously been shown to be a potent transplacental neurotropic carcinogen in rats. Following a single IP administration of (14C-methylprocarbazine (110 mg/kg) on day 22 of gestation, methylation products with cellular DNA were determined in fetal and maternal rat organs. The concentration of the major adduct N7-methylguanine was highest in the maternal liver (224 μmol/mol guanine). Fetal and nonhepatic maternal tissues exhibited significantly lower levels, but differed little from each other. In brain, lung, intestines, and placenta the O 6-methylguanine/N7-methylguanine ratio was close to 0.11, indicating that procarbazine, like other methylating carcinogens, initiates malignant transformation via methyldiazonium hydroxide as the ultimate reactant. Following a single dose of (14C-methyl)procarbazine to newborn animals, methylpurine values were 30–60 times lower than after prenatal administration. This suggests that DNA alkylation in nonhepatic tissues occurs by systemic distribution of a proximate carcinogen formed in the adult rat liver.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 108 (1984), S. 114-120 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Nasal cavities ; Rat ; DOPN
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Weekly SC administration of 2,2-dioxopropylnitosamine to 88 Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in the induction of 76 separate neoplasms in the respiratory region of the nasal cavities. No tumors of the olfactory region were found. Histologically there were 37 squamous papillomas, 17 transitional papillomas, and 22 squamous cell carcinomas. These tumors were compared with a selected group of 53 related human tumors of the nasal and paranasal cavities, consisting of 11 squamous cell papillomas, 13 transitional papillomas, and 29 squamous cell carcinomas. While the experimental squamous cell papillomas showed a striking histological resemblance with the squamous papillomas observed in man, none of the experimental transitional papillomas had evidence of the characteristics inverted pattern seen in humans: nevertheless, the experimental tumors showed signs of incomplete squamous metaplasia and preservation of intraepithelial secretory glands, features commonly seen in transitional papillomas of man. The squamous cell carcinomas of this experiment were very similar to the corresponding human tumors in morphology and sex incidence. In both species a significant number of squamous cell carcinomas were keretinizing and of a high grade of histological malignancy. In addition, 69% of the human squamous cell carcinomas occurred in the male sex, and 72% of the experimental carcinomas developed in males. This comparative study suggests that further studies investigating the significance of nitrosamines as suspected etiologic factors of nasal carcinogenesis in man may be useful.
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  • 104
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 63 (1984), S. 57-65 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Fetal alcohol syndrome ; Rat ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Synaptic maturation ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fetal alcohol syndrome was produced in rats by feeding an ethanol-enriched, vitamine-supplemented liquid diet over a period of 4 weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy. The amount of ethanol was equivalent to 38–40% of the daily calories; control animals were fed an isocaloric amount of sucrose. The offspring of experimental animals displayed a diminished birth weight. In contrast to previous experiments, the ethanol diet was also administered during the lactating period. On postnatal day 7, experimental animals and controls were killed by perfusion and the cerebella prepared for electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis showed a reduced number of Purkinje cells. On day 12, Purkinje cells of experimental animals displayed ultrastructurally fewer organelles. Furthermore, a delayed synaptogenesis in the molecular layer was demonstrated with osmiumzinc iodide and ethanolic phosphotungstic acid showing an immature appearance of the presynaptic grid and weaker stained synaptic cleft material. The following discussion deals with possible mechanisms underlying these alcohol-induced alterations of cerebellar synaptogenesis.
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  • 105
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 64 (1984), S. 192-202 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Astrocytoma ; Blood-brain barrier ; HVEM ; Transendothelial channels ; Protein tracer ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain tumors, benign and malignant, are characteristically more permeable to various types of tracer molecules than the neuropil in which they are embedded. Impermeability of brain neuropil capillaries is imparted by the blood-brain barrier, the anatomic basis of which is the network of interendothelial zonulae occludentes that seal capillary endothelial cells. To explore both the vascular elements of brain neoplasms and the route of tracer extravasation from them, as well as the possible effects of brain tumors on the permeability of peritumoral neuropil capillaries, brain tumors were induced in newborn Wistar rats by intracerebral (i.c.) injection of C-6 astrocytoma cells. The protein tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected systemically into both normal and tumorbearing rats to mark the pathway along which it flowed into the tumor parenchyma tissue spaces, and to signal any concomitant tracer loss from the tumor extracellular compartment or peritumoral brain capillaries, into the neuropil extracellular milieu. Electron-microscopic examination on thin plastic sections of tumor and peritumoral neuropil revealed massive extravasation of tracer into the tumor tissue spaces, but none was seen outside of the capillaries in the surrounding brain neuropil. Zonulae occludentes of both tumor capillary endothelium and brain capillary endothelium were devoid of tracer and judged tight (sealed). Tracer was seen in pinocytotic vesicles in the highly attenuated endothelium of tumor capillaries and also in cytoplasmic vesicles within the tumor cells. The peritumoral and contralateral neuropil capillary endothelium exhibited reaction product-filled pinocytotic vesicles and vesiculo-tubular conduits. Often, one end of a HRP-filled vesiculo-tubular channel appeared continuous with either the luminal or abluminal plasmalemma. High-voltage electron microscopy of these conduits often showed them to be continuous with both luminal and abluminal surfaces of the endothelium, thus forming a continuum across the capillary wall. In addition, these transendothelial channels, clearly constituted as chains of fused vesicles, were often seen in close proximity to, or fused with, dense bodies in the endothelial cytoplasm. In spite of the presence of HRP-filled structures in the peritumoral neuropil capillary endothelium of tumor-bearing rats, no evidence of tracer extravasation from these vessels was apparent. These results suggest that although peritumoral and contralateral neuropil capillaries possess the machinery for extravasation of tracer, likely as a response to the presence of the neoplasm, tracer is not lost but, instead, is degraded by endothelial enzymes. The extensive flooding of the tumor extracellular compartment with tracer may be achieved by transport of HRP across the very thin walls of tumor capillaries by single cytoplasmic vesicles which structurally and functionally play the role of transendothelial channels. Based on the results of this study, it is unlikely that molecules delivered systemically to treat brain neoplasms, will leak into the peritumor or contralateral neuropil, either from their own capillaries, or from the extracellular compartment of the tumor parenchyma.
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  • 106
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 62 (1984), S. 276-283 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Brain ; Lead intoxication ; Protein deprivation ; Growth and development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Most studies on lead toxicity in the suckling rat have been performed with doses leading to growth retardation. In a previous paper (Sundström et al. 1983), the effects of different lead doses on normal suckling rats were described. The dose of 10 mg/kg body weight daily given on days 1–15 pp produced minute hemorrhagic lesions on day 15 in the cerebellum, whereas rats given 5 mg/kg body weight daily lacked microscopically discernible pathologic changes in the brain. None of these groups exhibited growth retardation. To further elucidate the association between lead encephalopathy and malnutrition, lead was administered to protein-deprived suckling rats. Protein deprivation was achieved by a diet with 50% reduction of protein content. The móthers of the pups were fed this diet from 2 weeks before conception throughout the experiment. Experimental animals were injected i.p. with 5 mg or 10 mg lead nitrate/kg b.wt. daily. Littermates, injected with vehicle without lead nitrate served as controls. Protein-deprived rats without either treatment were “external” controls. Animals were killed at 10, 15, and 20 days age for determination of lead content in blood and brain and for light-microscopic examination. The protein-deprived rats given 10 mg/kg b.wt. daily were growth-retarded as compared to unexposed protein-deprived rats. The mortality was almost 100% at 15–20 days pp. At 15 days, the cerebellum of these rats showed abundant hemorrhages, and the cerebrum was also hemorrhagically discolored. Protein-deprived rats given 5 mg/kg b.wt. daily did not differ significantly from unexposed protein-deprived rats with regard to body weight gain. They presented a mortality of about 20% on days 15–20. At 15 days, cerebellar hemorrhages were a regular finding, though not as devastating as in the animals given 10 mg lead nitrate/kg b.wt. daily. The results imply an increased vulnerability to lead in protein-deprived rats as compared to normal rats. The severe encephalopathy in protein-deprived rats was associated with higher blood lead levels than in normal rats exposed to an equivalent lead burden.
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  • 107
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    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 64 (1984), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral ischemia ; Cell death ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Hippocampus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An unusual, slowly progressing neuronal damage has been reported to occur in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia (Kirino 1982). Delayed neuronal death following ischemia has also been noticed in the rat four-vessel occlusion model (Pulsinelli et al. 1982). By light microscopy this slow neuronal injury in the rat was not different from the previously known neuronal ischemic cell change. This report lead us to the question as to whether neurons in the rat hippocampus are damaged rapidly following an initial latent period or deteriorate slowly and progressively until they display overt changes. To clarify this point, observation was done on the hippocampal CA1 sector of the rat following ischemia. Rats were subjected to four-vessel occlusion, and those which developed ischemic symptoms were perfusion-fixed. Although the change appeared very slowly and lacked microvacuolation of the cytoplasm, neuronal alteration was practically not different from classical ischemic cell change. By electron microscopy, however, the change was detectable when the neurons still appeared intact by light microscopy. An increase in the membranous organelles and deposition of dark substances were the initial manifestations. It seemed that the CA1 neurons deteriorated very slowly and progressively, and that they retained partial viability in the initial phase of the change. In spite of the difference in light-microscopic findings, the mechanisms underlying delayed neuronal death in the rat and gerbil hippocampus seemed to be identical.
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  • 108
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    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1007-1018 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rat ; Rattus norvegicus sp. ; odorants ; stress ; behavior ; open field ; corticosterone ; fox dropping ; ketone ; sulfur ; compounds ; tans ; mercaptoketones ; repellent ; structure-activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stress for 12 sulfur-containing synthetized volatiles was evaluated in male Wistar rats and compared to that for fox-dropping extract concentrate. Stress behavior was analyzed by quantifying various stress responses in a standard open field and measuring the increase in plasma corticosterone concentration. Nine compounds induced stress—a dihydrothiazole, two cyclic polysulfides, five mercaptoketones, and a mercaptan. For the mercaptoketones, the following structure-activity relationships were observed. Size can vary considerably; the mercapto group can be either alpha or beta and either secondary or tertiary. The keto group is not essential, since a structurally related mercaptan remains active. The mercapto group is essential for activity in mercaptoketones, since conversion to a methyl sulfide resulted in a neutral response. This type of odorant could function as an allomone and may have potential in rat control as an area repellent.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Hyperthermia ; Induced colonic carcinoma ; Rat ; Chemotherapy ; BCNU ; Ftorafur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hyperthermie zur Behandlung von Tumoren wird seit längerem in In-vitro- und In-vivo-Versuchen und auch in der Klinik in verschiedenen Anwendungsformen erprobt. Bei der Kombination von Hyperthermie mit Chemotherapie wird eine überadditive cytostatische Wirkung beschrieben. In einem klinisch orientierten, kontrolliert durchgeführten Tierversuch wurde an einem durch N-Nitrosoacetoxymethylmethylamin (AMMN) induzierten autochthonen Coloncarcinom bei Sprague-Dawley-Ratten eine lokale, moderate Hyperthermie (43,5°C, 3 × 60 min) und eine Kombinationsbehandlung von Hyperthermie und Polychemotherapie (BCNU und Ftorafur) durchgeführt unter endoskopischer Diagnosestellung und Verlaufskontrolle. Es konnte keine Überlebenszeitverlängerung durch die angewendeten Therapien und keine additive Wirkung der lokalen moderaten Hyperthermie in Kombination mit der Chemotherapie bei diesem „harten”, d. h. relativ chemotherapieresistenten, Tumormodell gesehen werden.
    Notes: Summary The use of hyperthermia for the treatment of tumors has been tested in in vitro and in vivo experiments as well as clinically for a long time. Combination of hyperthermia with chemotherapy was reported to result in overadditive cytostatic effects. In a clinically adapted, controlled animal experiment, local moderate hyperthermia (43.5°C, 3 × 60 min) alone and in combination with polychemotherapy (BCNU and Ftorafur) was used for the treatment of AMMN-(N-nitrosoacetoxymethyl-methylamine) induced autochthonous colonic carcinomas in Sprague-Dawley rats. Diagnosis and follow-up inspections were carried out endoscopically. The applied therapies did not result in prolonged survival times, nor was an additive effect seen after combined hyperthermia and chemotherapy in this “hard”, i. e. relatively chemotherapy-resistent, tumor model.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Hyperthermia ; Yoshida sarcoma ; Chemotherapy ; BCNU ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hyperthermie zur Cytostase von Malignomen ist in zahlreichen In-vitro- und In-vivo-Untersuchungen beschrieben worden. Die Kombination von Chemotherapie mit Hyperthermie soll zur Potenzierung der therapeutischen Wirkung führen. Ein Forschungsgegenstand ist der zeitliche Abstand zwischen beiden Therapiemodalitäten. Anhand eines Yoshida-ColonModells bei Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurde eine lokale Hyperthermie (43°C, 60 min) im Abstand von 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 und 24 h nach einer Chemotherapie mit BCNU durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten keine signifikante Steigerung der Heilungsrate durch die Hyperthermie. Angesichts unserer Ergebnisse sollten z.B. die mit groben Hoffnungen propagierten hyperthermen Peritoneallavagen erst im Tierexperiment einer kontrollierten Untersuchung unterzogen werden.
    Notes: Summary There are numerous reports on in vitro and in vivo investigations of hyperthermia for cytostasis of malignant tumors. Combination of chemotherapy and hyperthermia is to potentiate the therapeutic effect. The time interval between the two types of therapy was the main subject of the present investigation. Local hyperthermia (43°C, 60 min) following BCNU chemotherapy at intervals of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h, respectively, was studied in a colonic Yoshida sarcoma model in Sprague-Dawley rats. No significant increase in the curing rate resulted from hyperthermic treatment. The results suggest that the highly anticipated hyperthermic peritoneal lavages should be investigated in controlled animal experiments prior to clinical use.
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  • 111
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    European journal of applied physiology 52 (1984), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Collagen ; Fast and slow twitch fibres ; Skeletal muscle ; Rat ; Endurance training
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The appearance of collagen around individual fast twitch (FT) and slow twitch (ST) muscle fibres was investigated in skeletal muscles with different contractile properties using endurance trained and untrained rats as experimental animals. The collagenous connective tissue was analyzed by measuring hydroxyproline biochemically and by staining collagenous material histochemically in M. soleus (MS), M. rectus femoris (MRF), and M. gastrocnemius (MG). The concentration of hydroxyproline in the ST fibres dissected from MS (2.72±0.35 Μg·mg−1 d.w.) was significantly higher than that of the FT fibres dissected from MRF (1.52±0.33 Μg·mg−1 d.w.). Similarly, the concentration of hydroxyproline was higher in ST (2.54±0.51 ⧎g·mg−1 d.w.) than in FT fibres (1.60±0.43 Μg·mg−1 d.w.), when the fibres were dissected from the same muscle, MG. Histochemical staining of collagenous material agreed with the biochemical evidence that MS and the slow twitch area of MG are more collagenous than MRF and the fast twitch area of MG both at the level of perimysium and endomysium. The variables were not affected by endurance training. When discussing the role of collagen in the function of skeletal muscle it is suggested that the different functional demands of different skeletal muscles are also reflected in the structure of intramuscular connective tissue, even at the level of endomysial collagen. It is supposed that the known differences in the elastic properties of fast tetanic muscle compared to slow tonic muscle as, e.g., the higher compliance of fast muscle could at least partly be explained in terms of the amount, type, and structure of intramuscular collagen.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caldesmon ; Actin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Small intestine ; Smooth muscle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of caldesmon (a calmodulin-binding, F-actin-interacting protein) (Sobue et al. 1982) and of actin was studied in the rat's small intestine by means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Positive immunostaining for caldesmon was seen in smooth muscle cells of the intestinal wall, and of blood vessels, and in the apical portion of the absorptive epithelial cells. The immunoreactivity in goblet cells was difficult to recognize. The positive reaction to immunostaining for actin showed almost the same pattern as that for caldesmon. These results suggest that this calmodulin-binding protein may play an important role in the control of actin-myosin interaction in smooth muscle cells and in non-muscle cells.
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  • 113
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 485-489 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventromedial nucleus ; Hypothalamus ; Ultra-structure ; Nucleoli ; Estrogen effects ; Chromatin ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Estrogen is accumulated from the blood by nerve cells in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and can facilitate female reproductive behavior by acting on this region of the brain. This cell group was examined in ovariectomized female rats, given estrogen or control treatment, by use of light and electron microscopy. A significantly greater portion of the nerve cells in the estrogen-treated animals had protuberances on their nucleolar surfaces, apparent under the light microscope. The fine structure of such protuberances included dense, aggregated material, which is shown to contain DNA by the sodium tungstate staining technique. Because increased numbers of such protuberances were found in nuclei of cells of the experimental group where previous studies demonstrated a significant increase in ultrastructural signs of biosynthetic activity, they may be associated with increased RNA synthesis. Thus, they could indicate, ultrastructurally, increased synthetic rates for RNA in nerve cells through which estrogen promotes reproductive behavior.
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  • 114
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 669-673 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver-cell heterogeneity ; Hepatic venous branches ; Karyometry ; Binucleate cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In untreated adult male albino rats nuclear volume and the percentage of binucleate cells were determined in the first layer of hepatocytes adjacent to hepatic venous branches of varying diameters (〈40 μm, 40 μm–80 μm, 80 μm–120μm, 120 μm–160 μm, 〉160 μm), and in the third and fourth layer of hepatocytes in the remainder of the perivenous parenchyma. In the first layer of hepatocytes adjacent to the vascular structures means of nuclear volume are significantly lower and percentage of binucleate cells significantly higher than in the cells of the remainder of the perivenous parenchyma. Within each area measured distribution curves of nuclear volume classes were homogeneous but showed heterogeneity in comparison with each other. The morphometric data presented in this study strongly support the opinion of the heterogeneity of liver cells in the perivenous zone, as previously postulated on the basis of histochemical investigations.
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  • 115
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 305-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hepatocytes ; Rat ; Liver ; Circadian rhythm ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subcellular structures of hepatocytes in periportal and perivenous zones were examined during 24 h. The volume, surface and numerical profile densities of cytoplasmic organelles were analysed morphometrically. Most subcellular structures in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes were subject to strong circadian variations. In hepatocytes from both zones, the volume densities of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER), mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, polysomes and lipid droplets demonstrated peak values at 16.00 h, 20.00 h or 00.00 h; trough values were at 04.00 h, 08.00 h, or 12.00 h, except for peroxisomes (16.00 h). However, the volume densities of glycogen granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes exhibited maximal values at 04.00 h, 08.00 h or 12.00 h and minimal values at 20.00 h. The surface densities of sER, mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes, and the numerical profile densities of mitochondria, lysosomes and peroxisomes in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes showed similar trends. These events suggest that membranes of the rER show a partial correlation with the sER, mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes during the 24-h span. This may involve the interaction between ribosomes and rER. Almost all cytoplasmic organelles examined displayed significant differences between periportal and perivenous hepatocytes, morphometrically and in fine structure, indicating that the morphofunctional variability of hepatocytes differs depending on the location in the liver acinus.
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  • 116
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 321-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Triiodothyronine ; Radioautography ; Mitochondria ; Liver ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To assess the distribution of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) within intact living cells, freshly prepared dispersed rat hepatocytes were incubated with [125I]-T3 for periods of 5 min and 30 min. Lightand electron-microscopic (EM) radioautography was carried out to determine the distribution of grains over the isolated cells. Both procedures showed the grains distributed almost entirely over the cytoplasmic matrix rather than the nucleus. Grain counts under the EM were compared with expectation based on established quantitative methods. Only the mitochondria showed obvious and statistically significant grain counts, whereas the nucleus failed to accumulate grains in excess of expectations by chance alone based on area. The findings support the existence of mitochondrial binding of T3, presumably a prerequisite for its action in direct stimulation of the mitochondria.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node ; Steroids ; Macrophages ; Intercellular junctions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intercellular junctions were often found between macrophages in sinuses of regional lymph nodes of the rat after injection of large doses of cholesterol, cortisone acetate, and estrone at the footpad. They were identified by subplasmalemmal densities, 20–50 nm in width, beneath the plasma membranes of apposed macrophages. No distinct filamentous structures were visible in those dense regions. Electron-dense amorphous materials are lined up at the center of the intercellular space in the junctional regions. Some macrophages form clusters with intercellular junctions. No significant difference in the effect of cholesterol, cortisone acetate, and estrone on the number of intercellular junctions betwene macrophages was found.
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  • 118
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fundamentals of Material Selection in the Conditions of Erosive WearProblems of proper selection of materials for parts subjected to wear by a stream of abrasive particles are discussed. Considering the main laws governing such kind of wear, the author concludes that target material selection in the case of erosion, like in any other case of abrasive wear, will depend on the ratio of abrasive grain hardness to material hardness. Special attention should be given to hard components in the abrasive. It has been established that a 10-15% content of quartz particles in the abrasive is enough to cause an abrupt fall in the wear resistance of chilled steels, white iron and hard surfacing alloys, thus making their use questionable. Finegrained WC-Co-type sintered carbides have shown the highest wear resistance in such conditions.The conclusions drawn in this paper are borne cut by a considerable body of experimental data.
    Notes: In dem Artikel werden Probleme der zweckmäßigen Werkstoffauswahl bei der Strahlverschleißbekämpfung behandelt, die allgemeinen Gesetzmäßigkeiten deser Verschleißart dargelegt und gezeigt, daß analog zu anderen Abrasivverschleißarten auch in diesem Fall die Materialauswahl durch einen Vergleich von Werkstoff- und Schleifkornhärte erleichtert wird. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt dem Einfluß von Zusätzen harter Körner in Strahlmittel. Schon ein etwa 10-15prozentiger Anteil von Quarzteilchen ruft eine jähe Senkung des relativen Verschleißwiderstandes bei gehärteten Stählen, Hartguß und Auftragsschweißwiderstandes bei gehärteten Stählen, Hartguß und Auftragsschweißungen hervor und macht deren Anwendung problematisch. Den größten Verschleißwiderstand unter solchen Bedingungen haben feinkörniger WC-Co-Sinterhartmetalle.Die Schlußfolgerungen werden durch umfangreiche Versuchsergebnisse belegt.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 119
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 95-96 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Study on Alloy Element Loss in MIG Welding of Stainless SteelsAAS-analysis of welding fume yields information about alloy element loss in MIG welding of stainless steels. Welding under shielding gases short of oxygen, the heavy metal loss can be correlated with the element's partial pressures in the welding wire alloy.
    Notes: Durch Analyse des Schweißrauches läßt sich Aufschluß über das Abbrandverhalten von Drahtelektroden gewinnen. Beim MAG-Schweißen unter sauerstoffarmen Schutzgasen wird der Schwermetall-Abbrand durch die Partialdrucke der Legierungskomponenten kontrolliert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 120
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 102-107 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 122
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 109-117 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Specimen Size on the Fracture Mechanical Behaviour of Sintered SteelFracture mechanics testing was carried out with small and big specimens using high-temperature sintered Fe-2%Cu-2.5%Ni-alloys in the densities of ρ = 7.1 and 7.4 g/cm3. These steels are often used in the manufacturing of PM-parts. Due to the different dismensions the crack propagation is for the bigger sizes faster than for the smaller sizes. Also the conditional fracture toughness of the big specimens is superiour to the toughness of the small specimens. But under consideration of a plain strain state for the big specimens and of a plain stress state for the small specimens valid fracture toughness values being independent from the specimen size can be calculated applying linear-elastic fracture mechanics.These results were obtained for both densities investigated. The increase of the density delivers principally better fracture mechanical data. Hereby the relation of strength data with the microstructure is also discussed.
    Notes: Am Beispiel von in der Formteilherstellung häufig verwendeten hochtemperaturgesinterten Fe-2%Cu-2,5%Ni-Legierungen in den Dichten ρ = 7,1 und 7,4 g/cm3 wurden bruchmechanische Untersuchungen an Klein- und Großproben vorgenommen. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Abmessungen ergibt sich bei Großproben eine größere Rißfortschrittsgeschwindigkeit und eine größere vorläufige Bruchzähigkeit als bei den Kleinproben. Durch Zuordnung des ebenen Dehnungszustandes zu den Großproben und des ebenen Spannungszustandes zu den Kleinproben läßt sich jedoch unter Berücksichtigung der jeweiligen plastischen Zonen ein von der Probenform unabhängiger gültiger Bruchzähigkeitswert auf der Basis der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik berechnen.Diese Ergebnisse gelten für beide Dichtevarianten, wobei die Erhöhung der Dichte die bruchmechanischen Kennwerte grundsätzlich verbessert. Hierbei wird auch auf den Zusammenhang zwischen den Festigkeitskennwerten und dem Gefüge eingegangen.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 123
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A35 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 124
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 140-148 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Remote Testing of Polymers with Photothermal Analysis of Thermal WavesAfter an introduction to thermal waves a comparison is made of photoacoustic detection methods (gas cell, piezoceramic) and photothermal detection arrangements (front surface and rear surface methods). Previously only photoacoustic methods have been applied to polymer related problems, while the advantages of photothermal measurements - remote and nondestructive evaluation - have been demonstrated on metals. The experimental part of this paper presents first steps to apply photothermal analysis of thermal waves to some problems of polymers: thickness measurement of thin layers; on-surface and subsurface defects; delamination of bonding and coating curing reactions; glass fibre content; orientation of fibres and molecules; aging processes.The present results indicate that the method can be used for nondestructive remote quality assurance of thin layers and foils. Further development is required to apply the method to nondestructive testing of thick walled components.
    Notes: Nach einer Einführung in die Grundlagen von Wärmewellen werden die photoakustischen Meßmethoden (Gaszelle, Piezokeramik) den photothermischen Meßmöglichkeiten (Frontseiten- und Rückseitenmethode) erläuternd gegenübergestellt. Kunststoffbezogene Problemstellungen wurden bisher nahezu ausschließlich mit photoakustischen Methoden bearbeitet. Die Vorteile der photothermischen Messungen - berührungslose und zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - konnten bisher an Metallen verdeutlicht werden. Der experimentelle Teil dieser Arbeit zeigt in ersten Schritten auf, daß auch bei Kunststoffen folgende Problemstellungen mit der Methode der photothermischen Wärmewellenanalyse bearbeitet werden können.Dickenmessung dünner Schichten; äußere und innere Fehlstellen; Haftungsfehler bei Verklebungen oder Beschichtungen; Vernetzungsreaktionen; Glasfaseranteil; Glasfaser- und Molekülorientierungen; Alterungsvorgänge.Die bisherigen Ergebnisse lassen sich in die zerstörungsfreie Qualitätssicherung dünner Schichten und Folien übertragen. Die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von dickwandigen Bauteilen bedarf einer methodischen Weiterentwicklung.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 125
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A101 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 126
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 411-415 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Steel of the type 13%Cr6%Ni modified with 0.56%Mo allows to achieve favourable mechanical metallurgy properties, including decrease of the susceptibility to temper embrittlement. Application of two-stage tempering (first at 625°C, second at 575-600 °C) leads to counterbalanced mechanical properties and to the improvement of corrosion resistance in dependence on the modification of structure.The physical metallurgy characteristics were completed by potentiodynamic measurements. It was found that this evaluation indicates very sensitively the formation of austenite in the structure after applying tempering at intercritical temperatures. A model of austenite stabilization using the single and two-stage tempering method is presented.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 127
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 436-436 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 128
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A2 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 129
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 130
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Finsh and Solid Rolling of Automotive Running Gear and Drive ComponentsAutomotive parts, in particular running gear and drive components, are subject to high dynamic loads in regards to strength.When designing new parts, this is taken into account through dimensioning, material selection and constructional conception. Normally the mentioned measures will not be applied to old designs if, for example, they are subjected later to higher loads because of an increase in engine power output. Only the selection of different materials as well as strength increasing measures and methods remain for these parts.An important method is solid rolling. The examples of completed designs demonstrate the possible strength improvements, influence of rolling force on component strength as well as desired and undesired accompaniments.A comparison is made between solid rolling and other strength improving measures, such as inductive hardening.The results show the solid rolling method to be cost-favorable, very effective and safe in handling. The method has its limits in geometry (open rotation-symmetrical cross sections are required), size (component too large, cross section too filigreed) and application range (temperature) of components.
    Notes: Kraftfahrzeug-Bauteile, insbesondere Fahrwerkskomponenten und Antriebsbauelemente sind festigkeitsmäßig dynamisch hoch beansprucht.Bei der Neukonstruktion wird dem durch Dimension, Werkstoffauswahl und Konstruktionsprinzip Rechnung getragen. An bestehenden Konstruktionen, wenn diese beispielsweise durch spätere Leistungssteigerung höher belastet werden, scheiden in der Regel die genannten Maßnahmen aus. Hier bleiben dann neben anderer Werkstoffwahl nur festigkeitssteigernde Maßnahmen und Verfahren.Als ein bedeutendes Verfahren steht hier das Festwalzen. Die Beispiele ausgeführter Konstruktionen zeigen die möglichen Festigkeitssteigerungen, den Einfluß der Walzkräfte auf die Bauteilfestigkeit sowie erwünschte und unerwünschte Begleiterscheinungen.Es wird verglichen zwischen Festwalzen und anderen Maßnahmen zur Festigkeitssteigerung wie Induktivhärten.Das Ergebnis zeigt das Festwalzverfahren als kostengünstig, sehr wirksam und sicher in der Handhabung. Grenzen liegen verfahrensbedingt in der Geometrie (offene rotationssymmetrische Querschnitte notwendig), Dimension (Bauteil zu groß, Querschnitt zu filigran) und im Einsatzbereich (Temperatur) der Bauteile.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 131
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Activation Enthalpies and Mechanisms of Subcritical Crack Propagation in Aluminium Oxide CeramicsProgressive crack propagation has been investigated in the temperature range between 25 and 1000°C for two commercial varieties of Al2O3 ceramic, using double torsion specimens. 3 different temperature regions have been found, each of them with a different dependence of the effective activation enthalpie on the stress intensity factor. While at low temperatures the crack propagation rate is mainly controlled by the reaction of the grain boundary phase with the water vapor partial pressure of the environment, the softening of this phase is the predominent factor at high temperatures.
    Notes: An zwei Qualitäten kommerzieller Al2O3-Keramik unterschiedlichen SiO2-Gehalts wurde an Doppeltorsionsproben die langsame Rißausbreitung im Temperatubereich von 25 bis 1000°C untersucht. Es wurden drei Bereiche gefunden, die eine unterschiedliche Abhängigkeit der effektiven Aktivierungsenthalpien vom Spannungsintensitätsfaktor aufweisen. Bei niedrigen Temperaturen steuert im wesentlichen die Reaktion des Wasserdampfes der umgebenden Luft mit der Korngrenzenphase die Rißausbreitung, bei hohen Temperaturen spielt die Erweichung dieser Korngrenzenphase die entscheidende Rolle.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 132
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ductility of Metallic Diffusion Type Coatings on Nickel-Based Alloys and its DeterminationA test method is being presented by which ductility properties of metallic diffusion coatings, which are used against hot corrosion e.g. on turbine blades, can be measured. The ductility measurements are based upon the acoustic emission during crack initiation within coated specimens under mechanical load. By plotting the acoustic emission and the stress vs. elongation simultaneously, the crack initiation stress vs. elongation simultaneously, the crack initiation stress of the coating and the 0,2%-proof stress of the substrate can be determined by the same experiment. Correlations between these two stress levels led to ductility characteristics and within the scope of these investigations to dependences on temperature, coating thickness, strain rate and thermal history of the coating/substrate system. The investigations were carried out on three different diffusion coatings combined with two nickel-base superalloys. Ductility measurements up to 850°C led to ductile-brittle-transition-temperatures as well as to temperature dependant stress and strain levels, below which the coatings on certain substrate behave in a ductile manner.
    Notes: Diffusionsschutzschichten gegen Heißgaskorrosion sind vielfach bei niedrigen Temperaturen spröde und werden erst bei höheren Temperaturen zäh. Für das Betriebsverhalten beschichteter Turbinenschaufeln z. B. ist die Kenntnis der Übergangstemperatur vom spröden zum zähen Verhalten von Bedeutung, wobei die Eigenschaften der Schutzschicht vom jeweiligen Trägerwerkstoff beeinflußt werden. - Es wird nun ein Prüfverfahren vorgestellt, mit dem an beschichteten Proben unter mechanischer Beanspruchung das Auftreten erster Anrisse in der Schutzschicht durch Schallemissionsmessungen nachgewiesen und gleichzeitig durch die Aufnahme eines Spannung-Dehnung-Schaubildes die relative Lage der Anrißspannung der Schutzschicht und der 0,2 Grenze des Trägerwerkstoffes erfaßt werden. Aus den durchgeführten Versuchen ließen sich Angaben über die Zähigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und anderen Einflußgrößen wie Schichtdicke, Dehngeschwindigkeit und thermischer Vorgeschichte ableiten. Auf diese Weise konnten für drei verschiedene Schutzschichten, dei mit zwei hochwarmfesten Nickellegierungen kombiniert waren, Spröde Zäh-Übergangstemperaturen bestimmt werden. Weiterhin ergaben sich bis zur höchsten Prüftemperatur von 850°C Spannungs- und Dehnungsgrenzen, unterhalb derer die untersuchten Schutzschichten auf den Trägerwerkstoffen rißfrei bleiben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 108-108 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 134
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 135
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen mit einem instrumentierten Kerbschlaghammer an einer Molybdänbasislegierung, Nickelbasislegierungen und Incoloy 800Mit einem instrumentierten Pendelschlagwerk wurden Experimente an der Molybdänbasislegierung TZM, den Nickelbasislegierungen Nimocast 713 LC, Inconel 625, Nimonic 86, Hastelloy S und der Eisenbasislegierung Incoloy 800 durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse werden unter den Gesichtspunkten der verbrauchten Schlagenergien und der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit diskutiert.In allen Fällen war die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Energien, die am Schleppzeiger des Hammers abgelesen wurden und den Energien, die durch die Integration des Kraft-Weg Diagrammes ermittelt wurden, ausgezeichnet.Ein Verfahren für die Bestimmung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit für eine Last vs. Lastpunktverschiebungskurve mit hohen Oszillationen unter Verwendung einer gemittelten Kurve wurde vorgeschlagen. Verwendet man dieses Verfahren, findet man keinen deutlichen Einfluß der Experimente mit Hammer und Stössel (5,0 m/s und 0,1 m/s) auf die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit. Halbiert man die Fallhöhe, d.h. halbiert man die totale Schlagenergie, so werden die dynamischen Bruchzähigkeitswerte für die Legierungstypen erniedrigt.Niedrige absorbierte Schlagenergien sind oft verknüpft mit hohen Bruchzähigkeitswerten. Hier fehlt die Reserve in der Verformung und/oder im stabilen Rißwachstum.
    Notes: Experiments were performed on the molybdenum base alloy TZM, the nickel base alloys Nimocast 713 LC, Inconel 625, Nimonic 86, Hastelloy S, and the iron base alloy Incoloy 800 with an instrumented impact machine. The results are discussed in terms of absorbed impact energies and dynamic fracture toughness.In all cases the agreement between the energy determined by the dial reading and the energy determined by the integration of the load vs. load point displacement diagram was excellent.A procedure for the determination of the dynamic fracture toughness for load vs. load point displacement diagrams exhibiting high oscillations using an averaged curve is proposed. Using this procedure a pronounced influence of the experiments with tup and chisel (5.0 m/s and 0.1 m/s respectively) on the dynamic fracture toughness is not detectable. Using half the drop height, i.e. halving the total energy, lowers the dynamic fracture toughness values for these types of alloys. Low absorbed impact energies are often combined with high fracture toughness values. In these cases there is no or only a small reserve in deformation and/or stable crack growth.
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  • 136
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 149-153 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Welding in Tank and Plant ConstructionSince a relatively limited number of plastics types are used, the welding tasks involved in chemical apparatus engineering can be accomplished with just a few welding techniques are well-known and welding can be carried out efficiently, reliably and economically by this means. In this respect, however, a number of important principles have to be observed. The DVS guidelines provide vital information on questions relating to calculation, design, personnel, equipment, material and testing. Extrusion welding enjoys prime importance as regards quality and economic aspects.
    Notes: Die Schweißaufgaben im chemischen Apparatebau werden an einer relative geringen Anzahl von Kunststofftypen mit wenigen Schweißverfahren bewältigt. Diese Verfahren sind in ihren Grenzen erfaßt und erlauben sichere und wirtschaftliche Schweißungen. Es sind hierbei allerdings eine Reihe wichtiger Grundsätze zu beachten. Die entsprechenden DVS-Richtlinien geben zu Berechnungs-, Gestaltungs, Personal-, Geräte-, Material- und Prüffragen wesentliche Hinweise. Vorrangige Bedeutung im Hinblick auf Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Behälter- und Apparatebau hat das Extrusionsschweißen.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Long Term Testing of Welded Joints from HDPE under Complex LoadingTest methods to determine the long term weld-factors for heated tool butt weldings, extrusion weldings and hot gas weldings are presented. Instead of tensile bars welded pipers are tested under internal pressure to abbreviate the test times. The results of long term creep tests with welded and unwelded PE-HD pipes under the influence of several fluids are also discussed.
    Notes: Für die im Apparate- und Behälterbau am meisten angewandten Schweißverfahren: Heizelementstumpf-, Extrusions- und Warmgas-schweißen werden Prüfmethoden zur Bestimmung der Langzeit-schweißfaktoren vorgestellt. Als Prüfkörper werden hierbei geschweißte Rohre verwendet, um einen mehrdimensionalen Span-nungszustand zu realisieren und die Prüfzeiten zu verkürzen. Desweiteren wird der Einfluß einiger Medien auf geschweißte Rohre im Vergleich mit ungeschweißten Rohren untersucht.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 183-185 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiences in Welding Highly Pure, Gas-Sensitive MaterialsHighly pure steels and non-ferrous react during processing, particularly welding, with atmospheric gases and change their service properties. Hence special measures are often necessary in forming and inert gas welding. Taking the specific example of a high pure chromium steel (superferritic), welding properties, processing data and selection of suitable inert gas torches are described. The possibility of applying this information to other materials such as titanium is discussed.
    Notes: Hochreine Stähle und Nichteisenmetalle reagieren bei der Verarbeitung, insbesondere beim Schweißen mit den Gasen der Luft und verändern ihre Gebrauchseigenschaften. Daher sind vielfach Sondermaßnahmen beim Formieren und Schutzgasschweißen notwendig. Speziell am Beispiel eines Chromstahles hoher Reinheit (Superferrit) werden die Schweißeigenschaften, Daten der Verarbeitung sowie die Auswahl geeigneter Schutzgasbrenner beschrieben. Vergleichende Hinweise und Anwendungsbeispiele für andere Werkstoffe wie z. B. Titan sind möglich.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 190-190 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 140
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchungen zum Einfluß der Hammergeschwindigkeit und der Auslagerung auf die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit für Inconel 625Mit einem instrumentierten Pendelschlagwerk wurden Experimente an der Nickelbasislegierung Inconel 625 im Anlieferungszustand und nach Auslagerung über 3,6 Ms (1000 h) bei 923 K (650°C) unter Anwendung unterschiedlicher Fallhöhen durchgeführt. Die verbrauchte Schlagenergie kann sowohl über den Schleppzeiger, über die Integration des Kraft-Lastpunktverschiebungs-Diagrammes als auch aus der Integration des Kraft-Zeit-Diagrammes bei gleichzeitiger Kenntnis der Schlaggeschwindigkeit v0 unmittelbar vor Auftreffen des Hammers auf die Probe ermittelt werden. In allen Fällen ist die Übereinstimmung gut.Es wird gezeigt. -daß die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit abhängig ist von der Hammergeschwindigkeit v0 und damit von der totalen Energie des Hammers bei unterschiedlichen Fallhöhen.-daß die Versprödung infolge Wärmebehandlung nicht mit einer Absenkung der Bruchzähigkeit verbunden ist, obwohl eine starke Abnahme der verbrauchten Schlagenergie beobachtet wird. Definiert man eine dynamische Spannung σ aus der Geschwindigkeitsabhängigkeit der Bruchzähigkeit, so ist σ größer für das versprödete Material im Vergleich zum Anlieferungszustand. Diese Tendenz ist von Zugversuchen her bekannt.-daß die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit mit der absorbierten Schlagenergie bis zum Lastmaximum für das wärmebehandelte Material korreliert werden kann, während für den Anlieferungszustand keine Abhängigkeit gefunden wird.Die Änderung der Hammergeschwindigkeit im Verlauf des Stoßprozesses ist nur klein für diesen Werkstofftyp.
    Notes: Experiments were performed with an instrumented impact machine using different drop heights, on the nickel base alloy Inconel 625 in the as-received state and after heat treatment for about 3.6 Ms (1000 h) at 923 K (650°C).The absorbed impact energy can be obtained either by the direct dial reading, by the integration of the load versus load point displacement diagram or by the integration of the load versus time diagram, knowing the initial impact velocity v0 of the tup. In all cases the agreement was excellent.It is shown that. -the dynamic fracture toughness is dependent on the tup velocity v0 and, as a consequence, on the total energy of the hammer at the different drop heights.-defining a dynamic stress σ from the velocity dependence of the fracture toughness, the stress σ is higher for the embrittled material - a tendency verified by tensile tests.-the dynamic fracture toughness can be correlated with the absorbed impact energy up to the load maximum for the heat treated material while the as-received material exhibits no such dependence.The change in the tup velocity during the impact process is only small for this type of material.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 141
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  • 142
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 143
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 246-250 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Schallemissionsprüfung von Wärmetauschern des Reaktors SaphirDie Schallemissionsanalyse ist eine zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethode, die zur Untersuchung und Überwachung von Strukturen und druckführenden Komponenten verwendet wird. Das Ziel der Messung am 5 MW Forschungsreaktor Saphir war die Untersuchung und Auswertung der hohen Betriebsgeräusche in den Wärmetauschern des Kühl-systems.Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß von den 9 Wärmetauschern, die in 3 Gruppen angeordnet sind, 5 Wärmetauscher ein hohes Betriebsgeräusch aufweisen. Die Ursache ist auf die Schwingung der Rohrbündel in Wärmetauschern beim Durchfluß des Pool-Wassers zurückzuführen. Die axiale Ortung bestätigte, daß die Geräusche von mehreren Quellen verursacht werden.
    Notes: The acoustic emission technique is a non-destructive testing method used for inspection and surveillance of structures and pressurized components. In particular, the purpose of the measurement on the 5 MW research reactor SAPHIR was to investigate and evaluate the abnormally high noise levels during operation of the heat exchangers of the cooling system.The results showed that 5 heat exchangers out of the total of 9 (assembled in 3 groups) were responsible for the higher noise level. This is probably due to some abnormal vibration of the tube bundles therein, caused by the through-flow of the pool water. Indeed, attempts of localizing the source showed that there must be several, distributed sources.
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  • 144
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 250-256 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ultrasonic Testing of Metal DepositsThe adhesive strength of Ni-deposits has been determined with the well known ring shear test and by a test procedure which usually is used to analyze the resistance of a material against cavitation. In this case the specimen is fastened at the top of an ultrasonic vibrator and oscillates in an aqueous fluid. The deposit/substrate interface is strengthened by high accelerative forces and by mechanical attack of imploding bubbles in the fluid. It was shown that this method is able to distinguish the effect of different pretreatment of the substrate surface. The test result is given as the duration of attack without any exfoliation of the deposit.
    Notes: Die Prüfung der Haftfestigkeit metallischer Überzüge auf z. B. metallischen Grundwerkstoffen spielt eine wichtige Rolle im Hinblick auf die Funktionalität der beschichteten Bauteile im Betrieb. Ihre Bestimmung ist nicht in einfacher Weise möglich, wenn es gilt, Zahlenwerte zu erhalten. Nachfolgend werden zwei Verfahren vorgestellt, von denen das eine, nämlich der ring-shear-test, schon seit längerer Zeit bekannt ist, das andere jedoch, die Untersuchung mit dem Ultraschallkoppelschwinger, neu entwickelt wurde. Die Heranziehung des ring-shear-testes dient in der vorliegenden Arbeit dem Vergleich, wobei hier bekanntlich Zahlenwerte mit der Dimension einer Spannung erhalten werden, während der Versuch mit dem Ultraschallkoppelschwinger Beständigkeitszeiten als Entscheidungskriterium liefert.Gleichzeitig ließ sich mit beiden Methoden der Einfluß der Vorbehandlung auf die Haftfestigkeit eindeutig nachweisen.
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  • 145
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Statistical Size Effect at Random LoadingResults of random tests are used to show the applicability of the theory of statistical size effect. The specimens of all the tests of this report were made from the aluminium alloy 7075 T 7351. The specimens were machined from plates (2000 × 1000 × 40 mm). The main dimension of the specimens corresponds with the rolling direction. A standard random load sequence of Gaussian type which is recommended for general application in fatigue testing was used as loading program [19].In a first test series notched round bar specimens (Fig. 2) were used to investigate the sequence effect. 30 specimens were tested with the standard load sequence, 30 specimens with the variable load sequence. All the other test conditions were kept constant. Fig. 4 shows that the scatter of lifetime (cycles to fracture) is not influenced by the load sequence.In a second test series flat specimens with central holes were tested (Fig. 5) in order to show the existence of a pure statistical size effect at random loading. If the specimen has 1, 3 or 7 holes and all the other test conditions are kept constant, only the size of the area where cracks can initiate is enlarged. The results which are plotted in Fig. 6 show a very clear size effect. The results of the 1-hole specimen (A = A0) were used to determine the constants of Eq. (5). By inserting A = 3 A0 resp. A = 7 A0 the other test results can be predicted. In a third test series round bar specimens with a circumferential notch with different notch root radius (ρ = 1 mm resp. ρ = 6 mm) were tested (Fig. 2, Table 1). The specimens were loaded in such a way that the maximum stress in the notch root and its time-dependence was equal. In this very common case, the stress integral must be determined by applying Eq. (3). Additional tests to determine k and numerical calculations were necessary to evaluate Eq. (3). The final results are plotted in Fig. 8. By inserting A = A0 resp. A = 5 A0 into Eq. (7) the results can be described.The basis of the applicability of the theory of statistical size effect is the weakest link concept. The examination of the fracture surface and X-ray analyses showed that there was a higher content of iron (Fig. 11) in those regions where the fatigue cracks initiated. It is supposed that inclusions of intermetallic Al-Fe particles are those weakest links in the structure, where fatigue cracks nucleate.
    Notes: Es wurde der Einfluß der Bauteilgröße auf das Anrißlebensdauerverhalten bei zufallsartiger Schwingbeanspruchung an gekerbten Prüfkörpern aus der Al-Legierung AlZnMgCu 1,5 (7075T7351) untersucht. Durch geeignete Prüfkörperwahl gelang eine Trennung des statistischen (Fehlstellenmodell) und des spannungsmechanischen (Stützwirkungsmodell) Effekts und damit der Nachweis des rein statistischen Einflusses der Baugröße. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, daß das auf dem Fehlstellenmodell beruhende Rechenverfahren auch bei Änderung der Stützwirkung im Bauteil seine Gültigkeit bewahrt. Der Begriff der Fehlstelle konnte durch eine konkrete mikrostrukturelle Werkstoffinhomogenität ersetzt werden. Diese zufällig im Material verteilten Fehler werden als Ursache für die Lebensdauerstreuung angesehen. In diesem Zusammenhang konnte für eine auf einem stationären Gaußprozeß beruhende Lastfolge geklärt werden, daß die Lebensdauerstreuung nicht von der Lastspielreihenfolge abhängt, wenn das Beanspruchungskollektiv und der zeitliche Charakter des Lastablaufs erhalten bleiben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A65 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 147
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 309-314 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oszillationen des Korrosionspotentials bei rostfreien StählenDie Korrosionspotentiale von rostfreien Stählen in chloridhaltigen Lösungen sind in Umgebungen, in denen weder Lochfraß noch Spaltkorrosion auftreten, konstant. In diesen Fall sind die Korrosionspotentiale weitgehend unabhängig von der Temperatur und der Chloridionkonzentration. Bei Stählen mit abnehmendem Korrosions widerstand oder mit zunehmender Temperatur und zunehmender Chloridionkonzentration tritt eine Situation ein, bei der das Korrosionspotential zu oszillieren beginnt - und zwar zwischen zwei Werten, die ungefähr dem Lochfraßpotential Ep und dem Repassivierungspotential Epp entsprechen. Diese Potentialoszillationen sind häufig von Lochfraß und Spaltkorrosion begleitet; andererseits gibt es Fälle, bei denen sogar nach langer Zeit kein Korrosionsanriß sichtbar ist. Die Oszillationen werden einem instabilen Passivitätsverhalten zugeschrieben.
    Notes: The corrosion potentials of stainless steels in chloride solutions for conditions significantly removed from those leading to pitting and crevice corrosion are constant and to a first approximation largely independent of temperature and chloride ion concentration. With increasing temperature and/or chloride ion concentration or with decreasing corrosion resistance there comes a situation when the corrosion potential begins to oscillate, between two and values roughly corresponding to Ep and Epp. These potential oscillations are often associated with pitting and crevice corrosion, although there are clear cases when no corrosion attack was visible even after prolonged exposure. The oscillations are attributed to unstable passivity.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 323-330 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Interaction between Work-Material and Forming-Process and its Investigation by ExperimentsExperiments are described and discussed for determining material properties before metal forming as well as process parameters during the metal forming operation and workpiece properties after metal forming.Before metal forming “pure” properties of matter have to be determined which in many cases is achieved by standardized testing methods. During and after the forming operation, however, the testing methods of interest are not yet standardized to the same extent. In particular it is necessary after metal forming, to take into account the effect of geometry on the workpiece properties which results into modified conditions for testing material and workpiece properties.
    Notes: Es werden Versuche beschrieben und diskutiert, in denen Werkstoffeigenschaften vor dem Umformvorgang, Verfahrensparameter während der Umformung sowie Werkstoff- und Werkstückeigenschaften nach der Umformung erfaßt werden können.Zur Bestimmung von Werkstoffeigenschaften vor der Umformung stehen zahlreiche genormte oder sonstwie vereinheitlichte Prüfverfahren zur Verfügung. Dies ist bei Versuchen während und nach der Umformung nicht in gleichem Maße der Fall. Insbesondere muß nach der Umformung der Einfluß der Geometrie auf die Werkstückeigenschaften berücksichtigt werden, wodurch sich veränderte Bedingun-gen für Versuche zur Erfassung von Werkstoff- und Werkstückeigenschaften ergeben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 359-362 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 150
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A83 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 151
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 371-377 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bruchenergiemessungen an keramischen WärmedämmschichtenDie Bruchenergie von plasmagespritzten Wärmedämmschichten aus ZrO2 · MgO, ZrO2 · Y2O3, ZrO3 · CaO · Al2O3 und Al2O3 · TiO2 auf Metallsubstraten wurde sowohl für einen Adhäsionsbruch als auch für einen Kohäsionsbruch der Deckschichten mit Hilfe gekerbter Schichtverbundbiegeproben ermittelt. Die verallgemeinerte Energiefreisetzungsrate wurde als Maß für die Bruchenergie benutzt. Sie berücksichtigt die in der Kraft-Durchbiegungskurve der Proben auftretende Nichtlinearität. Das Versagen der Proben innerhalb der Deckschicht oder in der Grenzfläche wird von der Bildung und Vereinigung von sekundären Rissen in der Deckschicht begleitet. Diese Vorgänge verursachen das nichtlineare Verformungsverhalten und eine von der Rißgeschwindigkeit abhängige Bruchmorphologie.
    Notes: The fracture energy of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings of ZrO2 · MgO, ZrO2 · Y2O3, ZrO2 · CaO · Al2O3, and Al2O3 · TiO2 on metal substrates is obtained for both adhesive and cohesive failure modes of the coatings using notched layer-bonded bend test specimens. The generalized energy release rate was employed as a measure of the fracture energy. It takes account of the nonlinearity found in the load-deflection curves of the specimens. The failure of the specimens within the coating or at the interface is accompanied by the formation and linking of secondary cracks in the coating. This causes the non-linearity in the deformation behaviour and a rate-dependent failure morphology.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 402-402 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 153
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A93 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 154
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 416-420 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Improvement of Fatigue Properties by Roll PeeningWith sophisticated calculations a better understanding of the roll peening process is possible. Calculations together with experimental determination of the fatigue properties allow for a reduced test program to determine the fatigue limit of specimens with similar geometrical shape.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe verbesserter Berechungsverfahren lassen sich vertiefte Erkenntnisse über die Vorgänge beim Festwalzen gewinnen. Darüber hinaus bietet die rechnerische Analyse der Vorgänge zusammen mit der experimentellen Ermittlung der Schwingfestigkeit die Möglichkeit einer Übertragbarkeit auf andere Werkstoffzustände und Proben - bzw. Kerbformen. Hierdurch lassen sich Einsparungen durch verminderten Versuchsaufwand erreichen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 436-436 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 7-13 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the application and the development of on-line methods for particle size analysis one has to distinguish three principally different problem areas:aallocation and preparation of a representative sample,banalysis of the sample,cevaluation of the results.Methods and problems connected with these areas will be discussed in this paper. Some of the methods available for rapid response analysis of particle size distributions mark the beginning of a new era of particle size analysis. One has to recognize however that a uniform solution of the problems of on-line particle size analysis is extremely difficult if not impossible to find. The boundary conditions vary to such an extent that similar methods or combinations of methods can rarely be used in different cases. Since instrument manufacturers will in most cases not be able to adopt their instruments to different industrial applications, specialists will have to solve the problem. One has to recognize, however, that not all of the steps described in this paper have been investigated to an extent which renders possible appropriate solutions. There is still room for improvement.
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 22-27 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For some time studies have been made relating the values obtained from simple shape description to bulk powder properties. More recently the detailed mathematical description of particle outline has become possible and quite powerful techniques have been developed. These techniques may be used for the regeneration by computer of the shape and, more importantly, for studies relating shape to individual particle behaviour and to bulk powder properties. Quite inadequate attention has been directed to the task of obtaining from the laboratory sample of the bulk powder a representative sample of shapes without bias. In this communication the considerations to be included in the sampling procedure are reviewed and a possible solution to the problems posed is presented.
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 28-31 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The currently used methods of sample preparation are examined and found to be unsatisfactory in case of counting methods for particle size analysis. It is the purpose of this paper to review the results of investigations of two different measuring principles (light extinction and electrical resistance change) by use of the same signal handling equipment. The commonly used techniques and units are compared with regard to the resulting density distributions of particle size below 0.25 mm. The final conclusions including recommendations to the use of ultrasonic treatment and to improvements of the sampling and the sample-feeding units are valid for all counting methods.
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When performing particle size analysis by scattered light, coincidences in the measuring volume of optical particle counters not only cause too small a particle concentration to be measured, but also a size distribution to be obtained which is systematically shifted towards coarser particle sizes. It is pointed out in this paper how this shift can be precalculated when the true distribution is given. The results show under which conditions a correction of the measured distribution is indispensable.
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 78-84 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The classification of powders into groups possessing specific behavioural identities has long been recognized as desirable. This has been approached by describing different powders using two variables and plotting the data on a scatter diagram. The property of interest is then inferred from a powder's position on the scatter diagram. Unfortunately, a powder's behaviour is rarely adequately described by only two variables. To describe a powder more fully requires more variables and this presents a problem in interpretation. Cluster analysis refers to a range of techniques for interpreting multivariate data sets and is used in many fields. This paper describes cluster analysis and considers the method and potential of its application to particle technology. By way of an illustration, a cluster analysis has been performed on twenty-seven powders resulting in groups recognizable by their characteristic fluidisation and flow properties. It is concluded that cluster analysis could be a powerful tool in predictive and analytical work in the field of particle technology.
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 127-131 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Combined gravitational and centrifugal sedimentation analysis was studied using a Sedigraph X-ray sedimentometer and a Ladal pipette centrifuge. The test powders were talc, calcite and lead oxide. The purpose of the study was to examine the possibilities of extending the sedimentation analysis towards finer sizes by the use of centrifugal force. All the test samples could be analysed down to 0.04-0.05 μm by the combined sedimentation procedure with reasonable accuracy and the results were matched to give a uniform distribution. It was also shown to be preferable to present the size analysis data in a log-probability scale, as it gives the means to easily distinguish materials with different particle size characteristics and to estimate the actual distribution by a statistical function.
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  • 162
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is often necessary to carry out sedimentation analysis of powders, consisting of two or more components, which differ in some physical properties. By means of theoretical studies of twocomponent systems the systematic errors of the measured particle size distributions were analysed for the case that differences exist in the following combinations of properties:-particle size distribution D(x) and solid density ϱs-D(x) and mass absorption coefficient μm-D(x) and ϱs and μmUsing real systems (SiO2 + Fe2O3, Al2O3 + SiO2, Al2O3 + Fe2O3) the partial and total errors were estimated and compared with the results obtained with a Sedigraph. Differences in the density of the components often result in negligible errors, even for the system SiO2 + Fe2O3, if the mass portion of one component is below about 10%. For the total error the differences of μm and D(x) are decisive. Its value is below 1% if the mass portion of the slightly absorbing component is 〈5% or if the strongly absorbing component is 〈1%.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 163
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 143-152 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the influence of particle shape and particle size distribution on the fluidisation behaviour of granular activated carbon in the aqueous phase. Methods for relating the degree of expansion, as a function of liquid velocity, to particle shape and particle size distribution are discussed and tested. Two different types of activated carbon, both containing irregularly shaped particles but with differences in shape, are used to test the models discussed. A tentative method which takes into account the influence of water temperature on fluidisation behaviour is proposed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 164
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental methods to determine minimum sintering temperatures of a variety of granules such as polymers, glass, coal, inorganic salts, etc. are presented. These methods include the use of a dilatometer in which the contraction-dilation characteristics of a small sample is measured, a differential scanning calorimeter test and an Instron machine by which yield strengths are measured. It is clearly shown that for the majority of materials studied, the different methods give similar values for the minimum sintering temperature but that the dilatometer experiment is the simplest as well as the most reliable method. Since the minimum sintering temperature is always less than the solid's melting point, an efficient method of measuring this temperature is very important for all fluidizable granules subjected to high temperatures. The danger of agglomeration during fluidization increases tremendously at temperatures higher than minimum sintering and therefore special precautions must be taken to avoid defluidization under these conditions.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 165
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 147-148 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography ; HPLC ; Racemate separation ; β-Cyclodextrin stationary phase ; Cyclohexylphenylglycolic acid ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 166
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 158-159 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multi-mode liquid chromatography ; Adsorption chromatography ; Size exclusion chromatography ; Phenyl-bonded phase ; Styrene oligomers ; Polystyrene polymers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 167
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 168
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 160-161 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography HPLC ; Bonded phases ; 3,5-Dinitrobenzamidopropyl silica gel ; Charge transfer interaction ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 169
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 327-327 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 170
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 329-332 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Deactivation ; Polymethylhydrosiloxanes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 171
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 338-339 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Pesticides ; Multidetection ; ECD-NPSD-SSD ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 172
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 301-305 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Whisker-walled open tubular columns ; PNA-hydrocarbons ; XAD-2 ; Azaarenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A modified clean-up of polynuclear aromatic (PNA) hydrocarbons on XAD-2 is described. n-Alkanes (C16—C28) are separated quantitatively from the PNA hydrocarbons and are eluted in one fraction. The distribution of 17 PNA hydrocarbons and four of their alkyl derivatives, two S-heterocyclic compounds and two azaarenes between the different fractions is reported. Azaarenes containing three rings are separated from PNA hydrocarbons and S-heterocyclic compounds. Whisker-walled open tubular columns coated with OV-215 and OV-25 were used in the separation of isomeric azaarenes and in PNA hydrocarbon profile analysis, respectively. The preparation of such columns is described in detail. Rinsing of capillary columns with cold, concentrated HCI after whisker growth removes much larger amounts of boron and sodium than subsequent leaching with HCI at 180°C. Whisker-walled open tubular columns are successfully applied to the characterization of isomeric benzofluoranthenes and other PNA hydrocarbons isolated from air particulate matter.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 173
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Band broadening in space ; Flooded column inlet ; Retention gap ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In on-column or in splitless injection with recondensation of the solvent, the length of the flooded zone in the column inlet depends primarily on the wettability of the internal wall of the inlet. For columns with a coated inlet this explains why peak distortion due to band broadening in space by a certain sample volume is pronounced in one case and hardly observable in another. Glass or fused silica capillaries silylated with diphenyltetramethyldisilazane were found to give optimal retention gaps. They combine thorough and thermostable deactivation with good wettability and low retention power. On the other hand it is very easy to deactivate fused silica capillaries with Carbowax. The resulting retention gaps are suitable for a wide range of applications and are particularly attractive for the analysis of dirty samples which require frequent replacement of the inlet.
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  • 174
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 332-333 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Polarity mixtures ; Reaction products ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 175
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 336-337 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Ion chromatography ; Multidimensional column ; Borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) film ; VLS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 176
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 342-343 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas-liquid chromatography ; Logarithmic retention index ; Equation for the calculation of column efficiency ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 177
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 178
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 433-435 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 179
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 370-374 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Trace analysis ; On-column injection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Large sample volume on-column injection (up to 250 μL) of n-pentane solutions of halogenated hydrocarbons has been employed for the direct measurement of both low-boiling and high-boiling compounds in what is essentially a single run. Two-bonded phase, fused-silica capillary columns are joined in series, through which the low-boiling compounds are first chromatographed and detected with an electron capture detector. High-boiling compounds are then trapped in a section joining the two columns, and subsequently chromatographed in the second column, using the same detector. This procedure permits analysis at the ppt level.
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  • 180
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 404-410 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Multidimensional capillary columns ; Enantiomeric separations ; Intermediate trapping ; Mixed polarities ; Terpene alcohols ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 181
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Low and high resolution liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Alkali flame detection ; Chemical ionization mass spectrometry ; Nitro-PAHs ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An analytical procedure is described for the fractionation of organic compounds present in environmental samples and the determination of nitro polyaromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs). Both low and high resolution liquid chromatography are employed for the prefractionation of the soluble organic fraction (SOF) extracted from particulate matter or gaseous pollutants collected on adsorption traps. High resolution gas chromatography is used to analyze four fractions containing alkanes, PAHs, nitro-PAHs, and other polar PAHs. Nitrogen-containing species are separated by GC and detected specifically using an alkali flame (NPD) detector. Flame ionization (FID) detection, GC-MS of positive ions, and negative ion chemical ionization MS of the whole fraction is used for the identification and quantitation of the various components. The composition of SOF extracted from particulate matter emitted from diesel exhausts is elucidated and a large number of nitro-PAHs identified by the combination of the various techniques.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 182
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 183
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 509-514 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, GC ; OV-1/FFAP mixed phase, high-temperature ; silylated glass capillary ; Polar phase-coated HTS capillary ; Golay curves of mixed phases ; Thermal and long-term stability of OV-1/FFAP ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As an alternative to acid pretreated UCON and FFAP capillaries for the analysis of wide-boiling free fatty acid mixtures, OV-1 : FFAP phase mixtures were used on high-temperature silylated inert glass capillary columns. The HETP-carrier gas velocity curves, peak asymmetry factors, coating efficiency, gas phase and stationary phase contributions to the mass transfer resistance were determined for various OV-1 : FFAP ratios. Mixed-phase capillaries showed optimum performance at a 2 : 1 OV-1 : FFAP ratio. The thermal and long-term stability of OV-1-stabilized FFAP columns surpassed those of the UCON and pure FFAP reference column used.
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  • 184
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 531-532 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, GC ; Capillary columns ; Retention gaps ; Large sample volumes ; Flooded zone ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 185
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 529-531 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; High resolution separation ; High speed analysis ; Dansyl amino acids ; Fluorescamine labeled peptides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 186
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 536-537 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; On-Column injection ; Vaporizing injection ; Decomposition ; α-Ferrocenyl carbinols ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 187
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 580-581 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Ion chromatography, IC ; Steel surface analysis ; Carbonate, chloride, nitrite ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 188
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 620-624 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, GC ; Glass capillary columns ; Immobilization ; Gamma radiation ; Very thick films ; Nonpolar stationary phases ; OV-1, OV-101, SE-54 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Borosilicate glass capillaries, silylated and coated with OV-1 or SE-54, were irradiated by a 60Co gamma source. The effect of radiation on chromatographic performance was determined for a series of dosages and was evaluated before and after rinsing with solvent. Results for both regular and thick films were obtained.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 189
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 632-635 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Diode array spectroscopy ; Trace enrichment ; Algal pigments ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 641-643 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, GC ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Bonded stationary phase ; Distilled beverages ; Direct analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 191
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 649-652 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 192
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 671-678 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Isomer separation ; Mutagenic compounds ; Nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Since positional isomers of several nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAH) contain widely different mutagenic properties, methods for separating the isomers were investigated. High performance liquid chromatography with dichloromethane in hexane on silica gave the best resolution for the majority of the compounds. A few groups of isomers were better resolved with other modifiers or with reversed phases. Of the reversed phase systems, methanol-water gave better resolution than acetonitrile-water. With dichloromethane/hexane on silica, the retention was found to depend on the presence of a bay nitro group (first), the number of H atoms peri to the nitro group (second), and the length/breadth ratio of the molecule (third).Front electron density calculations were combined with the structure-retention relations in making tentative structure assignments of minor isomers of nitro-PAH.
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  • 193
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 700-701 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Glass capillary columns ; Immobilization ; 60Co gamma radiation ; Medium-polarity phase ; OV-1701-Vi ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 194
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 615-619 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Theory ; Sorption ; Plate model ; Band widths ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The original plate model of chromatography is extended to the sorption process occurring at the column inlet and the desorption process at the column exit. At the column inlet it is shown that sufficiently wide feed bands undergo no change in concentration but a fall in band width, i.e., the volume of mobile phase occupied by the solute band is reduced. The reduction factor is (1 + k) where k is the mass distribution ratio (capacity factor). Narrower bands suffer partial reduction in both band width and concentration. On desorption at the outlet, however, the change is always in band width and not concentration. A perfect detector registers the true concentration-time profile of the band in the column if the solute mass fraction in the stationary phase is below 10-3 at the column outlet. The risks of stripping the stationary phase at high solute concentrations in analytical and preparative or production gas chromatography are compared.
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  • 195
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 629-631 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Preparative liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Chiral HPLC columns ; (-)-Gossypol ; Resolution of enatiomers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 196
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 639-640 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography, GC ; Flame ionization detector, FID ; Electron capture detector, ECD ; Effluent splitting ; Pesticides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 647-647 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 198
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 593-595 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High performance thin layer chromatography, HPTLC ; Fluorescence ; Prostaglandins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 199
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 7 (1984), S. 601-604 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 200
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Reaction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, GC/MS ; Capillary columns ; Post-column hydrodesulfurization ; Cyclic sulfides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This article describes a method that assists in structure determination of cyclic sulfides mixtures by GC/MS. The method involves the use of a gas-phase hydrodesulfurization microreactor (AP-56 catalyst, reaction temperture 300-315°C, hydrogen as a carrier and reagent gas) located between the capillary column (OV-17) and the mass spectrometer. The presence of a microreactor in such a position does not essentially affect the chromatographic separation achieved by using the capillary column. Combined analysis of the mass spectra registered for the original sulfides and the hydrodesulfurization products permits the structure determination of each effluent to be made more reliably. This is illustrated by the investigation of a reaction mixture containing the structural and geometric isomers of methyl-substituted thiabicyclononanes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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